i M'UY 01 !II lliOft'IDJ Jnlom

Of !8 y .P .1. l'IOl&AJt. BlO!O&

• !Bail ..,,_. to Ute Gntta'9 f..:ltr flt '1le

tirgild& Pol1'teelmlo Iuttwte

la pant.al .ta.l..tUJ.Ma' tor \be .. ,... ot·

1-. i ,,_ - . - j

ipr!l 1969 JJ.aok~.Y~

•- ft1 p " ..

- - - ...

I• &tmte& Pn~ 100 tW Operation •

c. J.teau.tt.1.v! V Jftects .trcm toq PtM!if' Jmns

Il. SVUM OF tiftRU.'fJll ... - - - -Ill. MORY - - - ... ... - - ..

A. h.el am!. Ooclaf&t Tempera.tun Ooettto1eat

B. 0-pkite 'femperat'tlft. O-ttlcient ... -

c. Xena Po!aoabg ... - - - ...

IV. mllIMD!At IIVISUCM.TIOI • • - ...

A.. 1-1 .fillld Ceol&Bt feaperat\ln Ooetttc•t

I. Oftr.pblte f..,_nr.ture Goett'icd.ent - ...

c. Xenon Polaodag ... .. ... - -T. AIALYSIS 01 !MefnM ~ - - -

n .. m.

'fllI.

n.

GOlm.tJSIO&S ... l~

IDlJ;QGMPBt -1lft - ...

--.. -

- - ... ... -- - ... ... -- ... ... .. .. - """ - - -

bl!.

- l

- l

- l

- )

- 4

- 5 - s - ' - 9 ... 14 - 14 - 16

- 28

- .J2 .. )8

- 40 - 41

- 44

nan ba 1-1 RM.otor c.-. Pl.a» - - - - - - - 2

.1-1 F•rt~bit.titH:a W•ip~ raotoz - - .. - 10

4-1 Oen\l'al iwt~ Be&tc- Bloalt - - - - 18

4-2 ther'Ml Col.um S~r Heater J3loek - ... ... 22

4-3 laotherual Con Profile - - - .. - - 2!I

4-4 X..a foiHPIJll Qur'l#ea - - - - - - JO S-l &aetivlt.,v Mea1uremtas1t aurve:s, 1km 1 - - - 34

S-2 at.tacU:rti1 Mea~nt Oarvee. iuA 2 ... - - ''

111

ltill ba '1-1 hltptn.""9 C.ttleS..t. ot r.1 aa4 ~at. - - 16

4-2 .,..,... ... ONtft•ba\ ., Grapad.te , ..... tai ........ .. - - - - - lO

4-J .......... GeeltideD\ et ---tor •..i aoi.- avs..,u - - - - - 2)

5-1 Ohl•p• f.a tM on.u.i lla.t.lri.'7 lfteot.a - - '' w. '-8• ... teetflalalata of leuU.Y11f' - - - 19

!be: Y.P.l. 1-1~ laaetor, aa .U'flOll&u\, was 1u11alle4 1W' Achamlld

hetmoloa La-.tol's.11, a. Urialon ot ~~ .... ia \Ile tall

flt 1'59. 1' i• one ot .Six ot th:l• t,r,. oonatnaW in tl3e 'fnf.W StatfJ•,

1••"14 a't , ....... lati-1 Lahen.tcr,r • tr!Uwmty ot Jlor!Aa, Vniwntv

et Celttonda at Loa Angeles, lnl•ni\y et Wa•~ ad I.-... State

laiwnttr.

The nao•r 1• a hlt.l'Op ... , l!.gtrt, •tar ••a'*4, .-pld.v nfleeW«, 1ke-.l reaotor 4"1..., tor tle.ohini ad -~ 1'M ia

t.1 •l_..te h 1tJle naator eon an 1oe&"4 ta two ~•1 ooM

taMa, ah: ei.e.nu pv t..B:, vili• an ~ in a P&l*it. retleewr

aa ahowa bt :n.gun 1•1. !lie hctat .-n.wa 18 -U. f'wtl •l-nw la

~. b7 Oft\1-:ry •wr of Jd.gl:t pd't..,, l'ttr'ftDI a• a .a.el"at.r aad

eoolut, whloh l• olroula ... ~· \be core --.. hniftl ot tM.

reacttw 1• auteftd. tty pefd.Umd..ag tb.e tour eon'"'l ~- ftrl!~

ale~• the· •n 11.&»k•. leat ••cbaapn N..vttJ \he heat tnn tM

..iaat to a ~1" ••• qat..

o~u,, the nao.'°1' waa lioeaae4 to operate a'l a ad._

powr of 10 IV, but ill lml8 1966, a new lloeue •• obtc~ U.t

pai•l:tted a~ pow:r ot 100 mr. Prtor to openiing at 100 &,,

bnever, t.b.en ha4 to 1- .,_ ll0iitiai1oa• ade to the tad.lit,.

l

l7oj

1-4 g ~

.....

I ..... ~

;i>

('

) d ~ 0 0 (xj >u ~ z

~

CONT

ROL

ROD

DRIV

E SH

AFTS

(2

of

4)

~ t-3

H Z5 g

~4 It----

I ~

1111~11111

Clli

1111~111

11 ~ ~

----

; '

1111~111

11 ~~

---~I 11

~11111

~

I 1 111

1~!11!1

f ~

'-T~

llll

l Cl

l > ~

t-3

t-< g T~-,

4' 8

" !I

.. ,

D

D !lt

l~llll

·__...

...__

llllhillll

1111~1

111 '...

____

__i

1111~

ll IL....

--u---

0 l lll

~ llll

!I II 11 !

I

~ GR

APHI

TE

~ RE

FLEC

TOR

CORE

OFF~CENTER

CENT

RAL

FUEL

TA

NK

STRI

NGER

ST

RING

ER

ELEM

ENT

(1 o

f 2)

(1

of

4)

(1 o

f i2

)

Cll s ~ g ~

\I.)

l\

.)

C» -

~

H x g

~.: '.•·

= .. · i

I '.·.

'.···. '·.·.·

• t.··

• I

I ·I

"" ,

:1. ~

i~ I

:. .. · ·. 1...

~ '.

~.· i

'.·. I

i .

£. r ... · ..

i11

f ri1'i~i

*' ~

:;. •

~ ·~

a .;\>

t:

•

1-.

•.·. ct

.-.

. = .... ·

• '°.·

:t I

w.·.··1 ·. ..

f .. •

.·. tr

•

1 :i

" r

1 1

I~. ! .. · '. .

f· '".·.· .. · .. ·

". ! .. •··. ,

-... · i.·

·. ;.

·.

. .·. •.

"··

· 1

1ifl~

.... •.1

E

l f

r i

! i

~ I

I : l

~ l

f 'I

f ~

~ J

.. :

f I I ~

I l

! I I

;s. i

i ...

f r

, ;

.~. ~ .. ·

: •

i g

1 i

~ i l

8 •.

f :I

•.··.· a

I. I

·· .. · S

""JfC~

n fit

-t:

• •

.·. ti

,:

•

i '

I i

i l

l i

I.·· I

l i

t ~

I I

. I

•·· l

l :

-9

I I J

1.· :...

I

i.. ,..

I ~.

• 1

·.·

•...

•.

" i

I J

1i

~

• 1

rt tr

··. o

:t

!' .. · .....

'.1· .•. ~

&.·.·1

f .• 1 ... !

... : .. ··•·

... 1

i 1

. f

• #

~ l

i I

I •

I I I

: I f

t ~

l f

I F

I I

r !

1. :... I

• t

i. !..

r I

w

i: &

~ ~ l

[ ~

t s

. 0

8 =

. .· &

• •

: f I ~

~ ; ~

I i

I ~

f t

i w

l :

! f

I I

:i '

i r

a. I

! l...

'···· .. ·

:.'.•.. ;

& 1.

I.· P.•

· f·..

1.

· ~

f •

w I

I i

~ I

I t .. · i ! ..

f·• ! ;'.·

.'.· ;.··

' f f

I . I

. i I

i 1.·

I. 1 .·

I.··

·.· .. 1

.··

.. !

t .

a r

I .-

~ .1

.1 .• ;;,ll

1il

1"a

.1

r £

~

a •

1~1

llf

1i

lf~ii1

• 1:

.. ~·~I

.... ~1

$;' ...... a•

. .-•

• •

I ~

.·.· !

a P

a ~

= ~

~ .

o l

-•

~ ..

& tr'

l . ·.·.· .

&

~

[ .

= !

-i

I a !

(

I .

i '

r 0

f I

: I

r t ~

~.

S I

• t

J 1

f 1

1 ~ f

f '

,. '

~ i

~ a

• ,.

.. • I e

:i ~

.. ..

i i"

~

. f!Elt:~iflffi

t'Ja

'

·..-i

i .. • f4

= ,

E r

... = '

.. ~

• ~

, '

0 !

i =

1 r 1 ·

= 1

P. 1 !

• r •

i ; 1

1 l

" ..

•

t I f

1 f

•"

f •"I~~ •

.c r

1 a

r ~

I

tt

pJ.

':fl.-rfiti

~1~1

f?1

=,

.. r,

1':

: .....

. g

.. . ~

«+

. ..

• I

'""' ~

I'" '

"' t

~

; ~

. ....

....

·-o

·. .

. . .

.

.· •

. .

~

0 •

....

J

f .

J ..

li "

f f

! t

4' l

I ...

. 0

I l

...

' .o

i

~ £

• [

~ ...

~ I

= f

I ..

f ' I I

i i

t ;

l ~ r !

t r

-· .

r I

t r

:: f.

t:! .

· ....

. i

~ g

. l

f !

...

~

I ~1

~1 !i!~!jf1i1··1

~ I

~ '

• ,.

fl. iJ

$:

• ~

f = ,

r G

•

l I

iJ l

f f

f ~

I I

. :

t I '

I !

E . I

: 5

" i

I i i

I I

~ I

. (

.r ' l

4 .•

.

~ !

• -

~ n.ctf:d.ty et:f•u1t. of a ~-im. ~-. ia tke ful Ul4

coolant i.w ~- ~11'-1 into .- coefflttie~t, e!Ma t.brt ~et.4

tna1,.."r.un ~· an ~ to ooev ~~lt' la t.hflt fwll

am coolant. !Jd.s u~Uu le Y&l:WI all' atter a. .,..•1•at

~i"tio.s ot ·tbs'*-' tna.tol!' ~·· Mft 41a~red an4 ~

rct•4ior la in a .~ ... Btaa co.U.Ua.

the \lM ,_ ..... t.J. , .......... - ... ~---- tollmdag

a at.Gp laeNa• a nae~ powr ' ta atl$nd.Md _,.,

.,.. • = laalt ~ ot .. r-1 •t.nx

o = apedth i.." d ta. t•l •trh

k1=ovaall Ma\~· *Mtn.ol•••

(1)

n. 1'1U.• tw the owhll -..~ ~- tMJettldaa:t 9 te ..,.W ••

1:1+•+ b' h '•

... • = lsalt w-. •• of .. t.1 -~

• = '1ll-. •• or -. elddlnl 10 = \hel'Ml cotl4ae'19'l\f of UJie el.a4tUal It = V-J.-1 ~UU."7 of ta.: 1'ael awu

h = laaill81' ~,., iq."" -.t \rdafev eeftidMat.

(2)

n. v.i- fN' "'8 lald•F ~.., l&J'*I' M&t, u..ut•I' Neftldeat 6

'

6

~ - !t.!! a- U. {J)

vUft .. = ..... 1, 1111 ,,..

I.,= .... ., ....... .s. • ., u. -1••' ••= ttttaoUw dSwte• ot-. ...iaat ••••1

ltvlll • •• ...,,... 1a ..u. n. •· ._,.-. u.. ~ ,_ •

,._,.la a at.'Mr et a tw •1m1. !be dU'tUe- .............. W1'111wt "91 ............... ...

... .. ... ... ••d•at 11 ., ........ la ..... .,. ...... ....uu. 6

(4)

q = ftl•••Wl• "-' ...... • = 111111 *--·· tJt 'Ua9 tMl •Wix

1'• = ... u ..... ....,... 111fft. ..... ,

ftl8 •qa'Uon ...,. tllat * «Uftlaw MtvMll Ult hel ul eoolan\ , ........ tue 1d11 - ...-...an.. - bll , • .,. .................

• ....,........ aa i., .. t1tie ............. 1"9111111 IN........_

b tile._._. ...iut ..,. ... ,.,. v.tU .... a ......,..uaa ...... la tile -••lt» ,.l •Wix ........... .

fte •t r1a1""'1 ate et the llel.t em.......,. aa lite •••lldaecl 11rt 4 = V 1 (\• • t..,) (S)

A=keatf·~ . ..,_

'-.= ....... ~, ........... , ...... '• = ......... ,, -- '81..-"11n b .. , ........

fta M&t .....i •'- la ..,.i to Ura 111aew pww 1ne1 i.u..,. .......... ,_, UtHSfNh; ~ ... paftl-1u ............. ..

oalJ" e!pltloaati ....nat4e la t1ae ..-v.. ts tbt .,.,..,. eoolu't

-.,..-.. 'ftmt fM aw-. oeelaa\ ~--- .. , ~ •til t.M Utt_.... ww.en tile.~ Ult........, waw ........ la~- to,.....*-~ Wag ........

. ._ ......... ·nu t1t ... 1• ~-. «mat.te-.u. ., u. ftov ••• a tM ..a.u.t aa4 ....,..,. •kl'••'- ..a ~----d~tlutNI •

.. ........ ........ ..S.Ut. ........ tM ... ,

...... --·. ~ lHNa8I la - oMl.u\ We\

...... "' .... , ~ -- .-.., ... 111 • ...u.u-,.. u. r..1 •1-'9 - .. -1,aM .. ,, ,..... ~ ..... ·wlll

wa~ Att•a--..•-l&Mllw•t.• ta~ -~ \11.-a ... Wl.U 1* ~ ... ._-tut A\__.. U. _.lad Salft ..,_,.-.. u _.._.to....,.. ta.., "-lai

..-w b tale ........ ~~ ... '-"8.• la t.at.t.

............. -- - ~la .U.\ ................ -.U.•• u ~ la • -.. ,.. eool••• ..,. ... ._.. t1d.a In -.

in

to th$ t.ernpEfl"\l'ture

a '''-"~''"' "''" .

and 'fyror l4 ~uu

1) ~.t low en€irg:leie aboorpticn 1.·1r(Ulll\> is

proporti~HUAl ·!;o l/v P:u.t, cro~i~ of 235 u fall•

otr slightly mo:re :ru.pidly introduc:ll1g a :neg,iat:ive e:0mpo~ent int.o

the t~11penr.1;ture oo.ft1oitmt,

:l) th• th&l'mS.1 ditfurd.on length ino:r .. ,~~11 with an :inQl"'tlas~ or mean

thenr.o.l neut.ron energy {th.lo to t~be df.u:lr•an ot absorption arose

netions with ent'§} oa.ualag the tbet'!:U.l leakaf,-e to inarease tUl4

inlroduing fl up.t!ve ea~nen\ into ·the titmperatun c~ttid.en\,

l) the ohan~a in the t.h$ral diff'uaioa l~l1fith vl~h Wap$ratl.ln

oaus~s th• \hemal Mut:ron. flim to betlOlle more tmif tJl"lil.T disvibuted

ovei- the lattice, thenfel"e, 1nena~ - tberal \lt.iliation au

1.ntl'otb1cttrig a p.01d.tive coaponent into the ~.ra\u:re coetticieat.

11ds inVel'ltiptlefl will ~ COllCfll'fteil with l\M&Vi&'ll the WAlue ot tb$

.graphite UIJilPel'atlU'O ooe.ffio1ent.

The 1.n:rag• ~:ratur• ooetfioieat ut r•otio"'li ty tor •• rep.a

' or 11'6.pbittt 1n the core eaa be ••tenS.ne4 ..,, un,. ,a~u.n. aee17

a8fll ilke U.Jf>i.ld1 taeUoa I. the a.dJout taetloa or ·U. ~--

fue·'LM is a maare ot Jwtw etteoU.• a ••'Ree tnvm..._ et a d,vea

lou\icm in~ eon i• 1a p1!'o1!0-Gln1 t.he aenn.m main reaeUon. !lw

Pl"od•\ 'J!i>t the Ha_._ fiUX eat tbl ~l"t&DM fuMtiO!t ia •q-.1 to

tee pe~tiea wighting faotor whi<dl 11 platted t• valuea ta\

wn atenn.llM ir, the nae~ •tndactuNr tor the eaat-we't hori.en\al

Hnwrua 1A ''~ 3-l lh. A plo\ at ·tn relatlw values for th

tampem.t.an eoe:ttiot.ent ot p-aphite ••:rna podtioa 1~ the eon V$Ul.4

!tave the lkl• dieVi.Jaut!oa a• the pEl'~tit>n ve!ght~ ta.tor ouw. !o eaU111aw the wtght!ltg taetor ale~< the wnleal and .n.ert~th

is.o11.1cntal aas a eoa!M fl• <H.•Vllmtiott Will be al*~ ~net. ttw

pel"tllrbat!oa weighting ta°'°3'" •• "9 rep:resentmi by the ~rt or the

netttna fis. 'fhua, t>na lDWSt!gaUort '611 a•._. 'bt t.b.e ftP\lcal

aaf. flOl'tb-son~ bol'ltiont.61 dt•'-"1~ti• et tile ~rat~ ~ffietent

of paphite are ••Ute 1quaftd f'De'tlcma .,_Vial aboltt t.twtr

!he etteo~ t)f ir~ulta;t!on tl~•ee tm the ~phtw nae be'l!ln negl~•W

h this inveat&pti•• d• ~ t,be low Ml!t?'O:a flttr levels at which the

V.P.I .. react.or ta o,eraw. !he •tteo\ ot ,._ •tug: in the

graptdw J/9fla.owr be.• likttwt• M• .-al•oted ll:118.

Pi••i•n ~~ot pot110B1~ !n a ~"ltor 1e ainl.;r due to t.he

~t.1on of noon-135 ~nd ~r1~l49 w1 th 11doroseop1o tbe.rmn.l

- Ri~ 1-4

H

fl> 0

t-3

c:

H

:.d

t;:i:j:.::

; '::!

;t

> tr

l Ct

:l w

>-3

t4

I

I C?'

l I-'

==:

; ~

ri:!

-o

::.r.~'""j

>-3 ;:

o tr

l ?

::0

::r. >-

3 >-3

0

c:: c

:: ~'

.J'j

'C

J H

t='@

N

;t

>

0 0

t-3

:Z: O

H

1-]

'.:'J

0 ;po

'";

tj 2

: t""

' 1-.:

; H

:C

o

o rij

tt1

H

H

~

t:r:

!O

t-)

z ::i:

:: ~

t-3 •

Of

~o~

H

'"';1

0 ?

' ti3 p

'7

j

$: ~

'"'j

>-3

::i:

:o

H

::0

i-3

t'j

.._.

L IN

TERN

AL

+ CO

RF.

TANK

!

GRAP

HITE

; RE

FLEC

TOR

. I FU

EL R

EGIO

N

~FFECTIVE r

~TERNA

i_j

GRAP

HITE

REF

LECT

OR -

,

EXTE

RNAL

GR

APHI

TE R

EFLE

CTOR

I ~

1--

, -r

---.

----

---r

----

r---

r--.

..--

---.

----

.

~

....::

Ii<

z 0 r:c:

E-1

100 l

f2 I

z ~ 50

r ~

~··· -

-

~---

'

0 0

I _

r

3 6

I I

I I

I i

J .

I 9

12

15

18

21

24

27

DIST

ANCE

FRO

M CE

NTER

OF

REAC

TOR

IN I

NCHE

S

..., 0

11

absorption cross sections of 3.5 X 106 and 4.6 X 104 barns respectively.

Although at the power levels considered the amount or poisoning is

small, the reactivity effect of the poisoning can cause a significant

reduction in the amount of available excess reactivity in the V.P.I.

reactor (0.6 %Ak/k).

Xenon-135 is produced by the negative beta decay or iodine-135

and the direct yield from fissions or uranium-235. The following

equations determine the contribution of xenon poisoning:

Equilibrium Iodine Poisoning,

'txO-z ¢ r:f-fl:c + or ¢ r "

Equilibrium Xenon Poison:tng,

!~:c+lx} OX ¢ .r.£ ilx+oX ¢ I:. '4

Xenon Poisoning at Time of Shutdown with Some Initial Xenon Poisoning Present at Start-up,

1lx =

Iodine Poisoning at Time of Shutdown,

Time to Reach Maximum Xenon After Shutdown,

(6)

(?)

(9)

(10)

12

Xenon Poisoning After Shutdown,

where tx= fractional direct yield of iodine-135

rx = fractional direct yield of xenon-135

Ai-= decay constant of iodine-135

i\x = decay constant of xenon-135

Ol ::. mlcroscopic absorption cross section of iodine-135

Oi = microscopic absorption cross section of xenon-135

~-ratio of macroscopic fission cross section to the .r~ ~ macroscopic absorption cross section for 235 U

¢ =average thermal neutron flux in the fuel.

The contribution from iodine poisoning is negligible when compared

to the xenon poisoning contribution.

where

The xenon poisoning can be converted to a change in reactivity by 9:

( 1l l !+Z (i~o)

r =reactivity in (%Ak/k)

)l :: poisoning

(12)

_ratio of the macro~copic absorption cross section for 235 U i -to the macroscopic absorption cross section for ~oderator.

In an enriched reactor such as the V .P. I. reactor \.1here the enrichment

is> 90 %,i. is large in comparison with unity so that the reactivity

change is approximately equal to the poisoning.

The equilibrium value of sail'.ariurn poisoning is independent of

the neutron flux and is equal to 7:

13

(13)

where Op= f'ractional direct yield of promethium-149.

The time to reach equilibrium samarium is approximately equal to 7:

t ~ 5 (14)

where °S =microscopic absorption cross section of samarium.

The time to reach equilibrium samarium poisoning is approximately

equal to 1400 days. It can also be shown that the samarium poisoning

will remain almost constant after the reactor is shutdown 7• Since

the time to reach equilibrium samarium poisoning is so long operating

at maximum power and the samarium poisoning will remain almost

constant after shutdown, the relative change in reactivity caused

by the samarium poisoning can be neglected. This assumption is

justified by the fact that the total time of equivalent 100 KW

operations during this investigation was about six days.

.. ..i. ,_ .. Ja1dM.1' ....... .,. lal*r .... , ....,... ~ _ .................. tla(J)t

ll = ··.;. = •·4 ' m/ft··--, ••n .. ='-• J

Iv = 0.3'& IW/ft•Jr r 9 ··=··--" lf .. ..i.. t• t11t1 ....n *' ....,_ 111ttt.s..n - • ..,.w ............ (l)t

t.::. t + '· + I; ' •. =- •• , 19/ft'.• , ..._. a = 1.'7 I io-J ft 17

• =1.6' I irJ ft lY

I = 121. nl/ft-llr• r 9 . .·

It =Ill aw/ft•· ., t

' = "' = ,.. • ..... .... 0 = ,,... lft/tt). , ' .UMI•• -. .... 1a ~ ,_.. 4mUa tlala iDYeaU.,.Uoa ••

••a at.ep f.noreaM, 1\ la u...i tltat tM beat uauter p191e• la

* '-118 a\ a·~• eond1\1.oa attar tw w tiane dmat.• ., ..... ,..,.. op1aU..

u

,. ................. ...rt.lei•' ot .. ,,.1 ...... i..

tM naetoi' •• .,...w •' a 1w pNll' 1ft'e1 to eJtatate tM

...... u.. ot ..,. dplft .. , •••• ,. ........ '° ........

..... ot .... , ...,.I' ... .. .... .. ...... u. .. ..u.e-1 ..

--~-----1 .... Dtllit ............ .. ........ ,,, .......... , .................. _ .......... - .. .... ..... .. ........... ••!M\ ....... ... .......... • ......... _ .......... ftael , ........ ~ .............................. ., .........

'1'

............... , ............... , ..... n. .. .... Satenaia ................................ ,_.pl.et ., ...... ,._ .... .... .. ............ s..u... .... .......... ,... .. , .......... .

'°={+ ~ I 't- 1+i\Tp

...... R* = ...._ ..--u. U.. la = 1.,, I ir4 -Tp= ............ Sa1111 .. • .

~=,...._·.,~--- 9 =O...,

(U)

i\ =·----...,.. ··-....,. ...... 9 = ..... -1 .... will ... - .............. 1111 ....... ··--....... . t ....... _,..,will ... t.11 ,,, .............. , aJa ..

ti1111a-. ., -. ,,.,ad.'9 ......a tlatl ... tru'ie. 1 ..U. &Ill

........... ta - ••lid ........ v:Ul ., ............ ,.

16

- that, i\ mt.11 l>e •11••'84.

The te~ratuft eoef'tltdebt of t.he ttael and ooolant •• detemtne4

uing this proeed~re at. tmee d1tt.re1rt. low power lev•la. !be reftl ta

ot t.hea• rwu1 an in !&\file 4-1.

TIJJLI 4'-1

Blnll'flB '10ErtIODIT or rut U1) (l(}QUft

..... Reaotvl- .,_.,,i:vi• ~ ....... Coefficient tog Tapn••tue Pe~ Iuertlon ot fuel &ad Ceol.ant Its. 2mna. C°r> <ml Clek/Jsl tlAilkO!) '~'

I I

1669 -7.'; 174.5 4.01 I io·2 •S.JJ 1 10-J

16'° -6.1 m.o ).)1 I 10-2 •4.87 l ir' W2 -1.1 m.1 • LMi I '11£2. ••: • :tan 1.ML.'

,...._. fwpfn.ttm. C•tt1otent = (.,.01±0.s) 110-l

!Ile awn.ge val• et the ~\are -... la tlle fuel and ~~

eaa be 4eWl'ldlHJ4 by obM"'1ag the aYenge *• la tbt' OHlant

~ra._. ae 10lil u a. Mat ... tel' ~·· 1• in atu.d1' ..... ata.te.

!be me'1lot u.a to ~ ~ graphite _,..tan ooetttuo•

"~ - -- of ... Sac .. ...,. ... '-- of the: graptdte wldl• holdine all o'8,e:r naoU:'ri.t.y .-trUmtiou eou1idt. ~ ••

ae~lla.t iv' ~ u •l•eVl.o heater u it• hleeka of ppld.te

w>d.oh wn placed ill the ren.ctor, on in 'tbs central 1tri.npr ot

*8· btenaal ftfleotor and cme 1ll t.he 1Jheral oolua •tri-.r.

Copper-ooaailaataa tl:Mll'llOCOuple.a wen Mleoted aa ~ra"*"

M - •

17

Mte«t\oft MO&W!Ml then was an a.•tdl.ahle suppl.1 ct ~r 24 tM~e

tdre, the ttae~ples ~ rela.UveJ.T •SJ' t.o lake, the rup et 'ihe

a .. d Wapefti'.Vtl mtput algml was 0-10 ld.lli't'Olta amt ta.7 Md

beu wmd. m:mce••hl.ly in tl:te pa.at. Tbs recot:'der as a :&m~ll,

Universal !lecV.&ik .U.Upoint JUt•l'd•r1 ~ 1!53 Wit.ll a ni.n• ot 0-10 mlllvol ta.

The pa:phite -.tor block tor ,.. o•Aw.1 1tnnger as conl'tNo'ted

bf l~tlinc tbt •• 1tt..:late4 eleotr!o M&te'F cell• b8~n nrrov bloob ot gt'apb.t:te s.1 a~ ta ~ 4-1. fb9 h.miat.d lwa:ter bloot.

as 1naulet..i vi th a•he1t.os board and enolo"4 ta a.a al.alma box

to t&cilltate handling. fan wre au tM~pl•• iutalled, ti•

ia the heater bb>ok ltnd one 1A a papld.'8 ltleok jut below the beater

bloat a• aht:Ml. '?he beat.JI' powr app.17 wae a. llO YO'lt. 60 orele,

9 ampere ~llle V&aeto,....r ..

The ~ve tor •a•utn, ·the W.•t.ve eoett1eilmt et pa.p&it.

t.a tlla oeatal aVlqer •• aa tollova1

l) Coolu\ waa ~ted. ~ the ·Hn talalts at a ~tant

~ratve until all ._rved 11,ftpid.ie tqpitnt.uNs wn oonstauit.

a) Wldl.e .Utd~ t.he aae oon1taat oooiaat ttapentcttn, tbs

nae-tor vu •~-u., amt tJle powr akbiltaed t.t .- watt vitb

t.1w a~p sotane ~wd. The lev JIOWl" level •• WHtd ao

~ wo.14 be ••••\1.al.ly ao but tl!'anster b&twb the fuel

el ... ats ~nd ~t or })e\wea tMt hel •lementa and llml"roaMiag

1atedals. Also•' tM.8 low ••iron tllls l~l then voul4 be

al11C>11\ • ed.pitieaat nnon poieo~ prodwaed..

HEAT

ER

. HE

PSER

RE

A TER

2

TftE

RMOC

OUPL

ES

.2 THERM~COUPLES

CO[L

TH

ERM

OCOU

PLE

COlf

~ _co

rr · .. f

. ~-

3 11

a.··u-

<:::-?

il .·'?

'fl.·· .. ·· . ·

/.·'" .. ;J

.n·.·

.. L •. -.

.. '<1

.··.··

-·-.-·-.-~.·· .. -.

,. ...

···-4

-rfl·.

-.... -.· ... -.

-.. ·. -···-..

1-l m

...... ~·

.... ·· .. ·.·. r71··· ·. ~ ..

. ...:

:;:L ·i

'i;:o"

.·

, ,?

':"

r f;,";

, .·· -

/\ 1·::

/ . .

,..-

/ .... ! -:

-,.. .

, / .-·1··

< .

j . .

/ -· ~

.··.. .. ~~~ . · 1

!;•

1· 1 ·

! 11 I

.' 1 ·.

l'/ i

.· /'

. ..

.

. r

. -

. Iv'

.· f

.-. .

i

. '

/ -

/ __

.,··

/ I

.·

/ .

. •

.. ...

-. .

.

l I

.·.

; /

• .

/;

" .· .

. .

. I/

,. .

/ .

I /

. -··

.

" •.

-.

. ',

:

•. :.

.

,, ;--

i ' I

,. . .

11

-· I I

,.

t

. .

. .

I ' .1

• • .

•

. •

. ·i

. .

i i

.·· /,

, -·.

.

_/

r i

. •

) -·

...

· ·.

I ,.,

. / /

. .__

--· ..

. I

I i1·

_· .. ! 1

1.· .··l

.1_ ·.1

... -·

·_-·l

· -

I i

!--·· I 1 .... ·

.---'

,.1 ..

-.. -.

j /

.. ·· /

i_ 1

.. -·

.. \

1'r 1 /

·:

· ·-.

:

~--! II

. .

J I'

'I'

.,

.. ·.

. I

. ,·

~

...

/ .·

!

. .

I I

. I·

. . ...

...

' I

I ..

·l I

• .

. .

• .

. ,

.<'

/ i

./

I .·

; ..

-.

I .

. '!

• I

.. I

I

. .

. I

? .

. l

. .

I ..

16tl

lj · ..

1 .. J '

11·· ... "!.

! . _./.'

1.11·

11

I I··.

1 ·1··

_·,.,_

11

/'

/ -... ,

I

·.I. 1.1

.· ·:_

·_:·:

·. _:

_: -

.·: I

!i I k

. ! j !L

. /A !

I j .

' I

. i

/ !

: . .

. .·

i / u -<

-i 1 1'

. --.

. <

: !

" -1

,j I I

~" /

. '

I .

. .·

. t

' I

. .

.· .·

/

·. . .

Ii .

,· f

.. I

.. I

1.1 ·-

··.1_11

.. /.u.1

1_ .. -.-/

·",;j ! .... ·

...... ·.·1.u

1 .. · .

· · 11

l!_

.l 1 1,,.·//

//AA'

1 1 .. , U

1--1

f ... ·,.

:_·;--.1

l:.--.. · ..

--1 I i1

J· .1 11

,_':_.~

I :«·>l

_Ll/L/)lij;~vv ~WV

V

·_ IV

-V~L

_,_i

1/4"

1/4

" J/

811

ASBE

STOS

GR

APHI

TE

BOA.

RD

2 SH

EETS

,1

11

2 SH

EETS

11

1 2

SHEE

TS

'J/8

11 ~

MICA

GE

>HIT

E MI

CA

GRAP

HITE

MI

CA

GRAP

HITE

1/

4" A

SBES

TOS

THE~fOCOUPLE

HAND

LE

EXPA

NDED

VIE

W

GRAP

H:rT

E BL

OCK

----G-

--,7f ~¥

;4"

r~-~

-17n

•+•

6tt -.

.j

FIGU

RE 4

-l

CENT

RAL

STRI

NGER

HEA

TER

BLOC

K

BOAR

D

HEAT

ER W

IRE:

NI

CHRO

ME

WIR

E·,

NO.

18

TOTA

L" R

ESIS

TANC

E = .3

. 2 n

......

CX\

19

ill •• 11'1.

4) .t.ner tta. ,_. lne1 ........ , tor a Rf'ftdeat. •••" ot

Mae (U77rl1J' •"-" 10-15 --••) tMa • ....... , •lettvt.oal

,._ .. applied to tll9 1aaa•r (100 •\ta).

5) ftl .... '°",_,Intl .............................. , .. .

6) Uta ....... JO ......... -- ,..... ,.. ....... pd the

ftaetw Jl'Ull' 1"91 ,...,... at. ftw lllaate !at.ePfllb.

7) llaee \bit raeU'ft.tr .... _. YU'7 -u wltll iwpee\ te

v.., "1llt ndl• ,_... .._"94 after tll8 •tu•• ...,.. tu be uel la -. I._.. ecaaU.• (U) ti. 4eUnd.Ra tlltl ,_.U..S.tr ~ 11. tlllla taw trw._...,. ~ et nao1d:'1_,. 11

....... b ......... ,... ...... ., ............... ....

,.r .S.\ .i- et U. ** '4Mk. ftl ...... -. ...nt.cda• e1ttat.M4 l• ftl&W te tllil ,..S.U.. flt

... Ill.Mk ia ........ l• Ml"fteW - ........... wi..

.U. ftaan J-1. .. ........ ..tn.dea, ., ........ ,_ .. oeaVal •ttbp•

.. .._ ...... -ua tld9 ,.. .. 1 .. •,... 41tteftll\ nu. n. n..ite et-... wan la taltla 4-2. n. •-Md.a •u121124

....... t'tlllpl• .......... ia ...... "" .......... *'it. W... .. Jll"fMtJr S-.JaW U... tM ,,.,. • ._. iMNaM 1a U.

'i... wal4 Ila• ..._ li••ar tor a ...... , ,._r ..,,u..a te U.

'I' 0 M

't. .... .... .. M

h b -Q 0 N .... ..... • e H H H +I

I ~ ~ N ... ff'\ fl\

tj ~ • • ~ ~ ~ .......

t,: II

s Sot

f R ~ a a i • .... ,.., ,..,

I l i (ll\ ff\ b ; f J ~ ~ b ' ,.., ~

~ >ri t M H " 'I .... 11<2 ~ • ~ 1 I .aa ..; • .; N j I J1 ~ I ~ J ~. J! ~

I: s t I I l !Ja !! : fl JI J ~

~ ~ i

temper&.tun or the svnu:m~ ·tf> Ul.cr•$e. The alopfl

ot this linear i~n waia extrapolated to obtain t,he ~iuis~ averap

~rattan chrJUlgct of the hea. ter block.

Thie a1un,.ption ia &lao ba~ on the tact. that a.ltbo11p the ~at

was being lost .:f'ra the ».Mt.r block, it lt2S in~a~ing ttlfl t.~n.ture

ot t.M s.~1ng gl"elphite and therefore p~ttcing tn. ·IHlltG ~ctid.t.7

etf'eot as thiil hea~r 'hlo« tA•psl"'$.tun w.s be:i~g incre~sed. A

tm-ther tUHfUl!tptioa. u th'1t once t.be ~wr was <Moured, the tfnJJ*h~

or til& h~a t.r 'bl°* ~. ~in eca.1tant id.no~ th~u.·e ~o:}.lld be ne

heat loss if thtl heatttr block bad ~en ptsrf•otlf insuhttld.

A second beater bl~ck was eonstructed as shown i.n :figure 4-2.

The a1bs•tos ~ waa s~~ to th.a gmpb1te b;1' alwn:nm eorewa a~

110 alu:m.tmu1 out.:r coata!ner wa.s noa1ar,r. fhen were e11bt. tbentoeo\!pl.4*8

iJltrtdled, dx in thtl M&t.r block and om at each ~lll1 outsid• t.be

aube1te• boa:rd •• ahotm. nus M1:~r block •• phced in t~ thttrul

eolrnim stringer and the ~ w.rlahl• traaatorrar 'Wit.I uMd as the

lwate:r powr supply.

The telilp(tntture coeff1~1ent or ~pMte for the' tbe111.Ull oolwm

strinpr •• de~Nln«l using thct aMMt proced~ as bett'Jn on two

dilte~m l"Wla'. The _. assumption· oon•nling the heater block

~turt1 w.a alao ma.de and the rea.ulw ot t:noe:e nns a.re 1l'l

fable 4-).

Stnee the. &'ffftge 1:.tllaperatun coeffioient for each ntriapl' ts

computed per wu:~ volume then t.b& eff&ctiTe volmaa ot e~ch o.oetficient

_.t 'be dete~. The "lfJ)1~ ot all the pphite ill the :reneetcr

2: HE

ATER

2

HEAT

ER

2'. T

HERM

OCOU

PLES

_1

HE

m·p

c9U

PLE

S

co L

TH

ERM

010U

PLES

CO

IL

I ' LI

? 1

l~S·•

,o'/1 I

.·

. --,

. . .. .

b

I· ..

-· ·-

--

7..

'/

. .

/ 1

~/

.. ·. .

. . .

I . 1

'-/

.· .

I / /

: . " . .

. .: . ,. I

.. ·. I'

//

/ ~

. I

........... ! .. .

'-.·:

. ·

1 I/ I

..

. . ·

I I

>·.:I

::=:

10 1

/2"

) I I!

; I ·

,i

I I

/ , <"

~_,· ·_.'.: :::

/I

I .

I ,

i /

' ,

• '

••

. I

I I

. .

.·· .

/I I

. _L

.i·· ..

,,/

/ .

· 1/ 4

" 1"

2

SHEE

TS

1 tt

2 SH

EETS

AS

BEST

OS

GRAP

HITE

MI

CA

BOAR

D GR

APHI

TE

MICA

EXPA

NDED

VIE

W

HEAT

ER B

LOCK

_

/ __

L ~

THER

MOC

OUPL

ES

·'· n:

·.·'..

::.: ::

a··

:;.·.

. . ~.

-~

~

l"

GRAP

HITE

1/

4" A

SBES

TOS

BOAR

D

HEAT

ER W

IRE:

..

NICH

ROME

WIR

E, NO

. 18

TO

TAL

RESI

STAN

CE =

3. 2 .n

GRAP

HITE

BLO

CK

FIGU

RE 4

-2

THER

MAL

COL

UMN

S'l'R

ING

ER H

EATE

R BL

OCK

~

~ ~ l'--• b ~ \.; ""* ! M

.£'- b -~ g • 9ii 0

la M ~ ..w ;I ~ ~

~ •

4 • 0 6 ~ +

I II l!'!'l I 8 Jtjl

... ! I 0 il:l

~ .. ~ IJ.a ti),

i! ! ~

l 8

i rt

i ~· ~ ! !

i:;, ~i ~

""' I g ~ Ct Aw 11 ~

~ ! iJ1 .s I i t M~ A

I f 1. J a

I ~

~ i ii t

! J

i• 1041 500 in3 •• detendned troll the aateri.a.l epeeif1<tat1ona tor ta.

V.P .. I .. reactor.. All graphite, h~, will not coatnbute eiplfioan~

to the ~rat'Qn ooettiaient o.t grapld.w.

The etrect1v• ftt$l eleaent le~ is abo\1t 24 inctbett 17 and the

ele.-nt.a are looa.tad 1D the vertical cemtEir ot the OOH t&nka.. Tlds

aau 'tllat ti. top and bottma ct the tuel elemen'b are about 12 1rlohel.

from ti. ·\op and bottom ot the gn.pbite retl&0tot' tespee\1wl.J. !he

oentftl «Striqer hftter block was M'Hd 'k>· the top et the ectral

atrhger abOut: tvo ~-~ ~ top ot the •tt•ct1ft fuel ele.nu.

fte •• ~•n t~»r de\end.rd.ttg ~ teapen.tve coetficient of

paphite (Pap 16) wa1 tollowd aad ttte ooetttoieat. tor the tipper

10 tilcbes vaa tfi014 ·to he about 1' ot the \'aloe tor the ooetncie\

Ud.ng tbi• !afontat.:ton, • toll.owtq -..a.pt.ion :le sud.•. The

a••--' ftlae tor *' utenal :retlee~, Wlob l• the voliae ot lft.phite Dlttwen \ha core t.ank• ex~ed tb9 ettots.w fuel •laent.

length, is 8,800 ta', afld the aea-..4 ett•oUw ftlmae t•r 1lle extenal

1'8tl•ctor 1• 28,100 ta'. !ha ett•otlw wlme tO'l' th• ~nal

ntleator •• detond.Md bl' &npnH.ng ·the outer ab 1DoM• ot tU

iftpldu reneeto.r a1nce thi• vel.UllS is oo'G oon\ributi:ng 11.pUioantl,J

to ~ ooetfict•nt. 1'he dasb&i lime 1n ftpra 4'-3 ftF8"Dt. the

llowdaries or the -~ vo1-. ••

!h• awrage temperat.un ooetttoifln' ot each r~gton can ....

4eteJ.'llti.Md • md.ftC' ftpn :J-1. It bas al~ Mn _...,,. tbat

the rel&Un ~~ coetf1c1 .. nt will ba'M the .... •U.atr11*t1oa

c;R.trV&. Tht\refore, the av0rage Wl"'~rat.i;&re ~fi"iolent tor ff.oh

Nii.on earl be ®Sl}mted from all obeened Wtitperature coefficient at

a p YtUl loe& tiott iD. ea.oh rfliioA.

'the looa tint\ of ·i.fhe oen~ stringer in f1cun 3-l 1a at sero

w~n the ~latiV£; ~mpan.t.l.lni coef'f'icie11t ot graphite 1.$ 25. The

looo:Uon of the tbeiw.l colmm a~:d.~r is at 2l ~- when the

hllatin ooet.f'icient ia lO. '?he averap value of the rela:lift

'ktmpentun coeft1o1et for the intemal nneoior can 1>e date~d

grapld.oall.7 to be ap~tel.J' 36 and tor the etrecUw extenal

nneotor approxiatalJ' 30 as W.wn. TherttfC>l'Q, the tollowin,

nUo• au be ~t.ed. for t.ba aast-weat. hor1•ontal di11tr1bat1on•

&!!£11! MIQUlil" qoeff'lt&tfll 'II egteativ,t. ,ell!t!il nfJ;eg!:gl" _ Ohened tempen.'ttll'e coettiotsat tu \haral eol.- stri.apr - J.O

!ltllt nol"th-eouth bm:i.smt.al ud ~ v.rtial diatri.tmUone l!ave been

aa&mr&ed to be coaiM •.-reel fmlo\ioaa. ?her.tore, the awrage

•a.st-vest hort•mtal ~n.tu" ooeftid.et tor nch region lfUlt

be altipl:ted by o.2s te obtaill th~ •••rap tepeft.tm-e ooettieient..

&v•!:i.1~e .:\!1;~atµrt! f12G:;D:.g~e1,\;t ,;(Qr •{[egt~ve ax~~ ,retl~n~t = 0 75 Observed tempera:tl.U'G eoeff'icient tor tne..i eolurim stringer •

!• 4e:t.Nin tbs tl'ftr&p tem.~h.'t.UN coef !'icien\ tor the internal

and the effttctive exwrne.1 refleetm-e the following equ.tion can be ~'

G(T = OU.J'ftNI Yalu • Jlat.1o • ltteeUw ftl._ (16)

na. reaul.'8 fer tM in~ retlllcw ans

c(TtR = 2.37 I 10·7 • 0.'6 • 8,800

oCT:i:R = (+o.75 ±o.l) I 10-J j lik/k/0P

file. Wftlk tor \ha etreetive ext.er.l ntl•e'ter areo

<.(TER = 0.6(; I 1fJ"""7 • 0. ,, • al,100

c(,.£R = (+1.40 ±o.a} x ir' '$Ak/'ll./"r The mx\ ocmaldar.U.u tor deten.tld.Bg ~ nactlvl• etteet ot

\lie papbiw J'41ltleeter 1a to o)i)Wn t.htt obange la the •••rap temperat1U"e

la eaeh region. !be aont.p tmaperatun i• Ud.epta<leat ot pod.ti.on 1n

t.M eon, however, after t.b9 tb.el'ltal lfadient.s tor heat ihn•tel" bl.ft

•• •••blialltMt in the ntleetdlW• ~ a oa de~ •acv la the

~- ~.rawre ·~ ~ in that l"eg:bm Wftld npreaeat

a _. d•P'fl$ ahanaa ta the &ftl'&P IJ"&pl\lte ~ntan ot that ngion.

A.o.o-.r l'h.pld.W -.nwre det..ctor V&S i.Mklled in the ett-oeateJ> e~r aa ·~ 1n Hpn 4--J. This de~r CGUl•ted of

fiw tt.~•• e.-,117 apa-4 • eaa 1d.d•. ot a. (1 'J/lfl' • ) 3/16• •

24"') piapld.t.. blook. U•tnc ~- t.ie'4totor aDI ·the 4et.ctora installed

ta tke 11.eator bl.oat•, lt •• -..ned \bat the· 1iemperatun profile

et the ~pld.- nfieetcw oaa \Kt represented a~t.l.J a• ahmm

in .r1pn 4--J. thl• protile vae cibael"Wi dl.U'i.11! a 100 D Nil afta>t'

ta. theral pad!ata ba4 Men eatabll11hed.

ltd.q \his pnfUe, tJw tollowlns: ••IRVIP'1ou are .U. the ....

in the aftmp ~ftkN or the portioa ot the .:t-mmter stringer

looa'W in tne ht.emal ntlactor will re,re•at; ~ olla~ in the

THERMAL COLUMN STRINGER

THERMAL COLUMN STRINGER

27

1io"

110°

\ 100

B L ,____,____,.. i I i

r OFF-CENTER STRINGER

120° I : I I I I

-+-l - :;--;;a - -1 I 1 30 I I I I I I I I I y ..,..,--' I ' I I I I I : I 1 I I I ' I I I ' I ~ ... I

I I

J

100

VIEW A-A

FIGURE l+-3 ISOTHERMAL COHE PROFILE

0 0 .; ..--!

.. -t l 0

0 A 0 ......

B

~J

C). • B

f i l elf' i t t t f I l I i I: f .... • ""' • M

•

' 1

r '

t '

a 1·

; r

f •

J e

~ i

e ~

I ~ ~

I 1

• I

j I

~ ·

i 1

• i

I l r I

r r

a r r

1 ! ~

: f :

i I

i ! ;

~ i

' P

t c

1 :

: t

e ~

• •

~ r

• 0

' H

• 1

, f

' I

: J

l ~ I

I r I

! a 1

I J

• i

J '

! I '

I : I f

I t i

: f

i ;

: t '

: :

~ f I

i I !

:

f J =

., I

• I

'. i

.i I

i I 1·.

· ~.. I

r ! f

! ~ t

i t

t '

' 1

t f 1

' '

; I f

i ~

~ r

' i

2 ~

~ 1

r i

! !.·

l .r

f ~

~ '

.1 '·

!

1. a

1 f

l e

t ~

W

e i

t o

~ I

i ~

~ •

~ e

! :

I '

f 1

· ~

f I f

I i

t

~ !

f i

' i

~.~ I 1

. I I

! f.

1 '.·

' 1= a

a..

i '

1 1. i

'::

" t:· '(.

f f

....

r:;

; •

g a

~

t a

• :J.

f ~

o I

I i

l •

o 8

ff a

~ f

. ~

f '

~ •

-t

t 3

i I

~ ~

~. !

I l

I f

! I ~

; l

t ~

! t I

J

• 5

f t

: t I

I}

: If

' l

I I

f f

.~ 1

. I

I f

• !

f f.·

.. · f

f i

i I

I .

~ '

;Jj

(fllfl]. t~f-'

I I

' .~

I .

• •..

! '

~. l

' . a

a I

1 I

i i :

I i

If

'f

2 .... •

reaeter ecmad.aW of oo»lpUt.bg the n.- pei~ :cmnea 8how la

fillih 4-4. i'M• ~wen aoapuW tor aidJlu pever nna ft

4, s. 12 a.114 16 bava duati_,a utni lqat!oae (6 to 12) iUld 'the

tolloviq data a•Wli..ag ao initial nncm poi~ pnffnt at.t

a tart-up;

Oz =O.®' 1

Ox = O.C'.KO 2

Ar = 2.n x io-' .... 1 2

;\" = 2.09 J'. 10-S aee·l 2

OI =0.70 t io-24 ~ 2 a 2 2 crx ::::).§ I lt'..r .• om

L=o.e42 a r.. . -~ ff =0. 73 I lgl.2 'M#.t4tireU/etl2 • sec 16

file. •JJ4 liu in 11.--e ~ RF•••ta the· pl"Odu.tion of nmm

,.Saoata« while thB Naotor was opn"attng. Tae daali l1nea npMaHntrti

the !Jhutdovn b&b&Yie>r tollowlns ·the nat.ieotive shutdGVAa.

TM aenr&cy ot the ~ poisoning ~• 1• llfdted. DJ' *" ao~oy ot the ave~ge thenal Re\ltrcm tl• ia t.hAt ~l at 100 rw. A Y8la tor ~ nu at l W we. ttetemned by St411 16 with an

e8tiaW erNl"' or ±;~. '1'h8 val• for the m.-lllua ~r nu was

aw 'been •d• at lOO IW wbieh ••rifl' tbie Y!tltte with &B esti-ted

•n'Ol" of±~.

b tM!,Nct MtMd we al•o "\1-..d. to determin~ the pna*'noe ot .._ X'Jmn potsord.ng in thtt V .:? • I. rea.otGr using the GP8:r& t3:ng neord.s.

I I

I I

I I

i • I

rll /

~: ..Ot r-11

\ \ ' \

I ('!"\ • 0

\ \

' ' '

/ I

I

30

/ I I / I I I

/ I I I '° / I I I <""'\ / I I I / ,I

/ I I I / I I / I I

, / I I I N / I I I <""'\ / I I I /

/ I I , I I I I

I I I I I I to

I I I N I

I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I

I I , I I I -I I I ~ I I p

I 0 ~ •I I I C\l f / I -I I

fi1 .C:t I NI I I H

I E-i r-1\ I I oil I '° \ J.4/ I r-1 \ .c:, I \

to\ I \

' I ., ' \ f 1

' \ .C:t ;,.. '1'I C\l

\ rl I I \ \ ' \

\ \ \

\ \ ~

• • 0 0 ( }{,/}{ V % ) DNINOSIOd NON3:X

FIGURE 4-4 XENON POISONING CURVES

)1

·!bfJ· tJOatl'ol roda us\ ~neat. tor ~ c~"«<s 1n ·\he naotiV!ty 1a

th~ reaotol". TM -.jo'I' CODtr1but.iou which haw ~d.T bffn dlinus-4

an \he tenperat~ ~f'ioi•nt tor tuel a.nd ooolant and for araphite.

hr.oa po~ 11 dept'ttdeftt oalJ om r•ot.or open" \ion. The otr•l'

mJor naot1v1'1 :11H1en1ou ~ ·e&~ 'by cbangtua in teatperatlU'e.

Therefore,, tbs ditte:N..- in tile oritical position ot ~ ocmv.1

l'Oll• tor Q1 two reactor ~ at th• -.- power lewl aadar U•nUeal tempent.un oontlit.itm• i..ill indicate· the ohanp la &Munt of xeacn

poisoning. Thie eba¥ ca.a w nlatad to the ahutaow U.. ai.aoe

th• pndowa run and t.be powr hiato17 of the na.etor.

A nvtew ot tll• naot.cr Gp!lmting noord.I proc:baced nveral. cases

vwu1 t.he na.otor was-~~ ..t•r abdlai- \eapera~• eonditioae

and ~r h!Btor, but. with vaTJing $but.down tiaes. In the• oases

the control red• wn wtthtlnn• mon to nae .ud Mint.au critiaallty

to'I' thoete l"Ur.dl vt.d.olt h.d the &twrt.r ehnt4own ti.mint. The rfl'Yiev

alto indicsted U.t ~ ~ctivity ~ff-Get ct UZlQD poiUtI!lJI O&n De

Mgl$ct•d if the t"S&ltiter bas Mfll!l ahutdow fflr tlCft than 100 &ua OP

1f' the power ldstoJ'7 11 ~u during the 100 hsrat prier to stll.rtup.

•• AldOJI • ll&Ol1ftft ....

.. ....... •• ....... • , • _.....,...et 100. ,_ -

.._. te WIUJ' * ..._ •••U:wltr etteeta •t.11•111• la * ...................... ~ .................... .

......... tat~ ........... ....UYltr ...... .

1)J. ....... e...lltd._l..,..T1pa-. I) ,._... et't-C.W 1-......11 .. 1111\We

J)lldaW,_U..

4) ...............

a. -- .......... ~ ... - •• .,. ... ,.. ........ ....... (6 to 11). n. ftMU'fltr ...... ._ to paplllte aa4

t.i ..a 1111.at t1 .. 11a .... rh1•• wn ...,.W ..... tM

_,,.._. .. .,....a..., ,....s- a.v.. ftll ....uutr ialel14- ...................... ,,_ ... oall .. U. .......

.. ...... .. 1aa, , .. , ............ "' ......... ..

... :a.an Sale\ ... ....,., .......... n. ............ ta tld.a

......... \lea '9 •• _,. tlae t I ............ ta '1la eMlaa\ WN

•' loaW ta ta. ._. tub 1*\ ._..._ b tlll I.ala\ Pl •t.ln plpl .. - .. ... .... .. ..... '11' ............ ~-- ,... .. •• ......... .. 100 ......... u. 4-J.q ...... 'tllllla ..

•••1•• ta .......... -··· ..... *..,.. ........ ..___ .... l.U•U., .................. to ..

.··.;.· .·..

1.·. I.·.

·. I

'.· .. ·· '····.·

. 1.

··· .. ·

•.··

• i.·

····

.·

'.

i.·.· .! ... ··.

'.. '.· .. ·.·.·· l.·

. '.

.··.· !··

.. ·· '·.··

.· f

'·· t···

·. f

a t

i I •

• : f

I

f w

' I

' f

• f

' f

i f f

i 4

i

f i

• t

l ~

~ £

I =

f r t

I f

1 t

r 1

• !

f 1

i ~iii 1

J1 ..

'li11

12 ~1111 ifl'i~

I I =

; I I

i ! I

l l :

I : !

I f

l I I

f i

: !

f I

!\ .. ··. ".

.. .. ·· ..

'r I..

".... ..

f.. .

'. .

. .

J· ... ·

!.· .. ·

'·..

•..

1. I.·.

t·. '...

t " .. · ..

..... . ".. . .'.

f

I 1

: ~

.,. 1

a, 1.

f I

t ,..

_.. e

i ·

:; Ii

~· 1·

;y 2

I •

r r •

I ~

f '

. J

I 0

t I

I -

t f

s -

~ ,

a I

. I

-.

f r

·. f

r I

~ ~

r -

t f

• . I

! I

w

g B

! ft

f i

f !

J •

t ~

; f

f i

t •

f i

I I

' :

• ~

!f3

a1

1=

: '''=

'il'l

t· 1

:1:1

.I '

!. r

'.· =.·.

' .. ·

· I·.

'·· ' .. ·

t J.·

'···.·· I

'··. '.

i·· ..

t f··.

• ·'.·

r.· .:·

.w .,... i,

l q

I•

I Ii

.

::.1

11.

ft•"

..

~ ~

I ;

f :

i r

I I

il t

' !

.. JI

f r

; C"

i II'

t I

I p

& ~

·.

! I

t f .

~ I

I f

t t

E !

~ t

• 1

•. !

f I

a...

~. ~.•

r '··

! a

1.· '··

w.· s

I t

i = ... ·

1.· •

~ Q

~

• ~

• •

4 •

= I

~ •

' &

p 1 I

,

1 r'

1l1

. --

. ,

1 .... i ..

f'•

.. · •

1:

Jr!·. 1

,

td

i '

.· 1

ii

f 1

1 ,;

• ·

1 ·~

. . •

T;jf.

1.

...

r i

! g

; f

I i I

: i f

I ; I I

i I I

i i

I ;

I :

'1:

. 2

.1

:t. t

£ ...

•

34

- o.ooo ~ FUEL AND COOLANT <1 -0.015 lR L __ -~ ~ -0.030 H E-t 0 < ~ -0.045

0 2 4 6 8 TIME (HOURS)

o.oo r-i ·-~ XENON POISONING ~ -q -0.03 .. ~ Cl) - ~ t-! -0.06 ::::::> H 0 > H E-t [-1 z 0 I cd

~ -0.09 0 2 4 6 8 Cl)

. TIME (HOURS) ~ - +o.12

~ GRAPHITE ~ -- H

~ to.cs > H E-t ..._.. ()

~ <t! ~

H +0.04 > H r-i .:-. I t.) "' < ~ o.oo ~ 0 2 4 6 8 8

TIME (HOURS) H ~

........ +0.06 f REGui:Jl I ~ ~

<.:! T 1 . * to.03 .._..

>i L;J---r--, T T ----1 l (-1 H o.oo >

I r--,._-=r---1------Y l H E-i I l L __ L_J ____ I u <t! {;:! -0.03

0 2 4 6 8 TIME (HOURS)

35

- o.oo ~ FUEL AND COOLANT <I -0.02 'bit -t:! H -0.04· :> t:: 0 < ~ -0.06

0 l 2 4 TIME (HOURS}

o.oo - N

~ XENON POISONING ~ <J -0.02 -"bQ.. ... ~ >-E-t -0.04 ~ H E-t 0

~ -0.06 0 L------L-----L-·-·---l-.----

2 3 TIME (HOURS)

l

_ t0.12 GRAPHITE <:. ~to.OS ------

-~ ~ .

~ +0.04~ -< !..._______ ~ o.oo l 2 3

0 TIME (HOURS) - +Q .02 ....------.------.----REGULATING ROD

~ rTN ~ o.oo - - I r---i-+--·'---,., E -0.0.2L .

~ ___ _l_ .. ___ J_ ·-----1-----:---4 ~ -0.04 0 1 2 3

.. Cl)

~ 5 E-t z

4 I Cl) < S! t:! ~ H E-t 0 < ~ N I

"' 4 ~

~ H fEc

TIME (HOURS)

,, \he· ~- raativitq etfe~ts tNtween nma to .it• th.It r.etor

Jut cr1t1al at a lw power level, l••• than 10 wat.w. w"b.en the

l"ftctor i• Jut onu.i. ttw Naotln'1 in \be oon i• zero, so

thtf· total e1-np ta ftacti:ri.tq etteou between l'UD• _., be aero.

fte ._ ~ten W'IN noo~ a• tietore wbe:n tke "8.ctor

•• ori.U-1 wli'ik \ke atart-t.ip ~ reaoNill for six ditteant

rwsa. TM obanpe ill naetiritr ef'.hte'8 WCH'8 detemnild aa before

ud. the nadta an 1n !a.bl• S-1. The net total ~pa in tho

cr1:lita1 reaetiviV erreo'• have 'fal\MHI on e1'1ler B14• ot un

wbid an nlatinlJ' -n. fbi• lm.U.eat.es that a m.jor l'e'aoUv.ity

effect has be.a mtBl.•eW.

J?

I ~ !'$ ""' ~ ii ! s i • • i 4 • 'i ' 0 +

l I ~ if. "' "' 13 s i R • • ~ • • ~ c ~· ' a +

n I ltl. ~ i I P1•

;,.%.,; s f;i. ai~

'1 • • • • t;: er ;i '1 0

e +

i ~ ~ ...,

i Q

'l ii s § • 0 • • d ""' , ' ;> ; ~ + + a

E .fii m I ~ I Q ~ I 8 • • 1 • ~ el ' ~ , I s s ! § I • •

~ • ' ' ~ , ..... i I i § .....

d~ § • • • • •

' ' 0 ·~ ' .....

~ ~ ~ t! ""° "" ~ "° .. ,... ..... rt

fte a.jcr oontrilm\it>as w ~~in naativit)t while the

teact.or 11 opafttS.gaw1

1) hel and ooc1Ant ~pen.tun ehf.tn~a

2) Graphite U.pen.ture ehan~;es

;) ) tenon :potaonia&

hrlq a nm th& CJ()Ja\1'01 nits will ooapms3. to tO'l' the oblutpa in

nact.!Viv so ti.t '1\9 naotor nrraia• just ontieal.

~ nnon poiaoning pl"OdooUon 1• tepefldenti on \he ~t or

ahutdO\ffl tilt&, ~ pover hiadoJ17 pnvloutJ to the nm, tll$ powl!"

level a\ v!d.eh the reactor la o~tJ,cg anc:t \be tJJo.e of opentlon.

laing Eq\ta\!ou (' te 12) the allOWlt or naoa poieom.., Ma be

4•'9~ at aa7 ti• 4tt~ a :ru ud after alratdow.

T!t.fJ fml u4 ooolan\ \apeatun coetticieat ot naetivit,.

ia ii••• 1a ta.»1• 6-l tor the Y .r.1. reactor. Thet· ~- 1n

naottvity ean bit ••~ by .-.nln1 the obaap in ooolsmt

-.rat-. in w. eon tadta after the nae\or bas bften operatiq

at povv tor two to~· rda'tea. Thia is wallow the f'mll

l\eat \l'uafe 'UaHi•a\ to diappear.

file 1ft.ph1'9 ~n\ve ooetticien\ ot nacti•it, i• pvtm

la !alAe 6-1 tor thtt two ngim)• la the Y .r .I. naotor. The repon

., •• aterrsal reneotGJ' 1$ the T01U1119 bfltwen the .eere ---

a\eadiq the ettee\i ve lttagth of the f\tel •1-nte. The •ttectlw

m.nai fttlMtozi ill ill the neti Gt ti. gnpldw ld.th v.. ••PU. of the Ol\'91" ab :Lao.bes of \he ntleot.ar whieh 4••

)8

" ut coatnbtl.tie alpltl.aU, tct tM ~f'f'totJm•. fiae -.. 1n

nut.1vlt.J tor IP'&Jbtte _. t. aet.n4Mt4 tv ~nlnc o. ·~ ta a•ra• ..,..ten et ·ftlw irlt.mal ut ef't•tl'M •JC'.Wnal

!IU 6-1

~&'1'1U COlJ-nDI.,. oP UAO'Uflft

hel -4 CfflM\ = (-,.O?±O.,) I 10-) S Akh/"r

=~=•Gftpbi1'e = (+0.7SfO.l) 110-3 J/J.)./k/'7

:;;:::-~ =(+1.40±0.a) l irl JAk/k/cr

The.--.....,.~' ~w •• ._._ ot u. .,.n..w. •rNn tor ._ ~t.tiff ......c. ftleb __. -. ..trlolea• w ..... all ................ la .. ~ ........ 14• ---- ., ...... ........... Ula~*' ... -·-~-w.i.ea.r-.~

Tke a:uthor w:tshfte tie •xpres:a hie apprechtioa to Dr. lndrew

Robeson for his ¢tan•, (IUNl1stus• and ••dtll'apwmt. ~t

Ws ia1'esttption. le ~d also like to tM* DI'. a. l. O•p,

Dr. A. K. hn, &r. J. A. Jacobs, Dr. Karl JktrD.ri.k and Dr. A. G.

hllard foJ! th.eh- 1-lp, adri.• and auge8tloas n tilde tlaed•.

!M auth~ ut'l'O wishes to t>hau

ta their Yalablt ••fli•t&.aee ia

ope#!'ati1ag \be na.oto:r.

TM.a h.vestlpt1on waa 111.d• poraaihl~ '7 the timul.ul 1uppon

•t an Atomic E•:rs:r Ccmmdaisian T11ti~ahip vh1ob the author ~tl.7

appredated.

1. Hoatala ftw, Cltallfondaa

•• Iat.Ual ......... *-1, ftlt-10

"· Jteaotol" Plrrd• et u. na-io, Ald-19, ,_ 1,,,. 2. Ialda, 1. a.,~._, 1u1 ... 11MC1w flw•1•, ldMld.4

hltlSsld• a.pwauoa, 1w tm, 196J.

J. 1a.n..-, luolt, Ultor, "lltaolear hel••l'lal ...,....,

~look 01 [ .. .,., x-., ... '"*• 1911. 4. ln1tb, hut, tlftJMlplu el lea\ flult4trlt, b..,_U-.1

tat.'9ok .,.,..,., .............. 1 ..... - 19".

'· ...... Inf.a ftalwl', ... A& .. .., .......... te hU.te ...

c.ont1au.a et &qea 41 la tlll Y.P.J. Plrplos ltdJAla&

Dllr.bac ...... tpoa\loa•, •••• llllld•, ftJtdJda ~· JuV.iate, .......... 'fU&llda, - 196J.

6. lean, O. P1'1l1dlk, •& t11111a-. I..,. et tlMI Y.P.I. fatal ..

... ....... ..... ( ... 10)•, ........ 1'U&llda ~ JMUtdl, ........ 'fU&lldat .., 1964.

'· ............. 1 ... Ml ... , lfllt. o ...... 11••• flt ha1ear ...... ti.ti_,•, 1. Yaa ....... ..__,,, IM.,

...._.., rw 1__,, ,......,. 1965. I. ,._.., I* L, "1--Mtl• to ...,_ ... le&ow .... ,.,.,

&Mir• V.daJ' PDllllld .. Gt•P•"I• lae., 11111., ,. .. .._.,.,

1966. '· ....._., ....i .......... u....d••· ..............

~ ..... loatnld OolapaDJ', ia.., pna.n., ... 1•ftll'l1 196,.

10. .a.a, m-. ~ .... .- l!Mtt.oa•, ~ '°* ..,..,., ... '°*• 196f.

u. .... Gu1d.tl.e, ... ~ ............................. .

.... eantM ............. 19'5. U. 1!12••• fteW I., •A....,. et I••,._, .. , ..........

...... ...... ...,... ........... ,, ftlwllda ~· x..u ... , lla .... r,, ............ ,.,,. 1961.

u. 1e1111o,~1., ... ~ ...... ., ........ .... _., ....,. •• , •"-1 ...._..,, i.111.n, m•aet•, ..,_,ft.O, Jfq 19"1 •

........... ~. •• Gut, P. P., •....i ...... ..._._ MtluaW ......... ,

• oa ....... ., .,., ... ..._.. sat • •• o.iea

la,__., f.i.. ,, ltB.

•• .... ••• • llllJ, •• "·· .,..., '· '·· ... ""'· '· ••• ........... ........ a....i ...... w..iau.. , ......

laSMr laU ........ -- 11, 1f51. Ue lllpt~ ... tt11bl ...._., 1'1.-1 ....... I I .,. lapR'\1

Y.i.e 11 OU Udp .,_..tS.. otaa, Vld.W 8ta'9• .a.-.... ...... ~ .. 1 ... 11l11ot.•1 -· "'· ....... 1962.

16. ..... lplftla, .,.,..._ ... ......._ ffl *11 Y;J.I • ...._.

(un.J.O)•, ..................... ~ Ianl ... ,

ll&eks~, V1.r~, S'lptem.ber, 1961.

1'· Oaep, Bona14 I., "A~ tar P:roepeeUve Beaotor Operator•

at V.P.I."1 Pt(ra1u D•pa~ii, Yi~ Pol.ltec!mic Iaeti•w,

llaeks~1 V:t.rpJ.d.a, 1.._., 19'1.

11. :u ...... , 1. u ... v., •wtat.ci• Damp in Cs-aphtt.•, ~

Pnea, tmto:N, bglaat, 1965. 19. AmJ"W8, l&'llH larel.q1 USaieldiDC Cal.Olllat!0tl8 tetr the l.P,,I ..

tml-10 Beaoter at 10 IV•, M .. I. ftlesu,, Yb'glrd.a Polyteelmic

XasUtaie, llaeke\Rtrg, VS.raWe, Deo.111ber 1964.

The vita has been removed from the scanned document

A. STUDY OF THE REACTIVITY EFFECTS OF THE V.P.I. NUCLEAR RE!\CTOR

Judson Wesley Parker

Abstract

Once a reactor is critical and at a constant power level, the net

reactivity at any time is zero. The major contributions to changes of

reactivity in the V.P.I. Argonaut reactor are:

1) Fuel and coolant tempel"a.ture changes

2} Graphite temperature changes

3) Xenon poisoning

The control rods have to be continuously positioned so that the total

reactivity change of these parameters is nullified.

The reactivity effects of the fuel and coolant have been combined

into one temperature coefficient because for this investigation they

are assumed to have simultaneous temperature changes. An experiment

was conducted to measure the temperature coefficient of fuel and

coolant whi~h was found to be negative. The temperature ~oefficient

for graphite was measured by installing heaters in two graphite blocks

which were placed in the core. This experiment showed the reactivity

effect, of the graphite to be positive. The reactivity effect due to

xenon poisoning "Was calculated using the xenon-iodine equations.

The results of these experiments and calculations were used to

predict the position of the control rods during long power operation.

The predicted position we..s in good agreement with the actual position.