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Elektromobilität - Infrastruktur, Markt, Umwelt 01 - 2017

ELEKTROMOBILITÄT

Infrastruktur . Markt . Umwelt

inkl. Ladestationen und Netz

1101

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Liebe Leserinnen und Leser,

Sie informieren sich mit dem TecScan-Journal regelmäßig über Neuzugänge zu Ihrem Thema aus unseren Datenbanken. So bleiben Sie stets auf dem Laufenden und erschließen sich nützliche und relevante Wissensquellen. Vielleicht interessieren Sie sich für weitere Themen: Neben klassischen Technikbereichen wie z.B. Maschinenbau, Medizintechnik, Werkstoffe und Textiltechnologie decken die TecScan-Journale auch brandaktuelle, gesellschaftspolitisch relevante Querschnittsthemen, wie Industrie 4.0, IT-Sicherheit, Elektromobilität oder Neue Mobilität – Auf dem Weg zum autonomen Fahren ab.

Literatur und Web-Angebote zum großen Digitalisierungsthema "Sicherheit" Mit zunehmender Digitalisierung aller betrieblicher Prozesse ist nicht mehr nur die Sicherheit der klassischen IT-Anlagen eines Unternehmens ein sehr ernst zu nehmender Risikofaktor. Auch die Anforderungen an die Sicherheit von Maschinen und Funktionale Sicherheit in automatisierten Prozessen wachsen im Zeichen von Industrie 4.0 stetig. Die WTI legt bei der Literaturauswahl und -erschließung einen Fokus auf die zu diesem Themenbereich veröffentliche Literatur und angebotenen Veranstaltungen. Sie wird künftig ihr bisheriges Top-Thema IT-Sicherheit entsprechend breiter aufstellen, was sich auch im TecScan-Journal IT-Sicherheit niederschlagen wird. Auch unser letzter WTI-Newsletter “Safety and Security first” war diesem Thema gewidmet: http://bit.ly/1Ne4RWg . Darin stellten wir eine Publikation des VDE mit dem Titel “Sicherheit von Maschinen und Funktionale Sicherheit” vor, die wir für Sie etwas ausführlicher rezensiert haben. Das Buch enthält im Kern eine anwendungsorientierte Erörterung relevanter DIN-Normen. Der VDE beschäftigt sich im Rahmen eines 12 Forschungsprojekte umfassenden Förderschwerpunkts “IT-Sicherheit für Kritische Infrastrukturen” ITS|KRITIS des BMBF mit neuen Ansätzen zur Beurteilung und Erhöhung der IT-Sicherheit. Die Forschungsprojekte vernetzen sich über die Forschungsplattform VeSiKi: http://bit.ly/2kItrZX . Die Rezension der oben erwähnten VDE-Veröffentlichung finden Sie auf unserer Homepage (http://bit.ly/2lfh20f) , ebenso wie eine Auswahl interessanter Abstracts (http://bit.ly/2kCMylu) zum Thema.

Gudrun Schmidt

WTI-Frankfurt eG - Vorstand

http://bit.ly/1Ne4RWg

http://bit.ly/2kItrZX

http://bit.ly/2lfh20f

http://bit.ly/2kCMylu

Inhaltsverzeichnis ° Comparison and Evaluation of a New Innovative Drive Concept for the Air Conditioning Compressor of

Electric Vehicles. ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 ° Mühsam wächst zusammen, was zusammen gehört. Charging station network for the electromobility. .................. 8 ° Elektromobilität und Strommarkt in 2030 - die Ladestrategie macht den Unterschied. ............................................. 8 ° Microgrid energy scheduling using storage from electric vehicles............................................................................. 8 ° Reisen statt Rasen. ................................................................................................................................................... 9 ° The Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Peak Shaving.................................................................................. 9 ° Electrification of Public Transport with Fast Charging in Traffic Congested Cities. ................................................... 9 ° Development & Integration of a Charge Sustaining Control Strategy for a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid

Electric Vehicle. ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 ° A Novel Battery Charging and Power Distribution System for a Series-Hybrid Two Wheeler. ................................ 10 ° Sensitivity Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Electric Feeder Bus Using Various Types of Energy

Storage. ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 ° Mal ganz was Neues. Sono Motors aus München legt ein Konzept für ein alltagstaugliches Solarauto vor. .......... 11 ° NVH Performance of Accessories in Range-Extended Electric Vehicle. ................................................................. 11 ° Antriebs-und Kraftstoffstrategien für die zukünftige Mobilität. ................................................................................. 11 ° Driveline Optimization for a Hybrid Electric City Vehicle to Minimize Fuel Consumption. ....................................... 12 ° Modelling the multilevel structure and mixed effects of the factors influencing the energy consumption of

electric vehicles. .................................................................................................................................................... 12 ° A Stochastic Model Predictive Control Approach for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management With Road

Grade Preview. ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 ° Myopic real-time decentralized charging management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles....................................... 13 ° Und es hat klick gemacht. Trennrelais für Hochvolt-Ladesysteme. ......................................................................... 13 ° Battery cell balance of electric vehicles under fast-DC charging............................................................................. 13 ° Electric vehicle charging demand forecasting model based on big data technologies. ........................................... 13 ° Do we have a car for you? Encouraging the uptake of electric vehicles at point of sale. ........................................ 14 ° Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle at the kilohertz band. ........................................................................... 14 ° Features of Creation and Operation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in Countries with Difficult Climatic

Conditions, for Example, in the Russian Federation. ............................................................................................. 14 ° Cooling Air Temperature and Mass Flow Rate Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal

Management.......................................................................................................................................................... 14 ° Influence of different open circuit voltage tests on state of charge online estimation for lithium-ion batteries. ........ 15 ° A hybrid life cycle and multi-criteria decision analysis approach for identifying sustainable development

strategies of Beijing's taxi fleet............................................................................................................................... 15 ° Development of portable measuring system for testing of electrical vehicle's heat energy recovery system. ......... 15 ° Why Did Better Place Fail?: Range anxiety, interpretive flexibility, and electric vehicle promotion in Denmark

and Israel. .............................................................................................................................................................. 16 ° A comprehensive study of economic unit commitment of power systems integrating various renewable

generations and plug-in electric vehicles. .............................................................................................................. 16 ° Life cycle assessment of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system for passenger vehicles. ...................... 16 ° Parametric modeling approach for economic and environmental life cycle assessment of medium-duty truck

electrification.......................................................................................................................................................... 17 ° Comparison between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cell costs using a process based cost model................ 17 ° A stochastic model for energy resources management considering demand response in smart grids. .................. 17 ° Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle: Incorporating Solar Energy as an

On-Board Fuel Toward Future Mobility. ................................................................................................................. 18 ° Passengers First Light Truck - A Modern Take on a Narrow Wake. ....................................................................... 18 ° Life cycle based multi-criteria optimization for optimal allocation of commercial delivery truck fleet in the

United States. ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 ° Study of a Dynamic Charging System for Achievement of Unlimited Cruising Range in EV. .................................. 19 ° Quantifying the Effect of Fast Charger Deployments on Electric Vehicle Utility and Travel Patterns via

Advanced Simulation. ............................................................................................................................................ 19 ° A Review of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)............................................................................................................ 20 ° Making Hydrogen Economy a Reality. .................................................................................................................... 20 ° A Road Map for Li-Ion Battery Charger based on Charging Time, Battery Life and Safety..................................... 20 ° A Novel Type of Wireless V2H System with a Bidirectional Single-Ended Inverter Drive Resonant IPT................. 20 ° Designing a Robust Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Using a Modified Parameter Diagram................................ 21 ° Energetische und ökologische Bewertung hybrider Antriebe im städtischen Busverkehr. ...................................... 21 ° Effects of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging on Battery Life and Vehicle Performance. .............................................. 21

TSJ 1101 01-2017 Infrastruktur 1

° A Swappable Battery Pack for Short-Range Electric Vehicles. ............................................................................... 22 ° A Methodological Approach for Supporting the Thermal Design of Li-Ion Battery for Customized Electric

Vehicles. ................................................................................................................................................................ 22 ° A Feasibility Study on Effect of Battery and Driving Conditions on Performance of an Electric Bus. ...................... 22 ° ICE Motorcycle and Electric Motorcycle: Environmental and Economic Analysis. .................................................. 23 ° Will Your Battery Survive a World With Fast Chargers?.......................................................................................... 23 ° A review on separators for lithium--sulfur battery: Progress and prospects. ........................................................... 23 ° Analysis of Energy Consumption on Typical Main Cylinder Booster Based Brake-by-Wire System. ...................... 24 ° Deployment of Fuel Cell Electric Buses in Transit Agencies: Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Scenarios. ............. 24 ° The market value of renewable electricity - Which factors really matter?................................................................ 24 ° Passenger vehicles that minimize the costs of ownership and environmental damages in the Indian market. ....... 25 ° Exploration of dispatch model integrating wind generators and electric vehicles. ................................................... 25 ° Long-term energy planning of Croatian power system using multi-objective optimization with focus on

renewable energy and integration of electric vehicles. .......................................................................................... 25 ° Fahren oder gefahren werden................................................................................................................................. 26 ° Retail Infrastructure Costs Comparison for Hydrogen and Electricity for Light-Duty Vehicles................................. 26 ° Smart Charging Standards for Plug-In Electric Vehicles. ........................................................................................ 26 ° Battery Electric Bus Simulator - A Tool for Energy Consumption Analysis.............................................................. 27 ° Optimization Energy Management Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric City Bus Based on Driving Cycle

Prediction............................................................................................................................................................... 27 ° Temperature Management of Li-Ion Battery Pack for Stop and Start System......................................................... 27 ° The Combined Braking Energy Management Strategy to Maximize Energy Recovery........................................... 28 ° Experimental Demonstration of Smart Charging and Demand Response for Plug-in Electric Vehicles Based

on SAE Standards. ................................................................................................................................................ 28 ° Green Wheel Loader - Operating Strategy of an Energy Efficient Hybrid Drive Train. ............................................ 28 ° A Novel Method for Estimation of State of Charge of Lithium-ion Battery using Extended Kalman Filter. .............. 29 ° Big-Data Based Online State of Charge Estimation and Energy Consumption Prediction for Electric Vehicles...... 29 ° The GM RWD PHEV Propulsion System for the Cadillac CT6 Luxury Sedan......................................................... 29 ° Design and Implementation of a Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for the EcoCAR 2 Competition................. 29 ° Application of 48 Volt for Mild Hybrid Vehicles and High Power Loads. .................................................................. 30 ° Switching Algorithm aNd Cell DYnamics (S.A.N.DY), A Novel Approach for Optimum Discharging/Charging of

a Lithium-Polymer Battery Pack for Hybrid/Electric Vehicles. ................................................................................ 30 ° Simultaneous Estimation of the SOC and Parameters of Batteries for HEV/EV. .................................................... 30 ° Development of an Electric Motor for a Newly Developed Electric Vehicle. ............................................................ 31 ° Development of Real Time Mild Hybrid Simulation Model using Battery in Loop. ................................................... 31 ° Discrete Grid Optimization of a Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for a Formula Hybrid Electric

Vehicle. .................................................................................................................................................................. 31 ° Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Analysis of a Graphite/LiFePO4 Li-Ion Cell to Improve Its Durability.............. 32 ° Modeling and Evaluation of Li-Ion Battery Performance Based on the Electric Vehicle Field Tests. ...................... 32 ° Thermal Behavior of Two Commercial Li-Ion Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. .................................. 32 ° A Study on Dynamic Torque Cancellation in a Range Extender Unit. ..................................................................... 33 ° HIL Development and Validation of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs. .............................................................................. 33 ° System Level Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell Powered Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) to be used in

Commercial Vehicles. ............................................................................................................................................ 33 ° Investigation of Climate Control Power Consumption in DTE Estimation for Electric Vehicles. .............................. 34 ° Design, Testing and Analysis of a Novel Multiple-Disc Magnetorheological Braking Applied in Vehicles. .............. 34 ° Electric Vehicles Batteries Modeling Analysis Based on a Multiple Layered Perceptron Identification

Approach. .............................................................................................................................................................. 34 ° Development of Battery Hardware-In-the-Loop System Implemented with Reduced-Order Electrochemistry Li-

Ion Battery Models. ................................................................................................................................................ 35 ° Computational Time Optimized Simulation Model for Increasing the Efficiency of Automotive Air Conditioning

Systems. ................................................................................................................................................................ 35 ° Development and Evaluation of a Battery Lifetime Extending Charging Algorithm for an Electric Vehicle Fleet..... 35 ° Optimal EV Charging Control Strategy Based on DC Microgrid.............................................................................. 36 ° Charge Equalization Systems for Serial Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Connected Batteries in Hybrid

Power Systems Applications.................................................................................................................................. 36 ° PMP-based Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle Power Management Considering Battery Current Constraint and Battery

Health Analysis. ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 ° Li-Ion Battery SOC Estimation Using Non-Linear Estimation Strategies Based On Equivalent Circuit Models....... 37 ° Hybride Energiespeicher für Stadtbahnen - vom Erprobungsträger zum integrierten Gesamtsystem. Hybrid

Energy Storage System for Trams - from a Showcase to an Integrated Technical System................................... 37


° A Comparative Analysis of PEV Charging Impacts -An International Perspective. ................................................. 37 ° Effects of Supplemental Vacuum Production to Support Braking............................................................................ 37 ° Electric car and Porter's five Forces: Marketing Positioning in the Automotive Industry. ........................................ 38 ° Study of VCS Design for Energy Optimization of Non-Bleed Electric Aircraft. ........................................................ 38 ° Development of an Electronically Controlled Brake System for Fuel-efficient Vehicles........................................... 38 ° Remanufacturing von Elektrofahrzeugen. Updatefähige Elektrofahrzeuge für eine wirtschaftliche

Elektromobilität. ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 ° Comparison of Optimization Techniques for Lithium-Ion Battery Model Parameter Estimation. ............................. 39 ° Detailed Analysis of a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration. ................................................................. 39 ° Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Electric Vehicles in China: the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. ................ 40 ° Powertrain Design to Meet Performance and Energy Consumption Goals for EcoCAR 3. ..................................... 40 ° Development of the Design of a Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicle for the EcoCAR 3 Competition. ........................... 41 ° Evaluation on the Solar Reduction Glass in an Electric Vehicle by Experimental Measurements in a Climate

Chamber. ............................................................................................................................................................... 41 ° High-Performance Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design Studies and Considerations. ........................................ 41 ° Design Features of an Innovative Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Battery Electric Vehicles

Applications. .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 ° Development of Electric Kart................................................................................................................................... 42 ° Optimal Components Design of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. .................................................................................. 42 ° Validation and Analysis of the Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Built by Colorado State University for

the EcoCAR 2: Plugging into the Future Vehicle Competition. .............................................................................. 43 ° Application of PHEV Fractional Utility Factor Weighting to EcoCAR On-Road Emissions and Energy

Consumption Testing. ............................................................................................................................................ 43 ° Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Hybrid Vehicles Part 2: Comparative Analysis of Economic,

Environmental, and Usability Benefits.................................................................................................................... 43 ° In-Service EV Battery Life Extension Through Feasible Remanufacturing.............................................................. 44 ° Conversion of a CNG Powered Auto Rickshaw to an Electric Rickshaw Designed for Indian Conditions............... 44 ° Development of Vibration Suppression Control Strategy for Motor System of Eco-Friendly Vehicles..................... 44 ° Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of Operation Modes in a Series-Parallel Powertrain with Torque-Split

Device.................................................................................................................................................................... 45 ° Alternative Energy Technologies: The Unconventional Dependable....................................................................... 45 ° The Impact of RoHS on Electric Vehicles in the Chinese Automotive Market. ........................................................ 45 ° Improvement of Practical Electric Consumption by Drag Reducing under Cross Wind........................................... 46 ° Green Loading Zones to Support Cost-Effective Zero-Emission Commercial Vehicle Operations in New York

City......................................................................................................................................................................... 46 ° Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Hybrid Vehicles Part 1: Analysis of Solar Hybrid Vehicle Potential

Considering Well-to-Wheel GHG Emissions.......................................................................................................... 47 ° Comparison of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Conventional, CNG-Hybrid and Electric Powertrains

for Long Mileage Application in a Taxi for Singapore............................................................................................. 47 ° Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Battery Management System and Electronic

Control Unit of Neighborhood Electric Vehicle. ...................................................................................................... 47 ° A Study of Electric Motorcycle................................................................................................................................. 48 ° Development of a SIL, HIL and Vehicle Test-Bench for Model-Based Design and Validation of Hybrid

Powertrain Control Strategies. ............................................................................................................................... 48 ° Achieving Deep Reduction in California CO2 Emissions via Renewable Resource Integration, Electrification,

and Smart Grid Deployment. ................................................................................................................................. 48 ° Experimental and Numerical Study on the Thermal Performances of Battery Cell and ECU for an E-Bike. ........... 49 ° Infrastructure Development and its Management for Future Sustainable Mobility. ................................................. 49 ° The Development of an Advanced Vehicle Control Platform for Pure Electric Vehicles.......................................... 49 ° Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Exploring Alternatives for Brazil as from Japan and South Korea Overviews. .......... 49 ° Efficient Direct Yaw Moment Control during Acceleration and Deceleration While Turning (Second Report). ........ 50 ° Energy Efficient Routing for Electric Vehicles using Particle Swarm Optimization. ................................................. 50 ° An Innovative Control Algorithm for Engine Stop/Start for Vehicles with Manual Transmission, Derived

through Analysis of On-Road Test Data. ............................................................................................................... 50 ° Pure Electric Bus Traction Technology Overview - A Path Towards Enhanced Environmental Performance

and Efficiency for Transit Bus Fleets...................................................................................................................... 51 ° A New Narrowband Active Noise Control System in the Presence of Frequency Mismatch and its Application

for Steady-State Blower Noise............................................................................................................................... 51 ° Development of Range Extended - Solar Power Assisted Electric Vehicle. ............................................................ 52 ° Electric Vehicles in the Gulf Region: Performance and Potential. ........................................................................... 52 ° Effectiveness and Issues of Automotive Electric Power Generating System Using Solar Modules. ....................... 52 ° Modeling a Roof-Mounted Solar Panel Automobile - Benefits and Path Forward. .................................................. 53


° Progress of Chinese electric vehicles industrialization in 2015: A review................................................................ 53 ° Do Methodological Choices in Environmental Modeling Bias Rebound Effects? A Case Study on Electric

Cars. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 53 ° Brennstoffzellen Range-Extender als weiterer Lösungsansatz für große Reichweiten im emissionsfreien

Fahrbetrieb. Another future solution for long driving range at zero emission - Fuel Cell Range Extended EV. ..... 54 ° Aspects of Onboard Charger Efficiency in PHEVS and EVs. .................................................................................. 54 ° How to Address the Chicken-Egg-Problem of Electric Vehicles? Introducing an Interaction Market Diffusion

Model for EVs and Charging Infrastructure............................................................................................................ 55 ° 48 V P2 Hybridisierung mit optimiertem Motorkonzept - bestmögliche Fahrbarkeit bei exzellenter Verbrauchs-

und Kosteneffizienz. 48 V P2 hybrid vehicle with an optimized combustion engine - Fuel economy and costs at their best combined with enhanced driving behavior. ........................................................................................ 55

° Coordinated Charging of EVs Based on Demand-Side Management. .................................................................... 56 ° A completive survey study on the feasibility and adaptation of EVs in Beijing, China. ............................................ 56 ° Bereit für die Technik von morgen. Vor den Toren Wiens entwickeln Technikpioniere eine innovative

Ladeinfrastruktur für Elektrofahrzeuge................................................................................................................... 56 ° Unified Supply Concept for Standardized Contactless Inductive Battery Charging of Electric Vehicles.................. 57 ° Management of two Redundant Battery Storages in a Full Electric Vehicle............................................................ 57 ° Semiconductor Diagnostic Solutions for Energy Storage Systems. ........................................................................ 58 ° Die flexible Stromtankstelle. .................................................................................................................................... 58 ° Comparison of Different DC/DC Converter Topologies used in On Board Chargers with Regard to Electric

Properties, Volume and Costs. .............................................................................................................................. 58 ° Pläne von großer Reichweite. Plans for the electromobility. ................................................................................... 59 ° Automobile Driving Control for a Dual Power Electric Vehicle With a Hydrogen Fuel Cell. ..................................... 59 ° Herausforderungen an die elektrische Sicherheit beim Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen. .......................................... 59 ° Wer schneller fährt, ist später da............................................................................................................................. 60 ° Laden wie der Blitz. Optimierung von Batterien für einen Schnellladebus. ............................................................. 60 ° Hochleistungsbatterien für Elektrobusse. 3,5-Millionen-Euro-Projekt zur Entwicklung sicherer

Schnellladetechnik gestartet. ................................................................................................................................. 61 ° Effect of extreme temperatures on battery charging and performance of electric vehicles. .................................... 61 ° A systematic state-of-charge estimation framework for multi-cell battery pack in electric vehicles using bias

correction technique. ............................................................................................................................................. 61 ° Electrical Vehicle Charging Station Deployment Based on Real World Vehicle Trace............................................ 62 ° Novel active LiFePO4 battery balancing method based on chargeable and dischargeable capacity....................... 62 ° Driving an EV: a New Practice? How Electric Vehicle Private Users Overcome Limited Battery Range through

their Mobility Practice............................................................................................................................................. 62 ° Robust proportional ECMS control of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. .................................................................. 63 ° System state estimation and optimal energy control framework for multicell lithium-ion battery system. ................ 63 ° Driving-behavior-aware stochastic model predictive control for plug-in hybrid electric buses. ................................ 63 ° Batterien - der Schlüssel zur Elektromobilität.......................................................................................................... 64 ° Battery Storage of Propulsion-Energy for Locomotives........................................................................................... 64 ° Parking lot allocation with maximum economic benefit in a distribution network..................................................... 64 ° Real-time estimation of battery state-of-charge with unscented Kalman filter and RTOS µCOS-II platform. .......... 65 ° A Positioning-Tolerant Wireless Charging System for Roadway-Powered Electric Vehicles. ................................. 65 ° Akku hat noch Luft nach oben................................................................................................................................. 65 ° The Optimal Charging Method Research for Lithium-ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles. ................................ 65 ° Online state of charge estimation and open circuit voltage hysteresis modeling of LiFePO4 battery using

invariant imbedding method................................................................................................................................... 66 ° Electrical Energy Management and Model-Based System Optimization. More than Torque Control: Solutions

for Hybrid Energy Management and Driving Strategy............................................................................................ 66 ° Model-based State-of-charge Estimation Approach of the Lithium-ion Battery Using an Improved Adaptive

Particle Filter. ......................................................................................................................................................... 67 ° Energy-Recuperation and Management in Conventional City Bus Electric Systems. ............................................. 67 ° Initiative Control Capability of Electric Vehicle and New Energy Consumptive Control Strategy. ........................... 67 ° On the Prospects of Increasing Energy Efficiency in Car Transport by Promoting Electric and Hydrogen

Vehicles. ................................................................................................................................................................ 67 ° Automatische Testfallgenerierung für die Validierung von Kfz-Bordnetzen............................................................. 68 ° How to Foster Electric Vehicle Market Penetration? - A Model based Assessment of Policy Measures and

External Factors..................................................................................................................................................... 68 ° EMC Simulation Approach for 48V Systems Integration. ........................................................................................ 69 ° Grid4EU. Grundlagen für die Entwicklung der Stromnetze von morgen.................................................................. 69 ° Geographic Differences of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction From Electric Vehicle Deployment in the

United States. ........................................................................................................................................................ 70


° Reducing Costs during Development and Operation of Hybrid Commercial Vehicles through a Market-based Electrical Energy Management. ............................................................................................................................. 70

° Energy Storage Devices for 14V Micro-Hybrid Applications - Today and Tomorrow. ............................................. 70 ° 48 Volt System Integration and Components. Hybrid4AII: a Low Voltage, Low Cost, Mass Market Hybrid

Solution.................................................................................................................................................................. 71 ° Efficient start-up energy management via nonlinear control for eco-traction systems............................................. 71 ° Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world

features and air pollution control progress. ............................................................................................................ 71 ° Embedded fiber-optic sensing for accurate internal monitoring of cell state in advanced battery management

systems part 2: Internal cell signals and utility for state estimation........................................................................ 72 ° A Multi-Agent Control for Energy Management in PV/Wind/Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System. .................... 72 ° Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Using eBlance. ........................................................... 72 ° Modeling Analysis of Electric Vehicle Penetration Scenario using Dynamic Optimal Power Generation Mix

Model with High Temporal Resolution. .................................................................................................................. 73 ° Assessment of pathways to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger car fleets: Case study in Ireland. .................. 73 ° Nanotechnology for environmentally sustainable electromobility. ........................................................................... 73 ° Use of electric vehicles or hydrogen in the Danish transport sector in 2050?. ........................................................ 74 ° Experimental Study of Electric Bicycle Charging Fault Simulation. ......................................................................... 74 ° Multi-criteria analysis of innovation policies in favour of solar mobility in France by 2030....................................... 74 ° Novel solar powered electric vehicle charging station with the capability of vehicle-to-grid. ................................... 75 ° Personal Vehicles Evaluated against Climate Change Mitigation Targets. ............................................................. 75 ° Optimal trading of plug-in electric vehicle aggregation agents in a market environment for sustainability. ............. 75 ° Dynamic frequency response from electric vehicles considering travelling behavior in the Great Britain power

system. .................................................................................................................................................................. 75 ° Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact. ......... 76 ° Environmental impact of traction electric motors for electric vehicles applications.................................................. 76 ° Geopolitical-related supply risk assessment as a complement to environmental impact assessment: the case

of electric vehicles. ................................................................................................................................................ 77 ° A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of

electric vehicles. .................................................................................................................................................... 77 ° Electric car life cycle assessment based on real-world mileage and the electric conversion scenario. ................... 78 ° A cascaded life cycle: reuse of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery packs in energy storage systems. .................... 78 ° Design and Development of an Innovative E-Bike. ................................................................................................. 79 ° Modelling global extraction, supply, price and depletion of the extractable geological resources with the

LITHIUM model...................................................................................................................................................... 79 ° Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles. .............................................................. 79 ° Integrated environmental and economic assessment of current and future fuel cell vehicles. ................................ 80 ° Is there a resource constraint related to lithium ion batteries in cars?..................................................................... 80 ° A Short-term Analysis of Hydrogen Demand and Refueling Station Cost in Shenzhen China. ............................... 81 ° Mapping Utility Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Demand Management. .................................................... 81 ° Keine Angst vor der Datenflut!. ............................................................................................................................... 81 ° Combined Penetration of Wind and Solar Generation with Plug-in Electric Vehicles. ............................................. 82 ° Load variance minimization for coordinated PHEV charging in microgrid. .............................................................. 82 ° A hybrid meta-heuristic method for unit commitment considering flexible charging and discharging of plug-in

electric vehicles. .................................................................................................................................................... 82 ° Experimental study of wireless inductive system for electric vehicles batteries charging........................................ 83 ° An optimal charging strategy for electrical vehicles based on the electricity price with temporal and spatial

characteristics........................................................................................................................................................ 83 ° Loss analysis and improvements of battery charging system for light electric vehicles........................................... 83 ° Demand response via large scale charging of electric vehicles. ............................................................................. 83 ° Gaussian process surrogate model for the design of circular, planar coils used in inductive power transfer for

electric vehicles. .................................................................................................................................................... 84 ° Optimal charging scheduling of plug-in electric vehicles for maximizing penetration within a workplace car

park........................................................................................................................................................................ 84 ° Ultra capacitors charging by regenerative braking in electric vehicles. ................................................................... 84 ° HEMS: a home energy market simulator................................................................................................................. 84 ° Distributed control for charging multiple electric vehicles with overload limitation. .................................................. 85 ° Energy-efficient battery charging in electric vehicles with solar panels. .................................................................. 85 ° Control of EV charging points for thermal and voltage management of LV networks.............................................. 85 ° 3D space transformers analysis for Inductive Energy Transfer. .............................................................................. 85 ° An induction motor design for urban use electric vehicle. ....................................................................................... 86


° EV charging in a commercial hybrid AC/DC microgrid: Configuration, control and impact analysis. ....................... 86 ° DTC-SVM of induction motor by applying two fuzzy logic controllers...................................................................... 86 ° A real-time smart charging station for EVs designed for V2G scenario and its coordination with renewable

energy sources. ..................................................................................................................................................... 87 ° Impacts of EV charging on business premises: A case study of the university of Queensland. .............................. 87 ° Feasibility of Direct Current Street Lighting & Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Points..................................... 87 ° A comparison and performance evaluation of L-C and C-C-L compensation schemes on CSI based inductive

WPT application..................................................................................................................................................... 87 ° Optimal dispatch of electric vehicle batteries between battery swapping stations and charging stations................ 88 ° A stochastic collaborative planning approach for electric vehicle charging stations and power distribution

system. .................................................................................................................................................................. 88 ° A new integration method for an electric vehicle wireless charging system using LCC compensation topology:

Analysis and design. .............................................................................................................................................. 88 ° Flexible load control in electric power systems with distributed energy resources and electric vehicle charging. ... 88 ° The challenge of Low-Carbon-Vehicle (LCV) adoption in an oil driven economy; Nigerian's story. ........................ 89 ° Akzeptanz von Elektroautos durch Schnellladetechnik erhoehen - TU Bamberg und BMW untersuchen

Vorurteile. Increasing the acceptance of electric cars by means of fast charging technology - TU Bamberg and BMW investigate prejudices............................................................................................................................ 89

° Ladesystemprueffeld fuer E und Hybridfahrzeuge. Charging system test laboratory for e and hybrid vehicles ...... 89 ° Steckkontakte fuer das Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen. Plug in contacts for charging electric vehicles................... 90 ° Technologietraeger mit 48 V Mild Hybridisierung. Technology carrier with 48 V hybrid hybridization..................... 90 ° Stromert mit langem Atem - Opel Ampera e. Opel Ampera e ................................................................................. 90 ° Der naechste Schritt in die E mobile Zukunft - Hochleistungs Schnellladen bis zu 350 kW. The next step in

the E mobile future - high performance quick charging systems up to 350 kW...................................................... 90 ° Elektrifizierung und Fahrerassistenz im ZF Innovation Tractor. Electrification and driver assistance in the ZF

Innovation Tractor.................................................................................................................................................. 90 ° Hybrid-und Elektrobusprojekte in Deutschland -ein Statusbericht: Teil 1. Hybrid and electric bus projects in

Germany - a status report: part 1........................................................................................................................... 91 ° Education: deep learning -perspective: Honda Clarity. Ausbildung: Deep Learning - Perspektive: Honda

Clarity..................................................................................................................................................................... 91 ° Ein erweiterter Meilenstein - Zurueck in die Zukunft. Extended milestone - back to the future ............................... 91 ° Erster Plug in Hybrid der Koreaner. First Korean plug in hybrid.............................................................................. 91 ° Bioethanol Brennstoffzelle treibt e NV200 an. Bioethanol fuel cell drives e NV200 ................................................ 92 ° Bioethanol Brennstoffzelle treibt Kastenwagen an. Bioethanol fuel cell drives van type truck ................................ 92 ° Brennstoffzellen Fahrzeug mit Bioethanol als Kraftstoff -alternative Antriebstechnik. Fuel cell vehicle with

bioethanol as a fuel - alternative drive technology ................................................................................................. 92 ° Fuer das optimale Fahrvergnuegen - Servomotoren und Linearantrieb im Fahrzeugsimulator sorgen fuer

gesteigertes Realitaetsempfinden. For the best driving pleasure - servo motors and linear drive in the vehicle simulator provide for increased real life feeling...................................................................................................... 92

° Effiziente Wiederverwertung von Lithium Ionen Akkus. Efficient recycling of lithium ion batteries .......................... 92 ° Neu: Tesla Model X. New: Tesla Model X............................................................................................................... 93 ° Kurztest BMW i3. Short test BMW i3....................................................................................................................... 93 ° Fossil und elektrisch - BMW Innovationstage 2016. BMW Innovation Days 2016 .................................................. 93 ° Hybridbusprojekte und Elektrobusprojekte in Deutschland -ein Statusbericht: Teil 2. Hybrid and electric bus

projects in Germany - a status report: part 2.......................................................................................................... 93 ° Control-oriented dynamics analysis for electrified turbocharged diesel engines. An der Regelung orientierte,

dynamische Untersuchung von Turbodieselmotoren mit elektrifizierten Ladern .................................................... 94 ° Reihenweise unter Strom - Daimler investiert in grüne Technologien. Daimler is investing in green

technologies........................................................................................................................................................... 94 ° E Mobilität als lukratives VW Markenzeichen - E Fahrzeuge in Grossserie. E cars in large series production ....... 94 ° Vollelektrischer Lkw in Kleinserie - Fuso eCanter. Full electric truck in small series - Fuso eCanter ...................... 94 ° Panamera mit Hybridantrieb. Panamera with hybrid drive ...................................................................................... 95 ° Bald mehr Ladesäulen für Elektroautos. Soon more charging columns for electric cars......................................... 95 ° ISO 15118 -charging communication between plug in electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. ISO 15118

- Ladekommunikation zwischen Plug in Elektrofahrzeugen und Ladeinfrastruktur ................................................ 95 ° Herausforderungen und Ergebnisse im BMUB Förderprojekt Gesteuertes Laden V3 0. Challenges and results

in the BMUB research project Controlled Charging V3 0....................................................................................... 95 ° Data communication and grid quality on charging interface. Datenkommunikation und Netzqualität an der

Ladeschnittstelle .................................................................................................................................................... 96 ° Einfaches und schnelles Laden - Zugang zu öffentlichen Ladestationen: ZE Pass von Renault. Entry to public

charging columns: ZE Pass from Renault.............................................................................................................. 96 ° Serieller Hybridantrieb: Benzin verstromen. Serial hybrid drive: convert gasoline into electricity............................ 96


° Induktives Laden -von der Evaluierung zur standardisierten E-Mobilität. Inductive charging - from evaluation to standardized e-mobility ...................................................................................................................................... 96

° Berührungsfreies Schnellladesystem. Contactless quick charging system ............................................................. 97 ° Die Kombination macht den Unterschied -neues Antriebskonzept ePower. The combination makes the

difference - new drive concept ePower .................................................................................................................. 97 ° PV energy and electric mobility -driving forces of the energy transition. Photovoltaik Energie und

Elektromobilität - Antriebskräfte des Energieübergangs ........................................................................................ 97 ° Neues hybrides Antriebssystem. New hybrid drive system ..................................................................................... 97 ° Marktintegration von Elektrofahrzeugen -wie SchwarmMobilität Kaufanreize schafft und die Stromnetze

stabilisiert. The market integration of electric vehicles - how SchwarmMobilität creates purchasing incentives and stabilizes power grids...................................................................................................................................... 98

° Roles for regulators in electric vehicle grid integration. Aufgaben für Regulatoren der Netzintegration elektrischer Fahrzeuge .......................................................................................................................................... 98

° Das Forschungsprojekt INEES - Intelligente Netzanbindung von Elektrofahrzeugen zur Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen. The research project INEES - Intelligent grid connection of electric vehicles for the provision of system services .................................................................................................................................. 98

° Rollout e-mobility -the next big challenge for network operations and network planning. Markteinführung der Elektromobilität - die nächste grosse Herausforderung für Netzwerkbetrieb und Netzwerkplanung...................... 98

° Lightweight, highly efficient drive system. Leichtes, hocheffizientes Antriebssystem.............................................. 99 ° Grid integration of electric vehicles. Netzintegration von Elektrofahrzeugen........................................................... 99 ° Local energy systems for electric mobility. Lokale Energiesysteme für Elektromobilität ......................................... 99 ° Design of Diesel electrical drive systems in off highway applications. Auslegung von dieselelektrischen

Antriebssystemen in Off Highway Anwendungen .................................................................................................. 99 ° System optimization through electrification in agricultural ( and construction) machinery -how to find goal

oriented way of electrification?. Systemoptimierung durch Elektrifizierung in landwirtschaftlichen (und Bau) Maschinen - wie kann eine zielorientierte Elektrifizierung gefunden werden? ..................................................... 100

° E mobility -a challenge for IT as well!. E Mobilität - eine Herausforderung für IT! ................................................. 100 ° Case study - China's regulatory impact on electric mobility development and the effects on power generation

and distribution grid. Fallstudie - Chinas regulatorische Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung der Elektromobilität und die Effekte auf Stromerzeugung und Stromverteilung. ........................................................ 100

° The grid friendly integration of shiftable loads -the approaches from the EnBW project 'Flexible Power to Heat' also suitable for electric vehicles. Die netztaugliche Integration schaltbarer Lasten - Ansätze aus dem EnBW Projekt 'Flexible Power to Heat' eignen sich auch für Elektrofahrzeuge. ............................................................. 100

° Hybridgetriebe mit Elektromotor. Hybrid transmission with electric motor............................................................. 101 ° Skalierbares Hybridgetriebe. Scalable hybrid transmission................................................................................... 101 ° Smart charging in daily routine -expectations, experiences and preferences of potential users. Intelligente

Batterieaufladung im Alltag - Erwartungen, Erfahrungen und Vorlieben potentieller Nutzer ................................ 101 ° Wie Fahrzeugbatterien die Energiemärkte revolutionieren. Unlock the value of electric vehicles batteries .......... 101


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Comparison and Evaluation of a New Innovative Drive Concept for the Air Conditioning Compressor of Elec-tric Vehicles. Baumgart, Rico; Aurich, Joerg; Ackermann, Jan; Danzer, Christoph In: SIAT, Symposium on International Automotive Technology, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 3 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-26-0045 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-26-0045 The development of energy efficient air conditioning systems for electric vehicles is an ever increasing challenge, because the cooling as well as the heating of the passenger compartment reduces the cruising range dramatically. Electric cars are usually equipped with a scroll compressor and a separate electric motor with appropriate power electronics. However, this solution is critical in terms of the installation space, the weight and also the costs. There-fore, an innovative and energy efficient drivetrain structure for electric vehicles was developed, which integrates the motor of the A/C-compressor directly into the drivetrain. Thus it is possible to switch off the compressor motor and to use the main motor for the drive of the compressor at certain driving situations. As a result, the operating point of the main motor can be shifted to a better efficiency. Moreover, in urban traffic the compressor motor can be used to drive the vehicle if the efficiency of the compressor motor is higher than the efficiency of the main motor. Thereby the effi-ciency and the cruising range of the vehicle can be increased. This contribution presents a new powertrain concept which realizes the above mentioned mechanical coupling of the main motor and the compressor motor. This new concept is compared with a standard electric car which is equipped with a separate scroll compressor. Both systems are evaluated by means of the achievable cruising range for different driving cycles and environmental conditions. ____________________________________________________________ - 002 -

Mühsam wächst zusammen, was zusammen gehört. Charging station network for the electromobility. Hammerschmidt, Christoph In: VDI-Nachrichten * Band 70 (2016) Heft 33/34, Seite 10 (1 Seite, Bilder) Elektrofahrzeuge und Ladeinfrastruktur bilden im Bereich der Elektromobilität zwei Grundbedingungen, die stark voneinander abhängen, denn solange keine ausreichende Ladeinfrastruktur zur Verfügung steht, werden potenzielle Interessenten vor dem Kauf eines elektrischen Fahrzeugs zurückschrecken, auch wenn eine Prämie beim Kauf eines Elektromobils oder Hybridfahrzeuges angeboten wird. Wesentlich wichtiger ist das vom Bundesverkehrsministerium vorgestellte Programm zum Ausbau der Ladeinfrastruktur. Insgesamt sollen 300 Mio. Euro bis 2020 in den Aufbau von 15000 Ladesäulen, davon 5000 Schnell-Ladestationen, fließen. Angesichts der 2567 öffentlichen Ladestationen (März 2016) besteht hier ein erheblicher Handlungsbedarf, der auch den Aufbau eines einheitlichen Zahlungssys-tems einschließt, denn bisher gibt es hierfür nur Insellösungen, die eher ein Hindernis darstellen. Einer Einschätzung zufolge haben die deutschen Fahrzeughersteller es bisher sehr geschickt verstanden, die Elektromobilität aufzuhal-ten. Fortschritte in dieser Hinsicht können die Stadtwerke Düsseldorf aufweisen, die eine Ladepartnerschaft mit mehr als 100 weiteren Stadtwerken anbieten. Auch der Energieversorger RWE betrachtet das Roaming als weitgehend gelöst. Dazu muss der Ladedienstleister das Kundenauto eindeutig zuordnen können, wozu ein eingebauter Chip im Ladekabel dienen soll. Weitere Lösungen hierzu werden vorgestellt. Auch große Einzelhandelsketten bieten neuer-dings ein kostenloses Laden für ihre Kunden an. ____________________________________________________________ - 003 -

Elektromobilität und Strommarkt in 2030 - die Ladestrategie macht den Unterschied. Hanemann, Philipp; Behnert, Marika; Bruckner, Thomas In: Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen * Band 66 (2016) Heft 11, Seite 77-80 (4 Seiten, Bilder, 8 Quellen) Elektrofahrzeuge gelten als eine Option, den Verkehrssektor zu dekarbonisieren. In Abhängigkeit von der Ladestra-tegie können daraus unterschiedliche Einflüsse au f den Strommarkt resultieren, welche gesamtsystemisch sowohl dienlich als auch belastend wirken. Dabei birgt insbesondere die Strategie eines mobilen Stromspeichers ("Vehicle-to-Grid") das Potenzial, Stromerzeugungskosten und Gesamtemissionen zu reduzieren. Allerdings steht eine zusätz-liche Flexibilität in Konkurrenz zu Pumpspeicherkraftwerken. ____________________________________________________________ - 004 -

Microgrid energy scheduling using storage from electric vehicles. Mortaz, Ebrahim; Valenzuela, Jorge In: Electric Power Systems Research * Band 143 (2017) Seite 554-562 (9 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.062 Integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into a microgrid can provide additional energy and storage to the microgrid. The benefits depend on factors such as market prices, EVs' state of charge, and their arrival/departure times. In this pa-per, it is assumed that the microgrid operates in a grid-connected mode and consists of thermal units, renewable en-ergy resources and a parking facility. An optimization model for the energy management that considers the energy and storage provided by the EVs is proposed. The objective function of the model is to minimize the expected total operation costs including generation, day-ahead market, battery wear, and real-time balancing costs for the next 24 h. The uncertainty of the demand and the available EVs in addition to the intermittency of the renewable energy re-


sources are taken into account. The model is solved using the Benders decomposition algorithm and results are ob-tained using a 14-bus distribution test system. The results show that using the storage and energy of the EVs re-duces the total operation cost of the microgrid. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 005 -

Reisen statt Rasen. Siekemeier, Reinhard In: Sonne Wind & Wärme * Band 40 (2016) Heft 9, Seite 112-115 (4 Seiten, Bilder) Wer sich elektrisch auf die Langstrecke in Deutschland wagt, ist immer noch Pionier, denn jede Ladesäule kann an-ders sein. So können nur Teslas die 387 im Bundesgebiet gut verteilten bis zu 130 kW starken Supercharger benut-zen. Alle anderen Elektroautos verweigern die Ladung. Ihre Autos können am Typ 2 nur einphasig mit 3,7 kW oder dreiphasig mit maximal 43 kW laden. Hinzu kommt, dass viele Ladesäulen in den Bordnavis fehlen, im System nicht hinzugefügt werden oder nur Ladepunkte von einem Anbieter angeben. Abhilfe schaffen hier unabhängige Portale, die von Elektromobilisten mit aktuellen Daten, Fakten, Erfahrungen und Bewertungen versorgt werden. Diese Portale bieten auch eine integrierte Routenplanung an, bei der die Ladestationen und deren Kriterien wie Ladestromstärke, Anschlüsse/Stecker, präferierte Ladekarten und Ladeverbünde definiert werden. Hinzu kommt, dass die Summe der Höhenmeter angegeben wird, da eine Bergab-Fahrt wesentlich akkuschonender ist als eine Bergauf-Fahrt. Mit leeren Akku liegengeblieben ist jedoch noch kaum einer, denn sollte der Strom in den Akkus wirklich knapp werden, erfol-gen unüberseh- bzw. unüberhörbare optische und akustische Signale. ____________________________________________________________ - 006 -

The Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Peak Shaving. Tse, Charles G.; Maples, Benjamin A.; Kreith, Frank In: ES, ASME International Conference on Energy Sustainability, 8 * (2014) Seite V002T11A003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ES2014-6443 This article is a feasibility analysis of using the batteries in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) for peak shaving. The analysis focuses on energy availability of the PHEV fleet as well as the financial savings to the utilities by analyz-ing different charging scenarios and circuitry. The energy availability and the financial savings are heavily dependent on the location and availability of charging stations. Three charging scenarios are analyzed: charging is possible at any time; cars can only be charged overnight; charging can be done overnight and twice during the day at the place of work for cars that are used for commuting. The major findings of the study are that charging only overnight will not provide sufficient energy when needed, but both other charging mechanisms can provide effective peak shaving. The charging anytime would require funding a large number of charging station, but charging overnight and at work could be accomplished with relative minor financial investments. The savings from peak shaving could be used for incen-tives to offset the extra cost of batteries in plug-in electric vehicles. ____________________________________________________________ - 007 -

Electrification of Public Transport with Fast Charging in Traffic Congested Cities. Thitacharee, Thitipat; Sripakagorn, Angkee In: ICAE, International Conference on Automotive Engineering, 12, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 28 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1718 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1718 The utility of energy efficiency and zero-emission of electric vehicles leads the way to electrify the urban public trans-port bus networks in many cities around the world. The purpose of this paper is to study the operational feasibility of transition the existing conventional combustion bus fleet to Electric bus fleet. The analysis is based on the data of the bus operation in Bangkok, Thailand. Traffic congestion as occurred in Bangkok is considered in the analysis. This research is focused on Fast charging technology of Electric vehicles. Instead of slow-charging overnight, Fast-charging is used during the regular layover time of the bus operation which is called Opportunity charging. The oppor-tunity charging allows to extend the driving range of the electric buses which is a prominent problem of electric vehi-cles. The result stipulates the smallest number of batteries needed to meet the route requirement which come up with outstanding efficiency in energy consumption and more spacing of bus configuration. Rather than focusing on maxi-mizing driving range, the outcome could lead to the optimization between on-buses energy storage and available charging opportunities. ____________________________________________________________


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Development & Integration of a Charge Sustaining Control Strategy for a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Elec-tric Vehicle. Manning, P.Christopher; White, Eli; Marquez, Eduardo; Figueroa, Leonard; Shoults, Lucas; Nelson, Douglas In: SAE International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2905 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2905 The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT) is participating in the 2012-2014 EcoCAR 2: Plugging in to the Future Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Lab (ANL), and spon-sored by General Motors Corporation (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goals of the competition are to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) petroleum energy consumption (PEU), WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emissions while maintaining vehicle performance, consumer acceptability and safety. Following the EcoCAR 2 Vehi-cle Development Process (VDP), HEVT is designing, building, and refining an advanced technology vehicle over the course of the three year competition using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu donated by GM as a base vehicle. The team se-lected a series-parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with P2 (between engine and transmission) and P4 (rear axle) motors, a lithium-ion battery pack, an internal combustion engine, and an automatic transmission as the final powertrain of choice. Development of a charge sustaining control strategy for this vehicle involves coordination of controls for each of the main powertrain components through a distributed control strategy. This distributed control strategy includes component controllers for each individual component and a single supervisory controller responsi-ble for interpreting driver demand and determining component commands to meet the driver demand safely and effi-ciently. The charge sustaining strategy is based on a simplified estimate of best powertrain efficiency under current load conditions including constraints such as battery state of charge, time between mode transitions, and drivability. For example, the algorithm will account for a variety of system operating points and will penalize or reward certain operating points for other conditions. These conditions include but are not limited to rewards for discharging the bat-tery when the state of charge (SOC) is above the target value or penalties for operating points with excessive emis-sions. Development of diagnostics and remedial actions is an important part of controlling the powertrain safely. In order to validate the control strategy prior to in vehicle operation, it is necessary to run simulations against a plant model of the vehicle systems. This plant model can be run in both controller Software- and controller Hardware-In-the-Loop (SIL and HIL) simulations. This paper details the development of the controls for diagnostics, major selec-tion algorithms, and execution of commands and its integration into the series-parallel PHEV through the supervisory controller. It also covers the plant model development and testing of the control algorithms using controller SIL and HIL methods. It details reasons for any changes to the control system, and describe improvements or tradeoffs that had to be made to the control system architecture for the vehicle to run reliably and meet its target specifications. SIL test data is presented from development and compared to corresponding controller HIL data and some bench testing or in vehicle data. These test results illustrate how changes to the plant model and control code properly affect opera-tion of the control system in the actual vehicle. ____________________________________________________________ - 009 -

A Novel Battery Charging and Power Distribution System for a Series-Hybrid Two Wheeler. Ahmed, Sabir; Menon, Malavika; Kakaye, Sunil; Sundaram, Sudharsan In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 7 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1885 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1885 Hybrid electric vehicles are today being touted as the answer to the depleting petroleum reserves, growing concerns for environmental protection and in meeting stricter emission norms [4]. The fact that these vehicles offer a marked improvement in the fuel economy of the vehicle and that their usage does not call for any infrastructural change as in the case of pure electric vehicles, is bound to make these vehicles play a significant role. This paper describes an alternate charging system for a series hybrid two wheeler, using the traditional 12V starter motor [7]. The paper pre-sents MATLAB simulation results to compare the variation in vehicle battery voltage in case a single battery is used with a 12V starter system as compared to a combination of a lead acid and Li-ion batteries. The second part of the paper describes a controlled power distribution system to optimize the power distribution during the charging cycle for the same vehicle [6]. MATLAB simulations are used to show that this system helps reduce the load on the alternator thereby increasing fuel efficiency and also prevents deep discharge of the vehicle battery in conditions when a large load is applied to an already discharged battery. ____________________________________________________________ - 010 -

Sensitivity Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Electric Feeder Bus Using Various Types of Energy Storage. Nilprapunt, Wachira; Sripakagorn, Angkee In: ICAE, International Conference on Automotive Engineering, 12, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 20 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1721 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1721 Urban Mobility is one of the most critical issues at the present. Public transport in connection with feeder bus system is proposed to be one of the main solution. Chulalongkorn University has a fleet of electric feeder bus in operation for a few years now. The fleet service is, however, to be improved because of current limitations in battery energy capac-


ity and long battery charging time. This paper aims to examine the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the electric feeder buses using various types of energy storage. The results on the sensitivity analysis highlight the major parameters that exert strong influence in the TCOs. The fast charging system using supercapacitor battery bus shows the lowest TCO for the present bus fleet. The travel distance (km/year) and operational years were illustrated to be the top two parameters that exert major influence towards the TCO. ____________________________________________________________ - 011 -

Mal ganz was Neues. Sono Motors aus München legt ein Konzept für ein alltagstaugliches Solarauto vor. Siemer, Jochen In: Photon. Das Solarstrom-Magazin * (2016) Heft 10, Seite 36-40 (5 Seiten, Bilder) Unkonventionelle Raumaufteilung, Lüftung mithilfe von Flechten, ein offenes Servicekonzept, Finanzierung per Crowdfunding: Wenn ein junges Gründerteam ein Elektroauto auf die Beine stellen will, sieht das in vielerlei Hinsicht anders aus als bei einem großen Automobilkonzern. Der "Sion" von Sono Motors hat aber noch ein anderes Allein-stellungsmerkmal, denn er ist ein echtes Solarauto, das nur mit Sonnenkraft täglich 30 Kilometer bewältigen soll. Und das alles auch noch zu einem ausgesprochen günstigen Preis. ____________________________________________________________ - 012 -

NVH Performance of Accessories in Range-Extended Electric Vehicle. Guo, Rong; Cao, Chong; Mi, Yi In: APAC, Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference, 18, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 5 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0040 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0040 In course of the electrification of vehicle's powertrain, one of the vital problems we've been faced with is the limitation of the vehicle's driving range due to the capacity of currently available batteries. Therefore, range-extended electric vehicle (ReEV) concept has become one of the most promising transitory technologies to compensate this defect. Electric vehicle is supposed to be quiet and comfortable for the customers. However, some annoying sound derived from powertrain and accessories must be reduced or eliminated to meet this requirement. Accessory NVH has an important contribution to ReEV's NVH performance. If it is not well handled, poor vibration and noise may appear. This paper focuses on accessories' NVH performance in ReEV including the NVH problems from steering pump, vacuum pump and AC compressor. This work starts with subjective assessment and then continues with objective measurements from which the NVH performance of accessories in ReEV is analyzed and the interference between AC compressor and auxiliary power unit is observed. After that, some analysis on the experimental results is pre-sented and the possible improving methods are finally recommended. ____________________________________________________________ - 013 -

Antriebs-und Kraftstoffstrategien für die zukünftige Mobilität. Schmerbeck, Stefan In: DPG-Frühjahrstagung, Frühjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, DPG Spring Meeting, Spring Meeting of the German Physical Society, 2016, Frühjahrstagung des Arbeitskreises Energie (AKE) bei der DPG, 2016, in: DPG-Frühjahrstagungen - Tagungsbände des Arbeitskreises Energie (online) * Band Energie: Forschung und Perspektiven (2016) Seite 11 (1 Seite), Kurzmitteilung Bad Honnef: DPG (Hrsg.) https://www.dpg-physik.de/veroeffentlichung/ake-tagungsband.html Als Originaldokument nur Kurzmitteilung vorhanden, im Wesentlichen wie folgt: Der Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Mobi-lität beruht auf einer breiten Basis von hoch effizienten Antrieben und der gleichzeitigen Nutzung dekarbonisierter Energieträger. Dabei liegt die Verantwortung der Automobilindustrie vor allem in der Weiterentwicklung der Antriebe und Fahrzeuge hin zu hohen Wirkungsgraden. Neben der weiteren Verbesserung hoch effizienter aber physikalisch und chemisch limitierten reinen Verbrennungsmotoren spielt die Einführung der e-Mobilität eine entscheidende Rolle. Eine große Herausforderung liegt in der Überzeugung der Kunden mit begeisternden und emotionalen neuen An-triebskonzepten. Technologisch müssen hier z.B. die Batterien und die Ladeinfrastruktur weiterentwickelt werden. Auch gilt es, den Weg für nachhaltige Energieträger zur Nutzung im Verkehrssektor zu ermöglichen. Die vielfältig erneuerbar herstellbare Elektrizität und mögliche Synergien aus Speicherung von Elektrizität und Mobilität eröffnen interessante Optionen. Auch die Digitalisierung wird die Mobilität von Morgen revolutionieren. Die Evolution zum hoch-automatischen Fahren und später zum autonomen Fahren oder die Vernetzung des Autos sind hier die großen Handlungsfelder. ____________________________________________________________


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Driveline Optimization for a Hybrid Electric City Vehicle to Minimize Fuel Consumption. Carello, Massimiliana; Bonansea, Paolo; d'Auria, Massimo In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 13 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1090 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1090 Nowadays gas emissions and fuel consumption are two of the major challenges for the automotive industry arisen from the ever-increasing relevance of environmental issues. Over the last few years, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Fuel Cell Vehicles have been developed as the most promising solutions that can address these challenges. XAM (eXtreme Automotive Mobility) is a parallel hybrid electric vehicle for urban transportation developed at the Politecnico of Turin. Since 2011 it participated to the Shell Eco-marathon Europe, a competition for low consumption vehicles. In the race XAM runs within the Urban Concept category and is powered by bio-ethanol. XAM is a plug-in parallel hybrid where traction can be provided by internal combustion engine or by electric motor fed by supercapaci-tor. A 1D simulation model of the vehicle and its subsystems has been created in AMESim in order to predict the be-havior of the vehicle during the race. A great deal of attention was focused on the following areas: the vehicle dynam-ics, the electric motor management in traction or recharging conditions and finally to the transmission ratio that di-rectly impacts the acceleration time, the cruise velocity, the recharging time and the rise of the state of charge of su-percapacitor during the regenerative brake. This model has been parameterized and used for numerical optimization. In this latter context, by using the Optimus software, the optimal configuration of the model, that minimizes the fuel consumption, has been computed. Respecting the existing geometric constraints a parameterized interval of the transmission ratio of the vehicle and a gain of acceleration and regeneration torque have been defined for the optimi-zation problem considered. ____________________________________________________________ - 015 -

Modelling the multilevel structure and mixed effects of the factors influencing the energy consumption of electric vehicles. Liu, Kai; Wang, Jiangbo; Yamamoto, Toshiyuki; Morikawa, Takayuki In: Applied Energy * Band 183 (2016) Seite 1351-1360 (10 Seiten, 45 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.082 To improve the accuracy of estimation of the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) and to enable the allevia-tion of range anxiety through the introduction of EV charging stations at suitable locations for the near future, multi-level mixed-effects linear regression models were used in this study to estimate the actual energy efficiency of EVs. The impacts of the heterogeneity in driving behaviour among various road environments and traffic conditions on EV energy efficiency were extracted from long-term daily trip-based energy consumption data, which were collected over 12 months from 68 in-use EVs in Aichi Prefecture in Japan. Considering the variations in energy efficiency associated with different types of EV ownership, different external environments, and different driving habits, a two-level random intercept model, three two-level mixed-effects models, and two three-level mixed-effects models were developed and compared. The most reasonable nesting structure was determined by comparing the models, which were designed with different nesting structures and different random variance component specifications, thereby revealing the poten-tial correlations and non-constant variability of the energy consumption per kilometre (ECPK) and improving the esti-mation accuracy by 7.5%. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 016 -

A Stochastic Model Predictive Control Approach for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management With Road Grade Preview. Zeng, Xiangrui; Wang, Junmin In: DSCC, ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, 2014 * (2014) Seite V002T20A001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2014-5998 Road grade preview can benefit the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) energy management because the energy efficiency performance degrades significantly when the battery state of charge (SOC) reaches its boundaries and the road grade has a great influence on the battery SOC balance. In reality the road grade in front may be a random variable as the future route may not always be known to the vehicle controller. This paper proposes a stochastic model predic-tive control (MPC) approach which does not require a determined route known in advance. The road grade is mod-eled as a Markov chain and all the possible future routes are considered in building the transition matrix. A large-time-scale HEV energy consumption model is built. The HEV energy management problem is formulated as a finite-horizon Markov decision process and solved using stochastic dynamic programming (SDP). Simulation results show that the proposed approach can prevent the battery SOC from reaching its boundaries and maintain good fuel effi-ciency by the stochastic road grade preview. ____________________________________________________________


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Myopic real-time decentralized charging management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Jalilzadeh Hamidi, R.; Livani, H. In: Electric Power Systems Research * Band 143 (2017) Seite 522-532 (11 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.11.002 This paper proposes a decentralized control algorithm for charging management of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in distribution networks. The objectives of the proposed control algorithm are to mitigate PHEV integration challenges (e.g., over-currents and under-voltages in distribution networks) and to reduce the charging costs of PHEVs. The proposed algorithm adjusts the charging rates of PHEV chargers utilizing distributed cooperative control to prevent the network constraints (i.e., voltage and current limits) from being violated. It also determines the operat-ing modes of the chargers (i.e., charging, discharging, or idle) using a decision making algorithm to increase the State Of Charges (SOCs) and decrease the charging costs only based on the current conditions of the distribution network. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on a modified IEEE 37-Node Test Feeder and the simulation studies are carried out using OpenDSS and MATLAB. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed algorithm are discussed and compared with the exiting methods according to the simulation results. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 018 -

Und es hat klick gemacht. Trennrelais für Hochvolt-Ladesysteme. Miedl, Benjamin In: Elektronik Journal * Band 51 (2016) Heft 7, Seite 48-50 (3 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen) Der Ausbau der Elektromobilität erfodert den flächendeckenden Ausbau von Hochvolt-Ladestationen. Für die einzel-nen Ladestationen schreibt die Norm IEC61851-1 eine galvanische trennende Schaltfunktion vor. Dazu benötigt man entsprechende Schaltrelais. Vorgestellt wird ein Schaltrelais mit zwei Schließern, die jeweils 35 A Dauerstrom schal-ten. Sie verkraften kurzzeitig 250-A-Stromspitzen. Ein integrierter invertierender Hilfskontakt gestattet im Fehlerfall bei verschweißten Hauptkontakten eine sichere Diagnose. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die kabelgebundenen unter-schiedlichen Lademodi 2, 3 und 4 vor und erklärt, worauf es bei diesen Ladeverfahren ankommt. Das induktive La-deverfahren und seine Herausforderungen werden vorgestellt. ____________________________________________________________ - 019 -

Battery cell balance of electric vehicles under fast-DC charging. Wager, Guido; Whale, Jonathan; Bräunl, Thomas In: International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (online) * Band 8 (2016) Heft 4, Seite 351-361 (11 Seiten) Olney: Inderscience Enterprises http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJEHV.2016.080732 Electric vehicle (EV) range, recharge opportunities and time to recharge are major barriers to mainstream accep-tance. Fast-DC charging has the potential to overcome these barriers. This research investigates the impact of fast-DC charging on battery cell balance, charge capacity and range for an EV travelling long distances on an 'electric-highway'. Two commercially available EVs were exposed to a series of discharge and fast-DC charge cycles to measure cell balance and charge capacity. The vehicles' battery management systems (BMS) were capable of suc-cessfully balancing individual cells and hence maintaining the batteries' charge capacity. Although fast-DC charge levels and discharge safety margins significantly reduced the vehicles' charge capacity and range as stated by the manufacturer, these values remained stable for the test period. In regards to cell balance and charge capacity, our research suggests that fast-DC charging technology is a feasible option for EVs to travel large distances in a day. ____________________________________________________________ - 020 -

Electric vehicle charging demand forecasting model based on big data technologies. Arias, Mariz B.; Bae, Sungwoo In: Applied Energy * Band 183 (2016) Seite 327-339 (13 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.080 This paper presents a forecasting model to estimate electric vehicle charging demand based on big data technolo-gies. Most previous studies have not considered real-world traffic distribution data and weather conditions in predict-ing the electric vehicle charging demand. In this paper, the historical traffic data and weather data of South Korea were used to formulate the forecasting model. The forecasting processes include a cluster analysis to classify traffic patterns, a relational analysis to identify influential factors, and a decision tree to establish classification criteria. The considered variables in this study were the charging starting time determined by the real-world traffic patterns and the initial state-of-charge of a battery. Example case studies for electric vehicle charging demand during weekdays and weekends in summer and winter were presented to show the different charging load profiles of electric vehicles in the residential and commercial sites. The presented forecasting model may allow power system engineers to anticipate electric vehicle charging demand based on historical traffic data and weather data. Therefore, the proposed electric vehicle charging demand model can be the foundation for the research on the impact of charging electric vehicles on the power system. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission.


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Do we have a car for you? Encouraging the uptake of electric vehicles at point of sale. Matthews, Lindsay; Lynes, Jennifer; Riemer, Manuel; Del Matto, Tania; Cloet, Nicholas In: Energy Policy * Band 100 (2017) Seite 79-88 (10 Seiten, 56 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.001 This study investigates shopping experiences at dealerships selling electric vehicles (EVs) in Ontario, Canada. In 2014, twenty mystery shoppers were trained and sent into 24 EV-certified dealerships (with a total of 95 shopping experiences) to observe the sales approach towards EVs. Results show that a common barrier for shoppers is the unavailability of EVs at the dealership - including a lack of EV models on site to view or test-drive as well as a three- to four-month waiting period to receive the vehicle once ordered. A multiple regression model was developed to ex-plore which factors influence the likelihood of deciding to purchase an EV. Findings suggest that, controlling for brand, the key success factors are a salesperson's positive attitude and the availability of an EV on site. It is impor-tant for future policy makers to acknowledge the influential role of market intermediaries, such as dealerships, in the adoption of EVs. The research findings demonstrate a potential for government agencies to work with dealerships and/or salespeople to improve EV uptake by encouraging the presence of floor models and vehicles for test-driving on site, and by increasing the accuracy of information being provided to customers. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 022 -

Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle at the kilohertz band. Imura, Takehiro; Yasuda, Tomio; Oshima, Kazunori; Nayuki, Takuya; Sato, Motoki; Oshima, Atsushi In: IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering * Band 11 (2016) Heft S2, Seite S91-S99 (9 Seiten, 17 Bilder, 4 Tabellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.22340 Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has attracted considerable attention in recent years, and there have been numerous reports about this technology. This has led to ambiguity over the actual state of WPT technology for elec-trical vehicles (EV) in Japan. Therefore, this paper describes the WPT technology using the kilohertz band for EVs available in Japan. WPT requirement for EV, circuit topology, coil types, control method, component, foreign object detection, and dynamic charging in Japan are summarized in this study. ____________________________________________________________ - 023 -

Features of Creation and Operation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in Countries with Difficult Climatic Condi-tions, for Example, in the Russian Federation. Karpukhin, K.; Terenchenko, A. In: ICMEAS, International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Automation Science, 2, in: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Online) * Band 157 (2016) Seite 012014/1-7 (7 Seiten, 11 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/157/1/012014 The trend of increasing fleet of electric or hybrid vehicles and determines the extension of the geographical areas of operation, including the Northern areas with cold winter weather. Practically in all territory of Russia the average win-ter temperature is negative. With the winter temperatures can be below in Moscow -30 °C, in Krasnoyarsk -50 °C. Battery system can operate in a wide temperature range, but there are extremes that should be remembered all the time, especially in cold climates like Russia. In the operating instructions of the electric car Tesla Model S indicate that to save the battery don't use at temperatures below -15 °C. The paper presents the dependence of the cooling time and heating of the battery cell at different ambient temperatures and provides guidance on allowable cooling time while using and not thermally insulated thermally containers Suggests using the temperature control on the ba-sis of thermoelectric converters Peltier connection from the onboard electrical network of the electric vehicle. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 024 -

Cooling Air Temperature and Mass Flow Rate Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Manage-ment. Tao, Xinran- (William); Wagner, John In: DSCC, ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, 2014 * (2014) Seite V002T34A002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2014-6001 Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used in electric and hybrid electric vehicles for energy storage. However, a Li-ion battery's lifespan and performance is reduced if it's overheated during operation. To maintain the battery's tem-perature below established thresholds, the heat generated during charge/discharge must be removed and this re-quires an effective cooling system. This paper introduces a battery thermal management system (BTMS) based on a dynamic thermal-electric model of a cylindrical battery. The heat generation rate estimated by this model helps to actively control the air mass flow rate. A nonlinear back-stepping controller and a linear optimal controller are devel-oped to identify the ideal cooling air temperature which stabilizes the battery core temperature. The simulation of two different operating scenarios and three control strategies has been conducted. Simulation results indicate that the proposed controllers can stabilize the battery core temperature with peak tracking errors smaller than 2.4 °C by regu-


lating the cooling air temperature and mass flow rate. Overall the controllers developed for the battery thermal man-agement system show improvements in both temperature tracking and cooling system power conservation, in com-parison to the classical controller. The next step in this study is to integrate these elements into a holistic cooling con-figuration with AC system compressor control to minimize the cooling power consumption. ____________________________________________________________ - 025 -

Influence of different open circuit voltage tests on state of charge online estimation for lithium-ion batteries. Zheng, Fangdan; Xing, Yinjiao; Jiang, Jiuchun; Sun, Bingxiang; Kim, Jonghoon; Pecht, Michael In: Applied Energy * Band 183 (2016) Seite 513-525 (13 Seiten, 53 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.010 Battery state of charge (SOC) estimation is a crucial function of battery management systems (BMSs), since accurate estimated SOC is critical to ensure the safety and reliability of electric vehicles. A widely used technique for SOC estimation is based on online inference of battery open circuit voltage (OCV). Low-current OCV and incremental OCV tests are two common methods to observe the OCV-SOC relationship, which is an important element of the SOC estimation technique. In this paper, two OCV tests are run at three different temperatures and based on which, two SOC estimators are compared and evaluated in terms of tracking accuracy, convergence time, and robustness for online estimating battery SOC. The temperature dependency of the OCV-SOC relationship is investigated and its influence on SOC estimation results is discussed. In addition, four dynamic tests are presented, one for estimator parameter identification and the other three for estimator performance evaluation. The comparison results show that estimator 2 (based on the incremental OCV test) has higher tracking accuracy and is more robust against varied loading conditions and different initial values of SOC than estimator 1 (based on the low-current OCV test) with re-gard to ambient temperature. Therefore, the incremental OCV test is recommended for predetermining the OCV-SOCs for battery SOC online estimation in BMSs. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 026 -

A hybrid life cycle and multi-criteria decision analysis approach for identifying sustainable development strategies of Beijing's taxi fleet. Cai, Yanpeng; Applegate, Scott; Yue, Wencong; Cai, Jianying; Wang, Xuan; Liu, Gengyuan; Li, Chunhui In: Energy Policy * Band 100 (2017) Seite 314-325 (12 Seiten, 65 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.047 To identify and evaluate sustainable strategies of taxi fleet in Beijing in terms of economic, policy, and environmental implications, a hybrid approach was developed through incorporating multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) meth-ods within a general life-cycle analysis (LCA) framework. The approach can (a) help comprehensive evaluate envi-ronmental impacts of multiple types of vehicles, (b) facilitate analysis of environmental, economic and policy features of such vehicles, and (c) identify desirable taxi fleet development strategies for the city. The developed approach rep-resented an improvement of the decision-making capability for taxi implementation based on multiple available tech-nologies and their performance that can be specifically tailored to Beijing. The results demonstrated that the pro-posed approach could comprehensively reflect multiple implications of strategies for the taxi fleet in Beijing to reduce air pollution in the city. The results also indicated that the electric vehicle powered with the year 2020 electricity pro-jections would be the ideal solution, outranking the other alternatives. The conventional vehicle ranked the lowest among the alternatives. The plug-in hybrid vehicle powered by 2020 electricity projects ranked the third, followed by the plug-in hybrid vehicle ranking the fourth, and the hybrid vehicle ranking the fifth. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 027 -

Development of portable measuring system for testing of electrical vehicle's heat energy recovery system. Sarvajcz, K.; Szarka, A.Varadine In: Metrology Across the Sciences: Wishful Thinking?, Joint IMEKO TC1-TC7-TC13 Symposium, 2016, in: Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Online) * Band 772 (2016) Seite 012033/1-6 (6 Seiten, 5 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/772/1/012033 Nowadays the consumer society applies a huge amount of energy in many fields including transportation sector. In-ternal combustion vehicles contribute substantially to the air pollution. An alternative solution for reducing energy consumption is replacing the internal combustion vehicles by electrical or hybrid vehicles. Today one of the biggest disadvantages of the electrical vehicles is the finite capacity of batteries. The research topic presented in this paper is the "Energy Harvesting", and development of energy recovery system for electrical vehicles which largely contributes in increasing the driving range. At the current phase of the research efficiency analysis of the heat energy recovery devices are investigated in real driving circumstances. Computer based mobile and wireless measurement system for the analysis was developed, tested and installed in a real vehicle. Driving tests were performed and analysed in dif-ferent circumstances. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


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Why Did Better Place Fail?: Range anxiety, interpretive flexibility, and electric vehicle promotion in Denmark and Israel. Noel, Lance; Sovacool, Benjamin K. In: Energy Policy * Band 94 (2016) Seite 377-386 (10 Seiten, 84 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.029 With almost $1 billion in funding, Better Place was poised to become one of the most innovative companies in the electric mobility market. The system Better Place proposed had two novel prongs; first, to reduce the cost of batter-ies, and second, to reduce range anxiety, public infrastructure concerns, and long charging times. Yet, despite this seemingly strong combination, Better Place failed to make any progress in Denmark and Israel, the first two markets it operated in, and subsequently declared bankruptcy, selling off its collective assets for less than $500,000. Drawing from science and technology studies and the notion of "interpretive flexibility," this paper posits several reasons to explain the failure of Better Place, including that Denmark is not as "green" as it seems nor is the Israeli market as attractive as believed, and that Better Place's solution to charging time and range anxiety resolved a psychological, not a functional, barrier of the general public to adopt electric vehicles. Before investigating these two reasons, the paper presents a short history of Better Place and explores the contours of its operations in Denmark and Israel. It then discusses why Better Place "failed" across both countries before concluding with implications for energy plan-ning, policy, and analysis. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 029 -

A comprehensive study of economic unit commitment of power systems integrating various renewable gen-erations and plug-in electric vehicles. Yang, Zhile; Li, Kang; Niu, Qun; Xue, Yusheng In: Energy Conversion and Management * Band 132 (2017) Seite 460-481 (22 Seiten, 56 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.050 Significant penetration of renewable generations (RGs) and mass roll-out of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will pay a vital role in delivering the low carbon energy future and low emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) that are responsible for the global climate change. However, it is of considerable difficulties to precisely forecast the undispatchable and intermittent wind and solar power generations. The uncoordinated charging of PEVs imposes further challenges on the unit commitment in modern grid operations. In this paper, all these factors are comprehensively investigated for the first time within a novel hybrid unit commitment framework, namely UCsRP, which considers a wide range of sce-narios in renewable generations and demand side management of dispatchable PEVs load. UCsRP is however an extremely challenging optimisation problem not only due to the large scale, mixed integer and nonlinearity, but also due to the double uncertainties relating to the renewable generations and PEV charging and discharging. In this pa-per, a meta-heuristic solving tool is introduced for solving the UCsRP problem. A key to improve the reliability of the unit commitment is to generate a range of scenarios based on multiple distributions of renewable generations under different prediction errors and extreme predicted value conditions. This is achieved by introducing a novel multi-zone sampling method. A comprehensive study considering four different cases of unit commitment problems with various weather and season scenarios using real power system data are conducted and solved, and smart management of charging and discharging of PEVs are incorporated into the problem. Test results confirm the efficacy of the proposed framework and new solving tool for UCsRP problem. The economic effects of various scenarios are comprehensively evaluated and compared based on the average economic cost index, and several important findings are revealed. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 030 -

Life cycle assessment of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system for passenger vehicles. Evangelisti, Sara; Tagliaferri, Carla; Brett, Dan J.L.; Lettieri, Paola In: Journal of Cleaner Production * Band 142 (2017) Heft P4, Seite 4339-4355 (17 Seiten, 78 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.159 In moving towards a more sustainable society, hydrogen fueled polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell tech-nology is seen as a great opportunity to reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector. However, decision makers have the challenge of understanding the real environmental consequences of producing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) compared to alternative green cars, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). and more conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). In this work, we presented a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of a FCV focused on its manufacturing phase and compared with the production of a BEV and an ICEV. For the manufac-turing phase, the FCV inventories started from the catalyst layer to the glider, including the hydrogen tank. A sensitiv-ity analysis on some of the key components of the fuel cell stack and the FC system (such as balance-of-plant and hydrogen tank) was carried out to account for different assumptions on materials and inventory models. The produc-tion process of the fuel cell vehicle showed a higher environmental impact compared to the production of the other two vehicles power sources. This is mainly due to the hydrogen tank and the fuel cell stack. However, by combining the results of the sensitivity analysis for each component - a best-case scenario showed that there is the potential for a 25% reduction in the climate change impact category for the FCV compared to a baseline FCV scenario. Reducing the environmental impact associated with the manufacture of fuel cell vehicles represents an important challenge. The entire life cycle has also been considered and the manufacturing, use and disposal of FCV, electric vehicle and


conventional diesel vehicle were compared. Overall, the ICEV showed the highest GWP and this was mainly due to the use phase and the fossil carbon emissions associated to the use of diesel. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 031 -

Parametric modeling approach for economic and environmental life cycle assessment of medium-duty truck electrification. Lee, Dong-Yeon; Thomas, Valerie M. In: Journal of Cleaner Production * Band 142 (2017) Heft P4, Seite 3300-3321 (22 Seiten, 96 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.139 Using a parametric modeling approach, we evaluate economic and environmental life cycle trade-offs of medium-duty electric trucks in comparison with nine non-electric technologies (e.g., conventional diesel, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, etc.) for U.S. model year 2015. Life cycle results for electric trucks vary strongly with weighted positive kinetic energy, whereas those for non-electric trucks vary the most with average trip speed. Our parametric life cycle assessment models explain 91%-98% of the variability in life cycle inventory and impact assessment results, reveal-ing "how" and "why" the trade-offs of truck electrification change with different input conditions. In terms of cost, whether total cost of ownership or also including health and climate impact costs, model year 2015 battery electric trucks in severe applications such as urban driving provide positive and robust net benefits in many areas of the U.S. However, for typical operations, petroleum diesel with idle reduction or hybrid-electric technology provide the largest overall life cycle cost benefit. Battery electric, idle reduction, and hybrid trucks emit lower life cycle greenhouse gas emissions across the board in comparison with the other technologies. Despite lower carbon-intensity, electric trucks tend to be water-intensive because of cooling water consumption for thermo-electric power plants. Hybrid trucks cre-ate higher NOx emissions and thus larger associated environmental impacts. Idle reduction is beneficial to urban-type applications. Compressed natural gas trucks are the least water-intensive but may not reduce greenhouse gas emis-sions. Using marginal rather than average factors for electric grid emissions calculations doesn't change the overall life cycle comparisons. Improving driving behavior has universally positive effects for which the exact magnitude and sensitivity depend on environmental impact indicators and technologies. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 032 -

Comparison between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cell costs using a process based cost model. Ciez, Rebecca E.; Whitacre, J.F. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 340 (2017) Seite 273-281 (9 Seiten, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.054 The relative size and age of the US electric vehicle market means that a few vehicles are able to drive market-wide trends in the battery chemistries and cell formats on the road today. Three lithium-ion chemistries account for nearly all of the storage capacity, and half of the cells are cylindrical. However, no specific model exists to examine the costs of manufacturing these cylindrical cells. Here we present a process-based cost model tailored to the cylindrical lith-ium-ion cells currently used in the EV market. We examine the costs for varied cell dimensions, electrode thick-nesses, chemistries, and production volumes. Although cost savings are possible from increasing cell dimensions and electrode thicknesses, economies of scale have already been reached, and future cost reductions from in-creased production volumes are minimal. Prismatic cells, which are able to further capitalize on the cost reduction from larger formats, can offer further reductions than those possible for cylindrical cells. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 033 -

A stochastic model for energy resources management considering demand response in smart grids. Soares, Joao; Fotouhi Ghazvini, Mohammad Ali; Borges, Nuno; Vale, Zita In: Electric Power Systems Research * Band 143 (2017) Seite 599-610 (12 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.056 Renewable energy resources such as wind and solar are increasingly more important in distribution networks and microgrids as their presence keeps flourishing. They help to reduce the carbon footprint of power systems, but on the other hand, the intermittency and variability of these resources pose serious challenges to the operation of the grid. Meanwhile, more flexible loads, distributed generation, and energy storage systems are being increasingly used. Moreover, electric vehicles impose an additional strain on the uncertainty level, due to their variable demand, depar-ture time and physical location. This paper formulates a two-stage stochastic problem for energy resource scheduling to address the challenge brought by the demand, renewable sources, electric vehicles, and market price uncertainty. The proposed method aims to minimize the expected operational cost of the energy aggregator and is based on sto-chastic programming. A realistic case study is presented using a real distribution network with 201-bus from Zaragoza, Spain. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the stochastic model when compared with a deterministic formulation and suggest that demand response can play a significant role in mitigating the uncer-tainty. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission.


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Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle: Incorporating Solar Energy as an On-Board Fuel Toward Future Mobility. Abdelhamid, Mahmoud; Haque, Imtiaz; Singh, Rajendra; Pilla, Srikanth; Filipi, Zoran In: DETC, ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engi-neering Conference, 2016, International Conference on Advanced Vehicle Technologies, 18, International Confer-ence on Design Education, 13, BioMed, Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference, 9 * (2016) Seite V003T01A033 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/DETC2016-59276 The challenge of meeting the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards of 2025 has resulted in the devel-opment of systems that utilize alternative energy propulsion technologies. To date, the use of solar energy as an aux-iliary energy source of on-board fuel has not been extensively investigated, however. The authors investigated the design parameters and techno-economic impacts within a solar photovoltaic (PV) system for use as an on-board aux-iliary power source for the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). The objec-tive is to optimize, by hybridizing, the conventional energy propulsion systems via solar energy based electric propul-sion system by means of the on-board PVs system. This study is novel in that the authors investigated the design parameters of the on-board PV system for optimum well-to-tank energy efficiency. The following design parameters were analyzed: the PV device, the geographical solar location, thermal and electrical performances, energy storage, angling on the vehicle surface, mounting configuration and the effect on aerodynamics. A general well-to-tank form was derived for use in any other PV type, PV efficiency value, or installation location. The authors also analyzed the techno-economic value of adding the on-board PVs for ICE vehicles and for plug-in EVs considering the entire Pow-ertrain component lifetime of the current and the projected price scenarios per vehicle lifetime, and driving by solar energy cost (US-Dollar per mile). Different driving scenarios were used to represent the driving conditions in all the U.S states at any time, with different vehicles analyzed using different cost scenarios to derive a greater understand-ing of the usefulness and the challenges inherent in using on-board PV solar technologies. The addition of on-board PVs to cover only 1.0 m2 of vehicle surfaces was found to extend the daily driving range to up to 2 miles for typical 2016 model vehicles, depending upon on vehicle specifications and destination, however over 7.0 miles with the use of extremely lightweight and aerodynamically efficient vehicles in a sunny location. The authors also estimated the maximum possible PV installation area via a unique relationship between the vehicle footprint and the projected hori-zontal vehicle surface area for different vehicles of varying sizes. It was determined that up to 50% of total daily miles traveled by an average U.S. person could be driven by solar energy, with the simple addition of on-board PVs to cover less than 50% (3.25 m2) of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical mid-size vehicle (e.g., Nissan Leaf or Mitsubishi i-MiEV). Specifically, the addition of the proposed PV module to a 2016 Tesla Model S AWD-70D vehi-cle in San Diego, CA extended the average daily range to 5.2 miles in that city. Similarly, for the 2016 BMW i3 BEV in Texas, Phoenix, and North Carolina, the range was extended to more than 7.0 miles in those states. The cost of hy-bridizing a solar technology into a vehicle was also estimated for current and projected prices. The results show for current price scenario, the expense of powering an ICE vehicle within a certain range with only solar energy was be-tween 4 to 23 cents per mile depending upon the vehicle specification and driving location. Future price scenarios determined the driving cost is an optimum of 17 cents per mile. However, the addition of a PV system to an EV im-proved the economics of the system because of the presence of the standard battery and electric motor components. For any vehicle in any assumed location, the driving cost was found to be less than 6.0 cents per mile even in the current price scenario. The results of this dynamic model are applicable for determining the on-board PV contribution for any vehicle size with different powertrain configurations. Specifically, the proposed work provides a method that designers may use during the conceptual design stage to facilitate the deployment of an alternative energy propul-sion system toward future mobility. ____________________________________________________________ - 035 -

Passengers First Light Truck - A Modern Take on a Narrow Wake. Fontana, Edward C. In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 32 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1333 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1333 Individuals in the United States consume twice as much energy as those in any other region. Solitary workday com-mutes in light vehicles are the leading reason for this difference. An electric vehicle design is proposed to help cata-lyze more social, higher occupancy, commuting habits - through application of existing technology. Performance crite-ria are: 1) attract passengers to the suburban front yard at 6:30 AM, 2) match market leading crash test performance, cargo capability, and sense of freedom, and 3) deliver easier parking, better acoustics and better passenger mile efficiency. A vehicle as a rolling event venue determines a large windscreen, side-by-side upright seating arrange-ments, and acoustic excellence -an experience where there are only good seats. These requirements force a deci-sion to close the wake along a vertical line to form a narrow wake. The chassis is platform batteries with dual motor electric rear drive and undetermined front drive. Findings: *- 1) Narrow wake synergies include: a) cargo loading on a tailgate ramp to a low 0.3 m (12 inch) high load floor through a 0.8 m (32 inch) wide opening - as a controlled event using an onboard powered trolley, b) passengers more safely located, and c) thick rear doors that pivot concentric with the rear axle, with no chance of damaging adjacent objects. *- 2) A consistent driver's eye location, as datum, provides better forward visibility past the A-Pillar and more consistent relationships between driver, passengers and vehicle safety and content delivery systems, when compared to location off fixed pedals at the firewall. *- 3) Collateral benefits of the eye datum include large section B-Pillars, dual diagonal cooling circuits that apply full cooling power as the sun clocks, and a smooth transition to self-driving operation.


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Life cycle based multi-criteria optimization for optimal allocation of commercial delivery truck fleet in the United States. Zhao, Yang; Ercan, Tolga; Tatari, Omer In: Sustainable Production and Consumption * Band 8 (2016) Seite 18-31 (14 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2016.04.003 Parcel delivery trucks, due to their intensive stop-and-go operational patterns, have relative lower fuel efficiency and higher environmental impacts to urban areas. The adoption of alternative fuel trucks may mitigate the environmental impacts, however, the first cost of these trucks is higher than those of traditional diesel trucks. To this end, based on environmental, social, and economic indicators, a model that provides optimized solutions for a fleet consists of 30 commercial delivery trucks is studied in this paper. An economic input-output based hybrid life cycle assessment is performed in conjunction with Multi-Objective Linear Programming to evaluate various delivery truck fleet combina-tions and to provide a comprehensive analysis of fleet performance. Furthermore, six specific scenarios, representing different utilization levels and fuel economy levels, have been taken into consideration to reflect the sensitivity of fleet performance with respect to real word operation. The performances of the vehicles are evaluated based on three criteria: economic aspects, environmental concerns, and public health impacts. Furthermore, the results are consid-ered from two perspectives, the first being a case in which no constraints are taken into account, and the second case being considered under tailpipe emission constraints. The results indicate that when fuel economy is high and annual mileage is low, current diesel trucks are able to fulfill the requirement in both cases with reasonably low costs. Conversely, in scenarios with low fuel economy and high utilization levels, hybrid vehicles are preferred. However, the optimization model selects more electric trucks when tailpipe emission constraints are accounted. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 037 -

Study of a Dynamic Charging System for Achievement of Unlimited Cruising Range in EV. Tajima, Takamitsu; Noguchi, Wataru; Aruga, Tomohisa In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 22 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1686 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1686 One of the greatest challenges facing the electric vehicle (EV) is its very short cruising range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In addition to cruising range, two other major challenges faced by EVs are charging and on-road acceleration. To resolve these challenges, this paper proposes a new way of think-ing about how to extend the cruising range of EVs. The goal of this research is to extend the cruising range for EVs by enabling unlimited cruising range through simultaneous energy supply and charging while running. As a result, the following benefits can be realized: *- Unlimited EV cruising range; *- Zero charging time; *- Reduced battery load (1/2 or less); *- More enjoyable driving thanks to a lifting of the power limitations on EVs. The paper describes a prototype system that achieves unlimited travel distance, then describes the results of real-world testing of the system, and finally discusses future prospects. *- An infrastructure and vehicle system were developed that can simultaneously supply power and charge during vehicle operation. *- Real-world test results in an actual production vehicle confirmed that the system achieves unlimited EV cruising range, eliminates inconvenience of charging, and improves EV motion performance. *- Using the contact-type, high-power charge-while-driving system proposed in this study, the ratio of distance traveled to charging lane was about 25:1. The cost of installing this infrastructure is estimated to be about 1/20 of the cost of a non-contact system. ____________________________________________________________ - 038 -

Quantifying the Effect of Fast Charger Deployments on Electric Vehicle Utility and Travel Patterns via Ad-vanced Simulation. Wood, Eric; Neubauer, Jeremy S.; Burton, Evan In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 18 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1687 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1687 The disparate characteristics between conventional (CVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in terms of driving range, refill/recharge time, and availability of refuel/recharge infrastructure inherently limit the relative utility of BEVs when benchmarked against traditional driver travel patterns. However, given a high penetration of high-power public charging combined with driver tolerance for rerouting travel to facilitate charging on long-distance trips, the difference in utility between CVs and BEVs could be marginalized. We quantify the relationships between BEV utility, the de-ployment of fast chargers, and driver tolerance for rerouting travel and extending travel durations by simulating BEVs operated over real-world travel patterns using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool for Vehicles (BLAST-V). With support from the U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technolo-gies Office, BLAST-V has been developed to include algorithms for estimating the available range of BEVs prior to the start of trips, for rerouting baseline travel to utilize public charging infrastructure when necessary, and for making driver travel decisions for those trips in the presence of available public charging infrastructure, all while conducting advanced vehicle simulations that account for battery electrical, thermal, and degradation response. Results from


BLAST-V simulations on vehicle utility, frequency of inserted stops, duration of charging events, and additional time and distance necessary for rerouting travel are presented to illustrate how BEV utility and travel patterns can be af-fected by various fast charge deployments. ____________________________________________________________ - 039 -

A Review of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). Kartha, Balagovind N.K.; Gopal, Vinod Kumar; Narayanan, Akilesh; Suresh, Sidhu; Jayaprakash, Vinayak In: IMECE, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2014 * (2014) Seite V012T15A013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-37846 This technical paper provides a literature review on Hybrid Electric Vehicles and various hybrid topologies associated with it. Different kinds of hybrids are available in different parts of the world in various brand names. The main aim of this review is to identify the pros and cons of some prominent topologies that could pave a way to the proposition of new and efficient design. Results from the study indicate that hybrids have a potential to bridge the gap between pure gasoline vehicles to plug in electric vehicles leaving behind time for the technology to mature and to make improve-ments in the infrastructure for Eco-friendly vehicles. ____________________________________________________________ - 040 -

Making Hydrogen Economy a Reality. Ajit, Smrithi In: Renewables for Development of Rural Areas, ICORE, International Congress on Renewable Energy, 2013 * (2013) Seite 298-303 (6 Seiten, 13 Quellen) New Delhi: Excel India Publishers Green activists world over are trying to find alternatives to coal and petroleum since it's not just the pollution created by the by products of the combustion of these fuels that worry them but also the growing energy demands world over resulting from population outbursts. There is an increasing pressure to discover greener, safer and efficient ways to exploit our naturally occurring renewable resources to meet the energy demands. The vision of hydrogen as a future energy source is called "Hydrogen economy". Hydrogen as a fuel is attractive because whether it is burned to pro-duce heat or reacted with air in a fuel cell to produce electricity, the only byproduct is water. In this paper, the author projects the potential of hydrogen as a user friendly, safe fuel in future with the potential to outperform other existing non-renewables which make a major contribution to atmospheric pollution. Existing technologies (as in the USA) con-centrate on generating hydrogen by natural gas reforming to produce hydrogen in large volumes to fuel FCEVs (Fuel cell electric vehicles). However, this process also contributes greenhouse gases though not as much as the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. Therefore, in the long run there is clearly a need to produce hydrogen using our un-tapped green resources. This paper reviews various green ways of generating hydrogen with emphasis on the use of algal cultures as a major source of hydrogen and examines the challenges involved in the same. In the latter half of the paper efforts have been made to design a "Green Hydrogen Economy" wherein green methods of hydrogen gen-eration and utilization have been employed. ____________________________________________________________ - 041 -

A Road Map for Li-Ion Battery Charger based on Charging Time, Battery Life and Safety. Musaliyarakam, Najid Ali In: SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference, 9, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 9 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-28-0150 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-28-0150 The relevance of Hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) / Electrical vehicles (EV) is seen as never before due to global call for the reduction in carbon foot print. In such a scenario HEV/EV has a greater role to play. But as years pass by there are still a few technological challenges which makes the automotive world a bit skeptical about the immediate and complete take over by HEV/EV. As of now Li-ion cells are the front runner as a favorite to various automotive OEM's as the stored energy source. The average time required to charge a Li-ion based vehicle ranges from 4-6 hours [Table 1].This paper analyses different charging methods/configurations based on different approaches in lit-eratures based on three critical parameters namely charging time, battery life and safety. ____________________________________________________________ - 042 -

A Novel Type of Wireless V2H System with a Bidirectional Single-Ended Inverter Drive Resonant IPT. Omori, Hideki; Ohara, Shinya; Kimura, Noriyuki; Morizane, Toshimitsu; Nakaoka, Mutuo In: Journal of Electrical & Electronic Systems * Band 5 (2016) Heft 3, Seite 1-8 (8 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0796.1000200 Electric vehicles (EV) offer promise as an effective solution to environmental problems. One of the keys to their suc-cessful diffusion is the provision of adequate battery charging infrastructure. In order to create a charging infrastruc-ture by installing equipment in such as locations as carports in private homes, the wireless battery charging system is very suitable. EVs can be used in smart house systems to supplement the energy storage. This vehicle to home


(V2H) system essentially requires a bidirectional power transfer feature between the EV and home. This paper pre-sents a new bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) system for wireless V2H with simplest components and low cost aiming at wide diffusion for home use. Proposed is a novel type of bidirectional wireless EV charging system with an efficient and compact type single-ended quasi-resonant high-frequency inverter for V2H. ____________________________________________________________ - 043 -

Designing a Robust Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Using a Modified Parameter Diagram. Arora, Shashank; Shen, Weixiang; Kapoor, Ajay In: APAC, Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference, 18, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 13 Quel-len), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0041 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0041 Battery packs are highly sensitive to operating environment and their interactions with other systems in electric vehi-cles (EVs). Control of the operating environment and understanding of the influences of these interactions on battery performances are required to maximise their energy capacity and cycle life in EVs. This paper presents a modified parameter diagram (P-diagram) which is a part of systematic effort to design a robust battery pack. In the modified P-diagram, the physical inputs that affect the performance of a battery pack are identified and categorised into noise factors and control factors, where the former limits the performance and the latter can be used to improve it. Different noise factors are conceptually analysed in conjunction with various control factors and graded according to their rela-tive influence on the performance of a battery pack. The performance is measured in terms of ideal function output and potential error states. The error states are subsequently broken down into inherent losses and undesired re-sponse(s). With such systematic understanding, a robust battery back can be designed for EVs. ____________________________________________________________ - 044 -

Energetische und ökologische Bewertung hybrider Antriebe im städtischen Busverkehr. Rupp, Matthias; Kuperjans, Isabel; Schulze, Sven In: CVT, Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium, 4, in: Berichte aus der Fahrzeugtechnik * (2016) Seite 227-236 (10 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 31 Quellen) Aachen: Shaker http://www.shaker.eu/shop/978-3-8440-4229-0 In Anbetracht weltweit zunehmend strengerer klimapolitischer Ziele steigt auch der Druck für Nutzfahrzeughersteller, effizientere und umweltfreundlichere Technologien zu entwickeln. Den Blick bei der Bewertung dieser ausschließlich auf die Fahrzeugnutzung zu richten, ist längst nicht mehr zufriedenstellend. Im Rahmen dieser Analyse wird ein ge-genwärtig auf dem Markt erwerblicher und in deutschen Städten bereits seit Jahren betriebener Hybridbus energe-tisch und ökologisch mit einem konventionell angetriebenen, nahezu baugleichen Modell entlang des Lebensweges bewertet. Nach Definition von Ziel und Untersuchungsrahmen wird ein Überblick auf bereits durchgeführte Lebens-zyklusanalysen zu Hybridbussen im Stadtverkehr gegeben und Schlussfolgerungen für die anschließende Analyse abgeleitet. Diese wird im Rahmen einer energetischen und ökologischen Bewertung beider Produktsysteme anhand der Parameter "Primärenergieeinsatz" und "CO2äq Emissionen" praktiziert. Der Fahrzeugrumpf beider Fahrzeuge des gleichen Modells wird dabei als einheitlich angenommen, sodass bei dem Vergleich der Herstellung vereinfacht nur die sich unterscheidenden Komponenten des Antriebstranges berücksichtigt werden. Die Resultate der Wir-kungsabschätzung werden als Differenz des Hybridbusses gegenüber dem Referenzfahrzeug über die einzelnen Lebenszyklusphasen dargestellt. Schließlich werden Prognosen getroffen, ab welcher Strecke die bei der Herstellung erzeugten höheren CO2äq Emissionen des Hybridantriebstranges gegenüber dem Referenzmodell ausgeglichen werden. ____________________________________________________________ - 045 -

Effects of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging on Battery Life and Vehicle Performance. Shirk, Matthew; Wishart, Jeffrey In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 6 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1190 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1190 As part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity, four new 2012 Nissan Leaf battery electric vehicles were instrumented with data loggers and operated over a fixed on-road test cycle. Each vehicle was operated over the test route, and charged twice daily. Two vehicles were charged exclusively by AC level two electric vehicle supply equipment, while two were exclusively DC fast charged with a 50 kilowatt fast charger. The vehicles were performance tested on a closed test track when new, and after accumulation of 50,000 miles. The traction bat-tery packs were removed and laboratory tested when the vehicles were new, and at 10,000-mile intervals throughout on-road mile accumulation. Battery tests performed include constant-current discharge capacity, electric vehicle pulse power characterization test, and low peak power tests. The data collected over 50,000 miles of driving, charging, and rest are analyzed, including the resulting thermal conditions and power and cycle demands placed upon the battery. Battery performance metrics including capacity, internal resistance, and power capability obtained from laboratory testing throughout the test program are analyzed. Results are compared within and between the two groups of vehi-cles over the test period. Specifically, the impacts on battery performance, as measured by laboratory and track test


ing, are explored as they relate to battery usage and variations in conditions encountered, with a primary focus on effects due to the differences between AC level two and DC fast charging. The contrast between battery performance degradation and the effect on vehicle performance is also explored. ____________________________________________________________ - 046 -

A Swappable Battery Pack for Short-Range Electric Vehicles. Choate, Matthew; Meeth, Jake; Christianson, Caleb; Collins, Patrick; Depcik, Christopher In: IMECE, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2014 * (2014) Seite V012T15A009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-37080 As the flaws of fossil fuels become more ever-apparent, alternatives are being developed to fill the gap. There has been a large initiative to produce electric vehicles (EVs) to replace internal combustion engines (ICE) that currently populate the roads. However, EVs are less capable of traveling greater distances and providing as much power as ICE vehicles; but when used at slow speeds and for short commutes, EVs are operationally cheaper and a more ef-fective means of transportation. By utilizing a Global Electric Motorcar (GEM) that is currently in disrepair on a univer-sity campus, an analysis of benefits and costs of replacing the conventional lead acid batteries with lithium batteries can be done. To improve the utility of the vehicle, the batteries were placed in a removable battery pack to promote ease of battery exchange. In addition, a battery drawer was added to the vehicle providing the ability to rapidly ex-change battery packs to facilitate a longer working day. The renovation will increase battery and usage efficiency, ameliorating the effectiveness of the vehicle in transporting personnel and recycling while improving the campus envi-ronmental impact and outlook. This effort, as part of an undergraduate capstone design class, describes the theory that went into designing the pack capacity, the design of the battery drawer and pack, along with the construction of the system. Preliminary results of driving the upgraded GEM vehicle are also presented. ____________________________________________________________ - 047 -

A Methodological Approach for Supporting the Thermal Design of Li-Ion Battery for Customized Electric Ve-hicles. Landi, Daniele; Cicconi, Paolo; Germani, Michele In: IMECE, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2014 * (2014) Seite V011T14A046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-37931 An important issue in the mechanical industry is the reduction of the time to market, in order to meet quickly the cus-tomer needs. This goal is very important for SMEs that produce small lots of customized products. In the context of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, vehicles powered by electric motors seem to be the most suitable alternative to the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The market of customized electric vehicles is a niche market suit-able for SMEs. Nowadays, the energy storage system of an electric vehicle powertrain consists of several Li-ion cells arranged in a container called battery pack. Particularly, the battery unit is considered as the most critical component in electric vehicle, because it impacts on performance and life cycle cost. Currently, the design of a battery pack mostly depends on the related market size. A longer design time is expected in the case of a large scale production. While a small customized production requires more agility and velocity in the design process. The proposed research focuses on a design methodology to support the designer in the evaluation of the battery thermal behavior. This work has been applied in the context of a customized small production. As test case, an urban electric light commercial vehicle has been analyzed. The designed battery layout has been evaluated and simulated using virtual prototyping tools. A cooling configuration has been analyzed and then prototyped in a physical vehicle. The virtual thermal be-havior of a Li-ion battery has been validated at the test bench. The real operational conditions have been analyzed reproducing several ECE-15 driving cycles and many acceleration runs at different load values. Thermocouples have measured the temperature values during the physical experiments, in order to validate the analytical thermal profile evaluated with the proposed design approach. ____________________________________________________________ - 048 -

A Feasibility Study on Effect of Battery and Driving Conditions on Performance of an Electric Bus. Premvaranon, Piyapong; Soparat, Jenwit; Teralapsuwan, Apichart; Sritham, Wuttipong; Benyajati, Chi-na; Tawee-wong, Nathapol In: ICAE, International Conference on Automotive Engineering, 11, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 20 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0101 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0101 Due to recent oil price crisis and an ever-increasing public awareness on environmental issues, an interest in electric vehicles (EV) has increased tremendously in Thailand and other Asian countries over the last few years. In this study, a prototype of 9-metre battery electric vehicle (BEV) bus was chosen as a vehicle of interest to undergo a series of field test by operating the lead acid battery powered electric bus in order to estimate a power demand of the bus as well as to evaluate a battery performance characteristic Two different types of battery were employed in this study i.e. a flooded-type deep cycle lead acid battery and a valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery. The effect of different driving modes available from the drive motor i.e. normal, max power, max range, as well as regenerative braking fea-


ture would be investigated while an influence of drivers were also taken into account to ensure the repeatability of the obtained results. According to the field test results, the different electrical characteristics of each battery type and driving conditions directly affected the performance of the electric bus in aspect of power demand, range per charge. Moreover, the regenerative braking feature was found to improve the overall operating distance of the bus as well as providing an extra deceleration over the mechanical brakes. The results from this study would then be used to deter-mine the most appropriated driving parameters, including charging routines, for application of the EV bus as an uni-versity campus fleet in the next phase of the ongoing project. ____________________________________________________________ - 049 -

ICE Motorcycle and Electric Motorcycle: Environmental and Economic Analysis. Tuayharn, Kowit; Kaewtatip, Pongpan; Ruangjirakit, Kitchanon; Limthongkul, Pimpa In: ICAE, International Conference on Automotive Engineering, 11, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 9 Quel-len), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0100 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0100 The increasing concern to reduce greenhouse gas emission has prompted a demand to increase by increasing en-ergy usage efficiency and reducing energy demands in various sectors. Introducing electric vehicles which would give the user more choices to acquire energy for the use for transportation vs. that of internal combustion engine would be a way to reduce such greenhouse gas. Since the most popular transportation mean in Thailand, motorcycle, up-surges to over 58% of all registered vehicles which is interesting to see that electric motorcycle would be able to help reduce greenhouse gases and whether the cost of owning electric motorcycle is exceeding the normal internal com-bustion engine motorcycle. This research elaborates fuel consumption rate and emission of the internal combustion engine by using the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE-101) standard driving cycle vs that of the electric motor-cycle. ICE motorcycle's fuel consumption was found to be 1.94 Lge/100 km with the release of CO2 equals to 43.59 g/km. On the other hand, the electric motorcycle selected was found to be 0.27 Lge/100 km with the release of CO2 (well-to-tank) is at 20.67 g/km if electricity used is generated from coal, and 10.7 g/km if electricity used is generated from natural gas. Analysis of the total cost of ownership over 10 years shows electric motorcycle could save up to over 20%. ____________________________________________________________ - 050 -

Will Your Battery Survive a World With Fast Chargers?. Neubauer, Jeremy S.; Wood, Eric In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 31 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1196 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1196 Fast charging is attractive to battery electric vehicle (BEV) drivers for its ability to enable long-distance travel and to quickly recharge depleted batteries on short notice. However, such aggressive charging and the sustained vehicle operation that results could lead to excessive battery temperatures and degradation. Properly assessing the conse-quences of fast charging requires accounting for disparate cycling, heating, and aging of individual cells in large BEV packs when subjected to realistic travel patterns, usage of fast chargers, and climates over long durations (i.e., years). The U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office has supported the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's development of BLAST-V-the Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool for Vehicles-to create a tool capable of accounting for all of these factors. We present on the findings of applying this tool to realistic fast charge scenarios. The effects of different travel patterns, climates, battery sizes, battery thermal management systems, and other factors on battery performance and degradation are presented. We find that the impact of realistic fast charging on battery degradation is minimal for most drivers, due to the low frequency of use. However, in the absence of active battery cooling systems, a driver's desired utilization of a BEV and fast charging infrastructure can result in unsafe peak battery temperatures. We find that active battery cooling systems can control peak battery temperatures to safe limits while allowing the desired use of the vehicle. ____________________________________________________________ - 051 -

A review on separators for lithium--sulfur battery: Progress and prospects. Deng, Nanping; Kang, Weimin; Liu, Yanbo; Ju, Jingge; Wu, Dayong; Li, Lei; Hassan, Bukhari Samman; Cheng, Bo-wen In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 331 (2016) Seite 132-155 (24 Seiten, 152 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.044 Lithium-sulfur battery is considered as one of high performance batteries of the new generation owing to its extremely high theoretical capacity, energy density, good environmental protection and low cost. These features make it of great significance to serve as the next-generation battery especially in electric vehicles and portable devices. How-ever, the practical application of lithium-sulfur battery is still hindered due to some obstacles including the low electri-cal and ionic conductivity of elemental sulfur, the discharge product Li2S and the "shuttle effect" caused by the dis-solved polysulfide species. In this review, the current trends, fundamental studies and developments for lithium-sulfur battery separators including some modified functional and novel battery separators with the customized structure designs are presented and reviewed. The effects of different selections and the resulting properties of the separators


affecting the overall lithium-sulfur battery performances are discussed as well. The current research directions and challenges associated with the use of battery separator and the future perspectives for this class of the battery sepa-rator are concluded as well. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 052 -

Analysis of Energy Consumption on Typical Main Cylinder Booster Based Brake-by-Wire System. Yu, Liangyao; Liu, Xiaohui; Liu, Xiaoxue In: Annual SAE Brake Colloquium & Exhibition, 34, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 26 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1955 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1955 The traditional vacuum booster is gradually replaced by Brake-by-Wire system (BBW) in modern passenger car, es-pecially Electric Vehicle (EV). Some mechanical and hydraulic components are replaced by electronic components in Brake-by-Wire system. Using BBW system in modern passenger vehicles can not only improve the automotive safety performance, reliability and stability, but also promote vehicle maneuverability, comfort, fuel economy and environ-mental protection. Although vehicle's braking performance is greatly improved by using BBW, the system will inevita-bly consume some energy of the vehicle power supply, thus introducing unexpected drawback in comparison with the traditional vacuum assist braking system, since it doesn't need any electric power. Therefore, the analysis of energy consumption on typical main cylinder booster based BBW system under typical driving cycles will contribute to ad-vanced design of current advanced braking system. In this paper, energy consumption of the typical main cylinder booster based BBW system is simulated by changing the brake response time and reduction ratio of the system un-der different driving cycles. The average power needed of conventional BBW system is also calculated. Energy con-sumption of the conventional and typical main cylinder booster based BBW systems is compared. The results show that the energy consumption of the typical main cylinder booster based BBW system is around 30W~60W which is obvious better than the conventional BBW system with power need of 500W under typical driving cycles, such as USDC, EDC and JDC. The energy consumption of the Brake-by-Wire system can be reduced obviously through an optimal design on parameters of the system's actuator. ____________________________________________________________ - 053 -

Deployment of Fuel Cell Electric Buses in Transit Agencies: Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Scenarios. Castillo, Analy; Samuelsen, Scott; Shaffer, Brendan In: ES, ASME International Conference on Energy Sustainability, 9 * (2015) Seite V002T16A005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ES2015-49313 For transit agencies looking to implement Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV), Fuel Cell Electric Buses (FCEBs) represent an opportunity because of the similar range and refueling times compared to conventional buses, but with improved fuel economy. To assure an environmentally sensitive hydrogen infrastructure that can respond to the wide range of needs and limitations of transit agencies, a systematic evaluation of options is essential. This paper illustrates the systematic evaluation of different hydrogen infrastructure scenarios for a transit agency. The Orange County Trans-portation Authority (OCTA) in California was selected for the study. Three different hydrogen infrastructure configura-tions are evaluated and compared to the existing paradigm of compressed natural gas buses and diesel buses. One additional scenario is analyzed in order to compare feasibility and environmental benefits of FCEBs with Plug-in Elec-tric Buses. Each scenario represents (1) a specific mix and percentage of contribution from the various hydrogen generation technologies (e.g., on-site electrolysis, central SMR, and on-site SMR), (2) defined paths to obtain the corresponding feedstock for each generation process (e.g., biogas, natural gas, renewable energies), (3) detailed hydrogen distribution system (e.g., mix of gaseous/liquid truck delivery), and (4) the spatial allocation of the genera-tion location and fueling locations (e.g., on-site / off-site refueling station) while also accounting for constraints spe-cific to the OCTA bases. This systematic evaluation provides Well-to-Wheel (WTW) impacts of energy and water consumption, greenhouse gases and criteria pollutant emissions of the processes and infrastructure required to de-ploy FCEBs and Plug-in Electric Buses at OCTA. In addition, this evaluation includes a detailed analysis of the space requirements and operations modifications that may be necessary, but yet feasible, for the placement of such infra-structure. ____________________________________________________________ - 054 -

The market value of renewable electricity - Which factors really matter?. Winkler, Jenny; Pudlik, Martin; Ragwitz, Mario; Pfluger, Benjamin In: Applied Energy * Band 184 (2016) Seite 464-481 (18 Seiten, 45 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.112 The development of renewable energy technologies, their future market integration, and support scheme design de-pends crucially on the market value of electricity from renewable sources. The literature shows that there are many factors that potentially influence these market values. However, existing studies are limited in mostly just analyzing the influence of these factors individually or at most the combined effects of only two factors. In this study, a large number of scenarios for possible future electricity systems and the resulting market values are calculated. Results are assessed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis to identify the most important factors influencing market


values. Therefore, we are able to quantitatively analyze the individual impacts of a complex combination of flexibility options, which can facilitate more informed strategies by policy markers, regulators, and market participants regard-ing system flexibility options. We show here that the development of CO2 and gas prices, as well as the conventional capacity mix is crucial for the development of renewable electricity market values. System flexibility including must-run requirements, heat grids and electric mobility become relevant at higher technology-specific market shares for both photovoltaics and onshore wind. Storage only influences photovoltaics market values even though assumed storage capacities and volume are high. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 055 -

Passenger vehicles that minimize the costs of ownership and environmental damages in the Indian market. Gilmore, Elisabeth A.; Patwardhan, Anand In: Applied Energy * Band 184 (2016) Seite 863-872 (10 Seiten, 52 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.096 Rapid expansion of population and income growth in developing countries, such as India, is increasing the demand for many goods and services, including four-wheeled passenger cars. Passenger cars provide personal mobility; however, they also have negative implications for human wellbeing from increased air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHG). Here, we evaluate the range of passenger vehicles available in the Indian market to identify options that minimize costs, human health effects and climate damages. Our approach is to compare alternative fuel/powertrain vehicles with similar conventional gasoline fueled vehicles and assess the differences in full (private and societal) costs for each pair. Private costs are the combination of capital costs and the discounted expected fu-ture fuel costs over the vehicle lifetime. The costs to human health from air quality are calculated using intake frac-tions to estimate exposure and literature values for the damage costs adjusted by benefits transfer methods. We use the Social Cost of Carbon to estimate climate damages. We find that, on average, the net present value (NPV) of the full costs of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles are lower than comparable gasoline vehicles, while, diesel vehi-cles have higher costs. Presently, electric vehicles have higher private costs (due to high capital costs) and societal costs (due to electricity generation emissions). Either a less carbon intensive electricity grid or an increase in the CNG fleet would minimize total costs, human health effects and GHG emissions from the passenger vehicle fleet. Policy makers should consider promoting the use of CNG vehicles, although this would require supporting infrastruc-ture improvements. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 056 -

Exploration of dispatch model integrating wind generators and electric vehicles. Haque, A.N.M.M.; Ibn Saif, A.U.N.; Nguyen, P.H.; Torbaghan, S.S. In: Applied Energy * Band 183 (2016) Seite 1441-1451 (11 Seiten, 45 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.078 In recent years, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity generation mix has been expanding rapidly. However, limited predictability of the RES poses challenges for traditional scheduling and dispatching mechanisms based on unit commitment (UC) and economic dispatch (ED). This paper presents an advanced UC-ED model to incorporate wind generators as RES-based units alongside conventional centralized generators. In the pro-posed UC-ED model, an imbalance cost is introduced reflecting the wind generation uncertainty along with the mar-ginal generation cost. The proposed UC-ED model aims to utilize the flexibility of fleets of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to optimally compensate for the wind generation uncertainty. A case study with 15 conventional units and 3 wind farms along with a fixed-sized PEV fleet demonstrates that shifting of PEV fleets charging at times of high wind availability realizes generation cost savings. Nevertheless, the operational cost saving incurred by controlled charging appears to diminish when dispatched wind energy becomes considerably larger than the charging energy of PEV fleets. Further analysis of the results reveals that the effectiveness of PEV control strategy in terms of CO2 emission reduction is strongly coupled with generation mix and the proposed control strategy is favored in cases where less pollutant-based plants like nuclear and hydro power are profoundly dominant. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 057 -

Long-term energy planning of Croatian power system using multi-objective optimization with focus on re-newable energy and integration of electric vehicles. Prebeg, Pero; Gasparovic, Goran; Krajacic, Goran; Duic, Neven In: Applied Energy * Band 184 (2016) Seite 1493-1507 (15 Seiten, 50 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.086 Due to the stochastic nature and variability of renewable energy sources (RES), it is necessary to integrate still ex-pensive storage capacities into an energy system with a high share of RES and to model appropriate energy market. The study presented here considers all energy carriers, however, only the electricity carrier is modeled in detail, with notion taken for the heating demand that is covered but without proper modeling of storage. A proposed two-level approach with multi-objective optimization on the global level, was used to design a Croatian Energy System (CES),


where electric vehicles (EVs) are integrated to serve as battery storage in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode, for a scenario between 2015 and 2050. In addition, case study includes nine aggregated hydro power plants, one for each river basin in Croatia. Also, case study includes solar and wind power plants modeled for six locations in Croatia: Osijek, Zagreb, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split and Dubrovnik. The resulting Pareto front suggests that with assumed future costs of fuels and technology certain level of conventional energy sources will have to remain in the energy system to take into the account unfavourable weather conditions and to cover heating demand, which also results in significantly lower load factors for those power plants. Also, variants with more RES share have lower total energy system load factor and significantly higher installed capacity. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 058 -

Fahren oder gefahren werden. Kühn, Mandy In: SMM Schweizer Maschinenmarkt * Band 117 (2016) Heft 25/26, Seite 42-45 (4 Seiten, Bilder) Nach der Arbeit erstmal Füsse hochlegen und Zeitung lesen - während einen das Auto sicher nach Hause bringt. Sogar die Parkplatzsuche übernimmt das schlaue Fahrzeug in Eigenregie. Ab 2030 könnte der Feierabend dank selbstfahrender Autos wesentlich entspannter werden. So vielversprechend die Möglichkeiten des automatisierten Fahrens auch sind, sie werden sich nur durchsetzen, wenn wir Mobilität neu denken und selbstfahrende Autos in ganzheitliche Verkehrskonzepte einbinden. So kann etwa Car Sharing zum Treiber für autonomes Fahren werden. Denn Menschen lassen sich eher überzeugen, wenn sie ohne grossen Aufwand und Investition mit der Technik in Berührung kommen. Fraunhofer-Forscherarbeiten daran, autonome Fahrzeuge intelligent in den Alltag von morgen zu integrieren - unter anderem sollen sie selbstständig Ladestationen in Parkhäusern finden oder als Car-Sharing-Fahrzeuge autonom zum nächsten Einsatzort fahren. Zudem gilt es, neue Geschäftsmodelle zu entwickeln. So erfor-schen Wissenschaftler am Fraunhofer IAO, womit wir uns künftig im Auto beschäftigen werden. Welche neuen Servi-ces sind im Auto denkbar, wenn die Insassen plötzlich mehr Zeit haben? Wird es gar einen App-Store für Nebentä-tigkeiten wie Musikhören oder Filmeschauen geben? ____________________________________________________________ - 059 -

Retail Infrastructure Costs Comparison for Hydrogen and Electricity for Light-Duty Vehicles. Melaina, Marc W. In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 19 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1969 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1969 Both hydrogen and plug-in electric vehicles offer significant social and environmental benefits to enhance energy security and reduce criteria and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. However, the rollout of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and hydrogen retail stations (HRS) requires substantial investments with high risks due to many uncertainties. We compare retail infrastructure costs on a common basis - cost per mile, as-suming fueling service to 10% of all light-duty vehicles in a typical 1.5 million person city in 2025. Our analysis con-siders three HRS sizes, four distinct types of EVSE and two distinct EVSE scenarios. EVSE station costs, including equipment and installation, are assumed to be 15% less than today's costs. We find that levelized retail capital costs per mile are essentially indistinguishable given the uncertainty and variability around input assumptions. Total fuel costs per mile for battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) are, respectively, 21% lower and 13% lower than that for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) under the home-dominant scenario. Including fuel economies and vehicle costs makes FCEVs and BEVs comparable in terms of costs per mile, and PHEVs are about 10% less than FCEVs and BEVs. To account for geographic variability in energy prices and hydrogen delivery costs, we use the Scenario Evaluation, Regionalization and Analysis (SERA) model and confirm the aforementioned esti-mate of cost per mile, nationally averaged, and estimate a 15% variability in regional costs of FCEVs and a 5% vari-ability in regional costs for BEVs. ____________________________________________________________ - 060 -

Smart Charging Standards for Plug-In Electric Vehicles. Scholer, Richard A.; McGlynn, Hank In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 6 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1823 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1823 This paper is the fifth in the series of documents designed to identify the progress on the SAE Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) communication task force that follows 2010-01-0837, 2011-01-0866, 2012-01-1036 and 2013-01-1475. The primary focus of this paper is to discuss the most recent revision of J2847/1 [1], which deals with Smart Charging applications, plus the initial release of J2847/3 [2], which can be thought of as dealing with "Smart Discharging" appli-cations. Both documents are based on the use of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2) Application Protocol Standard (V1.0) which was completed by the ZigBee Alliance in April 2013. The standard was then accepted by the IEEE and subsequently released as IEEE 2030.5 [3]. SEP2 started with a Marketing Requirements Document (MRD) that J2836/1(TM) [4]expanded for the automotive Use Cases for Smart Charging, The MRD was then used to generate


the SEP2 Technical Requirements Document (TRD) that set the automotive requirements in J2931/1 [5]. The TRD was used to generate a SEP2 Application Spec where the specific automotive sequence diagrams, signals and mes-sages are contained in J2847/1. From the SAE progression, J2836/1(TM) Use Cases set the requirements for the signals and messages in J2847/1. J2836/3(TM) [6] contains the Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Use Cases for J2847/3 signals and messages, and J2931/1 contains the protocol requirements for all the SAE Plug-in Electric Vehi-cle communication documents. ____________________________________________________________ - 061 -

Battery Electric Bus Simulator - A Tool for Energy Consumption Analysis. Rios, Jackeline; Sauras-Perez, Pablo; Gil, Andrea; Lorico, Andre; Taiber, Joachim; Pisu, Pierluigi In: COMVEC, SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 15 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2435 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2435 This paper presents the design, implementation and validation of a forward simulator for a battery electric bus, devel-oped in MATLAB/Simulink. This simulator allows performing energy consumption analyses for different bus routes. In addition, a user can modify some parameters that affect the powertrain operation to understand their influence in the energy consumption of the bus. These analyses allow the electric bus manufacturers to adapt their powertrain de-signs and control strategies for different transit agencies with different routes and energy requirements. The simulator was validated using real data from a battery electric bus. The results showed a good correlation between the real and the simulated data. In particular, the absolute error between the real and the simulated State of Charge (SOC), which is one of the most important parameters for this kind of vehicles, was 3.24%. ____________________________________________________________ - 062 -

Optimization Energy Management Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric City Bus Based on Driving Cycle Pre-diction. Huang, DengGao; Xie, Hui; Xiong, Shuo; Shen, Tielong; Qiang, Sun; Zhang, Ruichang In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 24 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1241 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1241 The fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric city bus (PHEV) is deeply affected by driving cycle and travel distance. To improve the adaption of energy management strategy, the equivalent coefficient of fuel is the key parameter that needs to be pre-optimized based on the predicted driving cycle. An iterative learning method was proposed and im-plemented in order to get the best equivalent coefficient based on the predicted driving cycle and battery capacity. In the iterative learning method, the energy model and kinematics model of the bus were built. The ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy) method was applied to obtain the best fuel economy with the given equivalent coefficient. The driving paths and running time of city buses were relatively fixed comparing with other vehicles, and their driving cycle can be predicted by route content. The proposed optimized strategy was applied on the factory sets of plug-in hybrid electric city bus. In general case, energy management strategies of PHEV bus are often devel-oped by several standard driving cycles, which are different with realistic driving condition. However, in this case, the energy management strategies were pre-optimized based on the future target application environment. The results indicate that the pre-optimized city bus can get better fuel economy and the profiles of battery SOC (State of charge) are well planned. The optimized strategy is also adequate for other types of PHEV vehicles, which are sensitive to driving cycle. ____________________________________________________________ - 063 -

Temperature Management of Li-Ion Battery Pack for Stop and Start System. Suenaga, Takao; Jo, Takahiro In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 2 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1864 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1864 The automotive industry is placing high importance on technologies that can reduce CO2, even in a highly fuel-efficient compact car. One major technology is Stop & Start(S&S) System, with a combined energy regeneration sys-tem. A key component of the system is a power supply storage device that has high-charge acceptance, light weight, and compact size. We believe a Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery completely meets these requirements. For the battery, there are three key points: *- 1) Battery cell specification; *- 2) State Of Charge (SOC) detection method; *- 3) Tem-perature management for Li-ion battery. We have already proposed the battery cell and the SOC detection during SAE 2013, and now we are going to introduce "Temperature Management". If the temperature of a Li-ion battery op-erates over 60 °C, the battery could be severely damaged. Therefore, temperature management of the battery is very important. Conventionally, the temperature is managed by several thermistors and a cooling fan. However, this method is difficult to install in a compact car where cost and space are limited. We have developed our battery pack with the flexibility that allows it to be put in a compact car. The pack has two features: *- 1) One thermistor measures


the temperature of one of the cells, and then the temperature of all the cells is calculated using a secondary tempera-ture off of the control board. *- 2) The temperature of the battery is controlled by natural cooling. We succeeded to install this system in a compact car through our new temperature management. ____________________________________________________________ - 064 -

The Combined Braking Energy Management Strategy to Maximize Energy Recovery. Xu, Yingxiao; Guo, Xuexun; Tan, Gangfeng; Li, Jiawei; Zhou, Yongchi; Ji, Yangjie; Yu, LiWen In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 17 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-0453 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0453 Eddy current retarder (ECR) shares a large market of auxiliary brakes in China, but shortcomings of the short con-tinuous braking time and the high additional energy consumption are also obvious. The propose of combined braking partakes the braking torque of ECR. However, the existed serial-parallel braking strategy could hardly balance well the relationship between the braking stability and the energy recovery efficiency. This research puts forward an en-ergy management strategy of combined braking system which aims to maximize energy recovery while ensure the brake stability. The motor speed, the braking request and the state of charge (SoC) of the storage module are ana-lyzed synthetically to calculate the reasonable braking torque distribution proportion. And the recovered energy is priority for using in the braking unit to reduce the additional energy consumption in this strategy. First of all, the effect of the "electric-electric" combined braking mode on the braking performance is analyzed, and the mathematic model is set up. After that, three-input variables fuzzy controller is designed in MATLAB/Simulink to infer the braking torque distribution proportion, and its feasibility is proved through the simulation of combined braking conditions. Finally, the effect of this strategy on the combined braking efficiency and retarder's braking stability are analyzed synthetically. The results demonstrate that: this strategy prolongs the stable working time of the combined braking system on the long downhill road, gives full play to the auxiliary braking effect of ECR and improves the braking energy reclaiming ratio to make up for the electric consumption of ECR on the precondition of the braking safety and stability. ____________________________________________________________ - 065 -

Experimental Demonstration of Smart Charging and Demand Response for Plug-in Electric Vehicles Based on SAE Standards. Shimizu, Takayuki; Yokoyama, Akihisa; Sato, Kazuma; Kumita, Kunihiko In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 13 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0301 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0301 In this paper, we present an implementation of smart charging systems for plug-in electric vehicles based on off-the-shelf communication protocols for smart grids including SAE J2836/2847/J2931 standards and SEP 2.0. In this sys-tem, the charging schedule is optimized so that it supplies sufficient electricity for the next trip and also minimizes the charging cost under given time-of-use rate structures while it follows demand response events requested by a utility. Also, users can control charging schedule and check the current status of charging through application software of tablet computers. To validate the effectiveness of the developed smart charging system, we conducted experimental demonstration in which a total of 10 customers of Duke Energy regularly used our developed system for approxi-mately one year with simulated time-of-use rate structures and demand response events. We show the users' accep-tance for the system usability and demand response events, the cost benefits for users without forcing their patience, and the impact on peak demand shift by the user-friendly system. ____________________________________________________________ - 066 -

Green Wheel Loader - Operating Strategy of an Energy Efficient Hybrid Drive Train. Schneider, Markus; Koch, Oliver; Weber, Juergen In: COMVEC, SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 19 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2400 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2400 Today's mobile machines still offer vast potentials regarding energy efficiency, which can be exploited by increasing the efficiency of drive train subsystems and optimising their interaction. Within the research project "TEAM", the most promising drive train technology currently available is incorporated into a wheel loader in order to demonstrate the fuel savings possible through highly efficient subsystems and adapted operating strategies. This contribution gives an overview over the machine's drive train structure and explains the developed operating strategy in detail. Fuel saving estimations obtained by system simulation are shown. Furthermore, the intended use of the parallel hybrid and its impact on machine efficiency and functionality is discussed. ____________________________________________________________


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A Novel Method for Estimation of State of Charge of Lithium-ion Battery using Extended Kalman Filter. Dheenadhayalan, Padmanaban; Nair, Anush; Manalikandy, Mithun; Reghu, Anurag; John, Jacob; Rani, V.S. In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 22 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1183 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1183 Hybrid and electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular these days owing to concerns over exhaustion of conventional fuel sources, pollution from combustion, as well as high carbon foot print of these fuels. Lithium-ion bat-teries are widely preferred as the source of power for hybrid and electric vehicles because of their high monomer voltage and high energy density. Accurate estimation of the State of Charge (SoC) of battery is crucial in the electric vehicle. It provides the information on the range of operation of the vehicle. It also ensures the safety and reliability of the battery unit. Accurate State of Charge estimation also enables more optimized battery pack design for the electric vehicle. Conventional methods for State of Charge estimation such as Coulomb counting and Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) measurement suffer from inaccuracies and is affected by noise during the vehicle operation. This paper pro-poses a novel approach to accurately estimate State of Charge of Lithium-ion batteries based on Extended Kalman Filter. This method uses equivalent circuit of the Lithium-ion battery for the purpose of developing the state and ob-server equations of Extended Kalman Filter. ____________________________________________________________ - 068 -

Big-Data Based Online State of Charge Estimation and Energy Consumption Prediction for Electric Vehicles. Zhang, Zhiyun; Huang, Miaohua; Chen, Yupu; Gao, Dong In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 18 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1200 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1200 Whether the available energy of the on-board battery pack is enough for the driver's next trip is a major contributor in slowing the growth rate of Electric Vehicles (EVs). What's more, the actual capacity of the battery pack depend on so many factors that a real-time estimation of the state of charge of the battery pack is often difficult. We proposed a big-data based algorithm to build a battery pack dynamic model for the online state of charge estimation and a stochastic model for the energy consumption prediction. And the good performance of sensors, high-bandwidth communication systems and cloud servers make it convenient to measure and collect the related data, which are grouped into three categories: standard, historical and real-time data. First a resistance-capacitance (RC)-equivalent circuit is taken consideration to simplify the battery dynamics. And the nonlinear relationship between the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the state of charge (SOC) is described by five linear piecewise functions, achieving good fitting effect and accu-racy. The moving window recursive least square algorithm is utilized to identify the parameters of the battery model online with the historical and real-time data. A Luenberger state observer is used for online estimation of SOC, the estimation accuracy of which is not dependent on the actual capacity's value. Afterwards, giving more insight into the relationship between the received data from different sources and the estimated SOC, we take the objective law of energy consumption as a Gaussian distribution, which can provide the confidence interval analysis to confine deci-sion-making about whether to have the trip to the driver. ____________________________________________________________ - 069 -

The GM RWD PHEV Propulsion System for the Cadillac CT6 Luxury Sedan. Khan, Amanullah; Grewe, Timothy; Liu, Jinming; Anwar, Mohammad; Holmes, Alan; Balsley, Richard In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 4 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1159 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1159 This paper describes the capabilities of a new two-motor plug-in hybrid-electric propulsion system developed for rear wheel drive. The PHEV system comprises a 2.0L turbocharged 4-cylinder direct-injected gasoline engine with the new hybrid transmission [1], a new traction power inverter module, a liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery pack, and on-board battery charger and 12V power converter module. The capability and features of the system components are described, and component performance and vehicle data are reported. The resulting propulsion system provides an excellent combination of electric-only driving, acceleration, and fuel economy. ____________________________________________________________ - 070 -

Design and Implementation of a Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for the EcoCAR 2 Competition. Monaco, Chris D.; Golecki, Chris; Sattler, Benjamin; Haworth, Daniel C.; Mayer, Jeffrey S.; Neal, Gary In: SAE International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 , Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2909 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2909 As one of the fifteen universities in North America taking part in the EcoCAR 2: Plugging into the Future competition, The Pennsylvania State University Advanced Vehicle Team (PSUAVT) designed and implemented a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) that reduces fuel consumption and emissions while maintaining high consumer ac-ceptability and safety standards. This architecture allows the vehicle to operate as a pure electric vehicle until the


Energy Storage System (ESS) State of Charge (SOC) is depleted. The Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) then supplements the battery to extend range beyond that of a purely electric vehicle. General Motors (GM) donated a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu for PSUAVT to use as the platform to implement the PSUAVT-selected series PHEV design. A 90 kW electric traction motor, a 16.2 kW-hr high capacity lithium-ion battery pack, and Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) are now inte-grated into the vehicle. The APU is a 750cc, two-cylinder engine running on an 85% ethanol/15% gasoline (E85) mix-ture coupled to an electric generator. Along with the challenges of properly mounting and integrating powertrain com-ponents, considerable effort was required to develop a proper hybrid control algorithm that maximizes overall system efficiency, minimizes harmful emissions, provides superior performance, and ensures safe, reliable operation. The PSUAVT has successfully integrated these multiple subsystems into a fully functioning refined series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that has achieved many of the PSUAVT and EcoCAR 2 Year 3 goals. ____________________________________________________________ - 071 -

Application of 48 Volt for Mild Hybrid Vehicles and High Power Loads. Kuypers, Malte In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 4 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1790 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1790 During the evolution of Hybrid vehicles as well as electrical vehicles the need for an additional Voltage level was de-fined for the utilization of high power loads like electrical compressors, electrical heaters as well as power steering and electrical pumps. The main systems benefit is the generation of approximately 12 kW electrical power by a tradi-tional belt driven Generator. This allows boost function for acceleration and recuperation for mild hybrid vehicles with the target to reduce up to 15% CO2 by keeping the traditional thermal based engines. Delphi has developed systems and components that meet the special 48 Volt related electrical requirements on arcing, hot plugging and corrosion. Our benefit is the long term expertise within the total system know how and the derived technical specification and needs. This includes connection systems for devices up to 7 kW power, 48 Volt distribution boxes and high power electronics, energy management as well as total systems fusing definition, wiring harness specific routing and design. ____________________________________________________________ - 072 -

Switching Algorithm aNd Cell DYnamics (S.A.N.DY), A Novel Approach for Optimum Discharging/Charging of a Lithium-Polymer Battery Pack for Hybrid/Electric Vehicles. Mishra, Jainendra In: SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference, 9, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 13 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-28-0156 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-28-0156 This paper suggests an Intelligent Control Algorithm for optimizing the charge and discharge of a battery pack used in a hybrid/electric vehicle. With precision control of voltage and current levels in secondary batteries, high performance and greater battery life can be achieved and the problems of overcharging and over discharging in batteries can be avoided. It uses cell isolation system, which controls the number of cells required specifically for an instantaneous load condition, thus reducing the overall internal resistance of battery pack, hence reduces losses due to heating. ____________________________________________________________ - 073 -

Simultaneous Estimation of the SOC and Parameters of Batteries for HEV/EV. Baba, Atsushi; Itabashi, Kinnosuke; Teranishi, Nozomu; Edamoto, Yoshihiro; Osamura, Kensuke; Maruta, Ichiro; Adachi, Shuichi In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 12 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1195 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1195 This paper proposes a battery state estimation on a battery management system (BMS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). It is important to estimate a state of charge (SOC) and parameters of the battery such as a state of health (SOH), internal resistances and dynamics of electrochemical reactions. The BMS can pro-vide information on the driving range of the EVs to the drivers by accurately estimating SOC and SOH. It can also calculate a state of power (SOP) to use the battery safely by accurately estimated SOC, internal resistances and oth-ers. For that purpose, this paper proposes the BMS adopted a simultaneous state of charge (SOC) and parameter estimation method using log-normalized unscented Kalman filter (LnUKF). The key idea is a lognormalization of the parameters to improve numerical stability and robustness of the algorithm. The proposed system is verified by a se-ries of simulations using experimental data with EVs. One of the SOC and parameter estimation results is for low temperature data on the chassis dynamometer. The proposed system can accurately estimate SOC and parameters of the battery without relying on the experimentally obtained data even if it is under the harsh conditions such as low temperature environment. As a result, it can accurately estimate SOH and SOP of the battery since they are esti-mated by using estimates of SOC and parameters of the battery. ____________________________________________________________


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Development of an Electric Motor for a Newly Developed Electric Vehicle. Nakada, Tohru; Ishikawa, Shigeaki; Oki, Shunji In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 3 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1879 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1879 This paper describes the development of the drive motor adopted on the newly developed 2013 Model Year (MY) electric vehicle (EV). Based on the 2011MY EV that was specifically designed and engineered for mass-production, the 2013MY powertrain integrates the electric motor, inverter and charging system into one unit in order to achieve downsizing and weight saving, unlike previous 2011 model which had these components segregated. In general, integration of all components into one unit causes deterioration of the noise and vibration performance of vehicles due to an increase in weight and the number of resonance parts. In order to overcome such problems associated with this integration, each component in the 2013 model has been optimized to reduce noise and vibration resulting in high degree of vehicle quietness. Since the electric motor is trigger for the noise and vibration in the vehicle, the elec-tromagnetic field circuit of the electric motor has been reformed and redesigned thoroughly. As a result, the noise and vibration performance of the electric motor has been significantly improved. Furthermore, by optimizing the shape of the electric motor and adopting the new permanent magnet, both improvement of the motor torque performance and downsizing and weight saving of the motor were implemented. This new magnet not only improves the motor torque performance but also significantly reduces the Heavy rare earth (Dysprosium) usage in the electric motor by 40% or more. ____________________________________________________________ - 075 -

Development of Real Time Mild Hybrid Simulation Model using Battery in Loop. Sharma, Ram Krishan; Verma, Pranay; Yadav, Anil; Khan, Mohammad In: SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference, 9, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 3 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-28-0031 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-28-0031 Battery modeling is of major concern going forward for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric vehicle (EV) model-ing. The major issue lies in characterizing the battery power, Charge acceptance and reaction to sudden load changes (transient behavior) in relation to battery's State of Charge (SOC). In particular modeling the battery is chal-lenging task as it requires a lot of test data to understand and validate modeled chemical and electrical characteris-tics in various operating conditions. Hence, the one of the ways of simulating Battery based Hybrid System is to use battery Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) or simply known as Battery-in-Loop (BIL). With this approach hybrid vehicle or more precisely battery management system (BMS) development time and cost can be significantly reduced by eliminating the detailed battery modeling. To understand the effectiveness of this approach, Battery Hardware-in-Loop test setup was developed. Except real battery, components and environment of the vehicle were virtually mod-eled. From the test results comparison was carried out between modeled and actual battery characteristics. ____________________________________________________________ - 076 -

Discrete Grid Optimization of a Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for a Formula Hybrid Electric Vehi-cle. Asfoor, M.S.; Beyerlein, Steven W.; Lilley, Rory; Santora, Michael In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 13 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1212 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1212 Fuel economy and energy consumption in hybrid electric powertrain vehicles are highly dependent on managing power flow requirements. This opportunity has been minimally addressed in previous vehicles entered in the Formula Hybrid SAE competition. This paper outlines a method for determining an optimal rule-based energy management strategy for a post-transmission parallel hybrid electric vehicle developed at the University of Idaho. A supervisory controller determines the proper power split ratio between the available power sources (electrical and thermal). A GT-Suite model was used to simulate powertrain performance based on inputs of a numerically predicted engine per-formance map, an electric motor characteristic curve, vehicle data, road load parameters derived from a roll-down test, and vehicle driving cycle. The controller parameters included a switching speed below which the vehicle oper-ated in electric mode (unless the battery state of charge was too low) and a power split ratio above the switching speed (provided the battery state of charge was adequate). The Artemis driving cycle which has an average speed of 30 mph and resembles the endurance course in the SAE Formula Hybrid competition, was the basis for the optimiza-tion study. Convergence was achieved in 272 iterations and resulted in a switching speed of 17.8 mph and a power split ratio above the switching speed of 24.5% electric energy and 75.5% thermal energy. This resulted in a 15% in-crease in fuel economy compared to a 50:50 energy split at all vehicle speeds. The optimization method is easily adaptable to other powertrain configurations and driving cycles, including the use of multiple switching speeds that would dynamically adjust the power split ratio. ____________________________________________________________


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Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Analysis of a Graphite/LiFePO4 Li-Ion Cell to Improve Its Durability. Mastali Majdabadi Kohneh, Mehrdad; Samadani, Ehsan; Farhad, Siamak; Fraser, Roydon; Fowler, Michael In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 40 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1182 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1182 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the best candidates as energy storage systems for automobile applications due to their high power and energy densities. However, durability in comparison to other battery chemistries contin-ues to be key factor in prevention of wide scale adoption by the automotive industry. In order to design more-durable, longer-life, batteries, reliable and predictive battery models are required. In this paper, an effective model for simulat-ing full-size LIBs is employed that can predict the operating voltage of the cell and the distribution of variables such as electrochemical current generation and battery state of charge (SOC). This predictive ability is used to examine the effect of parameters such as current collector thickness and tab location for the purpose of reducing non-uniform voltage and current distribution in the cell. It is identified that reducing the non-uniformities can reduce the ageing effects and increase the battery durability. Finally, it is observed that simply changing tab locations can change the degree of non-uniformity in electrochemical current generation from a max-min variation of 10% to 3% across the entire cell. ____________________________________________________________ - 078 -

Modeling and Evaluation of Li-Ion Battery Performance Based on the Electric Vehicle Field Tests. Samadani, Ehsan; Farhad, Siamak; Panchal, Satyam; Fraser, Roydon; Fowler, Michael In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 9 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1848 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1848 In this paper, initial results of Li-ion battery performance characterization through field tests are presented. A fully electrified Ford Escape that is equipped by three Li-ion battery packs (LiFeMnPO4) including an overall 20 modules in series is employed. The vehicle is in daily operation and data of driving including the powertrain and drive cycles as well as the charging data are being transferred through CAN bus to a data logger installed in the vehicle. A model of the vehicle is developed in the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) software based on the available techni-cal specification of the vehicle components. In this model, a simple resistive element in series with a voltage source represents the battery. Battery open circuit voltage (OCV) and internal resistance in charge and discharge mode are estimated as a function of the state of charge (SOC) from the collected test data. It is shown that although the OCV should be measured under no-load condition, still it can be estimated with an acceptable accuracy (~5%) from the driving data. Afterwards, performance of the battery model is evaluated in terms of prediction of state of charge (SOC), charged and discharged energy over several driving conditions as well as tracking the battery temperature profile. The model shows a high accuracy (within 5% error) in both cumulative energy and temperature prediction. Future work includes study of battery degradation incorporating real-life drive cycles. ____________________________________________________________ - 079 -

Thermal Behavior of Two Commercial Li-Ion Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Samadani, Ehsan; Gimenez, Leo; Scott, William; Farhad, Siamak; Fowler, Michael; Fraser, Roydon In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 22 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1840 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1840 In electrified vehicle applications, the heat generated of lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells may significantly affect the vehicle range and state of health (SOH) of the pack. Therefore, a major design task is creation of a battery thermal manage-ment system with suitable control and cooling strategies. To this end, the thermal behavior of Li-ion cells at various temperatures and operating conditions should be quantified. In this paper, two different commercial pouch cells for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are studied through comprehensive thermal performance tests. This study employs a fractional factorial design of experiments to reduce the number of tests required to characterize the behav-ior of fresh cells while minimizing the effects of ageing. At each test point, the effects of ambient temperature and charge/discharge rate on several types of cell efficiencies and surface heat generation is evaluated. A statistical thermal ramp rate model is suggested which enables fast and accurate determination of cell surface temperature and heat generation where the vehicle is started from cold or warm environments at a range of constant currents over the entire state of charge (SOC) range. ____________________________________________________________


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A Study on Dynamic Torque Cancellation in a Range Extender Unit. Liu, Dian; Rodrigues, Leon; Brace, Chris; Akehurst, Sam; Kirkpatrick, Gary; Ash, Lloyd In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 5 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1231 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1231 A range extended electric vehicle (REEV) has the benefit of zero pipeline emission for most of the daily commute driving using the full electric mode while maintaining the capability for a long-range trip without the requirement of stop-and-charge. This capability is provided by the on-board auxiliary power unit (APU) which is used to maintain the battery state of charge at a minimum limit. Due to the limited APU package size, a small capacity engine with low-cylindercount is normally used which inherently exposes more severe torque pulsation, that arises from a low firing frequency. By using vector control, it is feasible to vary the generator in-cycle torque to counteract the engine torque oscillation dynamically. This allows for a smoother operation of the APU with the possibility of reducing the size of the engine flywheel. In this paper, a series of motor/generator control torque patterns were applied with the aim of can-celling the engine in-cycle torque pulses. The correlation between the electric machine torque profile and the engine in-cycle speed variation was investigated. As more aggressive use of the electric machine was made to achieve bet-ter system operation characteristic, the electric losses become more significant compared to constant torque strategy, as does the thermal impact. The results showed that within the target APU specification, the optimum speed fluctua-tion reduction of 21.9% could be achieved, while the M/G's electric loss percentage rose from 3.5 to 4.7% at 4500 rpm. An upgrade for cooling circuit specification was not considered necessary since the electric loss only increased by 2.5%. The Pareto frontier was also plotted for total electric loss against peak-to-peak engine speed variation. ____________________________________________________________ - 081 -

HIL Development and Validation of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs. Lee, SoDuk; Cherry, Jeff; Lee, Byungho; McDonald, Joseph; Safoutin, Michael In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 10 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1863 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1863 A Battery Test Facility (BTF) has been constructed at United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to test various automotive battery packs for HEV, PHEV, and EV vehicles. Battery pack tests were performed in the BTF using a battery cycler, testing controllers, battery pack cooler, and a temperature controlled chamber. For e-machine testing and HEV power pack component testing, a variety of different battery packs are needed to power these de-vices to simulate in-vehicle conditions. For in-house e-machine testing and development, it is cost prohibitive to pur-chase a variety of battery packs, and also very time-consuming to interpret the battery management systems, CAN signals, and other interfaces for different vehicle manufacturers. Therefore, there is a need to accurately emulate battery pack voltage, power, current, State of Charge (SOC), etc. for testing e-machines as well as performing real-time HIL (Hardware-In-Loop) vehicle simulations by having the ability to instantly select a cell chemistry along with battery pack configuration such as cell capacity, number of cells in series/parallel, coolant type, etc. This paper pre-sents lithium-ion battery pack HIL development and validation integrated into the EPA Battery Test Facility. The bat-tery pack HIL model consists of lithium-ion cell chemistries, thermal characteristics, battery management system (BMS), and power limit controls. The HIL model of lithium-ion battery pack was validated by simultaneously running a real lithium-ion battery pack with Nissan Leaf EV and GM Volt Range Extended Vehicle power profiles to the battery cycler in the BTF. The emulated battery voltages, currents, SOC, and battery pack temperatures are in excellent agreement with battery pack test data on FTP UDDS, highway (HWFET) and US06 drive schedules. ____________________________________________________________ - 082 -

System Level Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell Powered Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) to be used in Commercial Vehicles. Kshirsagar, Chinmay In: SIAT, Symposium on International Automotive Technology, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 15 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-26-0116 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-26-0116 Engines of commercial vehicles deliver significant amount of power (more than 25% of propulsive power) for non-propulsive loads such as air-conditioner, alternator, air compressor, radiator fan, steering oil pump, lights etc. Use of these auxiliaries cause sub-optimal utilization of engine power resulting in increased fuel consumption and emissions. A fuel cell powered auxiliary power unit (FC-APU) is proposed to isolate the auxiliaries from the engine. Use of FC-APU shall help improve load carrying capacity, gradeability, fuel efficiency and emissions of the vehicle. This paper describes a mathematical system level model developed using MATLAB-SIMULINK to estimate auxiliary power con-sumption and simulate FC-APU system. A statistical analysis is performed on the power consumed by various auxil-iaries during different duty cycles. The data is used to propose a FC- APU system. Fuel cell is the most expensive component in the system. Cost of the fuel cell increases with increase in power rating. Hence, objective of the system simulation is to propose a FC-APU system featuring fuel cell with lowest possible power rating. ____________________________________________________________


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Investigation of Climate Control Power Consumption in DTE Estimation for Electric Vehicles. Gao, Guangning (Gary) In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 7 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-0713 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0713 Distance to empty (DTE) estimation is an important factor to electric vehicle (EV) applications due to its limited driving range. The DTE calculation is based on available energy of the battery and power usage by the powertrain compo-nents (e.g. electric motor) and climate control components (e.g. PTC heater and electric AC compressor). The con-ventional way of estimating the DTE is to treat the power consumed by the climate control system the same as the power by the powertrain for either instantaneous or rolling average estimation. The analysis in this study shows that the power consumption by the climate control system should be estimated based on the current ambient conditions and driver's input instead of using the recorded data from the past driving cycles. The climate control should also be considered separately from the powertrain in power usage rolling average calculation, which results in improvements in DTE estimation especially for extreme hot and cold conditions. Additionally, the climate control power consumption shows unique characteristics during the initial period of cabin climate control. The effect of the AC pull-down and heating warm-up on DTE estimation is also analyzed here. An innovative method is proposed to average out the power usage output curve by the climate control system during the initial period of cabin conditioning. As a result, the DTE estimation for electric vehicles with cabin conditioning can have better accuracy and be more adaptable to the changes in climate control settings set by the driver. ____________________________________________________________ - 084 -

Design, Testing and Analysis of a Novel Multiple-Disc Magnetorheological Braking Applied in Vehicles. Ma, Liangxu; Yu, Liangyao; Song, Jian; Xuan, WenWei; Liu, Xuhui In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 12 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0724 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0724 This paper presents a new magnetorheological braking which can be used in vehicles. Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid is a novel material which can be used in different components of vehicle. Magneto-rheological fluids (MRF) are suspensions of micron size whose yield stress varies rapidly as the change of magnetic field. The use of MRF in ve-hicles has been gaining popular recently due to its strong rheological effect, fast response and low energy consump-tion. Besides, these performances give designers more choice in automotive designs. However, most of the related research of MRF brake is about the construction of small prototype to verify its rheological performance. As a result, research progress is limited to calculation and simulation which make the braking force of prototype can hardly meet the requirement of vehicle due to a lack of optimal design and the understanding of MRF in the situation of high sheer stress and magnetic field. In the recent research reported in SAE Brake Colloquium 31nd and 32nd Annual, a proto-type had been proposed and manufactured. Based on properties of MRF, analysis results showed the design precept of MRF brake is of great significance and the improvement measures were proposed to improve the magnetic induc-tion intensity in the working gaps. This article is about the further study of MR braking and presents a novel vehicle braking utilizing magneto-rheological fluid and multiple-disc structure. In the design progress, performances of MRF under high shear speed and high magnetic field are discussed to get the method of fitting calculation. Based on the method and finite element simulation results, high performance MRF brake was created and manufactured. The pro-totype was tested by the way of increasing the loading weight to get its load curve and power consumption curve. Experimental results showed that the torque is up to 1000Nm consuming about 600W and the braking torque of this system can be linearly adjusted by the current applied to the electromagnet. On the whole, the proposed brake sys-tem has a higher torque capacity which validate the feasible application of magnetorheological fluids in automotive braking system. ____________________________________________________________ - 085 -

Electric Vehicles Batteries Modeling Analysis Based on a Multiple Layered Perceptron Identification Ap-proach. dos Santos, Sender Rocha; de Sousa, Thais Tossoli; de Tarso Peres, Paulo; de Fatima Negreli Campos Rosolem, Maria; Franca, Alex Pereira In: SAE Brasil Congress, 24, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 36 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-36-0142 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-36-0142 A reliable battery state estimation management system in electric vehicles greatly depends on the validity and gener-alizability of battery models. This paper presents a Li-ion and Lead Acid batteries neural model. This model does not consider battery details, bringing universality, which is suitable for parameters estimation of all battery kinds. The final model proposes describe the dynamic contributions due to open-circuit voltage, polarization time constants, electro-chemical hysteresis, effects of temperature, state of charge and state of health. ____________________________________________________________


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Development of Battery Hardware-In-the-Loop System Implemented with Reduced-Order Electrochemistry Li-Ion Battery Models. Lee, Tae-Kyung; Kaid, Ghamdan; Blankenship, John; Anderson, Dyche In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 9 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1858 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1858 Aggressive battery usage profiles in electrified vehicle applications require extensive efforts in developing battery management strategy and system design determination to guarantee safe operation under every real-world driving conditions. Experiment based approaches have been widely used for battery system development, but higher costs and longer testing time restrain the number of test cases in the product development process. Battery experiments tend to be conservative to avoid inherent risks of battery failure modes under aggressive battery operation close to the capability limits. Battery Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) is an alternative way to overcome the limitations of experi-ment-based approaches. Battery models in the HIL should provide real-time computation capability and high (at least acceptable) prediction accuracy. Equivalent circuit model (ECM) based HILs have been used owing to its relatively good balance between computational time and prediction accuracy. However, there are difficulties in constructing compact ECM structures to capture reliable battery responses over wide ranges of State of Charge (SOC), current, and temperature. In this study, a new battery HIL platform based on reduced-order electrochemistry Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery models is developed to overcome the limitations of the ECMs in the HIL platform. Reduced-order electro-chemistry battery models show an excellent balance of real-time computation capability and prediction accuracy, and they can be directly implemented in the HIL platform. HIL test results are demonstrated to show their benefits for computational time and prediction accuracy. The developed battery HIL will be used for battery system analysis and battery control development for electrified vehicles. ____________________________________________________________ - 087 -

Computational Time Optimized Simulation Model for Increasing the Efficiency of Automotive Air Condition-ing Systems. Fritz, Michael; Gauterin, Frank; Wessling, Justus In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 14 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-0666 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0666 Steadily rising energy prices and increasingly strict emissions legislation enforce the development of measures that increase efficiency of modern vehicles. An important contribution towards more efficient vehicles is the introduction of measures regarding auxiliary units. These measures increase the gross efficiency of a vehicle and therefore also the vehicle's range. Among the auxiliary power units of a vehicle like a long-haul truck, the refrigerant compressor gener-ally consumes the biggest amount of energy. Therefore, it is reasonable to focus efficiency-increasing efforts on op-timizing the A/C system. An important tool used in the development of optimization approaches is the simulation of the relevant systems. This allows a cost-optimized evaluation of the optimization approaches and also lets the engi-neer compare multiple variations of these approaches within a short period of time. For a significant evaluation of the potentials to be expected by implementation of different measures and variations optimizing the A/C system, it is necessary to simulate these under several climatic conditions. To prevent the development of non-functional optimi-zation approaches, it is also necessary to simulate the climatic conditions inside the cabin, as well as parameters regarding safety like fogging of panes or the CO2 concentration inside the cabin. The presented simulation model contains models of every system necessary to evaluate the impact on energy consumption, comfort and safety as-pects of measures increasing the A/C system's efficiency. All these models are adaptable to the specific use case and it is even possible to replace specific signals by measured data to reconstruct test drives. As an example for a possible system to be simulated the A/C system and relevant components of a long-haul truck were implemented. This simulation tool differs from otherwise published tools by offering a holistic set of models that allow a high level of detail and still retaining extraordinarily brief computational times. This is achieved by the implementation of a new methodic approach for the simulation model, which will be presented in detail within this paper. The simulation tool has been validated using measured data. The application of this simulation tool is being demonstrated using an opti-mization approach as an example. ____________________________________________________________ - 088 -

Development and Evaluation of a Battery Lifetime Extending Charging Algorithm for an Electric Vehicle Fleet. Rücker, Fabian; Bremer, Ilka; Linden, Sebastian; Badeda, Julia; Sauer, Dirk Uwe In: IRES, International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 10, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 99 (2016) Seite 285-291 (7 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.118 Electric vehicle (EV) lifetime strongly depends on the intensity of battery degradation. In this study simulation models, which include battery ageing mechanisms were used to benchmark these influences on total depreciation during one charging process. A nonlinear programming algorithm was used to optimize EV charging for a fleet. An energy price signal was included and the total operational costs for EV charging were minimized. It can be shown, that the interior


point algorithm evaluates the optimal solution to charge every single vehicle to the necessary capacity for the opera-tion and obeys the load restriction at the charging location. This is shown for a case study incorporating twentytwo EVs for delivery services. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 089 -

Optimal EV Charging Control Strategy Based on DC Microgrid. Wu, Shengjun; Xu, Qingshan; Li, Qun; Yuan, Xiaodong; Chen, Bing In: CPESE, International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, 3, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 100 (2016) Seite 243-247 (5 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.172 Electric vehicles (EVs) charging facilities and renewable energy systems can be directly associated within microgrid to achieve coordination and complementary, and reduce the negative impact on the grid. This paper firstly introduces the system structure of DC microgrid and its unit functional models. Secondly, the appropriate microgrid energy man-agement control strategy based on day-ahead prediction is developed, according to the different power demand sce-narios. Finally, the actual DC microgrid case verifies the optimal control strategy's synergies with renewable energy and electric vehicle charging equipment. It provides a reference to solve large-scale electric vehicle charging power demand and renewable energy consumptive problems in the distribution grid. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 090 -

Charge Equalization Systems for Serial Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Connected Batteries in Hybrid Power Systems Applications. Belmokhtar, K.; Ibrahim, H.; Feger, Z.; Ghandour, M. In: IRES, International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 10, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 99 (2016) Seite 277-284 (8 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.117 An overview of the impact of the equalization process on performance and behavior of Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries, which are a generally used in Hybrid Power Systems (HPS) is given in this paper. In order to ex-tend the life time and runtime of batteries, an equalization process, with a good precision is required. Indeed, as men-tioned in prior works, to achieve voltage equalization, the process must have a precision around 10 mV/cell. We have focused the impact of an unbalanced cells voltage on their lifetime. Typically, there are two equalization systems: While the active cell equalization processes remove charge from higher energy cell(s) and deliver it to lower energy cell(s), the passive methods, based on resistor element, remove the excess charge until the charge matches those of the lower cells in the same pack. It shows that the performance of active systems is significantly better than passive systems. Experimental results show that even for maintenance free batteries, a periodic equalization process is needed in order to extend their lifespan. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 091 -

PMP-based Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle Power Management Considering Battery Current Constraint and Battery Health Analysis. Liu, Changhong; Liu, Lin In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 22 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1217 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1217 Many problems are associated with the large battery operation current, such as battery overheating, lithium plating, and mechanical structural instability of battery materials. All these problems may cause battery safety issues in fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs), e.g., battery explosions and thermal runaway have been reported and may cause public anxiety about FCHVs. Previous researches on FCHV power management strategy have focused on minimizing fuel consumption. But more attention needs to put on the battery current constraint for analysis of battery state of charge (SOC) and battery state of health (SOH). This research targets optimizing the FCHV battery pack operation within a safe current range through power management strategy to increase the safety of the battery pack while improving battery usage via SOC control. Battery SOH is also evaluated in the study. This paper presents a Pontryagin's mini-mum principle (PMP)-based FCHV power management with consideration of battery current constraint, SOC, and SOH. PMP is applied as the power management strategy to optimize splitting the power between battery pack and fuel cell stack at each time step during the operation. Battery current constraint is coupled as a cost function in PMP control with fuel consumption as another cost function. The results show that applying battery current constraint re-sults in a smaller battery current range and two times less of the SOC drop slope. In addition, 0.02% of battery SOH improvement is obtained under one single FTP-72 driving cycle. ____________________________________________________________


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Li-Ion Battery SOC Estimation Using Non-Linear Estimation Strategies Based On Equivalent Circuit Models. Farag, Mohammed; Fleckenstein, Matthias; Habibi, Saeid R. In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 41 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1849 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1849 Due to their high energy density, power density, and durability, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are rapidly becoming the most popular energy storage method for electric vehicles. Difficulty arises in accurately estimating the amount of left capacity in the battery during operation time, commonly known as battery state of charge (SOC). This paper presents a comparative study between six different Equivalent Circuit Li-ion battery models and two different state of charge (SOC) estimation strategies. The Battery models cover the state-of-the-art of Equivalent Circuit models discussed in literature. The Li-ion battery SOC is estimated using non-linear estimation strategies i.e. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF). The models and the state of charge estimation strategies are com-pared against simulation data obtained from AVL CRUISE software. The effectiveness of the models and estimation strategies is then compared through a comprehensive evaluation for model complexity, model accuracy, and root mean squared error in state of charge estimation. ____________________________________________________________ - 093 -

Hybride Energiespeicher für Stadtbahnen - vom Erprobungsträger zum integrierten Gesamtsystem. Hybrid Energy Storage System for Trams - from a Showcase to an Integrated Technical System. Noack, Maik; Steinbauer, Jochen In: ZEVrail Glasers Annalen * Band 140 (2016) Heft 9, Seite 387-395 (9 Seiten, 2 Quellen) Siemens liefert nach Katar eine Flotte von Avenio-Stadtbahnfahrzeugen, die für den ausschließlichen Betrieb mit Energiespeichern vorgesehen und optimiert sind. Der Beitrag erläutert wesentliche Aspekte der Entwicklung des Sys-tems und der Integration mit Fahrzeug und streckenseitiger Infrastruktur unter Berücksichtigung der besonderen Be-dingungen dieser Erstanwendung im Projekt Qatar Education City, Doha. Siemens delivers a fleet of Avenio light rail vehicles to Qatar, which are intended for operation with energy storage supply exclusively. This publication explains essential aspects of the development of the system and its integration with vehicle and wayside infrastructure, especially with respect to the specific conditions prevailing in this first applica-tion in the Qatar Education City project in Doha. ____________________________________________________________ - 094 -

A Comparative Analysis of PEV Charging Impacts -An International Perspective. Bohn, Sven; Agsten, Michael; Dubey, Anamika; Santoso, Surya In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 23 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0300 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0300 Supported by generous federal incentives and customer acceptance, the number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is increasing worldwide. A PEV can be charged both at a residential or a commercial facility by connecting it to the power grid using a charging equipment. The power demand for a single PEV charging may exceed the peak power demand of an ordinary household. Hence, an increasing number of PEVs can potentially impact the power grid mas-sively. This paper aims to quantify the impacts of an increasing number of PEVs on power distribution circuits. A comparative analysis of the PEV impacts on the North American and European distribution circuits are presented. The study also identifies the indicators representative for quantifying the grid impacts of PEV charging. The paper further intents to clarify the interface between OEMs and utilities in achieving the common goal of a successful PEV charging and therefore a faster customer acceptance. Conclusions and recommendations are presented for both instances to better understand the interface between PEV and power system. ____________________________________________________________ - 095 -

Effects of Supplemental Vacuum Production to Support Braking. Scopacasa, Dominic D. In: Annual SAE Brake Colloquium & Exhibition, 32, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 5 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2528 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2528 This paper will discuss how different forms of producing supplemental vacuum have varying effects on overall vehicle efficiency. The once reliable source of vacuum from the engine is becoming increasingly scarce due to higher effi-ciencies from modern IC engines and the growing use of turbochargers. This need for supplemental vacuum has led to several solutions to support vacuum needs, particularly for supplying the booster for brake assist. Using simulated vehicle environments for the various forms of supplemental vacuum the behavior of each can be better understood. Using this simulated environment the actual power consumed by each method of supplemental vacuum production can be accurately measured over various drive cycles and conditions including engine speed and brake applications. Depending on the means of supplemental vacuum the respective energy consumption can be applied to a vehicle model to show the end effects of each solution on a number of levels.


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Electric car and Porter's five Forces: Marketing Positioning in the Automotive Industry. Jussani, Ailton Conde; Heer, Andreas; Ibusuki, Ugo; de Moura Cortes, Carlos In: SAE Brasil Congress, 24, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 11 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-36-0486 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-36-0486 This paper determines the market positioning of the electric vehicle, while applying tools like SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces, external environment analysis or the Ansoff's Matrix. It is important to note that these tools are applied looking from the perspective of the electric vehicle, i.e. how the electric vehicle impacts a conventional fossil fuel drive automobile manufacturer. There is no doubt that the electric vehicle - or at least some version of it - is the future of urban mobility. At the same time it has been considered as a new product among automotive industry. Nevertheless it cannot be neglected that the time of the electric vehicle has not come so far. It is more probable that there might be another evolution step, for example the hybrid electric vehicle, before the fossil fuel driven automobile will be re-placed. ____________________________________________________________ - 097 -

Study of VCS Design for Energy Optimization of Non-Bleed Electric Aircraft. Saito, Hidefumi; Uryu, Shoji; Takahashi, Norio; Morioka, Noriko; Oyori, Hitoshi In: ASTC, SAE Aerospace Systems and Technology Conference, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 5 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2225 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2225 To improve an energy optimization issue of ECS for MEA, we propose our concept in which ACS is replaced with VCS. A VCS is generally evaluated as auxiliary or limited cooling system of an aircraft. Cooling demand of commer-cial aircraft usually becomes large due to ventilation air at hot day conditions. In case of using conventional VCS for whole cooling demand, the ECS becomes too heavy as aircraft equipment. Though ACS's light weight is advanta-geous, the issue that VCS will be available for aircraft ECS is important for saving energy. ECS of commercial aircraft should work for three basic functions, i.e. pressurization, ventilation, and temperature control. The three functions of the ECS for bleed-less type of MEA can be distributed among equipment of the ECS. MDFAC works for pressuriza-tion and ventilation. Therefore, we should select appropriate system for only temperature control. For the function of temperature control, system with higher COP should be selected due to energy saving. We define that the appropri-ate system consists of not ACS but VCS. Especially, on the ground, electrical taxiing without main engine operating makes energy saving of the ECS quite important. To evaluate performance of the ECS, we select a single aisle MEA in which MDFACs are installed. We try to clarify appropriate VCS, of which specification, configuration, and weight are estimated. To avoid increase of fuel consumption by additional weight, both cooling capacity and target weight of the VCS are the same as those of ACS model. We analyze performances and weights of main components of the VCS. From this analysis, the following results are introduced. (1) A refrigerant compressor must consist of a high speed motor and centrifugal compressor impellers, which should be configured as 2-stage compression due to low pressure ratio at each stage. It is proper that those impellers are located at both sides of the motor. (2) Due to small size and light weight in spite of enough heat transfer, evaporator and condenser of the VCS should be designed with larger intake area and lower pressure loss than those of heat exchangers for the ACS model. Birth of the light weight VCS will make conventional ACS be replaced by the VCS, and energy consumption of aircraft will be reduced espe-cially on the ground on hot day. In case of the aircraft model (single aisle, MEA with MDFACs), energy consumption of maximum cooling on the ground will be cut to almost a half. The reduction is convenient for electrical taxiing with-out main engine operating. ____________________________________________________________ - 098 -

Development of an Electronically Controlled Brake System for Fuel-efficient Vehicles. Masuda, Yoshio; Yamasoe, Yosuke; Kuki, Yosuke; Okano, Takahiro; Uchida, Kiyoyuki In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 6 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1664 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1664 To solve various environmental problems, fuel-efficient vehicles that reduce CO2 emissions as well as exhaust gas emissions have been developed. In such vehicles, a regenerative brake is used to further reduce fuel consumption. Because the market size for such vehicles is expanding, a brake system is required that can be used in a wide range of vehicles extending from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs). In addition, issues such as deceleration fluctuation and brake pedal fluctuation arise because the regenerative brake force is dependent on the vehicle speed. This paper presents a brake system configuration and its element technologies that can re-place existing brake systems in different vehicles ranging from ICEVs to EVs. The proposed system can realize a regenerative cooperative brake not only by replacing the brake booster unit but also without replacing the modulator. The advantages of this system are the maximization of regenerative efficiency, assurance of system reliability, and better brake feel. ____________________________________________________________


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Remanufacturing von Elektrofahrzeugen. Updatefähige Elektrofahrzeuge für eine wirtschaftliche Elektromo-bilität. Kreisköther, Kai; Burggräf, Peter; Wagner, Johannes; Hollah, Ansgar; Bertram, Sebastian; Hansen, Jan Ole In: ZWF Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb * Band 111 (2016) Heft 10, Seite 611-613 (3 Seiten, Bilder, 9 Quellen) Die hohen Anschaffungskosten von Elektrofahrzeugen im Vergleich zu konventionell betriebenen Fahrzeugen führen bisher zu einer geringen Marktverbreitung. Die Verlängerung der Nutzungsdauer im Erstmarkt, durch die Entwicklung eines update- bzw. remanufacturingfähigen Elektrofahrzeugs, stellt einen innovativen Lösungsansatz zur Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Elektromobilität dar. Im Forschungsprojekt "POLICE" wird ein Konzept für das Remanufac-turing von Elektromobilen entwickelt und in Form von zwei Demonstratoren umgesetzt. Das Konzept beinhaltet dabei die modulare und austauschbare Gestaltung ausgewählter Komponenten, wie z.B. der Batterie, sowie deren Anbin-dungspunkten. Zudem werden 3D-Druck-Materialien für die Anwendung in Außenhautkomponenten qualifiziert sowie Montage- und Demontagekonzepte für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von remanufacturingfähigen Elektrofahrzeu-gen entwickelt. The small market share of electric vehicles can be attributed to the high purchase costs compared to vehicles pow-ered by IC engines. Remanufacturing of electric vehicles is an innovative approach to extend the service life in the primary market, thus increasing the profitability of electric mobility. Within the research project "POLICE" a concept for remanufacturing an electric vehicle will be developed and implemented in two demonstrators. The concept in-cludes a modular and exchangeable design of selected components, such as the battery, as well as their connection points. In addition, 3D printing materials will be qualified for use on body exterior components. Further assembly and disassembly concepts for an economic remanufacturing of electric vehicles will be developed. ____________________________________________________________ - 100 -

Comparison of Optimization Techniques for Lithium-Ion Battery Model Parameter Estimation. Ing, Adam; Masoudi, Ramin; McPhee, John; Dao, Thanh-Son In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 17 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1851 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1851 Due to rising fuel prices and environmental concerns, Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have been gaining market share as fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly alternatives. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in EV and HEV applications because of their high power and energy densities. During controls de-velopment of HEVs and EVs, hardware-in-the-loop simulations involving real-time battery models are commonly used to simulate a battery response in place of a real battery. One physics-based model which solves in real-time is the reduced-order battery model developed by Dao et al. [1], which is based on the isothermal model by Newman [2] incorporating concentrated solution theory and porous electrode theory [3]. The battery models must be accurate for effective control; however, if the battery parameters are unknown or change due to degradation, a method for esti-mating the battery parameters to update the model is required. A set of manufacturer recommended battery parame-ters were evaluated using a numerical sensitivity analysis to evaluate their identifiability. The parameters chosen to be identified were ep, es and brugg. The optimization algorithms that were evaluated for parameter estimation were: Self-Adaptive Evolution, Efficient Global Optimization, Differential Evolution, and Simulated Annealing. These algo-rithms were evaluated based on how many simulation calls were required to converge to an accuracy of 1e-4. Differ-ential Evolution was shown to have the best performance in estimating the parameters, requiring an average of 1485 simulations to converge. ____________________________________________________________ - 101 -

Detailed Analysis of a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration. Salisbury, Shawn; Bradley, Thomas; Bucher, Jake; Geller, Benjamin In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 4 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1925 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1925 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) offer the benefits of both home charging from grid electricity and extended range from fuels. Fuel cell PHEVs in a range-extending (FCEREV) configuration build upon the advantages of PHEV by producing zero emissions while driving. The Colorado State University Vehicle Innovation Team (CSU VIT) suc-cessfully designed, built, and demonstrated a FCEREV named 'H2eV' for Year Two of the 3-year EcoCAR 2 colle-giate competition. The demonstrated FCEREV is based on the 2013 Chevrolet Malibu and features a 15 kW Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell system, an 18.9 kWh/177 kW Li-Ion battery, and a 145 kW motor for all-electric drive. Operational data was taken during driving on a closed course, following a cycle that approximates the Environmental Protection Agency's 5-cycle test procedure. This paper provides an overview of the CSU VIT's FCEREV and a de-tailed analysis of vehicle performance during its successful demonstration. Analysis of fuel cell system operation pro-vides proof-of-concept for the CSU VIT's FCEREV and highlights the emissions and energy consumption advantages of the designed vehicle for future development. ____________________________________________________________


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Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Electric Vehicles in China: the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Cheng, Xiang; Hao, Han; Liu, Zongwei; Zhao, Fuquan In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 31 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1285 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1285 Compared with conventional vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) offer the benefits of replacing petroleum consumption and reducing air pollutions. However, there have been controversies over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of EVs from the life-cycle perspective in China's coal-dominated power generation context. Besides, it is in doubt whether the cost-effectiveness of EVs in China exceeds other fuel-efficient vehicles considering the high prices. In this study, we compared the life-cycle GHG emissions of existing vehicle models in the market. Afterwards, a cost model is es-tablished to compare the total costs of vehicles. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of different vehicle types are com-pared. It is concluded that the GHG emission intensity of EVs is lower than reference and hybrid vehicles currently and is expected to decrease with the improvement of the power grid. The total cost of EVs is relatively high compared with reference gasoline vehicles in 2014 but it is expected that EVs will possess an improved cost-competitiveness in the future. In terms of cost-effectiveness, medium-range EVs do not have an obvious advantage over other fuel-efficient vehicles currently. But the cost-effectiveness of EVs is predicted to become better in the next ten years. ____________________________________________________________ - 103 -

Powertrain Design to Meet Performance and Energy Consumption Goals for EcoCAR 3. Ord, David; White, Eli; Manning, P.Christopher; Khare, Abhijit; Shoults, Lucas; Nelson, Douglas In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 27 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1915 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1915 The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team (HEVT) of Virginia Tech is excited about the opportunity to apply for participation in the next Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition. EcoCAR 3 is a new four year competition sponsored by the De-partment of Energy and General Motors with the intention of promoting sustainable energy in the automotive sector. The goal of the competition is to guide students from universities in North America to create new and innovative tech-nologies to reduce the environmental impact of modern day transportation. EcoCAR 3, like its predecessors, will give students hands-on experience in designing and implementing advanced technologies in a setting similar to that of current production vehicles. The primary goals of the competition are to improve upon a conventional internal com-bustion engine production vehicle by designing and constructing a powertrain that accomplishes the following: *- Re-duce Energy Consumption; *- Reduce Well-to-Wheel (WTW) GHG Emissions; *- Reduce Criteria Tailpipe Emissions; *- Maintain Consumer Acceptability in the area of Performance, Utility, and Safety; *- Meet Energy and Environmental Goals, while considering Cost and Innovation. This paper presents results from several modeling problems and con-ceptual vehicle designs. First, the power and energy at the wheels to meet acceleration and gradeability performance requirements are documented. Next, to compare several different fuel sources including E10, E85, and B20 fuels for a given base conventional vehicle, drive cycle fuel energy consumption is documented and used to find WTW GHG impact. The conventional vehicle modeling is validated by comparing to measured fuel consumption and acceleration performance data from a conventional vehicle. To compare a battery electric vehicle (BEV) to the conventional vehi-cle, drive cycle electric grid energy consumption and GHG results from sizing a motor and battery to meet perform-ance and range requirements are found. Very significant vehicle light-weighting (300 kg) would be required to ac-commodate a battery system large enough to meet the range goal of 320 km (200 mi). From here, the advantages of powertrain electrification are examined by constructing a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle model. The model is used to size engine/generator and battery components in the powertrain. Additionally, different hybrid vehicle energy man-agement strategies are explored to evaluate overall charge balance operation. Waste heat conversion to meet elec-tric accessory loads is evaluated as an innovative technology that can also reduce vehicle energy consumption. Fi-nally, a powertrain design is selected to meet the goals of the competition. After exploring many powertrain configura-tions and energy sources, this paper details three hybrid powertrains to find a combination capable of meeting the target energy consumption and WTW GHG emissions while also meeting all of the performance goals. The first of these powertrains is sized to model a typical belted alternator starter (BAS) system and shows small improvements over a conventional vehicle. The next design is a parallel through the road hybrid that is sized to meet most power needs with an electric motor and a smaller IC engine. This case comes closer to the design goals, but still falls short on total energy consumption. Lastly, the battery and motor size are increased to allow a charge depleting mode, add-ing stored grid electricity to the energy sources. This electric energy only mode is able to displace a large amount of the fuel energy consumption based on the SAE J1711 method for determining utility factor weighted energy con-sumption of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The final design proposed by HEVT for this modeling report is a Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle using E85 fuel and a 7 kWh battery to provide an all-electric charge depleting range of 34 km (21 mi). ____________________________________________________________


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Development of the Design of a Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicle for the EcoCAR 3 Competition. Yacinthe, Sam; Khanna, Arjun; Ward, Jason; Yatsko, M.J.; Midlam-Mohler, Shawn In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 7 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1257 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1257 The design of a performance hybrid electric vehicle includes a wide range of architecture possibilities. A large part of the design process is identifying reasonable vehicle architectures and vehicle performance capabilities. The Ohio State University EcoCAR 3 team designed a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) post-transmission parallel 2016 Chevrolet Camaro. With the end-goal of reducing the environmental impact of the vehicle, the Ohio State Camaro has been designed with a 44-mile all-electric range. It also features an 18.9 kWh Li-ion energy storage system, a 119 kW 2.0L GDI I4 engine that runs on 85% ethanol (E85) fuel, a 5-speed automated manual transmission, and a 150 kW peak electric machine. This report details the design and modeling process followed by the Ohio State team dur-ing Year 1 of the competition. The process included researching the customer needs of the vehicle, determining team design goals, initial modeling, and selecting a vehicle architecture. The focus will be on the initial analysis performed to narrow the design space, the tools developed for this analysis and the overall architecture selection process. This effort was made possible through the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, General Motors, Argonne National Lab, The Ohio State University, and numerous competition and team sponsors. ____________________________________________________________ - 105 -

Evaluation on the Solar Reduction Glass in an Electric Vehicle by Experimental Measurements in a Climate Chamber. Ozeki, Yoshiichi; Harita, Yuko; Hirano, Akira; Nishihama, Jiro In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 6 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-0703 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0703 Solar energy through glass windows has an influence on the thermal environment in the cabin and thermal comfort of occupants. A medium-size electric vehicle (EV) is conducted for evaluating the performance of solar reduction glass under summer conditions in the climate chamber by experimental measurements. For this purpose, two kinds of glass are attached to the medium-size EV with different performance of solar reduction rate (IR-cut type and normal type). In this paper, two types of experimental measurements, steady state and unsteady state conditions, are con-ducted. Surface temperature, air temperature and electric consumption of air conditioner are measured under some conditions of air-conditioner. EHT (Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature) by thermal manikin, thermal sensation and thermal comfort by male and female subjects are also measured. Significant difference in the measured surface temperature of the instrument panel where solar radiation reaches through the glass window is found between IR-Cut glass and normal glass. In addition, one or two rank difference in the thermal comfort at the part where solar radiation reaches is found, and "hot" thermal sensation and discomfort in the female subject is much improved. Heat load of the air conditioner can be decreased by 20% from the view point of controlling the air conditioner by thermal comfort of the occupants. The solar reduction glass such as IR-cut glass has a significant influence on the thermal sensation, thermal comfort of car occupants and electric consumption of EV. ____________________________________________________________ - 106 -

High-Performance Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design Studies and Considerations. Wilbanks, Justin; Favaretto, Fabrizio; Cimatti, Franco; Leamy, Michael In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 25 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1158 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1158 This paper presents a detailed design study and associated considerations supporting the development of high-performance plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Due to increasingly strict governmental regulations and in-creased consumer demand, automotive manufacturers have been tasked with the reduction of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. PHEV powertrains can provide a needed balance in terms of fuel economy and vehicle performance by exploiting regenerative braking, pure electric vehicle operation, engine load-point shifting, and power-enhancing hybrid traction modes. Thus, properly designed PHEV powertrains can reduce fuel consump-tion while increasing vehicle utility and performance. The existence of a multitude of PHEV architectures capable of being incorporated into existing high-performance vehicles necessitates development of simulation exercises which can assist in selecting the optimal architecture as well as aid in specifying and selecting critical components, such as the size of the electric machines and the capacity of the battery pack. As a test case, the Ferrari FF platform with a naturally aspirated V12 engine was chosen to assess two proposed PHEV architectures in terms of yielded vehicle performance and equivalent fuel economy. Dynamic programming (DP) was employed to provide an impartial (opti-mally controlled) comparison of equivalent fuel consumption between the full hybrid architectures. These design stud-ies and considerations were determined to provide the key metrics necessary to identify the best architecture to pro-totype and implement in the high-performance vehicle platforms manufactured by Ferrari S.p.A. ____________________________________________________________


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Design Features of an Innovative Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Battery Electric Vehicles Applica-tions. Gragger, Johannes; Zanon, Alessandro; De Gennaro, Michele; Juergens, Jonathan; Fricasse, Antonio; Marengo, Luca; Olavarria, Igor; Kinder, Jutta In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 15 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1235 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1235 The widespread of hybrid and battery electric vehicles is vital for the future of low-carbon mobility. In this context the delivery of affordable and efficient electric motor technologies together with high energy density storage devices are key aspects to enable the mass market take-off of electrified vehicles. The objective of this paper is to provide the scientific community with the results and design features of an innovative and rare-earth free electric motor technol-ogy based on the synchronous reluctance machine concept. This technology is capable to provide sufficient power density and higher driving cycle energy efficiency compared to the current state-of-the-art rare-earth permanent mag-net synchronous machines used for automotive applications. The motor is designed to be integrated within a hatchback rear driving axle vehicle, achieving the maximum energy efficiency in urban operational conditions. The paper shortly presents the motor design objectives, to then focus on the main design steps undertaken, i.e. stator winding design, electromagnetic and mechanical design, power electronics hardware design and integrated thermal design. The final motor design and its preliminary performances are presented, showing a maximum torque perform-ance of 133 Nm at 3,700 rpm and a maximum power of 56.7 kW at 4,900 rpm, with peak efficiency above 96% around 4,000±500 rpm and 50±20 Nm, decreasing to 93-94% by including the inverter efficiency (i.e. system effi-ciency). The proposed motor design constitutes a step ahead in the development of a market-ready permanent mag-net assisted synchronous reluctance machine technology for automotive applications, potentially enabling the devel-oped solutions to be successfully implemented in the next generation of electric motors for hybrid and electric vehi-cles. ____________________________________________________________ - 108 -

Development of Electric Kart. Singh, Hemant Pratap; Sagar, Pulkit; Singh, Kartikey In: SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference, 9, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 3 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-28-0149 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-28-0149 This paper deals with the problems which emanates in front of society in developing electric vehicles. Aim of this pa-per is to prepare ways through which we can develop electric vehicle with efficiency (more than 60%). So that these electric vehicles can substitute I.C engine vehicles, which are main cause of environment pollution. To achieve that goal, various competitions are arranged in which one sitter kart develop to ease mechanical constraints and easily utilize innovations in kart. To develop kart various type of modelling and simulation were done on INVENTOR and ANSYS 14.0. Different type of test were also taken into account like Brake test, Speed test, Power test, Load test, and efficiency test. This paper also motivates student in developing vehicles so that they can excel their knowledge and assist in research of electric vehicles. It also reduces problems and ambiguity between students which are im-bued in making Electric Go-kart, so that students can ace in their performance. ____________________________________________________________ - 109 -

Optimal Components Design of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Di Battista, Davide; Villante, Carlo; Cipollone, Roberto In: ICE, International Conference on Engines & Vehicles, 12, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 34 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-24-2546 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2546 Alternative vehicle powertrains (hybrid, hydrogen, electric) are among the most interesting solutions for environmental problems afflicting urban areas. Electric and hybrid vehicles are now slowly taking place in the automotive sector, but on a Tank To Wheels (TTW) basis, the most effective alternative powertrain is surely represented by Fuel Cell Elec-tric Vehicles (FCEV): those fuelled by hydrogen seem to be the ones closest to market. The design of a FCEV how-ever, is not straightforward and involves several issues (fuel cell sizing, hydrogen storage, components efficiency, sizes and weights). Basing on these considerations, the Authors present a software procedure for the optimal design of the components of a passenger FCHEV (Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle). A comprehensive energy balance of the whole vehicle during a driving cycle has been implemented in order to find the overall optimal sizing and control strategy of the fuel cell, the energy storage system (ESS) and the hydrogen storage system. The propulsive power needed to run a car on a given reference driving cycle, in fact, may be given by the two on-board power sources: hydrogen and electricity, stored in proper ESS. At the same time, power requirements depends also on the whole vehicle weight, which comprehends fuel cell, batteries and fuel tank weight and hydrogen amount (each of which having to be opportunely evaluated in relation to designing parameters). In particular, fuel cell and battery power have to fulfill the traction power request, while fuel tank and hydrogen amount (which may be stored on-board through various different technologies and at different thermodynamic conditions: gaseous or liquefied at different temperatures and pressures) have to fulfill vehicle mileage requirements. Different designing options of electricity and hydrogen on-board storage technologies are here compared by the Authors, in order to evaluate the effect of various


design parameters (including mileage, FC maximum power output, hydrogen storage pressure and others) on the overall performances of the vehicle (including its weight and overall energy consumption). ____________________________________________________________ - 110 -

Validation and Analysis of the Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Built by Colorado State University for the EcoCAR 2: Plugging into the Future Vehicle Competition. Bradley, Thomas; Geller, Benjamin; Bucher, Jake; Salisbury, Shawn In: SAE International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 , Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2910 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2910 EcoCAR 2 is the premiere North American collegiate automotive competition that challenges 15 North American uni-versities to redesign a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu to decrease the environmental impact of the Malibu while maintaining its performance, safety, and consumer appeal. The EcoCAR 2 project is a three year competition headline sponsored by General Motors and U.S. Department of Energy. In Year 1 of the competition, extensive modeling guided the Colorado State University (CSU) Vehicle Innovation Team (VIT) to choose an all-electric vehicle powertrain architec-ture with range extending hydrogen fuel cells, to be called the Malibu H2eV. During this year, the CSU VIT followed the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Design Process (VDP) to develop the H2eV's electric and hydrogen powertrain, energy stor-age system (ESS), control systems, and auxiliary systems. From the design developed in Year 1 of the EcoCAR 2 competition, a Malibu donated by General Motors was converted into a concept validating prototype during Year 2. Through extensive vehicle simulations and on-road testing, the FCPHEV architecture was optimized to meet the goals of the VTS in Year 3. The progress of the CSU VIT through the vehicle design process, discussion of the safety control systems of the vehicle, optimization and validation of both software in the loop (SIL) and hardware in the loop (HIL) testing, as well as the expected VTS goals and realization of the FCPHEV prototype will be discussed in this paper. ____________________________________________________________ - 111 -

Application of PHEV Fractional Utility Factor Weighting to EcoCAR On-Road Emissions and Energy Con-sumption Testing. Crain, Trevor; Gorgia, Thomas; Alley, R.Jesse In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 7 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1180 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1180 EcoCAR is North America's premier collegiate automotive engineering competition, challenging students with sys-tems-level advanced powertrain design and integration. The EcoCAR Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series is organized by Argonne National Laboratory, headline sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and General Motors, and sponsored by more than 30 industry and government leaders. In the last competition series, EcoCAR 2, fifteen university teams from across North America were challenged to reduce the environmental impact of a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu by redesigning the vehicle powertrain without compromising performance, safety, or con-sumer acceptability. This paper examines the results of the EcoCAR 2 competition's emissions and energy consump-tion (E&EC) on-road test results for several prototype plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The official results for each vehicle are presented along with brief descriptions of the hybrid architectures. In addition to the official competi-tion results, this paper investigates two methods used to utility factor (UF) weight E&EC test data. This investigation was conducted to select a methodology for calculating. E&EC results in the EcoCAR 3 competition, where teams will reduce the environmental impact of a 2016 Chevrolet Camaro. The paper uses the EcoCAR 2 Year 3 data to quantify the impacts of using both a fractional UF-weighting method and applying a single vehicle UF on E&EC results for electric and fuel energy consumption. In the discussion it is shown that both UF-weighting methods produced similar results for fuel and electric energy consumption for a representative test vehicle. UF-weighting of criteria emissions is also investigated. ____________________________________________________________ - 112 -

Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Hybrid Vehicles Part 2: Comparative Analysis of Economic, Environ-mental, and Usability Benefits. Hara, Takuya; SHIGA, Takahiro; Kimura, Kazutaka; Sato, Akinori In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 10 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1286 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1286 Introducing effective technologies to reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector is a critical issue for automotive manufacturers to contribute to sustainable development. Unlike the plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), whose effective-ness is dependent on the carbon intensity of grid electricity, the solar hybrid vehicle (SHV) can be an alternative elec-tric vehicle because of its off-grid, zero-emission electric technology. Its usability is also advantageous because it does not require manual charging by the users. This study aims at evaluating the economic, environmental, and us-ability benefits of SHV by comparing it with other types of vehicles including PEVs. By setting cost and energy effi-ciency on the basis of the assumed technology level in 2030, annual cost and annual CO2 emissions of each vehicle


are calculated using the daily mileage pattern obtained from a user survey of 5,000 people in Japan and the daily radiation data for each corresponding user. We develop a linear programming model to determine the optimal vehicle mix for these users that minimizes the total cost or total CO2 emissions. Incorporating carbon cost and usability cost, which represent the inconvenience of frequent charging for users in the model, we also investigate the balanced solu-tions between economic, environmental, and usability benefits. The results show SHV as one of the most cost-effective vehicles for CO2 reduction after the plug-in hybrid vehicle with small battery for a wide range of users. Sensi-tivity analysis on the initial settings shows the importance of technological development in achieving the target. ____________________________________________________________ - 113 -

In-Service EV Battery Life Extension Through Feasible Remanufacturing. Groenewald, J.; Marco, James; Higgins, Nicholas; Barai, Anup In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 103 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1290 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1290 While a number of publications have addressed the high-level requirements of remanufacturing to ensure its com-mercial and environmental sustainability, considerably less attention has been given to the technical data and asso-ciated test strategies needed for any evidence-based decision as to whether a vehicle energy storage system should be remanufactured - extending its in-vehicle life, redeployed for second-life (such as domestic or grid storage) or de-commissioned for recycling. The aim of this paper is to critically review the strategic requirements for data at the dif-ferent stages of the battery value-chain that is pertinent to an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery remanufacturing strategy. Discussed within the paper is the derivation of a feasible remanufacturing test strategy for the vehicle battery system. Experimental results are presented that explore the trade-off between test accuracy as a function of key variables such as the ambient temperature at which the measurements are taken, the rate at which electrical current is used to charge/discharge the battery and the relaxation time allowed for the battery to equilibrate before the test is com-menced. It is highlighted that the cost and environmental impact of remanufacturing EV battery systems relies heavily on the availability of a viable test strategy. Initial findings from the research are presented and testing on a 20 Ah pouch cell highlights that the variation in discharge capacity due to different temperatures can result in circa: 14% under-estimation. Also, waiting times between test periods (as defined within the best practice standards) can be reduced for different cells to improve testing time efficiency. ____________________________________________________________ - 114 -

Conversion of a CNG Powered Auto Rickshaw to an Electric Rickshaw Designed for Indian Conditions. Mehta, Rounak; Shah, Preet; Gupta, Harsh; Bhat, Prathamesh; Gandhi, Vaibhav; Kale, Kimaya; Taldevkar, Madan; Singh, Akash; Ghoroi, Chinmay; Bhargav, Atul; Karnik, Amey In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1968 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1968 Three wheeler taxis, commonly known as auto rickshaw are a popular means of transport in developing countries. However, low efficiencies and poor maintenance are common (especially in India). This results in high fossil fuel con-sumption, and very high urban air pollution due to these vehicles. Electrification of auto-rickshaw, therefore, is a po-tential solution to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and reduce environmental pollution. However, this conversion is not straightforward. In this work, we investigate some of the challenges of converting an existing combustion engine powered auto-rickshaw to an electric auto rickshaw (electric vehicle (EV)). The cost of conversion to EV and sufficient charge storage capacity for driving range are important factors in the viability of such a conversion. The solution de-veloped here is a design for low total ownership cost for short-range transport. The factors that affect the total cost of ownership are local availability of components, performance efficiency, actual cost of conversion, and skills available with local technicians. These constraints move the most suitable configuration away from configurations that are more typical in the developed economies, such as Li-Ion Batteries and brush-less DC motors (BLDC) to more afford-able and well-known technologies such as lead acid batteries and permanent magnet DC motors (PMDC). In this paper, the relative merits of various configurations of batteries, motors and power transmission systems are dis-cussed. Design variables are optimized for a specific top speed and driving range via simulations. The design is evaluated by on-road testing of the modified vehicle. The design challenges are described and the safety aspects and concerns are highlighted. An over-the-life cost comparison of the electrification of the rickshaw with conventional engine powered rickshaws is also discussed. ____________________________________________________________ - 115 -

Development of Vibration Suppression Control Strategy for Motor System of Eco-Friendly Vehicles. Yoo, Tae-il; Park, Hanhee; Kang, Gubae; Lim, Seongyeop In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 4 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1874 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1874 Development of eco-friendly vehicles have risen in importance due to fossil fuel depletion and the strengthened glob-alized emission control regulatory requirements. A lot of automotive companies have already developed and


launched various types of eco-friendly vehicles which include hybrid vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce fuel consumption. To maximize fuel economy Hyundai-Kia Motor Company has introduced eco-friendly vehi-cles which have downsized or eliminated vibration damping components such as a torque converter. Comparing with Internal Combustion Engine(ICE) powered vehicles, one issue of the electric motor propulsion system with minimized vibration damping components is NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness). The NVH problem is caused by output torque fluctuation of the motor system, resulting in the degradation of ride comfort and drivability. Therefore, accom-plishing both fuel economy and good NVH performance has become a significantly challenging task in eco-friendly vehicles. This paper proposes a vibration suppression control strategy for a traction motor of eco-friendly vehicles. Experimental results show that the new control method effectively reduces the vibrations of the vehicle. ____________________________________________________________ - 116 -

Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of Operation Modes in a Series-Parallel Powertrain with Torque-Split De-vice. Trindade, Ivan M.; de Toledo Fleury, Agenor; Vogelaar, Gert-Jan In: SAE Brasil Congress, 23, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 16 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-36-0351 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-36-0351 As an alternative for conventional fossil fuel powered vehicles, renewable fuel sources such as ethanol represent a proven technology and experienced a continuous growth in the last decade in the Brazilian market [1]. Hybrid vehi-cles are slowly arriving in Brazil as they still suffer from the increased cost of the hybrid powertrain coupled to high importation taxes. In this paper, simulations are conducted in order to analyze the operation of a hybrid electric vehi-cle using a series-parallel topology. A feature of this drivetrain configuration is the use of a planetary gear set as torque-split device between the traction components which can be applicable for an ethanol engine. The system ar-chitecture of the referenced vehicle is first described with a comparison against the main powertrain topologies adopted for hybrid vehicles. The vehicle model is presented and the different modes of operation across the torque split device are analyzed. Test data of component and chassis dynamometer testing available from the literature are used to validate and compare the simulation results. The main focus of this study is the analysis of the hybrid power-train under the FTP-75 driving cycle, used by the NBR-6601 regulation for emission testing. ____________________________________________________________ - 117 -

Alternative Energy Technologies: The Unconventional Dependable. Batra, Pulkit In: ICE, International Conference on Engines & Vehicles, 12, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 26 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-24-2487 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2487 AETs are imperative to mitigate the twin crisis of environmental degradation and simultaneous fossil fuel depletion, there are wide concerns about GHG emissions which have paved ways for the development and deployment of en-ergy technologies that do not use fossil fuels. These technologies would provide tangible benefits in terms of fossil-fuel costs, which are likely to increase as restrictions on GHG emissions are imposed. However, a number of chal-lenges need to be overcome prior to market positioning, and the commercialization of alternative energy technologies which require a staged approach given price and technical risk. An unconventional new alternative technology is one possibility, where one could undertake cost-reducing production enhancement measures as an intermediate step prior to deployment. This paper explores the factors affecting the use of AETs in automobiles further includes in depth analysis and results obtained from real time experiments conducted on AET based automobiles. This paper empirically examines the preferences for alternative energy sources or propulsion technologies in vehicles. In order to simulate a realistic future purchase situation, the following alternative technologies i.e. hybrid, gas, biofuel, hydrogen, and electric vehicles were considered besides common gasoline and diesel vehicles. The estimation results reveal that younger potential car buyers have a higher stated preference for biofuel and electric vehicles, males have a higher stated choice of hydrogen vehicles, and environmentally aware potential car buyers have a higher stated pref-erence for hydrogen and electric vehicles. These results suggest that common policy instruments such as the promo-tion of research and development, taxation, or subsidization in the field of electro mobility could be supplemented by policies to increase the social acceptance of alternative vehicle types that are directly oriented to these population groups. ____________________________________________________________ - 118 -

The Impact of RoHS on Electric Vehicles in the Chinese Automotive Market. Ge, Xinyu; Gu, Hua; Wang, Ying In: COMVEC, SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 14 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-8124 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-8124 China has become the world's largest vehicle market in terms of sales volume. Automobiles sales keep growing in recent years despite the declining economic growth rate. Due to the increasing attention given to the environmental impact, more stringent emission regulations are being drafted to control traditional internal combustion engine emis-sions. In order to reduce vehicle emissions, environmentally-friendly new-energy vehicles, such as electric vehicles


and plug-in hybrid vehicles, are being promoted by government policies. The Chinese government plans to boost sales of new-energy cars to account for about five percent of China's total vehicle sales. It is well known that more electric and electronic components will be integrated into a vehicle platform during vehicle electrification. The Restric-tion of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) was first adopted by the European Union (EU), and it restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of electronic and electric equipment. More potential hazardous materials are under investigation, and Directive (EU) 2015/863 amends EU RoHS to restrict four new Phthalates. The Chinese Ministry of Information Industry published "Management Methods for Controlling Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products Regulation", which is usually referred to as China RoHS 1, in 2006. Al-though Chinese vehicle emission regulations are very similar to their counterparts in EU, China RoHS was developed entirely separately from EU regulations. For example, China RoHS includes automotive electronics, radar equipment, medical devices, semiconductor and other manufacturing equipment, components and some raw materials. The in-force date and initial requirements of China RoHS are also different from EU RoHS. The first in-force date for China RoHS 1 is March 1, 2007, and the initial requirement of China RoHS 1 is the mark and disclosure of any of the six identified hazardous substances and their locations within the product. Given the EU RoHS impacts on multiple in-dustries, China RoHS will definitely affect automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), suppliers, dealers and consumers. This paper compares the difference between EU RoHS and China RoHS, and elaborates on the potential technical strategy to substitute the identified hazardous substances and mitigate the risks related to cost, quality and reliability. ____________________________________________________________ - 119 -

Improvement of Practical Electric Consumption by Drag Reducing under Cross Wind. Kawamata, Hideyuki; Kuroda, Satoru; Tanaka, Shingo; Oshima, Munehiko In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 6 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1626 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1626 Reducing vehicle fuel consumption has become one of the most important issues in recent years in connection with environmental concerns such as global warming. Therefore, in the vehicle development process, attention has been focused on reducing aerodynamic drag as a way of improving fuel economy. When considering environmental issues, the development of vehicle aerodynamics must take into account real-world driving conditions. A crosswind is one of the representative conditions. It is well known that drag changes in a crosswind compared with a condition without a crosswind, and that the change depends on the vehicle shape. It is generally considered that the influence of a crosswind is relatively small since drag accounts for a small proportion of the total running resistance. However, for electric vehicles, the energy loss of the drive train is smaller than that of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. Therefore, drag represents a relatively larger proportion of the total running resistance. That makes it necessary to consider the influence of a crosswind in order to reduce electric power consumption in real-world driving. In this study, representative test conditions taking into account a crosswind were proposed for wind tunnel tests based on an analysis of U.S. market data such as vehicle speeds and wind speeds. The test results made clear the mechanism causing drag to change under the representative test conditions. The representative test conditions were calculated by the Monte Carlo method using real-world driving data. It was found that a yaw angle of 4° is the most influential yaw angle. The mechanism causing drag to change was studied in wind tunnel tests. The factors affecting the change in drag were identified, and measures for reducing that change were examined. ____________________________________________________________ - 120 -

Green Loading Zones to Support Cost-Effective Zero-Emission Commercial Vehicle Operations in New York City. Salama, Paul; Lubinsky, Adam; Roy, Bryan; Ivanic, Ziga; Lipson, Paul; Torres, Luis; Tario, Joseph; Ancar, Robert In: COMVEC, SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 21 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-2434 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2434 The emergence of electric vehicle (EV) delivery trucks is resulting in health and environmental benefits, less noise, reduction of foreign energy dependency, and economic development opportunities. Green Loading Zones (GLZs) are dedicated curbside spaces for commercial delivery EVs meant to incentivize and accelerate market adoption. This study examined the impact and potential benefits of this strategy for New York City. Discussions with fleets revealed that while they are realizing operational savings and other benefits from the use of EVs, their incremental costs over diesel vehicles can take a very long time to recover, even with existing subsidy programs. Complementary incentives like GLZs can provide further justification for the investment in cleaner technology. Most fleets interviewed would place a high monetary value on guaranteed delivery locations and reduced parking violation expenses. Inclusion of GLZ electrical infrastructure to charge the EV battery could extend the range and operational capacity or permit the fleet to purchase vehicles with smaller battery packs, both of which would increase the cost effectiveness of this technology. Three specific New York City sites were selected to determine the feasibility of implementing GLZs. GLZs represent a difficult implementation, butting up against many of the city's current policy approaches such as reducing congestion; monetizing curbside space; preserving existing parking spaces; and avoiding confusing and hard to en-force curbside restrictions. While there are barriers to overcome, the benefits of enabling further EV use were found to be too significant to not pursue concepts like GLZs.


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Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Hybrid Vehicles Part 1: Analysis of Solar Hybrid Vehicle Potential Con-sidering Well-to-Wheel GHG Emissions. Kimura, Kazutaka; Kudo, Yuki; Sato, Akinori In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1287 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1287 In recent years, automakers have been developing various types of environmentally friendly vehicles such as hybrid (HV), plug-in hybrid (PHV), electric (EV), and fuel cell (FCV) vehicles to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-sions. However, there are few commercial solar vehicles on the market. One of the reasons why automakers have not focused attention on this area is because the benefits of installing solar modules on vehicles under real conditions are unclear. There are two difficulties in measuring the benefits of installing solar modules on vehicles: (1) vehicles travel under various conditions of sunlight exposure and (2) sunlight exposure conditions differ in each region. To address these problems, an analysis was performed based on an internet survey of 5,000 people and publically available meteorological data from 48 observation stations in Japan. This survey obtained information on vehicle conditions such as parking locations, whether the vehicle was in sunshine or shade, locations of operation, and trip distances. This paper describes the benefits and desirable specifications of solar vehicles from the standpoint of well-to-wheel GHG emissions reduction. This study assumed that solar modules would be installed on HVs equipped with extra battery capacity for solar power storage. To summarize the results, total well-to-wheel GHG emissions were reduced by 30% when 1,000 W solar modules and a 4 kWh battery were installed on all vehicles, compared to a ref-erence case with neither solar modules nor a battery. In addition, good results can be obtained by installing a battery with a usable capacity of approximately 4 kWh and a solar panel system with a rated output of 1,000 W, e.g. life cycle GHG emissions can be reduced by 12% compared to a HV. ____________________________________________________________ - 122 -

Comparison of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Conventional, CNG-Hybrid and Electric Powertrains for Long Mileage Application in a Taxi for Singapore. Reuter, Benjamin; Gleyzes, Daniel; Lienkamp, Markus In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 47 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1616 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1616 In this analysis we assess the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of four types of vehicles which might play a role in achieving future emission reductions: vehicles using compressed natural gas (CNG), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), mild hybrid CNG vehicles and range extended BEVs. Our analysis covers the manufacturing processes of these vehicles and their use as a city taxi in Singapore. We also consider upstream emissions from fuel and electric-ity production. All necessary parameters are derived from an intensive literature review and the model for calculating the life cycle emissions is presented. The influence of data uncertainties is analyzed by parameter variations within different scenarios. The calculation results are found to be quite robust: The BEV and the mild hybrid CNG vehicle similarly show very low GHG emissions within all scenarios whereas the pure CNG vehicle always ranks the worst. In an additional scenario we also assessed the influence of an improved electricity generation with lower emissions in the future. In this the results of the BEV and the range extended BEV were significantly improved compared to the previous baseline calculations. We conclude that the introduction of BEVs is an effective measure to reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector of the future. However, mild hybrid CNG vehicles seem to be a very practicable so-lution for mobility with less GHG emissions today and in the nearer future. ____________________________________________________________ - 123 -

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Battery Management System and Electronic Control Unit of Neighborhood Electric Vehicle. Patil, Mahesh Suresh; Bang, You-Ma; Seo, Jae-Hyeong; Kim, Dae-Wan; Cho, Bum-Dong; Lee, Moo-Yeon In: AETA 2016: Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering and Related Sciences, Theory and Application, AETA, International Conference on Advanced Engineering - Theory and Applications, 2016, in: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering * Band 415 (2017) Seite 205-211 (7 Seiten), Paper-Nr. Chapter 20, Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50904-4_20 The increased need for mobility has necessitated a tremendous growth in transportation industry. The consumption of oil has increased many-fold leading to rapid deterioration of fossil fuel resources and increased greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to the finding alternative source of energy for vehicles in terms of battery based electric vehi-cles. Although electric vehicles are promising option for transportation, many issues like specific power, cost, vehicle range, battery thermal management etc. needs to be resolved efficiently in order to compete with internal combustion engine based vehicles. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of battery thermal management system and electronic control unit of neighborhood electric vehicle. The temperatures are measured at critical locations with varying velocity and varying altitude. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


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A Study of Electric Motorcycle. Matsuda, Yoshimoto In: SETC, SAE/JSAE Small Engine Technology Conference & Exhibition, 20, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 , Pa-per-Nr. 2014-32-0012 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-32-0012 As for automobile, the mass production period of Electric Vehicle(EV) has begun by the rapid progress of the battery performance. But for EV- Motorcycle(MC), it is limited for the venture companies' releases. The design and evalua-tion methodologies are not yet established or standardized so far. This paper provides the practical and the experi-mental examples. To study the feasibility of EV-MC, we developed the prototypes in the present technical and suppli-ers' parts environments, and evaluated them by the practical view of the MC usage. The developed EV-MC has the equivalent driving performance of the 250 cc internal combustion engine(ICE)-MC and a cruising range of 100 km in normal use. In the prototype development, the reliability and the ability of protection design of the battery in the whole vehicle against the environmental loads are mainly studied, especially, heat and cold, water, shock, and the accident impact. In addition, it is carried out the performance improvement by the heat management design of the motor to meet the practical use condition. From the points of the fun to ride factor, we developed the function of the 4-speeds dog gear Manual Transmission (MT) and its electric control, reward ride function, the regenerative brake control, and the quick charge. And by the consideration of maneuverability and the maintenance-ability of the battery in stock, the vehicle chassis is designed. ____________________________________________________________ - 125 -

Development of a SIL, HIL and Vehicle Test-Bench for Model-Based Design and Validation of Hybrid Power-train Control Strategies. Vora, Ashish; Wu, Haotian; Wang, Chuang; Qian, Yili; Shaver, Gregory; Motevalli, Vahid; Meckl, Peter; Wasynczuk, Oleg; Zhang, Haiyan In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1906 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1906 Hybrid powertrains with multiple sources of power have generated new control challenges in the automotive industry. Purdue University's participation in EcoCAR 2, an Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition managed by the Ar-gonne National Laboratories and sponsored by GM and DOE, has provided an exciting opportunity to create a com-prehensive test-bench for the development and validation of advanced hybrid powertrain control strategies. As one of 15 competing university teams, the Purdue EcoMakers are re-engineering a donated 2013 Chevrolet Malibu into a plug-in parallel- through-the-road hybrid-electric vehicle, to reduce its environmental impact without compromising performance, safety or consumer acceptability. This paper describes the Purdue team's control development process for the EcoCAR 2 competition. It describes the team's efforts towards developing a complete vehicle model of a Par-allel-through-the road PHEV which can leverage SIL and HIL simulation platforms for control development. A HIL test-bench was developed for real-time controller testing. The use of parameterized models, a prototyping controller and a unique interfacing philosophy allows the team to transition quickly between the SIL, HIL and vehicle platforms, thus providinga comprehensive test environment for the design and validation of various hybrid supervisory control strategies. Some preliminary data from the team's SIL and HIL simulations has also been presented. ____________________________________________________________ - 126 -

Achieving Deep Reduction in California CO2 Emissions via Renewable Resource Integration, Electrification, and Smart Grid Deployment. Ebrahimi, Siavash; Brouwer, Jack In: ASME Power Conference, 2016 * (2016) Seite V001T10A004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/POWER2016-59457 The State of California has adopted a deep greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050, but decarbonizing the power generation sector cannot lead to such aggressive emissions reductions by itself since only 21 percent of total statewide GHG emissions originate from power generation. Therefore, wide-spread electrification, i.e., switching direct fossil fuel use to electricity, along with smart grid deployment, is essential for meeting deep emissions reduction targets. In this study, the load-balancing and emission impacts of electrifying end-use energy sectors while decarbonizing power generation, and deploying smart-grid technologies are analyzed using detailed modeling of infrastructure, feedstocks and economic dispatch of the electric grid. In the most compre-hensive scenario, all end-use energy sectors are partly electrified by 2030 via replacing gas-fired end-uses with highly efficient electric technologies. The electric power generation sector is decarbonized through installing higher levels of renewable power meeting nearly 50 percent of total California electric energy demand in 2030. Various smart grid technologies including battery energy storage, demand response, and smart electric vehicle charging are implemented in the end-use sectors in order to accommodate and complement higher levels of renewable power resources. It is found that decarbonizing the electric power generation without electrifying end-use sectors increases CO2 emissions by 3.1 percent, while end-use electrification alongside utility scale and distributed renewable resource integration and smart grid technology implementation can yield up to a 29 percent reduction in CO2 emissions in 2030 compared to 1990 levels.


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Experimental and Numerical Study on the Thermal Performances of Battery Cell and ECU for an E-Bike. Bang, You-Ma; Patil, Mahesh Suresh; Seo, Jae-Hyeong; Lee, Moo-Yeon In: AETA 2016: Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering and Related Sciences, Theory and Application, AETA, International Conference on Advanced Engineering - Theory and Applications, 2016, in: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering * Band 415 (2017) Seite 195-204 (10 Seiten), Paper-Nr. Chapter 19, Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50904-4_19 In recent years, the traffic congestion, energy issues and environmental problems are occurred by increase in motor vehicles as well as population. The short and long range electrically operated vehicles like EVs (Electric vehicles) and LEVs (Light Electric vehicles) have been receiving much attention as a way to resolve these problems. Among these electric vehicle types, electric bicycle and electric scooters have the important components such as battery cell and ECUs (Electric Control Units). The component temperature is increased due to the heat generated by the continuous operation, which leads to decrease of the life cycle and performance. An experimental study was conducted to ob-serve the effects of cooling performance of battery cell and heatsink case for ECU. Subsequently a numerical model was developed and cooling performance results of numerical study were validated by comparing it with experimental study. A new model is proposed with enhanced thermal performance for ECU heatsink. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 128 -

Infrastructure Development and its Management for Future Sustainable Mobility. Vadiraj, Aravind In: SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference, 9, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 42 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-28-0252 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-28-0252 This article delineates the importance of infrastructure and its related aspects on sustainability of transportation on global and local context. Almost 7% of the GDP in India is spent on transportation and 6% of the CO2 emissions in the world is due to transportation. In countries like India, the road transport has significantly grown over other forms of mobility. This articles introduces different forms of transportations that exists today and the importance of sustainabil-ity in transportation sector. Sustainable transportation depends on development of infrastructure to enable smart transport solutions involving intelligent transport system, electric mobility, information management, vehicle health monitoring, advanced traffic management system and driver assistance system in a vehicle. The challenges includes existing transport operations, environmental impact and complexity of existing transport network. Future sustained mobility should gradually move towards alternate energy source preferably hydrogen and fuel cell based systems. Several demonstrations has been observed around the world in transport sector with non-carbon based energy source for mass mobility. This articles gives several such interesting examples. Future recommendations in this arti-cle promotes powered bicycles, cable cars and dual mode vehicles as a means of sustained mobility. Other recom-mendations includes economy mode in vehicles to save fuel, double decker coaches for suburban railways to reduce road commuters, work clusters for service sectors as an alternate means for reducing road traffic and pollution. ____________________________________________________________ - 129 -

The Development of an Advanced Vehicle Control Platform for Pure Electric Vehicles. Zhu, ZhongWen; Wang, Xu; Huang, Wei; Gong, Jinfeng In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 6 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-0229 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0229 Pure electric vehicles are recognized as one of the most important new energy vehicle types to meet the increasingly stringent standards in energy saving and environment protection. To meet the control demands, China Automotive Technology & Research Center(CATARC) plan to develop an advanced Vehicle Control Platform(VCP) for pure elec-tric vehicles. The developed VCP is well structured on both hardware and software and can be adapted to different pure electric vehicles easily. This paper describes the design of the hardware, the software architecture, the base software and the control strategy applied in the VCP in detail. A matching method is proposed to configure the VCP to a real VCU for the specific application by modifying the hardware channel definition and the control parameters. The paper shows successful application of the VCP on several types of pure electric vehicles. ____________________________________________________________ - 130 -

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Exploring Alternatives for Brazil as from Japan and South Korea Overviews. Jussani, Ailton Conde; Albertin, Jose Luiz In: SAE Brasil Congress, 23, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 27 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-36-0290 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-36-0290 The means of vehicle propulsion - sources of mechanical work - comprise Otto or Diesel cycle engines. However, in hybrid or purely electric vehicles, the arrangements of powertrain can be configured in a whole range of new possibili-ties. The demands of working arrangements and specific performance in automotive applications are now imposed on the electric motorization. The electrical energy storage has been of interest for science and technology due to the


multiplicity of solutions that rely on this function. The theoretical principles have evolved, as well the technological resources and the knowledge of materials. This exploratory study investigates the national objectives for electric and hybrid vehicles in Japan and South Korea regarding types of light-duty urban vehicles under development and their main characteristics in terms of vehicle propulsion seeking to present the progress achieved by companies that al-ready sell some models, including Hyundai, KIA, Nissan and Toyota. Secondary data were collected from specific literature and technical publications. In addition, we considered the public policies adopted in Japan and South Korea at different stages and specificities of the value chain of electric and hybrid cars. With this study, we expect contribute to mapping the possibilities and alternatives for a sustainable development of the emerging industry of electric and hybrid vehicles in Brazil. ____________________________________________________________ - 131 -

Efficient Direct Yaw Moment Control during Acceleration and Deceleration While Turning (Second Report). Himeno, Hiroshi; Katsuyama, Etsuo; Kobayashi, Takao In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1677 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1677 Electric vehicles (EVs) are attracting attention due to growing awareness of environmental issues such as fossil fuel depletion and global warming. In particular, a wide range of research has examined how direct yaw moment controls (DYCs) can enhance the handling performance of EVs equipped with multiple in-wheel motors (IWMs) or the like. Recently, this research has focused on reducing energy consumption through driving force distribution control. The first report proposed a method to minimize energy consumption through an efficient DYC for extending the cruising range of a vehicle installed with four IWMs, and described the vehicle behavior with this control. Since motors allow high design flexibility, EVs can be developed with a variety of drive systems. For this reason, various driving force distribution control methods can be considered based on the adopted system. Widespread adoption of the optimum driving force distribution control method for each drive system from the standpoint of energy consumption should be achievable using the results described in the first report. Consequently, this second report examines a control method to minimize energy consumption for vehicles with different motor-based drive systems. The driving force distribution control laws to minimize energy consumption in a vehicle with two or three motors were calculated and compared to a vehicle with four motors. This paper also compares the energy consumption when turning while accelerating or de-celerating, and discusses the vehicle behavior in these scenarios. The derived control laws can be applied to vehicles with any motor-based drive system. ____________________________________________________________ - 132 -

Energy Efficient Routing for Electric Vehicles using Particle Swarm Optimization. Abousleiman, Rami; Rawashdeh, Osamah In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2014, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 20 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-01-1815 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1815 Growing concerns about the environment, energy dependency, and unstable fuel prices have increased the market share of electric vehicles. This has led to an increased demand for energy efficient routing algorithms that are opti-mized for electric vehicles. Traditional routing algorithms are focused on finding the shortest distance or the least time route between two points. These approaches have been working well for fossil fueled vehicles. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, require different route optimization techniques. Negative edge costs, battery power and capacity lim-its, as well as vehicle parameters that are only available at query time, make the task of electric vehicle routing a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a simulated solution to the energy efficient routing for electric vehicles using Particle Swarm Optimization. Simulation results show improvements in the energy consumption of the electric vehicle when applied to a start-to-destination routing problem. ____________________________________________________________ - 133 -

An Innovative Control Algorithm for Engine Stop/Start for Vehicles with Manual Transmission, Derived through Analysis of On-Road Test Data. Athani, Gopal; Dongare, Kapil; Gavarraju, Srinivasa In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-0623 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0623 Micro and Mild Hybrid Systems is a bracket term, which covers functions like Engine Stop/Start (ESS), Intelligent Alternator Control (IAC), and many others, which collectively aim at optimizing the fuel consumption by preventing the wasteful running of the engine. Engine Stop/Start system is the prominent part of the Micro/Mild hybrid systems and is the most significant contributor while reducing the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In the previ-ous work of the Authors, various issues related to ESS were discussed in detail. ESS is not so popular among the customers, due to the complexities of the system operation and poor integration of the system design with the cus-tomer behavior. In addition, due to various functional safety conditions, and the traffic conditions, the actual benefits of ESS are negatively impacted. Therefore, it becomes necessary to have a different approach to the design of the


systems like ESS. A different approach was implemented to design the control algorithm for the ESS, by implement-ing Design Thinking, in which a detailed study was performed to assess how customers actually behave during an idle stop and inputs were generated for the control algorithm design. This effort resulted in a better system design with increased improvement of fuel efficiency and better integration of the system functionality with the user behavior. In this paper, the technical aspects of the system design are discussed in detail, with analysis of the on road data of customer behavior, analysis of the problem areas, and methods devised to improve the integration of the system functionality with the customer behavior, customer experience with the ESS, and to reduce the negative impact of the functional safety parameters, including the implementation of the system in a technology demonstrator vehicle and its performance test results. The vehicle with the new control algorithm returned a fuel economy improvement of ap-proximately 18% over conventional vehicle, and 13% compared to the base ESS control algorithm, under actual on-road conditions. ____________________________________________________________ - 134 -

Pure Electric Bus Traction Technology Overview - A Path Towards Enhanced Environmental Performance and Efficiency for Transit Bus Fleets. Barbosa, Fabio Coelho In: SAE Brasil Congress, 23, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2014 (Seiten, 37 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2014-36-0205 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-36-0205 The growing concentration of population in world metropolis caused by increasing urbanization rates has pushed the demand for high capacity and efficient public transport systems. At the same time, environmental concerns have led to increasingly stricter emission standards. In this context, transit authorities have become strongly focused on mak-ing their bus fleets more efficient and cleaner, by incorporating new alternative fuels and clean propulsion technolo-gies. This has led to increased interest in electric driven technologies, with their intrinsic efficient, quiet and environ-ment friendly features. Trolleybuses, a well proven mature electric technology already adopted in some cities, al-though efficient and clean, are burdened by high infrastructure costs and operational inflexibility. Hydrogen fuel cell buses, an infant technology, currently on a precommercial status, still presents some hurdles on hardware durability and hydrogen supply, which need to be surpassed before reach commercial status. At the same time, there has been significant technical progress into development of the electromobility concept for transit bus systems, through the use of pure electric drivetrains supported by the improvement of range, durability, charging procedures and cost of energy storage systems - ESS (batteries or/and supercapacitors), considered the core components of the so called pure electric buses. In this scenario, pure electric driven bus technology has aroused interest of transit industry, as a strat-egy for improving efficiency and environmental performance of transit bus fleets. Although not yet commercially com-petitive with diesel buses, there has been significant technical progress in development of pure electric buses, nota-bly with improvements observed in the so called Lithium Ion battery (with their variants), supercapacitors technology and charging procedures, both under a technical and cost perspective. This work is supposed to present an overview of pure electric traction bus technology, with a focus on technical, operational, environmental and economical fea-tures, highlighting the pathways to be followed to reach commercial feasibility in order to comply with stricter envi-ronmental targets already scheduled and consolidate the electromobilty concept for transit bus industry. Moreover, it will be presented an overview of the main ongoing electromobility bus experiences in some important cities around the world. ____________________________________________________________ - 135 -

A New Narrowband Active Noise Control System in the Presence of Frequency Mismatch and its Application for Steady-State Blower Noise. Zuo, Shuguang; Long, Guo; Wu, Xudong; Hu, Jiajie; Xiang, Longyang; Zhang, Jun In: SAE Noise and Vibration Conference and Exposition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 18 Quel-len), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-2214 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2214 In order to reduce high-frequency harmonic noise produced by the blower in the auxiliary system of a fuel cell vehicle (FCV), a narrowband active noise control (ANC) method instead of conventional passive mufflers is adopted since the blower demands clean air condition and expects good acoustic performance. However, in ANC practical applica-tions, the frequency difference between reference signal and actual primary signal, i.e., frequency mismatch (FM), can significantly degrade the high-frequency performance of narrowband ANC system. In this paper, a new narrow-band ANC system is proposed to compensate for the performance degeneration due to the existence of FM and im-prove noise reduction at high frequencies. The proposed system consists of two parts: the Filtered Error Least Mean Square (FELMS) algorithm filtering the primary signals at wide frequency range other than those at the targeted fre-quencies, and the FM removal algorithm proposed by Yegui Xiao. Simulations of the new system and the FM removal algorithm, which take the rotational speeds of the blower as reference signals and also actual noise as primary sig-nals, have been carried out respectively and compared afterwards. The simulation results demonstrate that the pro-posed system far outperforms the FM removal algorithm at high frequencies. The former is capable of tracking fre-quency of non-stationary or time-varying input signals and further removing FM, and its noise reductions generally reach approximately 20 dB, while the latter reduces less than 2 dB. Additionally the new system proves to be effec-tive and efficient even though the FM reaches 250 Hz. ____________________________________________________________


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Development of Range Extended - Solar Power Assisted Electric Vehicle. Gunti, Sri Charan; Gunti, Sai Kiran; Shaik, Amjad; Rao, Srinivasa; Reddy, Amarnath In: SIAT, Symposium on International Automotive Technology, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 20 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-26-0111 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-26-0111 Economy and Emissions are the main concerns for success of any commercial vehicle in the present day automotive market. Electric vehicles are attracting more attention due to their advantages in these two points of view as com-pared to Conventional fuel based vehicles. However, an important drawback for electric vehicles to be noticed is its range per a single charge. In this paper, an attempt has been made to overcome this drawback by upgrading an elec-tric vehicle. The existing electric vehicle is converted into solar power assisted electric vehicle and the range of the vehicle has been increased further by adding auxiliary power unit (IC engine + alternator). A control unit has been developed for energy management. This paper also discusses the performance characteristics of solar panels and IC engine. Results show that the range of converted electric vehicle has been increased by 1.8 times when compared with existing one. In addition, further range can be extended by using auxiliary power unit. An economical improve-ment and emission reductions have been observed with the upgraded electric vehicle. ____________________________________________________________ - 137 -

Electric Vehicles in the Gulf Region: Performance and Potential. Abu Mohareb, Omar; Huynh, Phan-Lam; Al-Janabi, A.; Grimm, Michael; Reuss, Hans-Christian In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 8 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-01-1685 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1685 This paper addresses the performance and potential of using electric vehicles in the Gulf Arab states. Based on a survey executed in Salalah, Oman, a representative test driving cycle has been set up. This cycle is the first of its kind for this region, where it is driven with a vehicle provided with special measurement equipment to log important values, e.g. vehicle's speed and position, temperatures and solar irradiance. More than 40 test drives are performed to obtain a representative driver profile. The driving cycle and driver profile are used in a simulation model which is capable of simulating the energy consumption for internal combustion engine or electric motor propulsion systems. The simulation model which contains detailed models for the driver, driving cycle, vehicle components and its dynam-ics is validated and used to compare the consumed energy for the two different propulsion systems. The model calcu-lates the total cost per 100 km for each system and then a statement on the saving potentials using electric vehicles is made. Additionally to the Salalah Driving Cycle, the New European Driving Cycle and the Stuttgart Driving Cycle are used in the simulation model to obtain further data concerning the energy consumption and the total cost per 100 km. The simulation results show great saving potential when electric vehicle is used. Regardless of the excessive availability of the oil in the Gulf Arab states, the measurements and the simulation results encourage further investi-gation of exploiting electric vehicles with solar energy in this region. ____________________________________________________________ - 138 -

Effectiveness and Issues of Automotive Electric Power Generating System Using Solar Modules. Urabe, Shinichi; Kimura, Kazutaka; Kudo, Yuki; Sato, Akinori In: SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 2016, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2016 (Seiten, 14 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2016-01-1266 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1266 Solar and other green energy technologies are attracting attention as a means of helping to address global warming caused by CO2 and other emission gases. Countries, factories, and individual homes around the world have already introduced photovoltaic energy power sources, a trend that is likely to increase in the future. Electric vehicles pow-ered from photovoltaic energy systems can help decrease the CO2 emissions caused by vehicles. Unlike vehicles used for solar car racing, it is not easy to equip conventional vehicles with solar modules because the available area for module installation is very small to maintain cabin space, and the body lines of conventional vehicles are also usually slightly rounded. These factors decrease the performance of photovoltaic energy systems and prevent suffi-cient electric power generation. This research aimed to estimate the effectiveness of a solar module power generat-ing system equipped on a conventional car, the Toyota Prius PHV. Sixteen modules were set on the hood, roof, hatchback, and sides of the car. The energy from each module was controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) unit, a system used to reduce the energy loss caused by differences in solar radiation among the modules. Electric power generation data over the course of 100 days from July 1 to January 30 in 2014 found that the modules generated an average of 2.0 kWh/day. This is equivalent to a driving distance of 9.8 km. At the same time, this re-search also identified various problems related to increasing the electric power obtained from photovoltaic modules. ____________________________________________________________


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Modeling a Roof-Mounted Solar Panel Automobile - Benefits and Path Forward. Awate, Chandrakant; Zadokar, Jayesh; Patel, Sanjay; Malaviya, Anay; Arora, Vinti In: SIAT, Symposium on International Automotive Technology, 2015, in: SAE Technical Papers * 2015 (Seiten, 5 Quellen), Paper-Nr. 2015-26-0053 http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-26-0053 With ever increasing population growth and increase in per capita income, there is a lot of demand on energy re-quirements. Also due to depletion in fossil fuels, rocketing fuel prices and CO2 emissions standards, it is imperative to find solutions which are cost-effective and from sustainable energy sources. Being in the sunny tropical belt, India has high solar insolation, and so it should adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of the renewable energy mix. This paper describes the best possible ways to use solar energy for automotive application. This paper explains various types of photovoltaic (PV) technologies - crystalline and thin film solar cells for automo-tive use. A medium sized sedan vehicle with mild hybrid technology and roof mounted PV panel has been used for all experiments. The paper describe the benefits and limitations of each PV technology with experimental measurement and payback period analysis. During the experiments it was observed that PV panel's efficiency decreases with raise in ambient temperature [5]. To address this issue, an innovative cooling system is developed, which is integrated with vehicle engine cooling system with a control system. The cooling system is designed in such way that it improves the PV panel efficiency; at the same time it preheats radiator water to reduce engine emission during first crank. This paper claim that the PV panel with mono crystalline technology having 16% efficiency and current PV panel cost, provides payback period of less than 3.5years. The paper also claims that with ongoing research if efficiency im-proves by another 2% and cost reduces by 10%; payback period will be less than 2.5years. Based on current trends it is believed that the same may happen in 3 years' time. The paper also covers the indirect benefits of the cooling system like reduction in cabin temperature due to PV panel and compares results with conventional and solar reflec-tive painted vehicles. ____________________________________________________________ - 140 -

Progress of Chinese electric vehicles industrialization in 2015: A review. Du, Jiuyu; Ouyang, Danhua In: Applied Energy * Band 188 (2017) Seite 529-546 (18 Seiten, 112 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.129 Recently, China has been facing energy security and urban air pollution challenges. The development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is considered an optimal technological route for solving such problems. By the end of 2015, China had become world's largest plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) market; however, the core technologies associated with PEVs remain less competitive in the world marketplace. Thus, determining the global trend and national development laws is very important for the Chinese government to draft long-term technological strategies and lead the NEV indus-try. In this study, the international technological trend is analyzed and industrialization progresses of top global coun-tries are compared. NEV development is reviewed through a detailed classification and a triple-perspective method to determine the industrialization rules. The review indicates the following. (i) China's NEV market penetration, particu-larly for commercial electric vehicles, is dominated by state policies. The subsidy policy has a significant influence on powertrain options; therefore, the current incentive polices should be optimized. (ii) The range-extended-type plug-in hybrid electric cars have been verified as the optimal roadmap, and plug-in hybrid electric sports utility vehicles hold great promise in the future Chinese market. (iii) Micro-electric cars dominate the electric car market and are expected to be commercialized first when the government subsidy phases out. (iv) The industry has grown rapidly and the charging infrastructure construction can keep up with the progress of PEV market penetration. The post-EV market (such as battery and vehicle recycling) must be considered in advance. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 141 -

Do Methodological Choices in Environmental Modeling Bias Rebound Effects? A Case Study on Electric Cars. Font Vivanco, David; Tukker, Arnold; Kemp, Rene In: Environmental Science and Technology * Band 50 (2016) Heft 20, Seite 11366-11376 (11 Seiten, 90 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01871 Improvements in resource efficiency often underperform because of rebound effects. Calculations of the size of re-bound effects are subject to various types of bias, among which methodological choices have received particular at-tention. Modellers have primarily focused on choices related to changes in demand, however, choices related to modeling the environmental burdens from such changes have received less attention. In this study, we analyze choices in the environmental assessment methods (life cycle assessment (LCA) and hybrid LCA) and environmental input-output databases (E3IOT, Exiobase and WIOD) used as a source of bias. The analysis is done for a case study on battery electric and hydrogen cars in Europe. The results describe moderate rebound effects for both technologies in the short term. Additionally, long-run scenarios are calculated by simulating the total cost of ownership, which de-scribe notable rebound effect sizes-from 26 to 59% and from 18 to 28%, respectively, depending on the methodologi-cal choices-with favorable economic conditions. Relevant sources of bias are found to be related to incomplete back


ground systems, technology assumptions and sectorial aggregation. These findings highlight the importance of the method setup and of sensitivity analyses of choices related to environmental modeling in rebound effect assess-ments. ____________________________________________________________ - 142 -

Brennstoffzellen Range-Extender als weiterer Lösungsansatz für große Reichweiten im emissionsfreien Fahrbetrieb. Another future solution for long driving range at zero emission - Fuel Cell Range Extended EV. Müller, Helfried; Gutruf, Philipp; Martin, Michael In: Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, 37, International Vienna Motor Symposium, 37, in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik * Band 799 (2016) Seite 277-293 (17 Seiten, 2 Quellen), Datei: lenz16_01_16_Magna_Mueller_dt_277_293.pdf Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag Kontinuierlich strenger werdende CO2-Flottenziel Gesetzgebungen verlangen nach alternativen, aber auch kunden-tauglichen Lösungen. Kosten, Reichweiteneinschränkungen oder derzeit fehlende Infrastruktur sind zumeist er-schwerende Faktoren für Endkundenakzeptanz und verhindern somit breite Markteinführung von emissionsfreien Fahrzeugen. Plug-In Hybride, als eine mögliche Alternative, sind mittlerweile State of the Art und bieten bereits hohes Potenzial zur CO2 Reduktion und teilweisen "Zero Emission" Betrieb bei vorhandener Infrastruktur. Im Rahmen eines nationalen Forschungs-Förderprojektes wurde gemeinsam mit den Projektpartnern ein weiteres Fahrzeugkonzept dargestellt, welches einen möglichen künftigen Lösungsansatz für sehr große Reichweiten im völlig emissionsfreien Fahrbetrieb darstellen kann. Vorteile unterschiedlicher Technologien werden genutzt, um bekannte Nachteile, wie den zeitintensiven Ladevorgang, zu kompensieren. Gesamtfahrzeug-Integrationsansätze für das Brennstoffzellen-Range-Extender-Konzept werden dargestellt und die konkrete Umsetzung anhand eines bei Magna Steyr Enginee-ring entwickelten Technologie-Demonstratorfahrzeugs aufgezeigt. The continuous increasingly stringent regulations for CO2 fleet targets requests for further alternative and customer friendly solutions. High costs, reduced driving distance and missing infrastructure are some aggregative facts for end customer acceptance thus also for a broad market launch of ZEVs. Plug-In Hybrids are meanwhile "state of the art" with partly "Zero Emission" operation mode and already a good potential for CO2 reduction. Magna Steyr Engineering and project partners have developed another future vehicle solution for long driving range at zero emission within a national funded research project. Advantages of different technologies are used in combination to compensate disad-vantages such as fast charging capability. Approaches for the complete vehicle integration of a Fuel Cell Range Ex-tender Concept are highlighted by Magna Steyr Engineering as well as a concrete realization with a drivable technol-ogy demonstrator vehicle is shown. ____________________________________________________________ - 143 -

Aspects of Onboard Charger Efficiency in PHEVS and EVs. Pilkington, Mark; Becker, Jan; Hofer, Gerhard; Abl, Rainer; Polenov, Dieter; Haslbeck, Manuel; Danzer, Andreas In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 259-272 (14 Seiten) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Die Ladeeffizienz von Elektrofahrzeugen (Electric Vehicle, EV) oder Plug-In Elektrofahrzeugen (Plug-In Electric Ve-hicle, PHEV) ist von wichtiger Bedeutung für deren Gesamtenergiebilanzen. So fließt beim Elektrofahrzeug die ge-samte Energie über das Ladesystem in den Hochvolt (HV)-Speicher. Zusätzlich hat die Ladeeffizienz eines Fahrzeu-ges entscheidenden Einfluss auf Kundenfunktionen wie Ladedauer und Total Cost of Ownership" (TCO). Beim Lade-vorgang entstehen Verluste in verschiedenen Komponenten im Fahrzeug, wobei diese größtenteils im "Onboard" Ladegerät (Onboard Charger, OBC) auftreten, welches die Energie von AC auf DC umwandelt. Dabei ist der Wir-kungsgrad eines solchen Ladegerätes von vielen verschiedenen Faktoren abhängig. Dies sind auf der einen Seite sogenannte "feste Design" Faktoren, die während der Entwicklung des Ladegerätes festgelegt werden, wie z. B. die Auswahl der Topologie, der Komponenten und des Kühlungskonzepts. Auf der anderen Seite gibt es die "variablen" Faktoren, die während des Ladebetriebes Einfluss nehmen, wie z. B. Temperatur, Spannung und Strom. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Aspekte bzgl. des Wirkungsgrades eines Ladegerätes erklärt und der Einfluss auf den Gesamtladewirkungsgrad des Fahrzeuges untersucht. The charging efficiency of an electric vehicle (EV) or plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) is essential for the overall energy balance, since in an EV the complete energy flows via the charging system into the high voltage battery. In addition the charging efficiency has a high impact to the customer functions like charging duration and Total Cost of Owner-ship (TCO). During charging of an EV or PHEV losses are generated in different components of the vehicle. These losses are mainly generated in the Onboard Charger (OBC) which converts AC to DC Power. The efficiency of an OBC is dependent on "Fixed Design Factors" as well as on "Variable Factors". While the Fixed Design Factors (for example topology, choice of components or cooling concept) are finalized during the development the Variable Fac-tors (like voltage, current and temperature) impact the efficiency during the operation of the OBC. In this article differ-ent aspects regarding the efficiency of the OBC and charging efficiency of the complete vehicle are investigated. ____________________________________________________________


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How to Address the Chicken-Egg-Problem of Electric Vehicles? Introducing an Interaction Market Diffusion Model for EVs and Charging Infrastructure. Gnann, Till; Plötz, Patrick; Wietschel, Martin In: ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, 2015 * (2015) Seite 885-893 (9 Seiten, Quellen) Stock-holm: eceee Alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) face the lack of refuelling infrastructure as one obstacle to initial market diffusion. Also potential operators of refuelling stations await significant market shares before constructing a dense refuelling network. The resulting lock-in effect or chicken-egg-problem has been a field of research for many AFVs, but the co-diffusion of PEVs has rarely been analysed for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) up to now.1 This might derive from the large availability of private charging options (simple sockets at home) or semi-public charging options (at work). The question is whether these charging options are sufficient to overcome the potential lockin or how much additional public charging infrastructure is needed. Here, we develop an agent-based market diffusion model for PEVs and their charging infrastructure that is based on a large number of individual driving profiles for private and commercial car holders in Germany. Within the model, we determine the utility-maximising fuel type for each user based on cost, willingness-to-pay and the available charging infrastructure which derives from its driving behaviour and socio-demographic information. Infrastructure agents build public charging points when economically sensible. Our results show that there can be a market evolution in Germany without any public charging infrastructure facilities, since many vehicles are parked in garages or close to a house where power outlets are already available or easy to install. The second-best option for an infrastructure set-up is at work where the majority of vehicles is parked over a long time during the day, the installation is not costly and users profit more than from public facilities. Public charging facilities can increase PEV market shares, but they need to be subsidised for a long time. ____________________________________________________________ - 145 -

48 V P2 Hybridisierung mit optimiertem Motorkonzept - bestmögliche Fahrbarkeit bei exzellenter Verbrauchs- und Kosteneffizienz. 48 V P2 hybrid vehicle with an optimized combustion engine - Fuel economy and costs at their best com-bined with enhanced driving behavior. Wagner, Uwe; Rauch, Martin; Eckl, Tobias; Schamel, Andreas; Weber, Carsten; Springer, Moritz; Maiwald, Oliver; Knorr, Thomas; Lauer, Stefan In: Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium, 37, International Vienna Motor Symposium, 37, in: Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik * Band 799 (2016) Seite 53-82 (30 Seiten, 5 Quellen), Datei: lenz16_02_04_Continental_Maiwald_Wagner_dt_53_82.pdf Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag Das vorgestellte Fahrzeugkonzept visiert den Markt zwischen den 48 V-Startergeneratorsystemen und Hochvolt-Hybridsystemen an. Das im Hinblick auf das Kosten/Nutzen Verhältnis attraktive 48 V-Hybridsystem gewinnt als ei-nes der wenigen ausgeführten P2-Hybridfahrzeuge mit manuellem Getriebe dabei eine besondere Bedeutung. Um gleichermaßen eine große CO2-Einsparung bei gleichzeitig guter Fahrbarkeit darzustellen, wurde ein hochverdichte-ter Turbo-Otto-DI-Motor mit "später Einlass schließt" Strategie und einem RaAx-Turbolader (Radial-Axial-Turbinengeometrie) kombiniert. Aus diesem Motorkonzept wurde mit einem 48 V-P2-Hybridsystem ein hoch effizien-ter Gesamtantriebsstrang kreiert. Es werden die Synergien, die sich aus der Kombination des optimierten Verbren-nungsmotors und der 48 V-Technik heben lassen, dargestellt. Hierbei ermöglicht ein elektrisch beheizbarer Katalysa-tor innovative Betriebsmodi unter Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Emissionsrandbedingungen. Die zentrale Komponente des Hybridsystems ist ein P2-Hybridmodul, das gegenüber einem P0-Riemenstartersystem ein erhöhtes Rekuperati-onspotential hebt, sowie rein elektrische Fahrmanöver und damit eine CO2 optimierte Betriebsstrategie ermöglicht. Es zeichnet sich insbesondere durch eine achsparallel angeordnete und über einen Riemen angebundene E-Maschine sowie einen regelbaren Kolben-Klimakompressor mit Magnetkupplung aus. Weitere Bestandteile sind, ne-ben einer Kupplung "K0" zum Abkoppeln des Verbrennungsmotors, die ebenfalls integrierte automatisierte Fahrkupp-lung "K1". Zu den Funktionen dieses P2-Hybrids zählt die Möglichkeit, eine elektrische Fahrzeugklimatisierung ohne Mehrkosten und rein elektrisches Fahren bei niedrigen Geschwindigkeiten realisieren zu können. Letzteres legt den Grundstein für automatisiertes Einparken auch mit Handschaltgetrieben. Die Möglichkeit eines komfortablen und schnellen Motorstarts über die 48 V-E-Maschine, vergleichbar mit einem Startergeneratorsystem, bleibt erhalten. Dies bildet das Fundament für eine CO2 optimierten Gesamtfahrstrategie, in der die jeweils optimalen Antriebsmög-lichkeiten des Gesamtantriebsstranges bei hoher Fahrkultur zusammengefügt werden. Das Hybridmodul kann uni-versell sowohl mit Handschaltgetrieben als auch mit automatisierten Getrieben jeder Bauart kombiniert werden. ____________________________________________________________


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Coordinated Charging of EVs Based on Demand-Side Management. Li, Yu-Kai; Ouyang, Hong; Zhao, Jia-Kui; Rong, Xiu-Kai; Dong, Yi In: Mechatronics and Industrial Informatics II, ICMII, International Conference on Mechatronics and Industrial Infor-matics, 2, in: Applied Mechanics and Materials * Band 596 (2014) Seite 760-765 (6 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publi-cations http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.596.760 http://www.scientific.net/AMM.596.760 Electric vehicles (EVs) are adopted as an effective way to reduce the pollution of atmosphere. However, if EVs are implemented in a large scale without control, peak load would increase significantly and the grid may be overloaded. Based on Demand-Side Management (DSM), an coordinated charging method for EVs to address the problem of that is proposed. Considering load fluctuation of power grid as well as time-of-use (TOU) power price, a multi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize the charging cost and restrain the load fluctuation. Overall power load is composed of original daily load and EV charging load, which is obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. On the basis of this, the optimal number of charging EVs in each period is worked out with NSGA-II algorithm. At last, the case study carried out shows the reasonability of this method. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 147 -

A completive survey study on the feasibility and adaptation of EVs in Beijing, China. Sun, Lishan; Huang, Yuchen; Liu, Shuli; Chen, Yanyan; Yao, Liya; Kashyap, Anil In: Applied Energy * Band 187 (2017) Seite 128-139 (12 Seiten, 51 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.027 The private motor vehicles are significantly important means of transportation in modern lifestyle, however, these also contribute to a large proportion of the total air pollution and primary energy consumption. In order to develop green transportation system, it becomes imperative to use integrated technologies to achieve reduced emissions and utilize renewable energy. Electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered as one of these technologies to transform the tradi-tional vehicle mix. However, the uptake of EV has been debated on factors like cost, performance (autonomous mile-age), charging point infrastructure construction, energy saving, policy and end users' adaptation. Present study inves-tigates the technology feasibility (which usually refer to EVs' cost, EV charging, supplier's customer services quality, EV travel performance) and users' adaptation of EV in Beijing, which is a key driver for the EV uptake into the Beijing transportation system. The relevant data have been collected and analyzed in the form of questionnaire survey around all of these factors. While considering the user perception and satisfaction, safety of charging and energy bills have also been investigated. According to the data analysis, it has been found the policy of 'No traffic restrictions for EVs' (the traffic restrictions means for certain date, from Monday to Friday the motor vehicles with the last register number of 1 and 6, 2 and 7, 3 and 8, 4 and 9, 5 and 0, are restricted to travel, respectively), the availability of the charging infrastructure and technical support are the most significant factors affecting the users' opinions on using EVs. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 148 -

Bereit für die Technik von morgen. Vor den Toren Wiens entwickeln Technikpioniere eine innovative Ladeinf-rastruktur für Elektrofahrzeuge. anonym In: eMove Magazin 360 Grad. Mobilität 4.0 - elektrisch - vernetzt - autonom * (2016) Heft 4, Seite 14-16 (3 Seiten, Bilder) München: e-monday Alles begann mit dem eigenen Auto: Vor knapp 10 Jahren stand das erste Fahrzeug mit Elektroantrieb bei Familie Köstenberger vor dem Grundstück, auf dem sich das Wohnhaus und der Firmensitz des Unternehmens der Familie befinden. Günter Köstenberger jun. entwickelte damals erste Konzepte für eine innovative Ladetechnik, die allerdings im hektischen Alltag zunächst Konzepte blieben. Erst die Anfrage eines Geschäftspartners lieferte den Impuls zur Umsetzung. Seitdem hat sich das idyllische Ebreichsdorf im Süden Wiens zu einem Hotspot der Elektromobilität ge-mausert: Hier arbeiten die Technikpioniere um Köstenberger an der Ladeinfrastruktur der Zukunft. Die aktuelle Tribe-rium Ladestation unterstützt alle drei in Europa verbreiteten Ladestandards: Typ-2 (AC), CCS-Combo- 2 (DC) und den aus Japan stammenden CHAdeMO (DC)-Standard. Im Inneren der Ladestationen arbeiten leistungsfähige Kom-ponenten für die Automatisierung und Elektrik, die sonst eher in der Industrie verwendet werden. Der Wechselstrom aus dem Versorgungsnetz wird in der Station gleichgerichtet und mit dem Sinamics DCP DC-DC-Steller an die Batte-riespannung angepasst - doch damit nicht genug: Die Station erfasst während des Ladevorgangs kontinuierlich die Batteriespannung und optimiert Ladestrom und -spannung des DC-DC-Stellers laufend. Diese Komponente gehört laut Köstenberger zu den innovativsten Produkten, die man aktuell für diese Aufgabe einsetzen kann. ____________________________________________________________


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Unified Supply Concept for Standardized Contactless Inductive Battery Charging of Electric Vehicles. Turki, Faical; Vosshagen, Thomas; Kürschner, Daniel; Kratser, Alexey In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 279-291 (13 Seiten, 8 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Das Interesse der Automobil-Gemeinschaft an der induktiven Energie-Übertragung ist in den letzten Jahren stetig gewachsen, insbesondere nach den Erkenntnissen der Feldversuche mit Elektrofahrzeugen mit kabelgebundener Batterieladung. Diese kontaktlose Lösung kann aber nur langfristig bestehen, wenn der Fahrer sein Fahrzeug überall laden kann, wo ein induktiver Ladepunkt vorhanden ist und nicht nach dem Ladepunkt von einem spezifischen Tech-nologie-Lieferanten suchen muss. Dies erfolgt durch eine Standardisierung, die minimale Parameter-Anforderungen stellt, um die Kompatibilität von Komponenten unterschiedlicher Hersteller sicher zu stellen. Der erste Schritt dieses Standardisierungsprozesses wurde in gemacht. Da die Technologie-Lieferanten unterschiedliche Strategien hinsicht-lich der mechanischen Ausführung, Schwingkreis-Topologie und Regelungskonzepte verfolgen, wird in diesem Bei-trag aufbauend auf ein infrastrukturseitiges Einspeisekonzept vorgestellt, das mit einer Mehrzahl dieser Ausführun-gen der mobilen Fahrzeugseite betrieben werden kann. So bleibt ein großes Maß an Entwicklungsfreiheit offen und kein Hersteller muss von seiner ursprünglichen System-Architektur abweichen. In the last few years contactless inductive power supply is getting more attractive for the automotive industry espe-cially after the first test phases of electric vehicles with cable based chargers. Charging an electric vehicle using a wire to connect it to the grid doesn't seem to be the most accurate way, since it implies the interaction of the driver and is vulnerable against vandalism. As a more comfortable and robust solution, contactless charging will be a man-datory part of future electric vehicles. A standardization team including the technology suppliers and the car manufac-turers was activated to achieve components compatibility with a minimal set of parameters. A first application guide was published in. Due to the different strategies of mechanical construction, resonant circuit topologies and control loops followed by the technology suppliers, a stationary primary system is presented in this work that aims a high level of compatibility with different secondary onboard hardware. Thus it increases the development degrees of free-dom and allows every party to keep its initial system architecture. ____________________________________________________________ - 150 -

Management of two Redundant Battery Storages in a Full Electric Vehicle. Schäper, Christoph; Becker, Jan; Sauer, Dirk Uwe In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 242-250 (9 Seiten, 3 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Stand der Technik für Batteriespeichersysteme in Elektrofahrzeugen sind serienverschaltete Zellstränge. Die Anzahl der in Serie verschalteten Zellen wird maßgeblich durch die vom Antriebsstrang geforderte Spannung bestimmt, im Falle sehr kleiner Batteriezellen werden auf zellebene Parallelschaltungen vorgenommen um die geforderte Kapazi-tät zu erreichen. Solche monolitischen Batteriesysteme ermöglichen einen ideal abgestimmten und kompakten Auf-bau von Traktionsbatterien, einen zusammenhängenden und geeignet geformten Bauraum im Fahrzeug vorausge-setzt. Im Gegensatz zu einem solchen zusammenhängenden Batteriesystem bietet ein aus mehreren über DC/DC-Wandler gekoppelte Batteriepacks bestehendes Speichersystem Redundanz und schafft Freiheitsgrade bei der In-tegration des Speichers in das Fahrzeug: die Batteriepacks können über unterschiedliche im Fahrzeug verfügbare Bauräume verteilt werden, die Reichweite des Fahrzeugs kann nutzerspezifisch durch Ergänzung weiterer Packs angepasst werden und gegen Ende der Fahrzeuglebensdauer kann durch Austausch einzelner Packs die Leistungs-fähigkeit des Systems aufrechterhalten werden, ohne dabei den kompletten Speicher neu beschaffen zu müssen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Totalausfällen des Speichersystems und einem damit verbundenen Liegenbleiben wird redu-ziert, da das System bei Ausfall eines einzelnen Packs einsatzfähig bleibt. Dieses Konzept eines Antriebsstrangs mit voll redundanten Batteriepacks wurde in den Jahren 2009-2012 im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und For-schung geforderten Forschungsprojekt e performance aufgebaut und erprobt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das in die-sem Projekt entwickelte Fahrzeugkonzept und das für das Energiemanagement mehrerer unabhängiger Batterie-packs erarbeitete Betriebskonzept. Zwei DC/DC-Wandler stellen in diesem Ansatz die Batteriestrome und ermögli-chen somit einen sehr flexiblen Betrieb der hinsichtlich unterschiedlicher Ziele optimiert wird. So soll zu jedem Zeit-punkt eine möglichst hohe Leistungsfähigkeit gewährleistet sein, ausgeglichene Ladezustände gewahrt werden, kein Batteriepack unnötig stark belastet werden und eine optimale Gesamteffizienz auf Fahrzeugebene erreicht werden. Most state of the art battery storage systems for electric cars consist of single cell stacks with all cells connected in series or partly connected in parallel to provide the voltage requested by the drivetrain components. Such monolithic systems allow excellent integrity of all components of the battery system and support a compact vehicle integration supposing a proper mounting space, which is not necessarily available. In contrast to that the use of multiple battery storages with dc-dc converters in one vehicle allows full redundancy and makes the integration of the batteries into the vehicle more flexible: the battery packs might be distributed over different mounting spaces in the car, the driving range of the car can be adapted to the customer's preference by varying the amount of installed battery packs. At the end of life of one faster aged single pack it can be exchanged without replacement of the full battery system. Break-downs of the vehicle can be prevented in case of a failure in one battery system as the vehicle operation can be con-tinued with reduced power and driving range. This concept of a multi-source full electric vehicle topology has been designed and presented within the public funded project e performance in the years 2009-2012. This presentation will give an outline of the realized vehicle topology and present details of the implemented energy management strategy to split the power demand to the two installed battery packs. Two dc-dc converters allow full flexibility in the choice of


the power distribution which is set according to various given targets. Maximum power has to be provided by the bat-tery system at any time while guaranteeing balanced states of charge, an even thermal stress and optimal efficiency of the packs. ____________________________________________________________ - 151 -

Semiconductor Diagnostic Solutions for Energy Storage Systems. Bröckelmann, Uwe In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 484-489 (6 Seiten, 4 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Die Elektrifizierung des Antriebstranges in Kraftfahrzeugen spielt eine bedeutende Rolle, um anspruchsvolle Ver-brauchs- und Emissionsziele zu erreichen. Daher werden Fahrzeuge mit Verbrennungsmotor mehr und mehr stan-dardmäßig mit Motor Start/Stop-Systemen ausgestattet. Diese werden durch 12V Bleibatterien ermöglicht, wodurch Komfortfunktionen auch ohne Motorbetrieb verwendet werden können. Hochvolt-Lithium-Ionen-Batterien liefern die Energie für effiziente Elektromotoren in Hybrid- und Vollelektrischen-Fahrzeugen. Zusätzlich arbeiten Europäische Autohersteller an 48V Systemen, um kostgünstige Mild-Hybride aufbauen zu können. Alle elektrischen Energiespei-cher benötigen präzise Diagnosesysteme um Ihren Lade- und Gesundheitszustand für einen zuverlässigen Betrieb zu erfassen. Analog Devices liefert verschiedene hochintegrierte Halbleiterlösungen für Diagnosesysteme an die Automobilindustrie. Sie messen präzise Ströme, Spannungen und Temperatur von verschiedenen Batterietypen. Sie integrieren zugeschnitten Funktionen, z.B. um einen kompletten intelligenten Batteriesensor (IBS) oder eine skalier-bare Überwachungsschaltung für Lithium-Ionen-Zellen aufzubauen. Anspruchsvolle Anforderungen an die Genauig-keit, die Zuverlässigkeit und die Robustheit müssen während der Spezifikation und Entwicklung von Bausteine zur Überwachung von Fahrzeugbatterien berücksichtigt werden. Automotive powertrain electrification plays an important role in achieving demanding fuel consumption and CO2 emission targets. Engine start/stop-systems are becoming ubiquitous in modem internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Current solutions are enabled by 12V lead-acid batteries that help keep comfort functions operational when the engine is off. High voltage Lithium-ion batteries deliver the energy for efficient and reliable hybrid and full electric vehicles. Automotive suppliers in Europe are preparing 48V systems to build cost effective micro and mild hybrids. Reliable operation of these green energy technologies requires precise diagnostics of the energy storage system's state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH), regardless of the technology. Analog Devices (ADI) provides a vari-ety of highly integrated semiconductor solutions for automotive diagnostic systems. These precisely measure cur-rents, voltage and temperature of various energy storage types and integrate dedicated features to build, for exam-ple, an intelligent battery sensor (IBS) for lead acid batteries or scalable Lithium-ion cell supervisory circuits. De-manding accuracy, reliability and robustness requirements need to be taken into consideration during the specifica-tion and design of automotive battery monitoring products. ____________________________________________________________ - 152 -

Die flexible Stromtankstelle. anonym In: eMove Magazin 360 Grad. Mobilität 4.0 - elektrisch - vernetzt - autonom * (2016) Heft 4, Seite 62-63 (2 Seiten, Bilder) München: e-monday In Hamburg laden Siemens- Schnellladestationen Elektrobusse unterschiedlicher Hersteller mehrmals täglich auf. Damit kommt die Hansestadt dem emissionsfreien Nahverkehr ein großes Stück näher. Das Zwischenladen an den Endhaltestellen erweitert den Aktionsradius der Busse, indem es garantiert, dass der Bus den Weg bis zur nächsten Ladestation problemlos bewältigt. Die kurzen Ladezeiten lassen sich optimal in einen dichten Takt einbinden. Außer-dem braucht es neben dem Lademasten und einem Trafohäuschen in den Bussen selbst kaum weitere Vorrichtun-gen. Der Ladeprozess selbst funktioniert wie folgt: Der Bus kommt an der Ladestation an und fährt unter den Pan-tograf genannten Stromabnehmer. Gleichzeitig stellt eine WLAN-Verbindung den Kontakt zwischen Ladestation und Bus her. Der Pantograf senkt sich auf die Kontaktschienen auf dem Bus und beginnt den Ladevorgang. Der Ladezu-stand und der Batteriestatus werden dem Busfahrer kontinuierlich auf ein Display im Buscockpit übermittelt. Der Fah-rer kann den Ladevorgang zu jedem beliebigen Zeitpunkt beenden. Dann senkt der HPC-Schnelllader den Strom und öffnet den Ladestromkreis. Der Pantograf hebt sich und der Bus kann die Ladestation verlassen. ____________________________________________________________ - 153 -

Comparison of Different DC/DC Converter Topologies used in On Board Chargers with Regard to Electric Properties, Volume and Costs. Hohmann, Marc; Pfaff, Simon In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 164-173 (10 Seiten, 4 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Elektro- und Plug-In-Hybridfahrzeuge werden über das öffentliche Stromnetz geladen. Es gibt dabei zwei Möglichkei-ten das Fahrzeug zu Laden, AC-Laden mit einem On Board Ladegerät und DC-Laden mit einem Off Board Ladege-rät. In diesem Bericht wird eine Schlüsselkomponente des On Board Ladegerätes, der DC/DC-Wandler, unter Be-


rücksichtigung der elektrischen Eigenschaften, des Volumen und der Kosten, betrachtet. Electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles need to be charged over the national grid. The two options to charge the vehicle are, AC-charging with an On Board Charger and DC-charging with an Off Board Charger. In this paper a key compo-nent of the On Board Charger, the DC/DC converter, is observed in due consideration of electrical properties, volume and costs. ____________________________________________________________ - 154 -

Pläne von großer Reichweite. Plans for the electromobility. Bönsch, Regine; Schneider, Lisa In: VDI-Nachrichten * Band 70 (2016) Heft 48, Seite 22 (1 Seite, Bilder) Ausgehend von der emissionsfreien Mobilität als Zukunft der Automobilindustrie und den Neuzulassungen von Elekt-roautos in Deutschland (2016), werden die Aktivitäten von Volkswagen auf diesem Gebiete vorgestellt. So soll im April 2017 in Dresden in der ehemaligen Phaeton-Produktionsstätte der neue Elektrogolf vom Band rollen. Dort will VW die Elektromobilität zum Markenzeichen machen. 3,5 Mrd. Euro sollen in den nächsten Jahren in Elektromobili-tät, Vernetzung und autonomes Fahren fließen. Spätestens 2025 will VW Weltmarktführer bei der E-Mobilität sein. Bis Ende des Jahrzehnts sollen neun Elektro- und Hybridmodelle mit deutlich höheren Reichweiten auf den Markt kommen. Dazu ist eine Aufholjagd notwendig, denn noch führen Nissan, Renault und Tesla weltweit das Feld an. Über Preise für die Elektroautos wird ein kurzer Überblick gegeben. Den VW-Elektroautos fehlt es noch an Schnellla-defähigkeit und Reichweite, wie eingeschätzt wird. Eigene Aktivitäten soll es auch auf dem Gebiete der Batterien und Elektromotoren geben. Weitere Einschätzungen für die Zukunft und den Absatz von Elektroautos werden vorgelegt, wobei China eine zentrale Rollte spielt. ____________________________________________________________ - 155 -

Automobile Driving Control for a Dual Power Electric Vehicle With a Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Kuo, Keilin; Tsao, Chungchen In: ESDA, ASME Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, 12 * (2014) Seite V003T10A002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ESDA2014-20099 In this study, we adopt a dual power system for extension (DPES) operation by combining the existing power system of an electric vehicle with a hydrogen fuel cell. This was to enhance the durability of the electric vehicle and reduce the inconvenience of battery charging. The lithium battery acts as the primary power source and has real-time moni-toring of its state of charge (SOC), while the hydrogen fuel cells act as the auxiliary power supply. The auxiliary power can be used either directly or for charging the lithium battery while the vehicle is in its idle state. The dual power sys-tem is coupled with a dual-mode motor controller and energy management system. This study aims to apply the dual power system on the electric vehicle using hydrogen fuel cells. We designed a simulation platform for real driving conditions using Labview to send and receive control commands. In this study, we simulated the road cycles of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE-40), Japanese legislative cycle (JP10) and the World-wide Motorcycle Emis-sions Test Cycle (WMTC), using Proportional-integral Control (PI) for automatic tracking and employing engineering error analysis to determine the most suitable PI parameter values for the simulated system. The results showed that using a fixed 100 W fuel cell could enhance the operation time up to 21%, 21%, and 14% for the road cycles of the ECE-40, JP10, and WMTC, respectively. Due to the required features of an actual vehicle, we also designed an en-ergy limiting system to manage the driver-controlled electronic throttle by controlling the instantaneous and maximum power output of the motor in order to achieve savings in energy consumption, increase its operation time, protect the system, and enhance its durability. ____________________________________________________________ - 156 -

Herausforderungen an die elektrische Sicherheit beim Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen. Möll, Winfried In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 273,74-278 (2 Seiten, 3 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag In den letzten hundert Jahren hat sich unsere elektrische Installation, sowie die Automobilindustrie nur evolutionär entwickelt. Teilweise müssen wir heute noch mit den alten Installationen leben. Zum anderen gibt es neue zu beach-tenden Installationsvorschriften, die bereits ein hohes Maß an elektrischer Sicherheit vorschreiben. Im Prinzip sind unsere Autos von heute in etwa so aufgebaut wie vor 100 Jahren. Ähnlich der Entwicklung in der Installation gibt es viele evolutionäre Schritte die alle in Koexistenz "funktionieren". Mit der Elektromobilität sind heutige System und Konzepte, die auf der über 100 Jahre alten Erkenntnis existieren nicht mehr gültig. Ähnlich wie zur Umstellung von Dampf bzw. Diesel auf elektrische Eisenbahnen, muss die Infrastruktur sich mit ändern. Aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen sehen wir einen Technologietransfer von heutigen "Fahrzeugumbauten" zu völlig neuen für die Elektromobilität kon-zipierten Modellen. Die Aufrechterhaltung der elektrischen Sicherheit muss in allen Fällen gewährleistet werden. Durch die parallelen Entwicklungen und unterschiedlichen Reifegraden sind pragmatische Wege gefragt, die auch Kompromisse abverlangen. Diese Lücken in der Sicherheit werden in der Übergangsphase unvermeidlich sein, um


die Elektromobilität starten zu können. Elementar bei der Entwicklung von elektrischen Betriebsmitteln ist, dass die Isolationskoordination nach IEC 60664 oder IEC 61010 beachtet wird. Durch Einhaltung der Luft & Kriechstrecken, sowie die Bewertung des Einsatzortes wird ein hohes Maß an Schutz vor elektrischem Schlag gewährleistet. Mögli-che Isolationsfehler und Fehlerströme werden dadurch minimiert. Des Weiteren ist auf minimale Ableitkapazitäten zu achten. Diese erhöhen zusätzlich den Blindstrom in AC Systemen (Antrieb) und bergen durch die gespeicherte Ener-gie eine hohe Gefährdung bei Berührung in abgeschalteten DC Netzen. Das Elektrofahrzeug ist ähnlich wie ein iso-liert aufgebautes Stromversorgungssystem zu betrachten (IT System). Hier wird mit einem Isolationsüberwachungs-gerät (IMD) der Isolationswiderstand des Systems überwacht. Wird es an einer Ladeeinrichtung angeschlossen, so wird daraus ein geerdetes System und benötigt andere netzseitige Schutzmaßnahmen, wie z B Fehlerstromschutz-einrichtungen (RCD). Das Fahrzeug ist, wenn es eignen Ladegerät zuhause angeschlossen wird, eine elektrische komplexe Fehlerquelle. Die heute üblichen Schutzeinrichtungen (RCD) Typ A wirken dann nur noch eingeschränkt. Dies verhält sich ähnlich wie bei einer Photovoltaikanlage. In Photovoltaikanlagen sind bereits allstromsensitive Feh-lerstromüberwachungseinrichtungen definiert (RCMUs), die einen sicheren Betrieb gewährleisten. Mit allstromsensiti-ven oder reinen DC Fehlerstromüberwachungseinrichtungen können auch komplexe Fehlerströme des Elektrofahr-zeugs erkannt werden und entsprechend den Ladevorgang im Fehlerfall unterbrechen. Hier besteht auch normativ noch Handlungsbedarf um Herstellern von Elektrofahrzeugen und Ladeeinrichtungen eine sichere und kompatible Auslegung ihrer Entwicklung zu geben. Isolationsfehler sind im Fahrzeug und in den Ladeeinrichtungen beherrsch-bar. Diese werden in der Entwicklung der Geräte durch entsprechende Isolationskoordination und in der Auslegung des Bordnetzes sichergestellt. Zusätzliche mögliche Maßnahmen (Einsatz von IMDs, RCMUs etc.) werden angewen-det, um die Sicherheit auch im Fehlerfall zu gewährleisten. ____________________________________________________________ - 157 -

Wer schneller fährt, ist später da. Siekemeier, Reinhard In: Sonne Wind & Wärme * Band 40 (2016) Heft 10, Seite 78-81 (4 Seiten, Bilder) Elektrisch fährt man anders als mit einem Verbrenner. Vor allem auf längeren Strecken gilt es, die Reichweite stets im Blick zu haben. Die Algorithmen der Reichweitenberechnung wurden von den Herstellern "mit Netz und doppeltem Boden kalkuliert", damit ein Liegenbleiben mit leerem Akku so selten bleibt wie Schnee im Sommer. Elektromobiler Lehrsatz Nummer 1: Die Praxisreichweite ist stark abhängig von den vier "Ts". Das sind Tempo, Temperament, To-pographie und Temperatur. Schließlich beeinflussen Außentemperatur, Temperatur der Akkus und Temperierung bzw. Klimatisierung des Innenraums die Reichweite. Die Algorithmen in der Bordsoftware errechnen die Reichweite eines Stromers laufend aus verschiedenen Parametern. Zu den wichtigsten gehören der aktuelle Ladezustand, der durchschnittliche Verbrauch in Kilowattstunden und die Akkutemperatur. Liegt etwa der Verbrauch aufgrund von Stadtfahrten mit -viel "Stop and Go", einer schnellen Autobahnfahrt, vielen Beschleunigungsvorgängen an Ampeln oder beim Überholen entsprechend hoch, sinkt die Restreichweite bereits während der Fahrt schneller. Und nach dem nächsten Vollladen ergibt sich bei einem solchen Fahrprofil eine kürzere Reichweitenprognose. Bei Kälte im Winter fällt diese generell niedriger aus als im Sommer oder wenn die Akkus durch Entladung "warm gefahren sind". ____________________________________________________________ - 158 -

Laden wie der Blitz. Optimierung von Batterien für einen Schnellladebus. Patey, Timothy; Flueckiger, Reto; Poland, Jan; Segbers, David; Wicki, Stefan In: ABB Review * (2016) Heft 4, Seite 8-12 (5 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen) Neben der elektrischen Antriebstechnik bei Straßenbahnen und Trolleybussen plant die Stadt Genf auf einer Linie die dieselbetriebenen Busse durch Elektrobusse mit Batterien umzustellen. Der ABB-Lieferumfang der Schnelllade- und Bordtechnologie für 12 vollelektrische Busse umfasst die Bereitstellung von 13 DC-Ultra-Schnelladestationen entlang der Fahrstrecke, drei Terminal- und vier Depot-Ladestationen. Innerhalb weniger als einer Sekunde verbindet sich der Bus mit dem Ladepunkt und wir durch einen Energieschub von 15 Sekunden mit 600 kW geladen. Dabei wird die Zeit genutzt, die Bus sowieso an der Haltestelle verbringt. Basis für die technische Realisierung bilden die kompakten Traktionsumrichter BORDERLINE von ABB. Beim Schnelladebus übernimmt der Umrichter auch das Ultraschnell- und Zwischenladen an den Haltestellen sowie das DC-Schnellladen am Ende der Strecke. Zur Verfügbarkeit der Bat-terieleistung und zum Zeitpunkt des Austauschs nach einer bestimmten Zeit und Nutzung wird ein halbempirisches Batteriemodell eingesetzt. Dessen Modellierung erfolgt in folgenden vier Schritten: (1) Alterungsexperimente, (2) e-lektrisches und thermisches Alterungsmodell, (3) Verifizierung des Modell mithilfe realistischer Lastprofile und (4) Anwendung in einer Szenarienanalyse mit den drei Konfigurationsszenarien 'Small Energy', 'Strong Cooling' und 'Large Energy'. Die Batterie im Szenario 'Large Energy' erfüllt als einzige die Anforderungen der Ultra-Schnelladens als auch des Ladens am Terminal. ____________________________________________________________


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Hochleistungsbatterien für Elektrobusse. 3,5-Millionen-Euro-Projekt zur Entwicklung sicherer Schnelllade-technik gestartet. anonym In: TUContact online * Band 22 (2016) Heft 2, Seite 28-29 (2 Seiten, Bilder) http://www.tu-clausthal.de/presse/tucontact/ 500 Kilometer Reichweite in zehn Minuten laden: So lautet das ehrgeizige Ziel der Forschenden der TU Clausthal und des Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Instituts auf dem Gebiet der Elektromobilität. Dazu ist im Herbst das Projekt "Mo-Bat" gestartet, das im Batterie- und Sensoriktestzentrum des Energie-Forschungszentrums Niedersachsen (EFZN) in Goslar umgesetzt wird. Das Bundeswirtschaftsministerium fördert das Verbundvorhaben mit insgesamt 2,5 Millionen Euro, hinzukommen rund eine Million Euro Industriemittel. In "MoBat" werden die Ergebnisse aus Vorarbeiten, zum Beispiel für batterieelektrische Schwerlastfahrzeuge am Hamburger Hafen, auf die industrielle Technik übertragen. Geleitet wird das Projekt vom Clausthaler Professor Hans-Peter Beck. Im Zentrum steht die Entwicklung eines siche-ren, modularen Batteriesystems für Hochleistungsanwendungen, etwa für Elektrobusse. Das in vorausgegangenen Forschungen gewonnene Know-how zur lebensdauerneutralen Schnellladung von Lithium- Ionen-Batterien soll auf Batteriesysteme für industrielle Einsatzzwecke übertragen werden. Dazu werden Ladegerät, Ladetechnik, Batterie-system und Sicherheits- bzw. Messtechnik in einem Gesamtsystem integriert und deren Funktion im Batterie- und Sensoriktestzentrum des EFZN getestet. Hierbei soll vor allem das Zusammenwirken von vergleichsweise kleinen, aber besonders leistungsstarken Lithium- Batterien und effizienter Ladetechnik optimiert werden. Dadurch lassen sich die Vorteile für den Einsatz einer Schnellladestrategie in Hochleistungsanwendungen - neben Elektrobussen kommen auch andere Schwerlastbereiche in Frage - herausarbeiten. Schwerpunkte der Untersuchungen bilden der Einfluss von Schnellladungen auf die Batteriealterung sowie die unter Sicherheitsaspekten automatisierte Ladetech-nik. ____________________________________________________________ - 160 -

Effect of extreme temperatures on battery charging and performance of electric vehicles. Lindgren, Juuso; Lund, Peter D. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 328 (2016) Seite 37-45 (9 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.038 Extreme temperatures pose several limitations to electric vehicle (EV) performance and charging. To investigate these effects, we combine a hybrid artificial neural network-empirical Li-ion battery model with a lumped capacitance EV thermal model to study how temperature will affect the performance of an EV fleet. We find that at -10 °C, the self-weighted mean battery charging power (SWMCP) decreases by 15% compared to standard 20 °C temperature. Active battery thermal management (BTM) during parking can improve SWMCP for individual vehicles, especially if vehicles are charged both at home and at workplace; the median SWMCP is increased by over 30%. Efficiency (km/kWh) of the vehicle fleet is maximized when ambient temperature is close to 20 °C. At low (-10 °C) and high (+40 °C) ambient temperatures, cabin preconditioning and BTM during parking can improve the median efficiency by 8% and 9%, respectively. At -10 °C, preconditioning and BTM during parking can also improve the fleet SOC by 3-6%-units, but this also introduces a "base" load of around 140 W per vehicle. Finally, we observe that the utility of the fleet can be increased by 5%-units by adding 3.6 kW chargers to workplaces, but further improved charging infra-structure would bring little additional benefit. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 161 -

A systematic state-of-charge estimation framework for multi-cell battery pack in electric vehicles using bias correction technique. Sun, Fengchun; Xiong, Rui; He, Hongwen In: Applied Energy * Band 162 (2016) Seite 1399-1409 (11 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.021 In order to maximize the capacity/energy utilization and guarantee safe and reliable operation of battery packs used in electric vehicles, an accurate cell state-of-charge (SoC) estimator is an essential part. This paper tries to add three contributions to the existing literature. (1) An integrated battery system identification method for model order determi-nation and parameter identification is proposed. In addition to being able to identify the model parameters, it can also locate an optimal balance between model complexity and prediction precision. (2) A radial basis function (RBF) neu-ral network based uncertainty quantification algorithm has been proposed for constructing response surface approxi-mate model (RSAM) of model bias function. Based on the RSAM, the average pack model can be applied to every single cell in battery pack and realize accurate terminal voltage prediction. (3) A systematic SoC estimation frame-work for multi-cell series-connected battery pack of electric vehicles using bias correction technique has been pro-posed. Finally, three cases with twelve lithium-ion polymer battery (LiPB) cells series-connected battery pack are used to verify and evaluate the proposed framework. The result indicates that with the proposed systematic estima-tion framework the maximum absolute SoC estimation error of all cells in the battery pack are less than 2%. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


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Electrical Vehicle Charging Station Deployment Based on Real World Vehicle Trace. Yan, Li; Shen, Haiying; Li, Shengyin; Huang, Yongxi In: Internet of Vehicles - Technologies and Services, IOV, International Conference on Internet of Vehicles, 3, in: Lec-ture Notes in Computer Science, Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI * Band 10036 (2016) Seite 51-64 (14 Seiten), Paper-Nr. Chapter 5, Intelligent Mobility and Smart City http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51969-2_5 The fast development of smart-grid technologies and applications calls for new means to meet the transportation and environment requirements of the next trend of mainstream vehicles. Electric vehicle (EV), which has been regarded as an important replacement for present gasoline-based vehicle, is expected to greatly reduce the carbon emissions meanwhile offer acceptable transportation ability. However, most of present market-level electric vehicle heavily rely its capacity-constrained battery which can only support limited driving range. Although there have been many pioneer works focusing on ameliorating the driving experience of EVs through tuning the placement of charging infrastructure, most of them do not consider the heterogeneity of vehicle movement in different scenarios. In this paper, starting from a fine-grained analysis of a real-world vehicle trace, a charging station placement algorithm considering the in-stallation cost, traffic flow and battery capacity, called EVReal, is proposed. In comparing its performance with other representative algorithms, EVReal outperforms the others in various metrics. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 163 -

Novel active LiFePO4 battery balancing method based on chargeable and dischargeable capacity. Cui, Xiudong; Shen, Weixiang; Zhang, Yunlei; Hu, Cungang; Zheng, Jinchuan In: Computers & Chemical Engineering * Band 97 (2017) Seite 27-35 (9 Seiten, 33 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2016.11.014 A lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO4) pack is one of the main power resources for electric vehicles and the non-uniformity of cells in the battery pack has become the bottleneck to improve the pack capacity. An active balancing method based on chargeable and dischargeable capacities, derived from the dynamically estimated state of charge (SOC) and capacity in the pack, is proposed to tackle this problem in both the charging and discharging processes. To determine the current of each cell in balancing operation, one extra current sensor is added with a chosen flyback balancing circuit. The balancing simulation of a LiFePO4 battery pack has been conducted in the moderate and se-vere capacity imbalance scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed battery balancing method has bet-ter performance than the other balancing methods based on voltage or SOC in increasing the charged and dis-charged pack capacity in the charging and discharging process. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 164 -

Driving an EV: a New Practice? How Electric Vehicle Private Users Overcome Limited Battery Range through their Mobility Practice. Pierre, Magali; Fulda, Anne-Sophie In: ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, 2015 * (2015) Seite 907-916 (10 Seiten, Quellen) Stock-holm: eceee The sales of the electric vehicle, in spite of media coverage, have been less successful than expected. Apart from its price, technical limitations relative to the EV, and especially the reduced battery range, are often mentioned to explain this. Nevertheless, a niche market has been developing in France for some years, which seems to be unaffected by these limitations. How do the owners of EVs cope with these difficulties and overcome them when driving? Our point of departure consists in showing the results of a field study dealing with the routine mobility practices with an EV, conducted in 2013. The EV mobility practice, as we will see from the analysis of our face-to-face interviews amongst EV owners, relies on behavioral adaptations of the driving mode, but also on a better anticipation of the driving dis-tances, on a forecast of the location and arrangements of the parking places and on an invention of one-off solutions in order to manage the unexpected. Some of the EV owners link this use to a technological change register. From this point of view, the EV questions the practice of mobility. This paradoxical dynamic of practice will be examined thanks to the support of social theories of practice, to the extent that these theories help us understand how fluently this process operates. As a matter of fact, such a process is supported by a co-evolution of meanings, material sys-tems and competences inside the mobility practice. The reactivation of previous symbolic registers and know-how that are adapted to the new material arrangements (including cars and charging infrastructures) both explain the con-comitant dynamic of changes and routines. The EV introduces quite small changes in the mode of transportation: driving it remains an individual means of transport by car. When the learning phase is over, the trips become as common place as before. Even the charging gestures are integrated into a daily routine. This evolution towards routi-nization is obvious for the EV drivers, who recall registers and competence portfolios that prevail in other domains: economy of gestures, anticipation ability, help from the social network, etc. Driving an EV only conduces to reactivate these experimented portfolios. ____________________________________________________________


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Robust proportional ECMS control of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Enang, Wisdom; Bannister, Chris In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D (Journal of Automobile Engineering) * Band 231 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 99-119 (21 Seiten, 46 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016659198 Improved fuel efficiency in hybrid electric vehicles requires a delicate balance between the internal combustion en-gine usage and battery energy, using a carefully designed energy management control algorithm. Numerous energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles have been proposed in literature, with many of these centered on the equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (ECMS) owing to its potential for online implementation. The key challenge with the equivalent consumption minimisation strategy lies in estimating or adapting the equivalence factor in real-time so that reasonable fuel savings are achieved without over-depleting the battery state of charge at the end of the defined driving cycle. To address the challenge, this paper proposes a novel state of charge feedback ECMS controller which simultaneously optimises and selects the adaption factors (proportional controller gain and initial equivalence factor) as single parameters which can be applied in real time, over any driving cycle. Unlike other exist-ing state of charge feedback methods, this approach solves a conflicting multiple-objective optimisation control prob-lem, thus ensuring that the obtained adaptation factors are optimised for robustness, charge sustenance and fuel reduction. The potential of the proposed approach was thoroughly explored over a number of legislative and real-world driving cycles with varying vehicle power requirements. The results showed that, whilst achieving fuel savings in the range of 8.40 -19.68% depending on the cycle, final battery state of charge can be optimally controlled to within ±5% of the target battery state of charge. © SAGE Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 166 -

System state estimation and optimal energy control framework for multicell lithium-ion battery system. Wei, Jingwen; Dong, Guangzhong; Chen, Zonghai; Kang, Yu In: Applied Energy * Band 187 (2017) Seite 37-49 (13 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.057 Cell variations caused by the inevitable inconsistency during manufacture and use of battery cells have significant impacts on battery capacity, security and durability for battery energy storage systems. Thus, the battery equalization systems are essentially required to reduce variations of in-pack cells and increase battery pack capability. In order to protect all in-pack cells from damaging, estimate battery state and reduce variations, a system state estimation and energy optimal control framework for multicell lithium-ion battery system is proposed. The state-of-charge (SOC) val-ues of all in-pack cells are firstly estimated using a dual-scale extended Kalman filtering (EKF) to improve estimation accuracy and reduce computation simultaneously. These estimated SOC values provide specific details of battery system, which cannot only be used to protect cells from over-charging/over-discharging, but also be employed to design state-feedback controller for battery equalization system. A two-stage hybrid state-feedback and output-feedback equalization algorithm is proposed. The state-feedback controller is firstly employed for coarse-grained ad-justment to reduce equalization time cost with large current. However, due to the inevitable SOC estimation errors, the output-feedback controller is then used for fine-grained adjustment with trickle current. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can provide an effectively estimation and energy control for multicell battery systems. Finally, the implementation of the proposed method is further discussed for the real applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 167 -

Driving-behavior-aware stochastic model predictive control for plug-in hybrid electric buses. Li, Liang; You, Sixiong; Yang, Chao; Yan, Bingjie; Song, Jian; Chen, Zheng In: Applied Energy * Band 162 (2016) Seite 868-879 (12 Seiten, 35 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.152 Driving cycles of a city bus is statistically characterized by some repetitive features, which makes the predictive en-ergy management strategy very desirable to obtain approximate optimal fuel economy of a plug-in hybrid electric bus. But dealing with the complicated traffic conditions and finding an approximated global optimal strategy which is appli-cable to the plug-in hybrid electric bus still remains a challenging technique. To solve this problem, a novel driving-behavior-aware modified stochastic model predictive control method is proposed for the plug-in hybrid electric bus. Firstly, the K-means is employed to classify driving behaviors, and the driver models based on Markov chains is ob-tained under different kinds of driving behaviors. While the obtained driver behaviors are regarded as stochastic dis-turbance inputs, the local minimum fuel consumption might be obtained with a traditional stochastic model predictive control at each step, taking tracking the reference battery state of charge trajectory into consideration in the finite predictive horizons. However, this technique is still accompanied by some working points with reduced/worsened fuel economy. Thus, the stochastic model predictive control is modified with the equivalent consumption minimization strategy to eliminate these undesirable working points. The results in real-world city bus routines show that the pro-posed energy management strategy could greatly improve the fuel economy of a plug-in hybrid electric bus in whole driving cycles, compared with the popular charge depleting-charge sustaining strategy and it may offer some useful insights for realizing the approximate global optimal energy management for the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission.


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Batterien - der Schlüssel zur Elektromobilität. Weiner, Monika In: weiter.vorn. Das Fraunhofer Magazin * (2016) Heft 3, Seite 40-42 (3 Seiten, Bilder) Batterien sind eine große Herausforderung für die Forschung. Fraunhofer-Wissenschaftlerinnen und -Wissenschaftler arbeiten an neuen Technologien für Akkus made in Germany. Eine global elektrifizierte Mobilität lässt sich durchaus erreichen und das sogar relativ bald. Zwischen 2030 und 2050 könnte eine vollständige Umstellung bei Pkw auf E-Motoren gelingen. Unabdingbare Voraussetzung sind aber neue, leistungsfähige und preisgünstige Stromspeicher: Die Energiedichte der Batterien und damit auch die Reichweite der Fahrzeuge müssten steigen, die Ladezeiten ver-kürzt werden. Mit den derzeit gängigen Lithium-Ionen-Akkus lässt sich dieses Ziel nur erreichen, wenn die Technik deutliche Fortschritte macht, so das Fazit der Studie. Parallel arbeitet Fraunhofer mit Wirtschaftspartnern daran, dass alternative Technologien wie Lithium-Schwefel- oder Feststoffbatterien in naher Zukunft im großen Maßstab zur Ver-fügung stehen. Im Moment führt allerdings kein Weg an Lithium-Ionen-Akkus vorbei, und die müssen deutlich leis-tungsfähiger werden. ____________________________________________________________ - 169 -

Battery Storage of Propulsion-Energy for Locomotives. Iden, Michael E. In: JRC, ASME/IEEE Joint Rail Conference, 2014 * (2014) Seite V001T07A005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/JRC2014-3805 Significant technical, regulatory and media attention has recently been given to the use of electrical storage batteries onboard a line-haul (long-distance) locomotive or "energy storage tender" (coupled adjacent to a locomotive) as a means of improving railroad fuel efficiency and reducing freight locomotive exhaust emissions. The extent to which electrical energy stored onboard could supplement or replace diesel generated power has yet to be quantified or proven. There are significant technical design, maintainability, logistical and safety challenges to making this technol-ogy commonplace, especially for over-the-road (line-haul) freight trains. The use of electrical batteries to provide some amount of point-source fuel- and/or emissions-free locomotive power is not a new concept. Recent claims that onboard storage of locomotive propulsion energy is "new locomotive technology" are unfounded. The world's first all-battery-powered locomotive was built in 1838 only 34 years after the world's first steam locomotive operated. A total of 126 identifiable locomotives using onboard batteries to store propulsion energy have been built and operated to some extent in the United States (US) since 1920. Almost all were low-power switching locomotives and none are currently in revenue freight service. Two high-horsepower line-haul experimental engineering test locomotives with an experimental battery design and regenerative dynamic braking have been built (in 2004 and 2007) but very little revenue service testing has occurred. This paper reviews propulsion battery-equipped locomotives over the past 95 years in the US, and discusses future options and possibilities including the technical and logistical challenges to such propulsion. Capturing dynamic braking energy (developed by locomotive traction motors during deceleration or downhill operation) could be a source of onboard battery recharging, but will require significant additional locomotive control system development work to achieve practicality. New battery technologies are being developed but none are yet practical for large-scale locomotive applications. Retrofitting of large amounts of onboard battery storage on exist-ing (or even future) diesel-electric locomotives will be limited by onboard space constraints. The development and use of energy storage "tenders" will bring complications to locomotive and train operations to make effective use (if commercialized) practical and safe. This paper is also intended to provide technical background and clarity for vari-ous regulatory agencies regarding battery energy storage technologies for future locomotive propulsion. ____________________________________________________________ - 170 -

Parking lot allocation with maximum economic benefit in a distribution network. Sattarpour, Tohid; Farsadi, Murteza In: International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems * Band 27 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 1-14 (14 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 7 Tabellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.2234 Optimal placement of parking lots with optimal scheduling in power systems to maximize the benefit, considering dif-ferent peak load states and different electricity prices for each state, is studied in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested on the IEEE 33-bus distribution test system with considering the power system con-straints and using genetic algorithm. This algorithm selects the optimal sites and sizes (number of electric vehicles) of these parking lots and shows the optimal results. The results of these simulations with genetic algorithm demonstrate that the economic problem of parking lots placement depends on many items such as number of the electrical vehi-cles (EVs) in each parking lot (capacity of parking lot), state of charge of EVs, as well as the electricity price in peak/off-peak periods. Moreover, it is suggested that the existence of parking lots, considering adequate incentives for EVs owners, has economic benefit for distribution network operators, reduces total power loss, and can improve the distribution system voltage profile. Also, the number of parking lots to be allocated in a distribution system sup-ports the distribution system at peak load hours because it is more interesting from economic point of view to install more parking lots. ____________________________________________________________


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Real-time estimation of battery state-of-charge with unscented Kalman filter and RTOS µCOS-II platform. He, Hongwen; Xiong, Rui; Peng, Jiankun In: Applied Energy * Band 162 (2016) Seite 1410-1418 (9 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.120 To develop an advanced battery estimation unit for electric vehicles application, the state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is proposed with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and realized with the RTOS µCOS-II platform. Kalman filters are broadly used to deploy various battery SoC estimators recently. Herein, an UKF algorithm has been employed to develop a systematic adaptive SoC estimation framework. Compared with traditional used extended Kalman filter, it uses an unscented transform to deal with the state estimation problem, thus it has the potential to achieve third order accuracy of the Taylor expansion for tracking posterior estimate of the inner inhabited state. Beneficial from it, the SoC estimation accuracy has been improved with higher tracking accuracy and faster convergence ability. To further evaluate and verify the performance of the proposed online SoC estimation approach, a battery-in-loop platform is built and the SoC estimation is calculated with a RTOS µCOS-II platform. The analog acquisition, communication system and SoC estimation algorithms were programmed, the performance of the proposed SoC estimation with UKF algorithm was finally investigated. The battery management system with UKF algorithm and RTOS µCOS-II platform has good performance and it can apply for electric vehicles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 172 -

A Positioning-Tolerant Wireless Charging System for Roadway-Powered Electric Vehicles. Zhang, Zhen; Chau, K.T.; Liu, Chunhua; Qiu, Chun; Ching, T.W. In: MMM, Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 59, in: Journal of Applied Physics * Band 117 (2015) Heft 17, Seite 17B520/1-4 (4 Seiten, 8 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916187 This paper proposes a positioning-tolerant wireless power transfer technique to compensate the impact of misalign-ment on the power transmission performance, which is used to implement the wireless charging functionality in a free-positioning manner, thus significantly improving the practicality for roadway-powered electric vehicles (EVs). The key of the proposed wireless power transfer technique is to adopt the gapless alternate-winding topology for the power supply unit to produce an evenly distributed electromagnetic field and the vertical-and-horizontal coil design for the pickup unit to enhance the capability of acquiring energy. Hence, the power transmission can be effectively im-proved in spite of an offset between the centers of the primary and secondary coils. In this paper, both the computa-tional simulation and experimentation are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed positioning-tolerant wire-less charging system for roadway-powered EVs. ____________________________________________________________ - 173 -

Akku hat noch Luft nach oben. Frick, Frank In: effzett * (2016) Heft 2, Seite 18 (1 Seite, Bilder) In Elektroautos ist eine Batterie gefragt, die bei gleichem Platzbedarf rund 20-mal so viel Energie liefert wie die heuti-gen Lithium-Ionen-Akkus. Die Lithium-Luft-Batterie kann das - theoretisch. Jülicher und Münchner Forscher haben nun herausgefunden, warum sie bislang nur wenige Ladezyklen durchhalten. Ausgangspunkt war ihre Vermutung, dass Singulett-Sauerstoff eine wichtige Rolle bei den Zersetzungsreaktionen spielt. Nachweisen konnte man das über eine Reaktion des Singulett-Sauerstoff zu einer weiteren Verbindung mit dem Kürzel 4-Oxo-TEMPO, die stabiler als dieser ist. Nachweisen lässt sich das mit der Elektronenspinresonanz-Spektroskopie (ESR). Die Wissenschaftler haben daher eine Apparatur entwickelt, die ESR-Messzelle und zugleich auch Akku ist. So war es ihnen möglich, ESR-Messungen beim Laden und Entladen des Akkus durchzuführen. Es zeigte sich, dass tatsächlich 4-Oxo-TEMPO entsteht und damit Singulett-Sauerstoff. Nun wird der Lithium-Luft-Akku gezielt so verändert, dass keine Prozesse stattfinden, bei denen sich reaktiver Singulett-Sauerstoff bildet. Stellschrauben sind beispielsweise Zusatz-stoffe für den Elektrolyten oder Beschichtungen für die Elektroden. ____________________________________________________________ - 174 -

The Optimal Charging Method Research for Lithium-ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles. Wang, Zhifu; Wang, Yupu; Li, Zhi; Song, Qiang; Rong, Yinan In: Low Carbon Cities and Urban Energy Systems, CUE, Applied Energy Symposium and Summit, 2016, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 104 (2016) Heft Clean Energy for Clean City, Seite 74-79 (6 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.014 This paper aimed to propose a novel charging method for the lithium-ion batteries with negative pulse charging the-ory. Firstly the second order Thevenin model was built to determine the internal parameters of the battery. On the foundation of the internal parameters, this paper analysed the characteristics of polarization voltage. And then the charging method was studied according to the change regulation of the internal polarization voltage. Finally the ex-periment result showed feasibility of this charging method. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission.


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Online state of charge estimation and open circuit voltage hysteresis modeling of LiFePO4 battery using in-variant imbedding method. Dong, Guangzhong; Wei, Jingwen; Zhang, Chenbin; Chen, Zonghai In: Applied Energy * Band 162 (2016) Seite 163-171 (9 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.092 The SOC (state-of-charge) of Li-ion (Lithium-ion) battery is an important evaluation index in BMS (battery manage-ment system) for EVs (Electric Vehicles) and smart grids. However, the existing special OCV (open circuit voltage) characteristics of LiFePO4 batteries complicate the estimation of SOC. To improve the estimation accuracy and reli-ability for battery SOC and battery terminal voltage, an online estimation approach for SOC and parameters of a bat-tery based on the IIM (invariant-imbedding-method) algorithm has been proposed. Firstly, by using the IIM algorithm, an online parameter identification method has been established to accurately capture the real-time characteristics of the battery, which include the OCV hysteresis phenomena. Secondly, a dual IIM algorithm is employed to develop a multi-state estimator for SOC of the battery. Note that the parameters of the battery model are updated with the real-time measurements of the battery current and voltage at each sampling interval. Finally, the proposed method has been verified by a LiFePO4 battery cell under different operating current conditions. Experimental results indicate that the estimation value based on the proposed IIM-based estimator converges to real SOC with an error of ±2%, and the battery model can simulate OCV hysteresis phenomena robustly with high accuracy. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 176 -

Electrical Energy Management and Model-Based System Optimization. More than Torque Control: Solutions for Hybrid Energy Management and Driving Strategy. Maiterth, Johannes Moritz; Preisler, Stephanie; Muehlbauer, Klaus; Graf, Friedrich; Pellkofer, Franz In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 292-303 (12 Seiten, 3 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Plug-In Hybride sind ein weiteres Element zum Einzug der vollständig batteriebetriebenen Elektromobilität. Für batte-rieelektrische Fahrzeuge wird es noch einige Zeit dauern, bis diese am Markt etabliert sind. Mit einem Plug-in Hybrid kann der Endkunde die Vorteile des elektrischen Antriebs schon heute erfahren und für sich nutzen. Hier soll ein Plug-In Hybrid mit sogenannter Axle-Split Anordnung, Verbrennungsmotor an der Vorderachse und einer elektri-schen Maschine an der Hinterachse zugrunde gelegt werden. Ein solches Innovationsfahrzeug mit beschriebenem Antriebsstrang wurde bei Continental Division Powertrain nach Marktanforderungen entwickelt und aufgebaut um zukünftige Fahrzeugarchitekturen und Komponenten dafür optimieren zu können. Um die Möglichkeiten und Vorteile eines solchen Antriebssystems zu erschließen, sind eine hoch entwickelte Fahrstrategie und ein intelligentes Ener-giemanagement unabdingbar. Verglichen mit heutigen drehmomentbasierten Strategien welche auf den aktuellen Fahrerwunsch reagieren. In diesem Fahrzeug gibt es viele verschiedene Betriebsarten welche für den Fahrer als nützlich und nutzbar dargestellt werden müssen. So kann der Fahrer mittels Personalisierung die Rekuperation- und Segelfunktion und die primäre Traktionsmaschine bestimmen. Für Fahrer welche keine Einstellung am Fahrzeug vornehmen wollen sorgen intelligente Algorithmen für die effizienteste Betriebsart. Diese Optimierung basiert auf zeitdiskreten Berechnungen Verbrauchswerte im Fahrzyklus (z B dem NEDC) driften von den Ergebnissen aus Real-zyklen ab, welche meist höher liegen. Um diese höheren Verbrauche auch in Realzyklen zu reduzieren, wurde ein Prädiktionssystem in diesem Fahrzeug eingeführt. Durch die Analyse des Fahrstils und der vorausliegenden Route, wird der Fahrmodus vorausbestimmt und eine Abschätzung der dafür benötigten Energie getroffen. Der Prädiktion-salgorithmus konditioniert den elektrochemischen Hochvolt-Energiespeicher im Vorhinein. Die Energie welche später durch Rekuperation zurückgewonnen werden kann, wird, durch die Beeinflussung des Energiemanagements durch Prädiktion, verbraucht um Platz im Energiespeicher zu schaffen. Falls in Vorausliegenden Fahrzuständen mehr elekt-rische Energie für den Vortrieb benötigt wird als vorhanden ist, wird der Energiespeicher geladen. Mit dem Prädikti-onssystem kann eine weitere Reduktion des Kraftstoffverbrauchs in Realzyklen gezeigt werden. Plug-in hybrids are a further element towards pure battery electric vehicles. For electric vehicles it will still take some time to have a significant amount on the market. With a plug-in hybrid the end customer is already able to experience the advantages of a fully electrified drive train and use this system for his needs. The plug-in hybrid which is de-scribed here is an axle split configuration with an internal combustion engine in the front and an electric axle drive at the rear axle. This innovation vehicle was designed and assembled at Continental, Division Powertrain to evaluate and optimize future powertrain architectures, together with its new and adapted components. To evaluate the possi-bilities and advantages of such a drive train system, a highly developed driving strategy and an intelligent energy management is a must. Compared to today's torque based strategies, which react on the demand of the driver. In this vehicle there are many different driving modes which have to be introduced to the driver to be useful and usable. The driver can personalize e.g. the recuperation and coasting strategy and choose the primary traction machine. In cases the driver does not choose manually it is taken for granted that the system optimizes itself to reach its best efficiency. This optimization is based on continuous calculations. Consumption values of cycle measurements (e.g. in NEDC) differ from the measured values in real world driving, which are higher most of the time. To lower the fuel consump-tion in real driving as well, a prediction system is introduced to this vehicle. Due to analyses of the driving style and the route ahead, utilizing navigation data, the energy demand and changes in the driving mode are estimated in ad-vance and a determination of the required 'on vehicle energy' is performed. Therefore the prediction system is able to


condition and use the electrochemical high voltage energy storage in prior. It is using the energy which will be charged later on due to recuperation or stores the energy in the high voltage energy storage, which is needed for traction afterwards. A significant fuel reduction can be shown as a result. ____________________________________________________________ - 177 -

Model-based State-of-charge Estimation Approach of the Lithium-ion Battery Using an Improved Adaptive Particle Filter. Ye, Min; Guo, Hui; Xiong, Rui; Yang, Ruixin In: Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrid, REM, Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, 2016, in: En-ergy Procedia (online) * Band 103 (2016) Seite 394-399 (6 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.305 Accurate state of charge (SoC) estimation is of great significance for a lithium-ion battery. This paper presents an adaptive particle filter (APF)-based SoC estimation algorithm for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Firstly, the lithium-ion battery is modeled using the resistance-capacitance network based one-state hysteresis equivalent circuit model and its parameters are determined by the particle swarm optimization method. Then, an improved adaptive particle filter has been proposed and applied to the battery SoC estimation. Finally, the two typical lithium-ion battery, LiFePO4 and NMC lithium-ion, have been used to verify the proposed SoC estimator. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 178 -

Energy-Recuperation and Management in Conventional City Bus Electric Systems. Müller, Johannes Ludwig; Rivas Zöller, Claudio In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 304-309 (6 Seiten, 2 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Nach Inkrafttreten der EURO6 Abgasgesetzgebung spielen CO2 Emissionen, auch von Nutzfahrzeugen, eine immer größere Rolle. Die Unternehmen im öffentlichen Nahverkehr suchen jedoch nicht nur nach effizienten, sondern nach ebenso bezahlbaren Lösungen, um ihre Umweltziele zu erreichen. Um diesen Anforderungen Ihrer Kunden gerecht zu werden, können sich die Hersteller nicht mehr ausschließlich auf die Optimierung des Triebstrangs stützen. Die Nebenaggregate sind im Stadtbus mit ca. 25% am Gesamtkraftstoffverbrauch beteiligt. EvoBus verfolgt deshalb eine konsequente Strategie, auch deren Anteil am Verbrauch zu minimieren. Mit der Markteinführung des neuen CITARO EURO6 Stadtbusses erreicht das 24V Bordnetz eine weitere Ausbaustufe. After the implementation of EURO6 Emission legislation for commercial vehicles, the focus will shift to CO2 footprints. Public transport is looking for the best combination of efficiency vs. affordability. Vehicle makers can no longer focus only on the powertrain to achieve this goal. As auxiliaries account for about 25% of fuel consumption in city bus ap-plications, EvoBus is following a consequent path to minimize their part in overall consumption. Together with the market launch of the new CITARO EURO6 city bus its low voltage electrical system also reaches another stage of expansion. ____________________________________________________________ - 179 -

Initiative Control Capability of Electric Vehicle and New Energy Consumptive Control Strategy. Liu, Hong; Lian, Henghui; Ge, Shaoyun; Fan, Boyu In: Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrid, REM, Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, 2016, in: En-ergy Procedia (online) * Band 103 (2016) Seite 52-57 (6 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.248 For the parked electric vehicle (EV)load in a specific area, its initiativecontrollability was studied and make targeted optimization and control within controllability to achieve the goal of using EVs to consume new energy output and improve the regional load characteristics. In the premise of the reliable two-way communication system, the upper dispatch department can monitor the real-time controllability of EVs based on the EV load margin boundary in this paper, so as to provide load balancing for the area by usingtheEVs' load. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 180 -

On the Prospects of Increasing Energy Efficiency in Car Transport by Promoting Electric and Hydrogen Ve-hicles. Haas, Reinhard; Ajanovic, Amela In: ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, 2015 * (2015) Seite 855-862 (8 Seiten, Quellen) Stock-holm: eceee Transport is still the end use sector with highest increasing emissions and lowest energy efficiency. Alternative pow-ertrains like electric motors and fuel cells based on electricity and hydrogen are considered as important means to cope with environmental problems in transport. The core objective of this paper is to investigate the market prospects


increasing energy efficiency in car transport by promoting battery electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles from a techni-cal energetic and an economic point-of-view in a dynamic framework in an optimistic scenario up to 2050 in compari-son to conventional passenger cars. Our method of approach is based on life-cycle-analyses, dynamic economic assessments (incl. technological learning) and price as well as policy scenarios e.g. for taxes. The most important results are: (i) The by far most energy efficient solutions are battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCV) yet only if the electricity is generated from renewable energy sources (RES) as wind, hydro or PV are used; (ii) energy losses in the Well-to-Wheel chain for providing the energy service mobility will be reduced due to technologi-cal progress by 30 % to 50 % up to 2050 with respect to all technologies; (iii) Despite the efficiency gap to conven-tional cars will become smaller because higher technical improvement potentials for especially hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) exist, also in the long run BEV and FCV will remain the most efficient options; (iv) the major uncertainty regard-ing BEV and FCV is how fast cost reduction due to Technological Learning will take place especially for batteries and fuel cells; (v) Hybrid electric vehicles are currently the most efficient and most effective fossil fuels-based vehicles; Yet they are not considered as Zero-emission cars proper for driving in cities; (vi) Finally, CO2 costs (e.g. taxation) will play a crucial role for the final future fuel mix. E.g. Oslo in Norway is a city with one of the highest penetrations of BEVs in the world. One major reason is that - among other incentives - the driving costs of conventional cars are very high compared to rather cheap electricity costs for BEV drivers. This leads to the final conclusion that the most effi-cient types of vehicles will in future only play a significant role if the proper mix of CO2-taxes, intensified R&D, and corresponding riding down the Learning Curve (e.g. batteries for EVs and fuel cells) as well as non-monetary incen-tives is implemented timely. ____________________________________________________________ - 181 -

Automatische Testfallgenerierung für die Validierung von Kfz-Bordnetzen. Gräbel, Patrick; Brabetz, Ludwig; Ayeb, Mohamed; Kerner, Tobias In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 381-389 (9 Seiten, 3 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Der Trend, Kraftfahrzeuge verstärkt mit mechatronischen Komponenten zum Zwecke der Steigerung von Sicherheit, Komfort und Effizienz auszustatten, sowie das Bestreben, den Markt mit einer hohen Variantenanzahl zu bedienen, stellt Testingenieure zunehmend vor Herausforderungen. Die Anforderungen an die Energieverteilung im Bordnetz steigen insbesondere durch das Einbringen von dynamischen Hochleistungsverbrauchern, während die in der Indust-rie gängigen funktionalen Tests von Einzelkomponenten und Modulen in der Regel zu keiner entsprechenden qualita-tiven Aussage (z. B. bezgl. der Spannungsstabilität) führen. Daher wird eine Testmethode vorgeschlagen, die Test-fälle mittels probabilistischer Netze, die Beziehungen zwischen Verbraucherzuständen und ihren Umwelteinflüssen auf Basis von Expertenwissen modellieren, sowie durch Nutzung einer Zufallskomponente automatisch ableitet. So-mit kann der unüberschaubaren Anzahl an Testszenarien mit einer Fokussierung auf praxisrelevante Szenarien be-gegnet werden, ohne dabei unwahrscheinliche Testfälle gänzlich auszuschließen. Die während einer exemplarischen Anwendung der Testmethode auf einen Kfz-Bordnetzprüfstand gewonnenen Messdaten (Strom, Spannung) sollen unter Verwendung einer Bewertungsmethodik zu einer Aussage über die Spannungsstabilität des Prüflings führen. The current trend to equip vehicles with mechatronic components in order to increase safety, comfort and efficiency while striving to serve the market with a high variety of models, leads to new challenges for test engineers to face. The requirements on the energy distribution in automotive electrical distribution systems (EDS) are increasing notably due to the introduction of new dynamic high power loads. The established functional test methods, that are adapted to individual components and modules, usually cannot evaluate the electrical quality e. g. in terms of voltage stability. Therefore, a test method is proposed, that is able to automatically generate test cases by utilizing probabilistic net-works. The networks describe relations between the states and influences on electrical loads on the basis of exper-tise and random elements. As a result, a vast number of test scenarios are addressed with a focus on relevant sce-narios, while unlikely ones are not generally excluded. Finally the exemplary application of the proposed method in combination with an existing evaluation method on an EDS test bench results in a statement about the stability of the system under test. ____________________________________________________________ - 182 -

How to Foster Electric Vehicle Market Penetration? - A Model based Assessment of Policy Measures and External Factors. Plötz, Patrick; Wietschel, Martin; Ullrich, Sandra; Gnann, Till In: ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, 2015 * (2015) Seite 843-853 (11 Seiten, Quellen) Stock-holm: eceee Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to reduce green house gas emissions from the transport sector. However, the future market evolution of EVs strongly depends on several influencing factors such as battery and oil prices as well as their future evolution. The effect of these and other influencing factors as well as the resulting future market evolution are uncertain, yet policy makers need an empirical basis to take decisions impacting the future market evo-lution. Here, we study the market evolution of EVs in Germany until 2020 and perform a model-based assessment of influencing factors and different monetary policy measures. We use an agent-based model with a utility maximising decision function for several thousand individual private and commercial vehicle owners. Our results reveal a great deal of uncertainty in the market evolution of EVs due to external conditions and the users' willingness-to-pay for this new technology. Energy prices have a large impact on EV market evolution as a 25 % increase in fuel prices would


double the number of EVs in stock by 2020 compared to a reference scenario. We find a special depreciation allow-ance for commercial vehicles and a subsidy of 1,000 Euro per vehicle to be the most effective and efficient monetary policy options. Furthermore, the high uncertainty of framework conditions and the EV market evolution implies that policies to foster market diffusion of EVs should be dynamically adaptable to react to changing framework conditions. ____________________________________________________________ - 183 -

EMC Simulation Approach for 48V Systems Integration. Briault, Franck; Benhassine, Salah; Klingler, Marco; Rezkalla, Michel Maher Naguib In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 60-69 (10 Seiten, 2 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag The automotive industry is today doing a real effort to reduce environmental impact of vehicles, especially on limiting their CO2 emissions. New solutions are developed and produced to ensure reduction of emissions, and electrification of the powertrains presents a high potential. Electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles enable now the future possibility of having low levels of emission when using a vehicle. In this electrification scope, 48V Mild-Hybrid systems will proba-bly meet a wide range of applications in the coming years. This is driven by major constraints like electrical network supply increasing needs, and CO2 emissions reductions achieved on the overall fleet. But EMC disturbances gener-ated by 48V components will also oblige to design properly the vehicle electrical architecture as well as the compo-nent filtering, and follow technical guidelines in order to match the requirements for EMC emissions limits. Moreover, the EMC concepts for a proper integration of 48V systems shall be defined in a cost efficient way, and taking in ac-count a wide range of engine or vehicle applications. This has lead PSA Peugeot Citroen to set up a specific EMC simulation methodology, allowing comparisons between technical concepts, and finally making the link between sup-plier's components EMC models and the vehicle EMC structure to come to a system EMC study. This paper will illus-trate how this methodology is built, and give some very first examples of applications concerning 48V systems inte-gration. ____________________________________________________________ - 184 -

Grid4EU. Grundlagen für die Entwicklung der Stromnetze von morgen. Björkman, Gunnar; Noglik, Peter; Hamrin, Erik; Nedomlel, Jiri In: ABB Review * (2016) Heft 4, Seite 72-77 (6 Seiten, Bilder) Sechs europäische Verteilnetzbetreiber (VNB) sowie 21 Projektpartner aus Industrie und Wissenschaft zeigen mit dem EU-Projekt Grid4EU die technischen, wirtschaftlichen, gesellschaftlichen, ökologischen und gesetzlichen Hürden für die Realisierung von intelligenter Stromnetze (Smart Grids) auf und prüfen die Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Beseitigung. Zu den untersuchten Parametern gehören u.a. klimatische Bedingungen, Netztopologien, Bevölkerungsdichten, und gesetzliche Vorgaben sowie Aspekten wie Skalierbarkeit, Replizierbarkeit und Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis. Eine dyna-mische Regelung von Angebot und Nachfrage im Stromnetz ist für die Integration großer Mengen erneuerbarer E-nergien unerlässlich und ermöglicht eine Beteiligung der Stromkunden. ABB war bei den Demonstrationsprojekten eins, zwei und fünf beteiligt. Im Demonstrationsprojekt 1 wird der Automatisierungsgrad im Mittelspannungsnetz so erweitert, dass das Netz sich selbst rekonstruiert, um den Netzbetrieb zu optimieren. Dies wurde erreicht durch den Einsatz eines autonom arbeitenden Multi-Modul-Systems (MMS) aus Messmodulen und Schaltmodulen. Das auto-nome Schalten durch Verschieben der Trennstelle innerhalb des Netzes erlaubt ein neuartiges Betriebskonzept durch dynamische Rekonfiguration der Netztopologie. ABB stellte die Komponenten für eine gesicherte Kommunika-tion bereit. Die Fernwirkeinheiten (Remote Terminal Units, RTU) der ABB-Familie RTU540 werden ergänzt durch Messeinheiten vom Typ 560CVD11 und 560CVD03. Mit Unterstützung durch ABB wurde die Software für das MMS von der TU Dortmund entwickelt. Im Demonstrationsprojekt 2 wurde die Überwachung des Niederspannungsnetzes verbessert unter Einsatz der ABB MicroSCADA-Pro-Plattform und dem ABB SYS600 Historian. Ziel des Demonstra-tionsprojekts 5 war die Durchführung von Qualitätsmessungen. Zusätzlich werden die Auswirkungen auf ein Verteil-netz durch das Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen untersucht. Das automatisierte Ausfallmanagement auf der MS-Ebene im Rahmen des Projekts 5 minimiert die Auswirkungen auf den Kunden im Falle eines Netzfehlers. Simulationen auf der Grundlage von Fehlerdaten von 18 Monaten ergaben eine Verkürzung der Zeit für die Fehlerlokalisierung und Fehlerisolierung um 85 %. Das Grid4EU hat gezeigt, dass die Technologie für Smart Grids in ganz Europa zur Verfü-gung steht und funktionieren kann. Ergänzend müssen noch viele Herausforderungen hinsichtlich Skalierbarkeit, Replizierbarkeit und Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis bewältigt werden. ____________________________________________________________


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Geographic Differences of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction From Electric Vehicle Deployment in the United States. Yang, Fan; Yuan, Chris; Zhao, Xiang In: MSEC, ASME International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, 2014 * (2014) Seite V001T05A009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/MSEC2014-4141 The use of electric vehicle (EV) has been widely recognized as an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation sector. However, the geographic difference of GHG emission reduction from EV de-ployment is seldom explored. This paper presents a study on the total GHG emissions generated from the life cycle of an EV (represented by Nissan Leaf) and an internal combustion vehicle (ICV) (represented by Toyota Corolla) for benchmarking on the potential emission reductions in the United States. The differences of electricity mix and driving style in each state are considered in the analysis. The results indicate a 43% GHG emissions reduction from ICV with the deployment of EV under the current average United States' electricity generation scheme and transportation style. But the life cycle GHG emission reductions vary significantly from state to state in the U.S. Some states such as Indiana, Wyoming and West Virginia can only get 7237, 9501 and 9860 kg CO2 equivalent reduced, while some states such as Vermont, New Jersey and Idaho can get 57915, 57206 and 49039 kg CO2 equivalent GHG emissions reduced. This study can be useful in supporting future decision-making and strategy development for EV deployment in the U.S. ____________________________________________________________ - 186 -

Reducing Costs during Development and Operation of Hybrid Commercial Vehicles through a Market-based Electrical Energy Management. Buitkamp, Claudia; Spiegelberg, Gernot; Lienkamp, Markus In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 347-362 (16 Seiten, 16 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Serielle Hybridantriebe für Nutzfahrzeuge versprechen Vorteile für viele Anwendungen, angefangen bei Müllsammel-fahrzeugen über Stadtbusse. Die Komplexität des Energiemanagements für die Komponenten bei diesen Fahrzeu-gen hängt stark von der Anzahl und Ausprägung der elektrischen Quellen und Senken ab. Da Nutzfahrzeuge für sehr unterschiedliche Anwendungsfälle eingesetzt werden, werden unterschiedlichste Quellen und Senken verwendet. Daher wird ein flexibles elektrisches Energiemanagement benötigt. In diesem Beitrag werden die Anforderungen an ein solches elektrisches Energiemanagement aufgezeigt und ein Lösungsansatz, der diese erfüllt, vorgestellt. Durch den beschriebenen Ansatz für das elektrische Energiemanagement profitiert sowohl der Nutzfahrzeughersteller als auch der Betreiber des Fahrzeugs. Das adaptive und erweiterbare Energiemanagement basiert auf einem ökonomi-schen Marktmodell, in dem Komponenten Energie mit einer virtuellen Währung handeln. Diese dezentrale Entschei-dungsfindung vereinfacht Modifikationen an Fahrzeugvarianten, wie das Hinzufügen und Entfernen von Komponen-ten, ähnlich einem Plug & Play-Verfahren. Folglich werden Entwicklungs-, Inbetriebnahme- und Absicherungskosten für das elektrische Energiemanagement beim Fahrzeughersteller reduziert. Der ganzheitliche Energiemanagement-Ansatz berücksichtigt bei seiner Preisfindung für die verschiedenen Klassen von Quellen und Senken Kostentreiber wie z. B. Alterungseffekte für Batterien oder Kraftstoffkosten für Verbrennungsmotoren im Range Extender. Somit werden die Betriebskosten ganzheitlich reduziert. Series hybrid drive systems for commercial vehicles promise benefits for many applications, ranging from garbage collection trucks to city buses. The complexity of the energy management of the components within the hybrid drive train is largely driven by the variations and combinations of electric sinks and sources. Since commercial vehicles are designed to accommodate a broad variety of different tasks, this leads to large variations in task specific sinks and sources. Therefore a flexible electrical energy management system is required. In this paper the requirements for a flexible electrical energy management are analyzed and an approach, which fulfills them, is proposed. The approach for an electrical energy management increases the profitability of series hybrid commercial vehicles for both, the manufacturer and the customer. The adaptive and expendable energy management is based on a market model in which components trade energy in exchange for a virtual currency. This decentralized decision making simplifies modifications for vehicle variants, including the addition and removal of components, similar to plug and play func-tionality. Consequently, manufacturers' costs for development, setting up and safeguarding the electrical energy management are reduced. The holistic energy management approach takes specific properties for classes of sources and sinks into account for the price determination. Aging effects for batteries or fuel costs for combustion engines of range extenders are examples. The total costs of ownership and operation are accordingly reduced for the customer. ____________________________________________________________ - 187 -

Energy Storage Devices for 14V Micro-Hybrid Applications - Today and Tomorrow. Spijker, Engbert; Karden, Eckhard In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 40-50 (11 Seiten, 8 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Mikrohybride erreichen einen höheren Marktanteil weil sie Bestandteil der CO2-Roadmaps aller europäischen Fahr-zeughersteller sind. Mikrohybride werden Teil der Basisausstattung für volumenstarke Antriebsstränge. Eine Fallstu-


die zeigt das Potential und die Grenzen des rekuperativen Bremsens in Mikrohybridsystemen auf. Ausgehend von der Fahrzeugebene, gibt dieser Beitrag einen Überblick über Systemanforderungen und typische technische Lösun-gen. Die dynamische Stromaufnahme (DCA) der Bleibatterie stellt heute die dominierende Begrenzung der effizien-ten Bremsenergie-Rückgewinnung, und damit des Treibstoff- und CO2-Einsparpotentials in Mikrohybriden, dar. Micro hybrids are getting higher market shares as they are part of all European carmakers' CO2 roadmaps. Micro hybrids are becoming a standard fit for mainstream power-trains. A case study demonstrates potential and limitations of regenerative braking in micro hybrid systems. Starting from vehicle level, the paper outlines system requirements and typical technical solutions. The lead/acid battery dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) is a major limitation for effi-cient energy recuperation, and hence fuel and CO2 saving in micro hybrids. ____________________________________________________________ - 188 -

48 Volt System Integration and Components. Hybrid4AII: a Low Voltage, Low Cost, Mass Market Hybrid Solu-tion. Forissier, Michel In: Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement IV, EEHE, Tagung Elektrik/Elektronik in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen und elektrisches Energiemanagement, 2a, in: Haus der Technik Fachbuch * Band 130 (2013) Seite 51,59-59 (2 Seiten, 3 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Given CO2 regulations for 2020 and beyond, it is now obvious for the automotive community that powertrain electrifi-cation is no longer an option. Valeo's Hybrid4All is driven by 2 principles: The first one is to develop an affordable hybrid solution, the main lever being to lower voltage to reduce the battery cost and to limit the power of the electric motor. The second consists in leveraging Valeo's long experience in Stop-Start micro-hybrid systems to develop cost effective, alternator-based, electric motors. The tests on the democar validated the simulation work and demonstrated this "right sized" system and value-to-cost optimization. It is a major step forward for new investigations in system optimization for further cost reduction and CO2 function improvements. ____________________________________________________________ - 189 -

Efficient start-up energy management via nonlinear control for eco-traction systems. Becherif, M.; Ramadan, H.S.; Ayad, M.Y.; Hissel, D.; Desideri, U.; Antonelli, M. In: Applied Energy * Band 187 (2017) Seite 899-909 (11 Seiten, 53 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.007 Electrochemical capacitors, called supercapacitors (SCs) or ultracapacitors, are devices conveniently used for em-bedded electrical energy management owing to their huge capacitance, low internal resistance and flexible control through power electronic conversion. This paper proposes a main power supply of hybrid Wind Generator (WG)-SC within the train station for feeding the traction onboard SC through specified limited feeding transit durations. On-board SCs provide the train with the requested start-up self-energy. The hybrid WG-SCs system is an environmental-friendly source that enables the independency on national grid and guarantees an efficient bidirectional power trans-fer for energy management with enhanced dynamic performance. Therefore, the dynamic modelling and the experi-mental analysis of the modern hybrid WG-SCs used for managing the charge/discharge operation of SCs at Unity Power Factor (UPF) mode are presented. For this purpose, the Port-Controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) methodology is deduced and explicitly presented. Simulation results, via MATLAB(TM), reveal that the proposed PCH control meth-odology can be successfully implemented to ensure acceptable system dynamic behavior. Numerical results are vali-dated with experimental measurements to investigate the significance of the PCH approach for the energy manage-ment operation in eco-tractions. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 190 -

Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress. Ke, Wenwei; Zhang, Shaojun; He, Xiaoyi; Wu, Ye; Hao, Jiming In: Applied Energy * Band 188 (2017) Seite 367-377 (11 Seiten, 68 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.011 Previous well-to-wheels (WTW) analyses on electric vehicles (EVs) have reported tremendous results of potential energy and environmental effects. However, there remains a challenge to lower the uncertainties that were intro-duced when obtaining life-cycle parameters from a macro perspective (e.g., nationwide or regional scales). This study takes Beijing as a case, because it is an important regional hub for EV promotion and represents megacities with severe urban air pollution issues and congested traffic conditions. We collected up-to-date data concerning the elec-tricity generation mix, fuel transport, end-of-pipe controls, real-world fuel economy and emissions, and estimated the WTW energy consumption and CO2 and air pollutant emissions for various light-duty passenger vehicle technologies currently (2015) and in the mid-term future (2030). Unlike previous results, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are shown to significantly reduce WTW CO2 emissions by 32% for the present model year (MY) 2015 compared with their con-ventional gasoline counterparts, primarily due to the shift from coal to gas in local power plants in Beijing and the sig-nificantly higher real-world fuel consumption of conventional vehicles compared with the type-approval value. By 2030, WTW CO2 emissions by BEVs should approach 100 g km-1 due to the increased importation of non-fossil elec-


tricity, even lower than that of hybrid electric vehicles. Furthermore, significant improvements in end-of-pipe controls for coal-fired power plants have effectively lowered WTW emissions of air pollutants. In terms of VOCs and NOx that are of most concerns among all pollutants emitted from passenger vehicles, the WTW emissions of VOCs for MY 2015 BEV are already significantly lower than their conventional counterparts by 95%. Although WTW NOx emissions for BEVs are currently higher by 66% than conventional gasoline vehicles, we expect that BEVs can achieve WTW emission reduction benefit of NOx (41%) by 2030. This study indicates the significance of fine-grained and real-world features when assessing the WTW energy and environmental effects of EVs. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 191 -

Embedded fiber-optic sensing for accurate internal monitoring of cell state in advanced battery management systems part 2: Internal cell signals and utility for state estimation. Ganguli, Anurag; Saha, Bhaskar; Raghavan, Ajay; Kiesel, Peter; Arakaki, Kyle; Schuh, Andreas; Schwartz, Julian; Hegyi, Alex; Sommer, Lars Wilko; Lochbaum, Alexander; Sahu, Saroj; Alamgir, Mohamed In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 341 (2017) Seite 474-482 (9 Seiten, 22 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.103 A key challenge hindering the mass adoption of Lithium-ion and other next-gen chemistries in advanced battery ap-plications such as hybrid/electric vehicles (xEVs) has been management of their functional performance for more effective battery utilization and control over their life. Contemporary battery management systems (BMS) reliant on monitoring external parameters such as voltage and current to ensure safe battery operation with the required per-formance usually result in overdesign and inefficient use of capacity. More informative embedded sensors are desir-able for internal cell state monitoring, which could provide accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimates and early failure indicators. Here we present a promising new embedded sensing option developed by our team for cell monitoring, fiber-optic (FO) sensors. High-performance large-format pouch cells with embedded FO sensors were fabricated. This second part of the paper focuses on the internal signals obtained from these FO sen-sors. The details of the method to isolate intercalation strain and temperature signals are discussed. Data collected under various xEV operational conditions are presented. An algorithm employing dynamic time warping and Kalman filtering was used to estimate state-of-charge with high accuracy from these internal FO signals. Their utility for high-accuracy, predictive state-of-health estimation is also explored. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 192 -

A Multi-Agent Control for Energy Management in PV/Wind/Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System. Bogaraj, T.; Kanakaraj, J.; Jenisha, C.Maria In: Advancements in Automation and Control Technologies, ICAAC, International Conference on Advancements in Automation and Control, 2014, in: Applied Mechanics and Materials * Band 573 (2014) Seite 235-241 (7 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.573.235 http://www.scientific.net/AMM.573.235 The usage of renewable energy systems increases worldwide due to extinction of conventional sources and also the absence of some serious environmental effects such as global warming, ozone layer depletion etc. These renewable power systems are not able to satisfy the load continuously due to seasonal availability of the resources. A Hybrid Power System (HPS) formed with renewable energy sources are a solution to provide power for stand-alone electri-cal loads. However, the energy management in HPS is quite complex as it relies on a central controller. This paper proposes a distributed Energy Management System (EMS) to control the energy flow in the PV/Wind/Fuel Cell/Battery HPS based on multi-agent system (MAS) technology. With this concept, a HPS is seen as a collection of different elements called agents, collaborates to reach a global coordination to satisfy the demand in the system. The Algorithm of the Multi-Agent System technique for HPS has been implemented using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results show that the algorithm is effectively working for a HPS to provide power to the load and control power flow between various elements of the system. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 193 -

Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Using eBlance. Liu, Zhe; Zeng, Wei-Hua In: Micro Nano Devices, Structure and Computing Systems III, MNDSCS, International Conference on Micro Nano Devices, Structure and Computing Systems, 3, in: Advanced Materials Research * Band 918 (2014) Seite 121-126 (6 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.918.121 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.918.121 Electric vehicles have been gaining increasing worldwide attention as a promising potential long-term solution to sus-tainable personal mobility in recent years; in particular, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offering zero tailpipe emis-sions are favored by a significant number of people in China. However, their true ability of contribution to greenhouse


gas (GHG) emissions reductions is invisible. This paper assessed their environmental impacts from the perspective of life cycle. Life cycle assessment is used as the analyzing method and eBlance is applied as a tool to identify the impacts quantitatively. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 194 -

Modeling Analysis of Electric Vehicle Penetration Scenario using Dynamic Optimal Power Generation Mix Model with High Temporal Resolution. KOMIYAMA, R.Y.O.I.C.H.I.; FUJII, Y.A.S.U.M.A.S.A. In: Electrical Engineering in Japan * Band 199 (2017) Heft 3, Seite 3-16 (14 Seiten, 13 Bilder, 5 Tabellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.22942 After the Fukushima nuclear accident, Japanese power generation planning needs to be reassessed to reflect techni-cal developments on both the power supply and demand sides. The Fukushima nuclear accident has complicated the position of nuclear energy in Japan's long-term power generation mix due to public acceptance and other associated issues such as nuclear waste management. There is a need for more studies concerning the peak grid integration of variable renewables such as PV and wind power, which are expected to potentially replace nuclear energy. On the power demand side, the anticipated future introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) will have an impact on grid management in the electric power system. In this context, it is important to develop a computational tool to comprehensively analyze the optimal power generation mix and organize it in a consistent way. This paper develops a dynamic high time-resolution optimal power generation mix model as large-scale linear pro-gramming model with 18 million constraints and 8 million endogenous variables. It then analyzes the optimal deploy-ment of variable renewables (VR) and EVs with the future possible nuclear scenario and CO2 regulation policy in Ja-pan taken into consideration. In the calculated optimal solutions, EVs play an important role in integrating variable renewables and treating the imbalance in VR surplus output. © John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 195 -

Assessment of pathways to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger car fleets: Case study in Ireland. Alam, M. Saniul; Hyde, Bernard; Duffy, Paul; McNabola, Aonghus In: Applied Energy * Band 189 (2017) Seite 283-300 (18 Seiten, 60 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.062 This study modelled the Passenger (PC) fleet and other categories of road transport in Ireland from 2015 to 2035 to assess the impact of current and potential greenhouse gas mitigation policies on CO2 emissions. Scenarios included the shift of purchasing towards diesel PCs over gasoline PCs. Scrappage rates were also calculated and applied to the fleet to predict future sales of PCs. Seven future policy scenarios were examined using different penetrations of PC sales for different vehicle technologies under current and alternative bio-fuel obligations. Tank to Wheel (T2W) tailpipe and Well to Wheel (W2W) CO2 emissions, and energy demand were modelled using COPERT 4v11.3 and a recently published W2W CO2 emissions model. A percentage reduction of conventional diesel and petrol vehicles, in different scenarios compared to a baseline scenario in the W2W model was applied to estimate the likely changes in T2W emissions at the tailpipe up to 2035. The results revealed that the biofuel policy scenario was insufficient in achieving a significant reduction of CO2 emissions. However, without a fixed reduction target for CO2 from the road transport sector, the success of policy scenarios in the long run is difficult to compare. The current Electric vehicle (EV) policy in Ireland is required to be implemented to reduce CO2 emissions by a significant level. Results also show that a similar achievement of CO2 emission reduction could be possible by using alternative vehicle technologies with higher abatement cost. However, as EV based policies have not been successful so far, Ireland may need to search for alternative pathways. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 196 -

Nanotechnology for environmentally sustainable electromobility. Ellingsen, Linda Ager-Wick; Hung, Chrstine Roxanne; Majeau-Bettez, Guillaume; Singh, Bhawna; Chen, Zhongwei; Whittingham, M. Stanley; Hammer Stromman, Anders In: Nature Nanotechnology * Band 11 (2016) Heft 12, Seite 1039-1051 (13 Seiten, 174 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.237 Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LSBs) or proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer important potential climate change mitigation effects when combined with clean energy sources. The development of novel nanomaterials may bring about the next wave of technical improvements for LIBs and PEMFCs. If the next generation of EVs is to lead to not only reduced emissions during use but also environmentally sustainable production chains, the research on nanomaterials for LIBs and PEMFCs should be guided by a life-cycle perspective. In this Analysis, we describe an environmental life-cycle screening framework tailored to assess nano-materiais for electromobility. By applying this framework, we offer an early evaluation of the most promising nanoma


teriais for LI Bs and PEMFCs and their potential contributions to the environmental sustainability of EV life cycles. Potential environmental trade-offs and gaps in nanomaterials research are identified to provide guidance for future nanomaterial developments for electromobility. ____________________________________________________________ - 197 -

Use of electric vehicles or hydrogen in the Danish transport sector in 2050?. Skytte, Klaus; Pizarro, Amalia; Karlsson, Kenneth B. In: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment * Band 6 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 1-11 (11 Seiten, 14 Bilder) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.233 Denmark has an ambitious long-term goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector with an overall climate target to be independent of fossil-fuel consumption by 2050. We compare a likely scenario with two alternative ways to achieve the goal--either with a high percentage of electric vehicles (EV) or with a high percentage of hydrogen use for transportation. The STREAM model--an energy scenario simulating tool--is used to model the different scenarios and their integration with the electricity and heating systems. The major findings are that an in-creased share of EV can reduce the socioeconomic cost of the energy system in 2050. However, electricity demand for H2 generation via electrolysis is more flexible than EV charging and the production can therefore, to a larger de-gree be used to out-balance variable electricity surplus from a high share of wind energy in the power system, reduc-ing the investments in backup capacity. Whether the hydrogen scenario (H2S) is more costly to implement than the EV scenario (EVS) mainly depends on the technological development--especially the improvement on the efficiency of the conversion from electricity to H2 and the cost of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Therefore, the major drivers of a successful H2S are a high efficient flexible H2 production in 2050 and lower vehicle costs, which increase the stability of the power grid, compared to the EVS. Hence, from a socioeconomic view point, the technological path in innova-tion to achieve fossil-free transport systems should have vehicle costs and electrolyzers efficiency as their main driv-ers toward 2050. ____________________________________________________________ - 198 -

Experimental Study of Electric Bicycle Charging Fault Simulation. Wu, Ying In: Materials Engineering and Automatic Control III, ICMEAC, International Conference on Materials Engineering and Automatic Control, 3, in: Applied Mechanics and Materials * Band 575 (2014) Seite 837-840 (4 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.575.837 http://www.scientific.net/AMM.575.837 This article selects an intelligent pulse three-stage charger commonly used in electric bicycles and conducts fault simulation tests of the charger under different environmental conditions based on analysis of the charging character-istics of a lead-acid battery. The test proves that the fault of the charger may lead to breakdown or explosion of the electronic devices of the charger; however, the possibility of a fire inside the charger is very small because of limited temperature rise of heating components in the charger, a small amount of combustible materials in the components, flame retardant plastics-made charger housing, etc. A fire inside the charger easily results in short circuit of connect-ing lines. If there is no a protective device, the electric bicycle easily catches fire. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 199 -

Multi-criteria analysis of innovation policies in favour of solar mobility in France by 2030. Popiolek, Nathalie; Thais, Francoise In: Energy Policy * Band 97 (2016) Seite 202-219 (18 Seiten, 52 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.07.036 As part of France's political intentions to reduce CO2 emissions in building and transport, this work offers an analysis from the perspective of a public authority on the various innovation policies for the deployment of electric vehicles powered by solar photovoltaic electricity (PV) by the year 2030. This innovation involves enhancing the synergy be-tween buildings and mobility by associating positive energy houses with electric vehicles. The vehicle battery, charged primarily using PV electricity, could also provide a way of storing intermittent solar-generated electricity for later use. The aim of this article is to implement a decision-making model for public administration which can select the best innovation policies based on a number of criteria reflecting their major goals in terms of policies relating to energy, economics, social cohesion and "factor 4'' (to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by a factor of 4 by 2050 compared with 1990 levels). The methodology developed herein has been applied to a concrete case, with some resulting recommendations which may be of use for the public authorities: simultaneously combine research in favour of solar mobility technologies and apply a relatively high carbon tax. Such recommendations are mitigated by the choice of the data set and the methodological shortcomings. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


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Novel solar powered electric vehicle charging station with the capability of vehicle-to-grid. Fathabadi, Hassan In: Solar Energy * Band 142 (2017) Seite 136-143 (8 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.11.037 In this study, a novel grid-connected solar powered electric vehicle (EV) charging station with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is designed and constructed. The solar powered EV charging station consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a DC/DC converter dedicated to the PV array, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, 15 bidirectional DC/DC converters dedicated to the 15 charging stations provided for charging EVs, and a bidirectional DC/AC in-verter connected between the charging station and grid. The contribution of this work is that the grid-connected solar powered EV charging station presented in this work optimally converts solar energy into electric energy because it uses a novel proposed fast and highly accurate MPPT technique. Furthermore, this work includes experimental re-sults obtained from the daily operation of the constructed EV charging station, while other works are only simulation based. It is experimentally verified that the EV charging station not only produces enough electric energy to charge EVs during sunny days but also balances load demand in the local grid during cloudy days. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 201 -

Personal Vehicles Evaluated against Climate Change Mitigation Targets. Miotti, Marco; Supran, Geoffrey J.; Kim, Ella J.; Trancik, Jessika E. In: Environmental Science and Technology * Band 50 (2016) Heft 20, Seite 10795-10804 (10 Seiten, 76 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00177 Meeting global climate change mitigation goals will likely require that transportation-related greenhouse gas emis-sions begin to decline within the next two decades and then continue to fall. A variety of vehicle technologies and fuels are commercially available to consumers today that can reduce the emissions of the transportation sector. Yet what are the best options, and do any suffice to meet climate policy targets? Here, we examine the costs and carbon intensities of 125 light-duty vehicle models on the U.S. market today and evaluate these models against U.S. emis-sion-reduction targets for 2030, 2040, and 2050 that are compatible with the goal of limiting mean global temperature rise to 2 °C above preindustrial levels. Our results show that consumers are not required to pay more for a low-carbon-emitting vehicle. Across the diverse set of vehicle models and powertrain technologies examined, a clean vehicle is usually a low-cost vehicle. Although the average carbon intensity of vehicles sold in 2014 exceeds the cli-mate target for 2030 by more than 50%, we find that most hybrid and battery electric vehicles available today meet this target. By 2050, only electric vehicles supplied with almost completely carbon-free electric power are expected to meet climate-policy targets. ____________________________________________________________ - 202 -

Optimal trading of plug-in electric vehicle aggregation agents in a market environment for sustainability. Shafie-khah, M.; Heydarian-Forushani, E.; Golshan, M.E.H.; Siano, P.; Moghaddam, M.P.; Sheikh-El-Eslami, M.K.; Catalao, J.P.S. In: Applied Energy * Band 162 (2016) Seite 601-612 (12 Seiten, 44 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.134 Ever since energy sustainability is an emergent concern, Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) significantly affect the ap-proaching smart grids. Indeed, Demand Response (DR) brings a positive effect on the uncertainties of renewable energy sources, improving market efficiency and enhancing system reliability. This paper proposes a multi-stage sto-chastic model of a PEV aggregation agent to participate in day-ahead and intraday electricity markets. The stochastic model reflects several uncertainties such as the behaviour of PEV owners, electricity market prices, and activated quantity of reserve by the system operator. For this purpose, appropriate scenarios are utilized to realize the uncer-tain feature of the problem. Furthermore, in the proposed model, the PEV aggregation agents can update their bids/offers by taking part in the intraday market. To this end, these aggregation agents take part in Demand Re-sponse eXchange (DRX) markets designed in the intraday session by employing DR resources. The numerical re-sults show that DR provides a perfect opportunity for PEV aggregation agents to increase the profit. In addition, the results reveal that the PEV aggregation agent not only can increase its profit by participating in the DRX market, but also can become an important player in the mentioned market. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 203 -

Dynamic frequency response from electric vehicles considering travelling behavior in the Great Britain power system. Meng, Jian; Mu, Yunfei; Jia, Hongjie; Wu, Jianzhong; Yu, Xiaodan; Qu, Bo In: Applied Energy * Band 162 (2016) Seite 966-979 (14 Seiten, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.159 In order to pursue the low-carbon development around the world, a large scale of renewable generation will be con-nected to the power systems. Take the Great Britain (GB) as an example, the GB power system has a large wind


energy integration potential. The intermittency of wind generation will have great impact on the system frequency stability. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a crucial role in decarbonizing the transport sector. To increase the utilization of wind energy, EVs are suggested to provide frequency response service to the power system due to their quick power reaction characteristic. This paper proposes a general dynamic EV frequency control strategy considering the travel-ling behavior of the EV users. A droop control method is used to regulate the EV charging/discharging power accord-ing to the frequency signal. A Forced-Charge Boundary (FCB) and a Forced-Charge Area (FCA) are proposed to guarantee sufficient energy in the EV battery for user's travel at the plug-out time. A dynamic Virtual Energy Storage System (VESS) is developed to evaluate the frequency response capacity of the EV clusters. In the case study, the model of the GB power system is used to investigate the frequency control effect of the control strategy. The simula-tion results show that the proposed strategy provides effective EV frequency response to the power system and thus is able to facilitate the integration of wind energy. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 204 -

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact. Casals, Lluc Canals; Garcia, Beatriz Amante; Aguesse, Frederic; Iturrondobeitia, Amaia In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 82-93 (12 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0918-3 Purpose: Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applica-tions. Methods: First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the sec-ond-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Addition-ally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented. Results and discussion: For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilo-watt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degrada-tion mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application. Conclusions: To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 205 -

Environmental impact of traction electric motors for electric vehicles applications. Hernandez, Maria; Messagie, Maarten; Hegazy, Omar; Marengo, Luca; Winter, Oliver; Mierlo, Joeri Van In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 54-65 (12 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0973-9 Purpose: The expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market will bring changes in the type of environmental impact generated by the transport sector. This will be partially associated to the introduction of new technologies for energy storage and powertrains, including electric motors technology, which can play a critical role for the EV. To assure its optimal performance, key components and innovative materials are integrated in current motor designs. Such is the case of permanent magnets (PM), commonly made of rare-earth elements, which have a history of ecological con-cerns related to its mining. The goal of the paper is to study novel traction e-motors and to assess the influence of its components, in the environmental performance of the motor and the electric vehicle. Methods: In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed, including the manufacturing, use, and end of life stages of a traction electric motor for EV applications. A comparison is presented, where the rare-earth magnets are replaced by ferrite magnets, under several efficiency scenarios. Average European conditions are considered for framing the modeling. A func-tional unit of 1 km driven by the vehicle is used. Results and discussion: Twelve impact categories were selected to present the potential environmental impact of the motors. Energy consumption during the use stage was identified as a hotspot responsible for an important share of the impact. The amount of energy consumed is highly dependent on the efficiencies of the powertrain, which is why improving efficiency should be regarded as crucial for decreasing the environmental damage produced by the motor. The use of rare-earth magnets during manufacturing does not repre-sent a significant share of the impact, as they only take 2% of the total mass. Other components, including lamina-tions, housing and windings were instead recognized as more significant than the mangets, mainly for climate change, toxicity of humans, soil and water bodies, as well as metal depletion. The use of alternative materials for


rare-earth magnets can contribute in the reduction of the potential impact, as long as the overall efficiency of the mo-tor remains the same or increases. Conclusions: Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the environ-mental performance of traction motor is closely tight to its efficiency. Selection of materials during design should fo-cus more on preserving or improving the efficiency of the motor, than on materials with low environmental impact during production. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 206 -

Geopolitical-related supply risk assessment as a complement to environmental impact assessment: the case of electric vehicles. Gemechu, Eskinder D.; Sonnemann, Guido; Young, Steven B. In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 31-39 (9 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0917-4 Purpose: Introducing a geopolitical-related supply risk (GeoPolRisk) into the life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework adds a criticality aspect to the current life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to more meaning-fully address direct impacts on Natural Resource AoP. The weakness of resource indicators in LCA has been the topic of discussion within the life cycle community for some time. This paper presents a case study on how to pro-ceed towards the integration of resource criticality assessment into LCA under the LCSA. The paper aims at high-lighting the significance of introducing the GeoPolRisk indicator to complement and extend the established environ-mental LCA impact categories. Methods: A newly developed GeoPolRisk indicator proposed by Gemechu et al., J Ind Ecol (2015) was applied to metals used in the life cycle of an electric vehicle, and the results are compared with an attributional LCA of the same resources. The inventory data is based on the publication by Hawkins et al., J Ind Ecol 17:53-64 (2013), which provides a current, transparent, and detailed life cycle inventory data of a European represen-tative first-generation battery small electric vehicle. Results and discussion: From the 14 investigated metals, copper, aluminum, and steel are the most dominant elements that pose high environmental impacts. On the other hand, magnesium and neodymium show relatively higher supply risk when geopolitical elements are considered. While, the environmental indicator results all tend to point the same hotspots which arise from the substantial use of resources in the electric vehicle's life cycle, the GeoPolRisk highlights that there are important elements present in very small amounts but crucial to the overall LCSA. It provides a complementary sustainability dimension that can be added to conventional LCA as an important extension within LCSA. Conclusions: Resource challenges in a short-term time perspective can be better addressed by including social and geopolitical factors in addition to the conventional indica-tors which are based on their geological availability. This is more significant for modern technologies such as elec-tronic devices in which critical resources contribute to important components. The case study advances the use of the GeoPolRisk assessment method but does still face certain limitations that need further elaboration; however, direc-tions for future research are promising. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 207 -

A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles. Moro, Alberto; Helmers, Eckard In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 4-14 (11 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0954-z Purpose: The well-to-wheel (WTW) methodology is widely used for policy support in road transport. It can be seen as a simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) that focuses on the energy consumption and CO2 emissions only for the fuel being consumed, ignoring other stages of a vehicle's life cycle. WTW results are therefore different from LCA results. In order to close this gap, the authors propose a hybrid WTW+LCA methodology useful to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles of road vehicles. Methods: The proposed method (hybrid WTW+LCA) keeps the main hypotheses of the WTW methodology, but integrates them with LCA data restricted to the global warming potential (GWP) occur-ring during the manufacturing of the battery pack. WTW data are used for the GHG intensity of the EU electric mix, after a consistency check with the main life cycle impact (LCI) sources available in literature. Results and discussion: A numerical example is provided, comparing GHG emissions due to the use of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) with emissions from an internal combustion engine vehicle. This comparison is done both according to the WTW approach (namely the JEC WTW version 4) and the proposed hybrid WTW+LCA method. The GHG savings due to the use of BEVs calculated with the WTW-4 range between 44 and 56%, while according to the hybrid method the savings are lower (31-46%). This difference is due to the GWP which arises as a result of the manufacturing of the battery pack for the electric vehicles. Conclusions: The WTW methodology used in policy support to quantify energy content and GHG emissions of fuels and powertrains can produce results closer to the LCA methodology by adopting a hybrid WTW+LCA approach. While evaluating GHG savings due to the use of BEVs, it is important that this method consid-ers the GWP due to the manufacturing of the battery pack. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


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Electric car life cycle assessment based on real-world mileage and the electric conversion scenario. Helmers, Eckard; Dietz, Johannes; Hartard, Susanne In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 15-30 (16 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0934-3 Purpose: While almost all life cycle assessment (LCA) studies published so far are based on generic vehicles, type approval energy consumption as well as emission data, and application scenarios related to standardized laboratory-based driving cycles, this projects aims at quantifying the LCA based on a real-world vehicle composition and energy consumption data measured before and after the electric conversion of a mini class car. Furthermore, consequences of a second life of a vehicle's glider on the environmental impact were investigated. Methods: After having driven 100,000 km, a Smart was converted from combustion to electric in a laboratory project. The inventory was developed grounded upon materials data from laboratory measurements during the conversion process as well as on real-world energy consumption data prior and after the conversion. Three base models are compared in this life cycle impact assessment: a conventional new Smart (combustion engine), a new electric Smart, and a Smart converted from combustion engine to electric. Together with two sensitivity analyses (four different electricity mixes as well as urban vs. mixed driving conditions) and two EOL treatments, 36 scenarios have been quantified. The inventory is based on Ecoinvent database v 2.2 as a background system and includes raw material extraction. Results and discussion: In urban use, the modeled battery electric vehicle has a favorable environmental impact compared to the ICEV even when charged with the German electricity mix of the year 2013. The advantage in summed up endpoints of the con-verted Smart is 23% vs. the new electric Smart on average for the mixed driving conditions and 26% for the urban driving conditions, respectively. Over a variety of impact categories, electricity consumption during battery cell pro-duction in China as well as impacts due to microelectronic components dominated the life cycle. Results for 18 mid-point categories, endpoints for damages to human health, to resource quality and to ecosystem quality as well as the Single score endpoints are reported. Conclusions: This investigation points out that real-world treatments in inventory development can more specifically outline the environmental advantages of the electric car. The electric conversion of a used combustion engine vehicle can save an additional 16% (CO2-eq) and 19% (single score endpoints) of the environmental impact over a lifetime, respectively, when compared with the new BEV. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 209 -

A cascaded life cycle: reuse of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery packs in energy storage systems. Ahmadi, Leila; Young, Steven B.; Fowler, Michael; Fraser, Roydon A.; Achachlouei, Mohammad Ahmadi In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 111-124 (14 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0959-7 Purpose: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs recovered from end-of-life electric vehicles (EV) present potential techno-logical, economic and environmental opportunities for improving energy systems and material efficiency. Battery packs can be reused in stationary applications as part of a "smart grid", for example to provide energy storage sys-tems (ESS) for load leveling, residential or commercial power. Previous work on EV battery reuse has demonstrated technical viability and shown energy efficiency benefits in energy storage systems modeled under commercial sce-narios. The current analysis performs a life cycle assessment (LCA) study on a Li-ion battery pack used in an EV and then reused in a stationary ESS. Methods: A complex functional unit is used to combine energy delivered by the bat-tery pack from the mobility function and the stationary ESS. Various scenarios of cascaded "EV mobility plus reuse in stationary clean electric power scenarios" are contrasted with "conventional system mobility with internal combustion engine vehicles plus natural gas peaking power." Eight years are assumed for first use; with 10 years for reuse in the stationary application. Operational scenarios and environmental data are based on real time-of-day and time-of-year power use. Additional data from LCA databases are utilized. Ontario, Canada, is used as the geographic baseline; analysis includes sensitivity to the electricity mix and battery degradation. Seven environmental categories are as-sessed using ReCiPe. Results and discussion: Results indicate that the manufacturing phase of the Li-ion battery will still dominate environmental impacts across the extended life cycle of the pack (first use in vehicle plus reuse in sta-tionary application). For most impact categories, the cascaded use system appears significantly beneficial compared to the conventional system. By consuming clean energy sources for both use and reuse, global and local environ-mental stress reductions can be supported. Greenhouse gas advantages of vehicle electrification can be doubled by extending the life of the EV batteries, and enabling better use of off-peak low-cost clean electricity or intermittent re-newable capacity. However, questions remain concerning implications of long-duration use of raw material resources employed before potential recycling. Conclusions: Li-ion battery packs present opportunities for powering both mobil-ity and stationary applications in the necessary transition to cleaner energy. Battery state-of-health is a considerable determinant in the life cycle performance of a Li-ion battery pack. The use of a complex functional unit was demon-strated in studying a component system with multiple uses in a cascaded application. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


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Design and Development of an Innovative E-Bike. Abagnale, C.; Cardone, M.; Iodice, P.; Marialto, R.; Strano, S.; Terzo, M.; Vorraro, G. In: ATI, Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, 71, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 101 (2016) Seite 774-781 (8 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.098 A new model of power-assisted bicycle has been designed, set up and tested. The main innovative solutions for the pedelec prototype are described in the present paper: the electric motor position; the new mechanical transmission; the low cost measurement system of the driving torque; the special test rig. Differently from a common approach, in which the electric motor is located on one of the three hubs of the bicycle, the idea of the pedelec prototype consists of an electrical motor in the central position that, by means of a bevel gear, transmits the torque on the central hub. The other innovative solution is represented by the motion transmission from the motor to the pedal shaft, achieved by two different gearboxes: the first one is a planetary gearbox and the second one is a simple bevel gear. The pede-lec prototype contains also a new low cost measurement system of the driving torque based on a strain gauge load cell located on one side of the rear wheel, between the hub and the frame. Moreover, a commercial cycling simulator has been suitably modified in order to properly install the different sensors for the measurement of the performance of the pedelec. The test rig is able to reproduce an aforethought route or paths acquired during road tests, to measure the performance of the e-bike in terms of instantaneous power and speed. The experimental test rig can simulate the resistant torque of a predetermined track and it aims to test and to optimize the control strategy available on the elec-tronic control unit. The authors have also conducted an environmental analysis of the developed pedelec, in particu-lar comparing the e-bike with a thermal moped, in terms of environmental impact. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 211 -

Modelling global extraction, supply, price and depletion of the extractable geological resources with the LITHIUM model. Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling * Band 114 (2016) Seite 112-129 (18 Seiten, 118 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.002 The global lithium supply dynamics, market price and duration of the available extractable amounts were explored using an integrated system dynamics model LITHIUM. The model simulations suggest that a maximum level of ex-traction may be reached 2060, followed by a slow decline in extraction. Because of recycling, the supply is kept up longer and the decline is slower. The supply will initially be sufficient for the demand from new electric vehicles, after 2050, prices may increase because as a feedback from stress to meet demand. After 2050 demand for batteries can no longer be met if the target is to replace all conventional vehicles and the price may rise. If our basic simulation assumptions are right, the lithium resources will be largely exhausted by 2400. The supply situation may be improved by additional efforts to increase recycling and product design to promote recycling ease. The analysis of available extractable resources suggests that resources are about 73 million ton lithium, far larger than several present esti-mates of resources. Introducing a new resource policy with significantly improved recycling and limiting irreversible lithium losses in the period 2015-2025 may significantly improve the lithium supply situation and potentially prevent lithium scarcity before 2100. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 212 -

Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles. Richa, Kirti; Babbitt, Callie W.; Nenadic, Nenad G.; Gaustad, Gabrielle In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 66-81 (16 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental trade-offs of cascading reuse of electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in stationary energy storage at automotive end-of-life. Methods: Two systems were jointly analyzed to address the consideration of stakeholder groups corresponding to both first (EV) and second life (stationary energy storage) battery applications. The environmental feasibility criterion was defined by an equivalent-functionality lead-acid (PbA) battery. A critical methodological challenge addressed was the allocation of environ-mental impacts associated with producing LIBs across the EV and stationary use systems. The model also tested sensitivity to parameters such as the fraction of battery cells viable for reuse, service life of refurbished cells, and PbA battery efficiency. Results and discussion: From the perspective of EV applications, cascading reuse of an LIB in sta-tionary energy storage can reduce net cumulative energy demand and global warming potential by 15% under con-servative estimates and by as much as 70% in ideal refurbishment and reuse conditions. When post-EV LIB cells were compared directly to a new PbA system for stationary energy storage, the reused cells generally had lower envi-ronmental impacts, except in scenarios where very few of the initial battery cells and modules could be reused and where reliability was low (e.g., life span of 1 year or less) in the secondary application. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that EV LIB reuse in stationary application has the potential for dual benefit--both from the perspective of offsetting initial manufacturing impacts by extending battery life span as well as avoiding production and use of a less-efficient PbA system. It is concluded that reuse decisions and diversion of EV LIBs toward suitable stationary


applications can be based on life cycle centric studies. However, technical feasibility of these systems must still be evaluated, particularly with respect to the ability to rapidly analyze the reliability of EV LIB cells, modules, or packs for refurbishment and reuse in secondary applications. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 213 -

Integrated environmental and economic assessment of current and future fuel cell vehicles. Miotti, Marco; Hofer, Johannes; Bauer, Christian In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 94-110 (17 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0986-4 Purpose: Light-duty vehicles contribute considerably to global greenhouse gas emissions. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) may play a key role in mitigating these emissions without facing the same limitations in range and refueling time as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In this study, we assess the environmental impacts and costs of a polymer electro-lyte membrane fuel cell system (FCS) for use in light-duty FCVs and integrate these results into a comparative evaluation between FCVs, BEVs, and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Methods: We conduct a detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost assessment for the current state of the technology and two future scenarios for technological development. We compile a detailed and consistent inventory for the FCS by systematically disassem-bling and integrating information found in cost studies. For the vehicle-level comparison, we use models to ensure that vehicle size, performance, and fuel consumption are unbiased between vehicle types and consistent with the scenarios for technological development. Results and discussion: Our results show that FCVs can decrease life cycle greenhouse gas emissions by 50% compared to gasoline ICEVs if hydrogen is produced from renewable electricity, thus exhibiting similar emission levels as BEVs that are charged with the same electricity mix. If hydrogen is pro-duced by natural gas reforming, FCVs are found to offer no greenhouse gas reductions, along with higher impacts in several other environmental impact categories. A major contributor to these impacts is the FCS, in particular the platinum in the catalyst and the carbon fiber in the hydrogen tank. The large amount of carbon fiber used in the tank was also the reason why we found that FCVs may not become fully cost competitive with ICEVs or BEVs, even when substantial technological development and mass production of all components is assumed. Conclusions: We con-clude that FCVs only lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions than ICEVs if their fuel is sourced from renewable en-ergy, as is the case with BEVs. FCVs are an attractive alternative to ICEVs in terms of vehicle performance criteria such as range and refueling time. However, the technological challenges associated with reducing other environ-mental impacts and costs of FCVs seem to be as large, if not larger, than those associated with the capacity and costs of batteries for BEVs--even when not taking into account the efforts required to build a hydrogen infrastructure network for road transportation. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 214 -

Is there a resource constraint related to lithium ion batteries in cars?. Pehlken, Alexandra; Albach, Sabine; Vogt, Thomas In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment * Band 22 (2017) Heft 1, Seite 40-53 (14 Seiten), Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0925-4 Purpose: The concept of electro mobility is gaining importance and has become more dynamic in recent years, par-ticularly in developed economies. Besides a significant reduction of mobility-related CO2 emissions, electro mobility is also expected to minimize the current dependence on oil, while maximizing energy conversion efficiency. However, the associated shift in resource requirements towards so-called strategic metals gives reason to suspect that trade-offs could threaten the desired merits of e-mobility with regard to sustainability. This study aims to give a more com-prehensive understanding of the challenges--including the issue of uncertainties--which the broad implementation of e-mobility could place on resource availability and especially on a sustainable management of special metals for the high voltage traction batteries forming the heart of the electric powertrain. Methods: Future metal flows for three pos-sible cathode materials containing the special metals lithium and cobalt are estimated in this paper by means of a Material Flow Analysis. Using two scenarios (dominant and pluralistic) projecting the annual demand for electric vehi-cles until 2050 and the free software STAN in order to perform the calculation steps to build up the model for the analysis, the MFA considers the resource input requirements based on annual vehicle registrations and the conse-quent energy requirements. Results and discussion: The results indicate continuously rising lithium requirements with a wide variation in absolute terms depending on the scenario, which can be considered symptomatic for the uncer-tainty regarding the development of e-mobility. In the case of cobalt, the projected demand trajectories differ even more drastically between the two scenarios. In comparison to lithium though, for both scenarios cobalt requirements in absolute terms are much less than lithium requirements. With a view to currently known reserves, the cumulative demand for battery technology projected in the dominant scenario will consume 74-248% (for two different cases) of the lithium reserves and 50% of the cobalt reserves by 2050. Conclusions: Despite significant differences between the examined scenarios, it becomes clear that e-mobility will be an increased driver for cobalt and particularly lithium demand in the future. Exact increases in demand for both metals are difficult to predict, especially due to the neces


sity of numerous assumptions, such as recycling rates, as well as data availability and quality. The results of this study imply a shift from managing primary resources, resource uses, and waste separately, towards managing mate-rials, i.e., resource flows and their implications over the entire life cycle. © Springer-Verlag. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 215 -

A Short-term Analysis of Hydrogen Demand and Refueling Station Cost in Shenzhen China. Liu, Xiaotong; Zhang, Shuyang; Dong, Jun; Xu, Xinhai In: Low Carbon Cities and Urban Energy Systems, CUE, Applied Energy Symposium and Summit, 2016, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 104 (2016) Heft Clean Energy for Clean City, Seite 317-322 (6 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.054 The deployment of fuel cell vehicles in Shenzhen, China is far behind electric vehicles. In order to promote the appli-cation of fuel cell vehicles, significant efforts are required to construct hydrogen stations in the near future. The pre-sent study focused on the estimation of hydrogen demand and refueling station cost in Shenzhen between 2016 and 2025. Three scenarios of fuel cell vehicle penetration rate in the new car market were employed to predict the fuel cell vehicle number and daily hydrogen demand. Capital investment and operation and maintenance cost of on-site steam methane reforming hydrogen fueling stations were studied. The capital cost of a 1000 kg H2/day hydrogen refueling station was calculated as $ 7.84 million. Hydrogen fuel price of different size fueling stations at various years of return on investment were also compared. The lowest H2 price can be reached is $6.78/kg. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 216 -

Mapping Utility Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Demand Management. Dunstan, Chris In: ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, 2015 * (2015) Seite 207-216 (10 Seiten, Quellen) Stock-holm: eceee The electricity sector has entered a period of rapid change and new tools are required to manage this transition. The rise of rooftop solar PV, local generation, energy efficient equipment and, soon, battery storage and electric vehicles means managing networks is becoming more challenging and must become more collaborative. Electricity utilities, and network businesses in particular, should be supported by policy and regulation to procure a least cost mix of en-ergy efficiency, demand management and generation and storage solutions. However, to do this requires accessible, reliable, detailed information about where they should be deployed and what is their value in different places. In the past, the absence of such data about network constraints, costs and potentially avoidable investment has been a major obstacle to the development of energy efficiency, local generation and storage, and peak demand manage-ment projects. Consequently, these "Decentralised Energy" technologies have not been optimally deployed in rela-tion to network capacity and constraints. This has contributed to overinvestment in network infrastructure in Australia which has led to a doubling of electricity prices over the past seven years. In Australia, the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF) is leading a diverse group of electricity network business, policy makers, regulators and clean energy companies to develop free, annually updated, online maps of network constraints, planned investment and the poten-tially avoidable costs across the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM). This will provide clear, consistent and timely information on network opportunities and constraints to proponents of energy efficiency and demand manage-ment projects. The "network opportunity maps" will help DE product and service providers to work with network busi-ness to anticipate future network constraints, to reduce the need for new grid infrastructure and to lower electricity bills. These maps should enable faster development of energy efficiency and demand management by showing where and when such DE resources can be most cost effective. The three year Network Opportunity Mapping project will provide a key resource for collaboration between networks, customers and DE service providers. However, a key outstanding issue is whether the network businesses' regulator will facilitate network business support for DE re-sources. ____________________________________________________________ - 217 -

Keine Angst vor der Datenflut!. Hofmann, Benedikt In: MM-Logistik * Band 15 (2016) Heft 6, Seite 26-29 (4 Seiten, Bilder) Viele Befragungen zeigen, dass ein großer Teil der Unternehmen in Deutschland, aber auch weltweit dem Thema Big Data noch mit großer Skepsis und Unsicherheit gegenübersteht. Klar ist aber auch, dass zukünftig kein Weg dar-an vorbeiführen wird, die immer größer werdende Menge an erhobenen Daten auszuwerten und daraus neue Servi-ces und Geschäftsmodelle zu schaffen. Wir haben uns mit einigen Experten darüber unterhalten, was das für die Intralogistik heißt. Selten gab es über eine Aussage wohl so große Einigkeit von der Politik über die Wirtschaft bis hin zur ganz privaten Gesellschaft: Daten sind DER Rohstoff der Zukunft. Die Digitalisierung, über die wir schon in unse-rem Special auf den vorangegangenen Seiten viel berichtet haben, macht aus nahezu jedem Unternehmen einen Sammler und Verwerter von Daten. Besonders gilt das aber natürlich für die Logistik, die sich schon immer zu großen Teilen mit dem Zusammenkommen von Informationen und den daraus zu schließenden Schlüssen beschäftigte. Häufig wird hier zuerst an den Handel und den Transport gedacht, wo E-Commerce- Riesen wie Amazon schon lan-


ge daran arbeiten, möglichst genaue Schlüsse aus ihren Nutzerdaten zu ziehen. Aber es gilt nicht weniger für die Intralogistik. Auch hier fallen enorme Datenmengen an, die - bei richtiger Verwendung - zu einer deutlich gesteigerten Effektivität führen und ganz neue Geschäftsmodelle ermöglichen. Aus all diesen neuen Möglichkeiten entstehen na-türlich auch neue Anforderungen, die auch von der Führung und den Mitarbeitern eines Unternehmens neue Fähig-keiten erfordern. Die Felder, mit denen sich diese auseinandersetzen müssen, lassen sich in vier Säulen unterteilen: (1) Wie werden Daten erzeugt und gespeichert? (2) Wie werden Daten analysiert und Prognosen getroffen? (3) Wie werden die Daten genutzt? (4) Wie werden die Daten verwertet und daraus Geschäft generiert? Das impliziert dann auch die Frage, wie das eigene Unternehmen so transformiert werden kann, dass es auch unter diesen neuen Vor-aussetzungen wettbewerbsfähig bleibt. Durch diese Entwicklungen wird ohne Zweifel eine ' neue Arbeitswirklichkeit entstehen, unter anderem da sie die Entwicklung hin zu einer weitgreifenden Automatisierung weiter vorantreiben. "Gerade in der Intralogistik kann und wird weiter automatisiert werden. FTS und Roboter werden Transport, Lagerung und Umschlag verändern. Da aber Gebäude und Materialflussstrukturen nur langfristig verändert werden können, wird dies wahrscheinlich nur bei Neubauten neu gedacht werden. Insbesondere bei der Auflösung starrer Bandstruk-turen bei den OEM sind bei der Fertigung neuer Fahrzeugkonzepte, wie zum Beispiel bei Elektrofahrzeugen, relativ schnell neue Konzepte zu erwarten. Die Rolle des Menschen steht deshalb nicht grundsätzlich zur Disposition. Wie in allen Branchen wird es aber auch in der Logistik Neuausrichtungen geben."" ____________________________________________________________ - 218 -

Combined Penetration of Wind and Solar Generation with Plug-in Electric Vehicles. Villar, Jose; Salas, Enrique; Campos, F. Alberto In: EEIC, Energy Economics Iberian Conference, 2016, in: Energy Procedia (online) * Band 106 (2016) Seite 59-72 (14 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.105 Combining large penetration of wind and solar generation with Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) seems a promising solution for energy cost saving and emissions reduction. PEVs connected to the grid with smart charging strategies can be an effective way to integrate non-dispatchable renewable generation, smoothing the load curve, contributing to the system stability by providing regulation services, and moving unhealthy emissions away from city centers. This paper analyzes the combined penetration of PEVs, and wind and solar generation using a Unit Commitment model for the Spanish power system, providing some insight on how the penetration of these technologies affects relevant variables such as energy and reserve, thermal plants behavior (such as starts-up and shut-downs, technological en-ergy share, generation costs or emissions) and systems costs. Results show that PEV increase total demand, but its optimal charging smooths the net demand (to be supplied by thermal units) and the final electricity prices. In addition, solar generation penetration leads to a larger net demand with more variability but with lower production costs than wind generation penetration, due to their different hourly profiles. Finally neither solar nor wind generation penetra-tions are totally profitable for the system with the assumptions made, since their investments costs do not compen-sate the production cost decrement, but grid parity is almost reached for both technologies. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 219 -

Load variance minimization for coordinated PHEV charging in microgrid. Banna, Hasan Ul; Solanki, Jignesh - E-Mail:[email protected]; Solanki, Sarika K.; Tiwari, Deepak In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2016.7747890 With the significant increase in the demand of Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV), it is very important to control the charging of PHEVs. Improper charging can impact the distribution grid severely creating load congestions, over-loading, and volatge drops. This paper proposes coordinated charging to reduce load variance. The proposed optimi-zation method is applied to modified IEEE 4 node system and the results are presented.. ____________________________________________________________ - 220 -

A hybrid meta-heuristic method for unit commitment considering flexible charging and discharging of plug-in electric vehicles. Kang Li - E-Mail:[email protected]; Xiandong Xu - E-Mail:[email protected] In: (2016) p 2014-20 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2016.7744035 Unit commitment is a key issue in power system operation and has long been an intractable problem due to its com-plex mix-integer nonlinear formulation. The original unit commitment problem aims to minimize the fossil fuel cost by determining the on/off status of power units and power contribution of each online unit at the same time. However, the uncoordinated large charging power necessity of plug-in electric vehicles brings unprecedented challenges to the power system operators and further complicates the unit commitment problem. To seamless integrate the plug-in electric vehicles into the unit commitment, a new binary/real-value hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm framework is pro-posed in this paper, simultaneously determining the binary status and power output of units as well as the power de-livered to/feedback from flexible charging and discharging of plug-in electric vehicles. A batch of binary particle swarm optimisation variants with different transfer functions are implemented and compared in solving the unit com-


mitment problem with and without plug-in electric vehicles. Numerical studies illustrate the effectiveness of the pro-posed intelligent algorithm and the impact of different transfer functions is evaluated.. ____________________________________________________________ - 221 -

Experimental study of wireless inductive system for electric vehicles batteries charging. Gigov, George - E-Mail:[email protected]; Krusteva, Anastasia - E-Mail:[email protected]; Valtchev, Stanimir - E-Mail:[email protected] In: (2016) p 286-90 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752012 This article presents created experimental stand for wireless inductive system for electric vehicles (EV) batteries charging and investigation of the main problems for moduls integration in the system for effectivnes energy transfer in the large exigenses of the batteries for electric vehicles. Flexible control of the high frequency (HF) inverter limited from resonant conditions of the flexible load with differents transmitters and differents parameters of the batteries was in the scops. A control system with capabilities for large diapazon of charging voltage and curent is proposed as a possible solution of the main problematic issues related to EV charging. An optimization problems are defined and solved for transmitters dimentions, bobbine's inductans and for distance from sender and receiver.. ____________________________________________________________ - 222 -

An optimal charging strategy for electrical vehicles based on the electricity price with temporal and spatial characteristics. Biao Jiang; JieJun Chen - E-Mail:[email protected]; Jun Yang - E-Mail:[email protected]; Miao Li; Qiang-ming Zhou In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741413 With the popularization of Electric Vehicles (EVs), the out-of-order random charging behavior of large-scale EVs will bring new challenges to the safe and economic dispatch of power system. This paper divides the driving area into four zones according to the functional area of distribution network, and a regional time-of-use (RTOU) electricity price model is proposed considering its spatial and temporal characteristics. The optimization scheduling model of EVs including regional layer and node layer is proposed in this paper. To minimize the charging cost of users and peak-valley difference in the distribution network, the regional layer model is established to optimize the time and region of EVs charging. To minimize the network loss, the node layer model is built to optimize the position of EVs charging. Simulations based on an IEEE 33-bus distribution network have verified the effectiveness of the proposed optimal charging strategy for EVs. Also, the distribution grid could obtain better economic benefits when the charging stations are installed in the slack bus.. ____________________________________________________________ - 223 -

Loss analysis and improvements of battery charging system for light electric vehicles. Stoyanov, Radko Stoyanov - E-Mail:[email protected]; Valchev, Vencislav Cekov - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ET.2016.7753520 The paper presents loss analysis and improvements of a battery charging system for light electrical vehicles. Possible solutions and design approaches are presented for reducing weight and improving efficiency of the system. The charger system (1500W) consists of rectifier with inrush current limiting, PFC and resonant DC/DC converter. Pre-sented loss analyses leads to selection of proper switches (SiC) to minimize the switching and conduction losses. Comparative study of using different magnetic materials, wires and winding arrangements is presented, aimed at reducing losses, weight and volume of magnetic components. Design conclusions and recommendations are derived to optimize the charger.. ____________________________________________________________ - 224 -

Demand response via large scale charging of electric vehicles. anonym In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741266 The problem of centralized scheduling of large scale charging of electric vehicles (EVs) with demand response op-tions is considered. A stochastic dynamic programming model is introduced in which the EV charging service provider faces stochastic demand, convex non-completion penalties, and random demand response requirements. Formu-lated as a restless multi-armed bandit problem, the EV charging problem is shown to be indexable, thus low complex-ity index policies exist. An enhancement of the Whittle's index policy based on spatial interchange according to the less laxity and longer processing time (LLLP) principle is presented. Numerical results illustrate the performance im-provement and the capability of handling various operation uncertainties of the proposed index policy..


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Gaussian process surrogate model for the design of circular, planar coils used in inductive power transfer for electric vehicles. Gratzfeld, Peter; Knaisch, Katharina - E-Mail:[email protected] In: IET Power Electronics, UK * vol 9 (2016) no 15, p 2786-94, 30 refs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0392 In recent years, there has been an increased interest in inductive charging systems for electric vehicles. Since the efficiency of the charging system is highly dependent on the couplers used, the design of the coil system is a key issue for inductive power transfer (IPT). As the coil system has numerous variables, a full factorial analysis of the system is not possible due to the long computation time of the numerical simulation model. Therefore, a surrogate model is developed, which approximates and interpolates the complex and expensive simulation code. With this 'model of the model', a reliable and efficient dimensioning and optimisation of the coil system within seconds is possi-ble. It identifies the main important factors and their influence on the IPT system. Based on this surrogate model, im-portant factor relations can be determined, which allow a significant improvement of the behaviour of the IPT system. All simulations conducted in this study are validated and verified.. ____________________________________________________________ - 226 -

Optimal charging scheduling of plug-in electric vehicles for maximizing penetration within a workplace car park. Mehta, R. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Srinivasan, D. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Trivedi, A. - E-Mail:[email protected] In: (2016) p 3646-53 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2016.7744251 This paper proposes an optimal charging scheduling strategy, which is based on an integrated grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging approach, for maximizing the penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) within a workplace car park. The driving pattern of PEVs is modeled with statistical methods using probability density func-tions. Based on the developed driving pattern, a fuzzy inference system is designed to model the PEVs' energy re-quirement. A genetic algorithm (GA) with heuristic initialization is then utilized for performing the optimal charging scheduling of PEVs. The proposed strategy is implemented for charging of PEVs in a workplace car park and based on the evaluation of maximum possible PEV penetration, optimal location(s) are determined for the car park in the industrial and commercial laterals of a 38-node distribution system. The simulation results demonstrate that the opti-mal charging strategy can prove beneficial in: 1) minimizing the daily total cost incurred by the parking operator; 2) reducing the network peak load; 3) providing frequency regulation service; and 4) preventing the overloading of dis-tribution transformer and distribution lines.. ____________________________________________________________ - 227 -

Ultra capacitors charging by regenerative braking in electric vehicles. Hinov, Nikolay Lyuboslavov - E-Mail:[email protected]; Penev, Dimitar Nikolov - E-Mail:[email protected]; Vacheva, Gergana Ilieva - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ET.2016.7753484 The process of regenerative braking of an electric vehicle with source of energy - battery and ultracapacitor is subject of this work. The studied system is composed of a brushless DC motor, buck-boost DC converter and ultracapacitors. An optimization of the control system for storing maximum energy in the ultracapacitors is performed. The results are useful for the aim of improving the control of energy flows in electric vehicle and achieving maximum range with a single charge.. ____________________________________________________________ - 228 -

HEMS: a home energy market simulator. Elmenreich, Wilfried - E-Mail:[email protected]; Monacchi, Andrea - E-Mail:[email protected]; Zhevzhyk, Sergii - E-Mail:[email protected] In: Computer Science - Research and Development, Germany * vol 31 (2016) no 3, p 111-18, 23 refs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00450-014-0291-7 Stability issues in the electric power grid originate from the rising of renewable energy generation and the increasing number of electric vehicles. The uncertainty and the distributed nature of generation and consumption demand for optimal allocation of energy resources, which, in the absence of sufficient control reserve for power generation, can be achieved using demand-response. A price signal can be exploited to reflect the availability of energy. In this pa-per, market-based energy allocation solutions for small energy grids are discussed and implemented in a simulator, which is released for open use. Artificial neural network controllers for energy prosumers can be designed to mini-mize individual and overall running costs. This enables a better use of local energy production from renewable sources, while considering residents' necessities to minimize discomfort.. ____________________________________________________________


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Distributed control for charging multiple electric vehicles with overload limitation. Bo Yang - E-Mail:[email protected]; Cailian Chen - E-Mail:[email protected]; Qiaoni Han - E-Mail:[email protected]; Xinping Guan - E-Mail:[email protected]; Jingwei Li - E-Mail:[email protected]; Tian He - E-Mail:[email protected] In: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, USA * vol 27 (2016) no 12, p 3441-54, 38 refs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2016.2533614 Severe pollution induced by traditional fossil fuels arouses great attention on the usage of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and renewable energy. However, large-scale penetration of PEVs combined with other kinds of appliances tends to cause excessive or even disastrous burden on the power grid, especially during peak hours. This paper fo-cuses on the scheduling of PEVs charging process among different charging stations and each station can be sup-plied by both renewable energy generators and a distribution network. The distribution network also powers some uncontrollable loads. In order to minimize the on-grid energy cost with local renewable energy and non-ideal storage while avoiding the overload risk of the distribution network, an online algorithm consisting of scheduling the charging of PEVs and energy management of charging stations is developed based on Lyapunov optimization and Lagrange dual decomposition techniques. The algorithm can satisfy the random charging requests from PEVs with provable performance. Simulation results with real data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can decrease the time-average cost of stations while avoiding overload in the distribution network in the presence of random uncontrollable loads.. ____________________________________________________________ - 230 -

Energy-efficient battery charging in electric vehicles with solar panels. Grosso, Michelangelo - E-Mail:[email protected]; Lena, Davide - E-Mail:[email protected]; Bocca, Alberto - E-Mail:[email protected]; Macii, Alberto - E-Mail:[email protected]; Rinaudo, Salvatore - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: Leveraging a Better Tomorrow (RTSI), Bologna, Italy, 7-9 Sept. 2016 * Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RTSI.2016.7740569 The problem of pollution due to transportation is extremely serious. Hybrid and fully electric vehicles are increasingly popular, to reduce fuel consumption and gas emissions, and car makers are also starting to equip vehicles with solar panels to extend driving range. These photovoltaic installations pose many challenges, e.g., how to increase their efficiency and decide where and how the solar energy is stored. This paper analyzes the problem of transferring the energy generated by an on-board solar cell system to the main battery pack of an electric vehicle and proposes an optimized solution based on the interaction with the BMS.. ____________________________________________________________ - 231 -

Control of EV charging points for thermal and voltage management of LV networks. Alnaser, Sahban W.; Ochoa, Luis F.; Quiros-Tortos, Jairo; Butler, Tim In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741140 Summary form only given. High penetrations of domestic electric vehicles (EVs) in UK low voltage (LV) networks may result in significant technical problems. This paper proposes an implementable, centralized control algorithm, cur-rently being trialed in 9 UK residential LV networks, that uses limited information to manage EV charging points to mitigate these technical problems. Two real UK LV networks are used to quantify the potential impacts of different EV penetration levels and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm (using different control cycles) for simultaneous thermal and voltage management. Monte Carlo simulations (adopting 1-min resolution data) are under-taken to cater for domestic and EV demand uncertainties. Results for these LV networks show that problems may occur for EV penetrations higher than 20%. More importantly, they highlight that even for a 100% penetration and control cycles of up to 10 min, the control algorithm successfully mitigates problems on the examined LV networks. Crucially, to determine effects on the comfort of EV users, a metric is introduced and discussed. The results of differ-ent control settings are presented to analyze potential adaptations of the control strategy. Finally, a comparison with an optimization framework highlights that the proposed algorithm is as effective whilst using limited information.. ____________________________________________________________ - 232 -

3D space transformers analysis for Inductive Energy Transfer. Miskiewicz, Rafal M. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Moradewicz, Artur J. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Sikora, Jan - E-Mail:[email protected]; Sulima, Renata - E-Mail:[email protected] In: (2016) p 986-92 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752129 Inductive Energy Transfer systems (IET) are becoming commonplace in electrical and electronics equipment. The increased growth of interest in electric vehicles EV and renewable energy sources, significantly changed the ap-proach to vehicle. EV battery pack is no longer just a vehicle for the drive tank, but it is also a distributed storage for energy from the power grid. To ensure the automation of the flow of energy best fits is inductive contactless power


supply system with bidirectional energy flow. These systems are based on inductively coupled resonant circuits and offer many properties that affect the high efficiency energy transfer. However, to develop a high-performance system for contactless energy transfer, is necessary a suitable transformer. The article presents the 3D modeling, the aim of which is to determine the inductance of the transformer system IET and the coefficient of magnetic coupling between them.. ____________________________________________________________ - 233 -

An induction motor design for urban use electric vehicle. Cernat, Mihai; Dalcali, Adem; Guneser, Muhammet Tahir - E-Mail:[email protected]; Ozturk, Turgut; Ocak, Cemil In: (2016) p 261-6 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752008 Because of fossil fuel shortage and its damages on environment, electric vehicles (EV) are going to be more popular in science and car industry as well. So, EV's take an opportunity to spread over the traffic finally. But battery, which is the main energy supplier of the motor, has disadvantages as big volume and weight. Scientists try to enhance energy densities, ranges and quicken charging. All of research results force us to drive EV in a loop, close to charging sta-tions for near future. So EV's should be designed by considering urban road and speed conditions as well. In this survey, we designed a new two pole 7,5 kW induction motor for a certain electric vehicle, which was designed to use urban drive. We considered urban traffic rules and conditions, while designing the motor. We simulated and verified analytical and finite element analysis of the designed induction motor. We also modelled and simulated the EV with the induction motor on MATLAB to observe control performance of field oriented control (FOC) on several urban use scenarios. According to our results, EV with designed motor can be realized and controlled.. ____________________________________________________________ - 234 -

EV charging in a commercial hybrid AC/DC microgrid: Configuration, control and impact analysis. Hossain, M. J. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Junwei Lu - E-Mail:[email protected]; Rafi, F. H. M. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Rahman, Md Shamiur - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.7749351 The progressive deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and the increased penetration of direct current (DC) and alter-nating current (AC) type renewable resources pave the path towards hybrid AC/DC microgrid operations. Considering the potential future participation of EVs in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid environment, this paper presents a generalized synopsis on EV charging in a commercial hybrid AC/DC microgrid. Constituents of this paper encompass the charger configurations, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control strategies of individual chargers and their effects on the microgrid opera-tions. Impacts of three types of EV chargers are considered in this paper which include three-phase AC and DC fast charging and single-phase residential charging. All configurations and their control strategies are developed in MAT-LAB/SIMULINK environment. Initial simulations are carried out considering real commercial load and solar irradiation data which shows stable microgird operations. Later the impacts of various types of EV charging on the AC and DC bus voltages and frequency of the commercial hybrid AC/DC microgrid are analyzed. The obtained results highlight the implications of bulk coordinated EV charging to reduce adverse operational impacts and network investment.. ____________________________________________________________ - 235 -

DTC-SVM of induction motor by applying two fuzzy logic controllers. Malla, Jagan Mohana Rao; Sahu, Manoj Kumar; Subudhi, P. K. In: (2016) p 4941-5 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755662 Among all control methods for induction motor drives (IMD), Direct Torque Control (DTC) seems to be particularly interesting being independent of machine rotor parameters. In spite of its simplicity, DTC allows good torque control in both steady and transient state. DTC drives utilizing hysteresis comparators suffer from high torque ripple and vari-able switching frequency. Major drawback of Classical DTC is high torque & flux ripples. The most common solution to this problem is to use Space Vector Modulation (SVM) depends on the reference torque and flux. In this Paper two-fuzzy controller along with the SVM technique is applied to inverter. The proposed two-fuzzy based DTC-SVM-IMD system, thereby dramatically reducing the torque ripple. Fuzzy-PI Controller to achieve precision speed control and Fuzzy Logic Duty Ratio Control is used to minimize torque & flux ripple. When Fuzzy Logic is used for the on-line tuning of the PI controller, it receives scaled values of the speed error and change of speed error. Its output is updat-ing in the PI controller gains based on a set of rules to maintain excellent control performance even in the presence of parameter variation and drive non-linearity. These advantages allow implementing DTC-SVM-IMD with fuzzy for electric vehicles.. ____________________________________________________________


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A real-time smart charging station for EVs designed for V2G scenario and its coordination with renewable energy sources. Singh, Mukesh; Kar, Indrani; Kumar, Praveen; Kumar, Neeraj In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741479 In this paper, a real-time smart charging station (CS) for charging and discharging of electric vehicles (EVs) has been presented. The proposed CS is coupled with renewable energy sources to support and stabilize grid operations at all times. The main focus of this paper is to illustrate the interaction between various entities such as-CS, EVs, and re-newable energy sources. EVs act as controllable loads which can be efficiently utilized to store the excess energy generated from the renewable energy sources during off-peak hours. During peak hours, EVs manage voltage fluc-tuations by discharging their stored energy back to grid. This bi-directional flow of power is utilized to cater the inter-mittency issues caused by renewable energy sources. In addition to it, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been de-signed to regulate the flow of power between the grid and EV's batteries. Also, EVs' batteries are made to charge and discharge based on various constraints such as-minimum state of charge (SoC) and charging rate (Crate). In short, regulated coordination between EVs and CSs plays a potential role in regulating voltage fluctuations at grid level be-sides handling the intermittency issues of renewable energy sources. The proposed scheme has been modeled and tested on a distribution grid of a city where its performance is found satisfactory with respect to various metrics.. ____________________________________________________________ - 237 -

Impacts of EV charging on business premises: A case study of the university of Queensland. Islam, Md Shariful - E-Mail:[email protected]; Mithulananthan, N. In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.7749319 Proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) will engender additional loads on electric grids. As EVs will be parked in large numbers for long time at business locations such as universities, shopping malls, offices etc., electric grids of these business locations can be affected. Thus, this paper analyzes impacts as such on business premises, whose diurnal distributions of number of arrival and departure of vehicles are known. A statistical EV load model has been derived and an innovative probabilistic impact index (II) has been defined for better visualization of the impact. The analysis has been carried out for different EV load penetration levels, charging rates and market shares of different vehicles etc. The developed methodology for this analysis will help carryout future planning and operational exercises to re-duce any adverse impacts of EV charging on grids.. ____________________________________________________________ - 238 -

Feasibility of Direct Current Street Lighting & Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Points. Burt, G. M.; Emhemed, A.; Galloway, S. J.; Smith, K. A. - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Stevenage, UK: IET The application of Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) distribution systems have the potential to offer several advan-tages over the incumbent AC networks. LVDC systems are technically and economically viable in niche applications such as data centres and marine power systems, however they also have the potential to offer improvements in the power transfer capability of existing distribution cable assets, with the added advantage of enhanced controllability and reduced losses [1]. The application of LVDC in this field is still in a nascent stage of development and it is far from a business as usual solution for the Distribution Network Operators (DNOs). There is a lack of experience with installation, the commercial arrangements are not in place, and the standards necessary to configure, operate, and protect such new systems have yet to emerge. Proponents of DC distribution have previously conceptualised the integration of EV charging into future DC street lighting networks [2] and prototype AC charging units that conven-iently attach to lighting columns are currently being tested [3],[4]. However, no literature examines the technical im-plementation of multiple EV charging units onto lighting networks with respect to existing cable specifications, protec-tion and voltage drop standards. This paper demonstrates the viability of such systems and the performance advan-tages that DC distribution offers compared to AC in this integrated application.. ____________________________________________________________ - 239 -

A comparison and performance evaluation of L-C and C-C-L compensation schemes on CSI based inductive WPT application. Rathore, Akshay Kumar - E-Mail:[email protected]; Samanta, Suvendu - E-Mail:[email protected] In: (2016) p 817-22 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2016.7744995 Wireless inductive power transfer technology is becoming very popular in many applications especially in electric vehicles. Until now there are many inductive power transfer topologies are reported based on power electronics, re-active power compensation network and wireless pad. This paper presents detail comparison between parallel L-C and C-C-L compensation network where the DC-AC converter for both the network is current-fed topology. The per-formance of the C-C-L compensated network is comparatively better in terms of inverter switch voltage stress, overall cost and efficiency with the expense of one extra capacitor. Also, in C-C-L network overall converter gain can be ad-


justed by selecting appropriate capacitors, whereas this facility is not available in parallel L-C network. The analysis is verified through simulation in PSIM and 420W lab-prototype experimental results.. ____________________________________________________________ - 240 -

Optimal dispatch of electric vehicle batteries between battery swapping stations and charging stations. Xian Zhang - E-Mail:[email protected]; Guibin Wang - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741893 Along with the fast development of battery technologies and growing criticism on heavy air pollution caused by tradi-tional automobiles, electric vehicles (EV) draw more attention in these years. The inconvenience of battery charging is the main barrier to the widespread use of EVs, and the EV battery-swapping technology is a promising method to assist overcoming this difficulty eventually because of its flexibility. In this paper, a battery schedule framework is studied to dispatch batteries between battery charging stations (BCS) and battery swapping stations (BSS) efficiently. A two-direction battery dispatch model to reduce the transportation cost is established and solved by PSO method. Moreover, considering the serving ability limitations, the K-means clustering algorithm is utilized to pre-partition the BCS and BSS to make the battery dispatch more efficient and effective. The proposed methods is finally verified by an urban battery logistics case.. ____________________________________________________________ - 241 -

A stochastic collaborative planning approach for electric vehicle charging stations and power distribution system. Yan Xu - E-Mail:[email protected]; Yijia Wang; Zhao Yang Dong - E-Mail:[email protected]; Junhua Zhao - E-Mail:[email protected]; Weifeng Yao - E-Mail:[email protected]; Fengji Luo - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741442 The increasingly prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) calls for the effective planning of the charging infrastructure. In this paper, a multi-objective, multi-stage collaborative planning model is proposed for the EV charging stations and power distribution network. The model aims to minimize the investment & operation costs of the distribution system while maximizing the annually captured traffic flow. The uncertainties of the charging loads are considered. The MOEA/D algorithm is employed to find the Pareto frontier of the model. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the model.. ____________________________________________________________ - 242 -

A new integration method for an electric vehicle wireless charging system using LCC compensation topol-ogy: Analysis and design. Mi, Chunting Chris - E-Mail:[email protected]; Tianze Kan - E-Mail:[email protected]; Malhan, Rajesh K. - E-Mail:[email protected]; Trong-Duy Nguyen - E-Mail:[email protected]; White, Jeff C. - E-Mail:[email protected] In: IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, USA * vol 32 (2017) no 2, p 1638-50, 23 refs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2016.2552060 There is a need for charging electric vehicles (EVs) wirelessly since it provides a more convenient, reliable, and safer charging option for EV customers. A wireless charging system using a double-sided LCC compensation topology is proven to be highly efficient; however, the large volume induced by the compensation coils is a drawback. In order to make the system more compact, this paper proposes a new method to integrate the compensated coil into the main coil structure. With the proposed method, not only is the system more compact, but also the extra coupling effects resulting from the integration are either eliminated or minimized to a negligible level. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis tool ANSYS MAXWELL is employed to optimize the integrated coils, and detailed design procedures on im-proving system efficiency are also given in this paper. The wireless charging system with the proposed integration method is able to transfer 3.0 kW with 95.5% efficiency (overall dc to dc) at an air gap of 150 mm.. ____________________________________________________________ - 243 -

Flexible load control in electric power systems with distributed energy resources and electric vehicle charg-ing. Georgiev, Metody - E-Mail:[email protected]; Stanev, Rad - E-Mail:[email protected]; Krusteva, Anastassia - E-Mail:[email protected] In: (2016) p 1034-40 Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752137 This article presents an approach for flexible loads control in power systems with integration of electric vehicles (EV) and distributed generation for power system regulation. A control system with monitoring and control capabilities is proposed as a possible solution of the main problematic issues related to EV charging. IEC61850 standard is cov-


ered for data transfer between local and global monitoring systems. An optimization problem for load shift control depending on technical and market conditions is defined and solved. The approach is widely applicable for various EV charging and distributed energy resources (DER) considering control algorithms, smart charging, EV and DER hosting capacity extension, EV interoperability testing, smart grid power management, monitoring and other power system problems.. ____________________________________________________________ - 244 -

The challenge of Low-Carbon-Vehicle (LCV) adoption in an oil driven economy; Nigerian's story. Adegoke, Jo - E-Mail:[email protected]; Cole, A. C. - E-Mail:[email protected] In: 2016 Stevenage, UK: IET The aim of this study is to investigate the level of interest in Low-Carbon Vehicles (LCVs) adoption from the perspec-tives of some opinion leaders and policy makers. Nigeria, being an oil led developing economy, is arguably perceived to be one of the countries which would probably not want to join the global transitions towards a low carbon economy. This is not an unexpected opposition to LCV adoption as it would result in a loss in her major source of foreign earn-ings and that such an adoption path would be highly capital intensive for such a struggling economy. A survey through questionnaires was conducted among 102 energy experts in attendance at a workshop in Abuja, Nigeria. The responses reveal that 8095% of the respondents foresee that the penetration of all LVC variations (e.g. hybrids and all electric) would occur within 50 years. The survey results acknowledged the diverse challenges facing the country, yet surprisingly; it projected the likely adoption of all electric and fuel cell vehicles within an incredible time-frame of 20 years from 2015. This projected timeframe appears highly ambitious, given the current level of prepara-tion expected of the existing early players in the LCV adoption market. Yet this expectation is akin to what is already being witnessed in the telecommunication sector, where Nigeria's economic performance became massively boosted because of its prompt participation in the sector in spite of its weak preparedness. The study also reveals the barriers and the benefits of LCV adoption, which must be considered during policy formulation. The result of the study has provided policy makers in Nigeria the support base for strategic policy planning towards a less carbon economy in the transport sector. The policy responses would not be only in R & D, infrastructure development but also creating alter-native pathways for revenue generation and oil utilisation.. ____________________________________________________________ - 245 -

Akzeptanz von Elektroautos durch Schnellladetechnik erhoehen - TU Bamberg und BMW untersuchen Vorur-teile. Increasing the acceptance of electric cars by means of fast charging technology - TU Bamberg and BMW investigate prejudices. Eckardt, S. In: Elektronik automotive : Fachmedium für Entwicklungen in der Kfz-Elektronik und Telematik * (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 46, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Haar (früher Poing): WEKA Fachmedien Nach Angaben vom Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes fuhren im letzten Jahr 19000 Deutsche ein Elektroauto. Vor dem Hinter-grund, dass es das Ziel der Bundesregierung ist, bis 2020 eine Million Elektrofahrzeuge auf die Strasse zu bringen, sind dies viel zu wenige. Und bis 2030 soll die Anzahl elektrisch angetriebener Automobile in Deutschland sogar noch auf sechs Millionen ansteigen. Forscher an der Technischen Universitaet Bamberg und Ingenieure bei BMW haben analysiert, mit welchen Vorurteilen die Elektromobilitaet zu kaempfen hat und wie die Akzeptanz dieser Tech-nik erhoeht werden kann. Reichweitenangst und lange Ladezeiten stellten sich als wichtigste Ursachen heraus. ____________________________________________________________ - 246 -

Ladesystemprueffeld fuer E und Hybridfahrzeuge. Charging system test laboratory for e and hybrid vehicles anonym In: ATZ-Elektronik * Band 11 (2016) Heft 5 5, Seite 37, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Bei MBTech in Sindelfingen wurde ein Ladesystemprueffeld entwickelt, das im automobilen Kompetenzzentrum von Akka Technologies eingesetzt wird. Das Testfeld dient ua zur Absicherung und Applikation von Kraftfahrzeugen mit Elektroantrieb oder Hybridantrieb. Auf Basis der Ladesaeule Terra 53 von ABB, mit der Hochvoltbatterien mit Leis-tungen bis zu 50 kW in kuerzester Zeit geladen werden koennen, werden Ladeprozesse mit spezieller Messgerae-teausstattung ueberwacht und analysiert. Ein sog Functional Mock up ermoeglicht darueber hinaus die Untersuchung aller am Ladevorgang beteiligten Komponenten separat oder im Gesamtsystem. Kurzartikel. ____________________________________________________________


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Steckkontakte fuer das Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen. Plug in contacts for charging electric vehicles anonym In: ATZ-Elektronik * Band 11 (2016) Heft Electronica 2016 Electronica 2016, Seite 25, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Die in Muehldorf am Inn ansaessige Firma ODU zeigte an der Electronica seine passgenauen, auf Wunsch konfekti-onierten Steckverbindungen fuer das Laden von Hybridfahrzeugen und Elektrofahrzeugen. Die Steckkontakte zeich-nen sich vor allem durch eine hohe Steckzyklen Festigkeit, hohe Stromuebertragungsraten und zuverlaessige Kon-taktierung aus. Vor allem die Ladestecker muessen spezifischen Anforderungen genuegen. So ist zB der Hochleis-tungskontakt ODU Lamtac fuer hoechste Stromtragfaehigkeit sowie Temperaturbestaendigkeit ausgelegt und zeich-net sich durch hohe Vibrationsbestaendigkeit sowie niedrigen Uebergangswiderstand aus. ____________________________________________________________ - 248 -

Technologietraeger mit 48 V Mild Hybridisierung. Technology carrier with 48 V hybrid hybridization Gfeller, S. In: Auto & Wirtschaft : das Fachmagazin für die österreichische Automobilbranche * Band 16 (2016) Heft 11 11, Seite 89, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Klosterneuburg ; München: A&W-Verl ; GBI-Genios Deutsche Wirtschaftsdatenbank GmbH Das 12 V Bordnetz hat seine Leistungsgrenze erreicht. In der Automobilindustrie setzt sich daher zunehmend das Konzept der Antriebsstrangelektrifizierung durch. Ab der oberen Mittelklasse werden dafuer Vollhybridantriebe ver-baut. In den Fahrzeugsegmenten darunter werden aus Kosten Nutzen Erwaegungen Loesungen bevorzugt, die die Komplexitaet einer Spannungsebene von mehreren Hundert Volt vermeiden. Bei Schaeffler wurde nun mit der elekt-rischen Achse fuer das 48 V Bordnetz eine Alternative entwickelt. Der Kurzartikel informiert ueber die sog e Achse der Herzogenauracher, bei der sich ein Elektromotor auf der Hinterachse des Fahrzeugs befindet. ____________________________________________________________ - 249 -

Stromert mit langem Atem - Opel Ampera e. Opel Ampera e Gfeller, S. In: Auto & Wirtschaft : das Fachmagazin für die österreichische Automobilbranche * Band 16 (2016) Heft 11 11, Seite 98, 1 Seite, 3 Graphiken Klosterneuburg ; München: A&W-Verl ; GBI-Genios Deutsche Wirtschaftsdatenbank GmbH Am Pariser Salon wurde von Opel im Oktober dieses Jahres der elektrifizierte Ampera gezeigt. Die erste Generation des Plug in Hybrids wurde schon 2011 lanciert, doch blieb die Nachfrage in Europa sehr niedrig. Zwar setzte sich der Antrieb aus einem 111 kW starken Elektromotor im Verbund mit einem 63 kW entwickelnden Ottomotor als Range Extender zusammen, doch die totale Energiemenge der 16 kWh Lithium Ionen Batterien war relativ gering. Das soll mit der zweiten Generation durch Einsatz der Batterien aus dem baugleichen Chevrolet Bolt anders werden. Die US Version hat einen Fahrbereich von 300 km. Der Artikel beschreibt den neuen Opel Ampera e. ____________________________________________________________ - 250 -

Der naechste Schritt in die E mobile Zukunft - Hochleistungs Schnellladen bis zu 350 kW. The next step in the E mobile future - high performance quick charging systems up to 350 kW Stueker, D. In: Elektronik automotive : Fachmedium für Entwicklungen in der Kfz-Elektronik und Telematik * (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 44-46, 3 Seiten, 1 Diagramm, 1 Graphik, 3 Fotos Haar (früher Poing): WEKA Fachmedien Zu lange Ladezeiten und eine eingeschraenkte Reichweite behindern die breite Markteinfuehrung der Elektromobili-taet. Das bei der in Schieder ansaessigen Firma Phoenix Contact E Mobility entwickelte neue Schnellladesystem CCSplus kann mit einer Ladeleistung bis zu 350 kW eine Kfz Batterie in etwa 5 min fuer eine Reichweite von 100 km aufladen. CCSplus arbeitet mit einem Kuehlsystem und wird nach Ansicht der Entwickler die Akzeptanz der Elektro-mobilitaet gerade bei langen Strecken deutlich erhoehen. Der Artikel beschreibt den Stand der Technik, die thermi-sche Belastung bei 350 kW, gekuehlte DC Schnellladesysteme als Loesung und die Ladeleistung. ____________________________________________________________ - 251 -

Elektrifizierung und Fahrerassistenz im ZF Innovation Tractor. Electrification and driver assistance in the ZF Innovation Tractor Goetz, M.; Gumpoltsberger, G.; Weinmann, O. In: ATZoffhighway * Band 9 (2016) Heft 4 4, Seite 18-22, 5 Seiten, 2 Graphiken, 8 Fotos Wiesbaden: Springer Fach-medien Wiesbaden Im Konzeptfahrzeug Innovation Tractor 2016 haben die Ingenieure bei ZF innovative Fahrfunktionen und Assistenz-funktionen gebuendelt und demonstriert, welchen Mehrwert beides auch fuer Anwendungen abseits von Strassen


bringen. Ziel ist eine hoehere Effizienz fuer die Landwirtschaft sowie mehr Sicherheit. Der Versuchstraeger auf Basis eines marktgaengigen Traktors wurde mit Kameras ausgestattet, die dessen Umfeld ueberwachen. Die gewonnenen optischen Daten bilden die Basis fuer Assistenzsysteme, die es ermoeglichen, das Fahrzeug teilautonom oder mit Hilfe mobiler Endgeraete ausserhalb der Fahrerkabine zu rangieren. ____________________________________________________________ - 252 -

Hybrid-und Elektrobusprojekte in Deutschland -ein Statusbericht: Teil 1. Hybrid and electric bus projects in Germany - a status report: part 1 Faltenbacher, M.; Eckert, S.; Vetter, O. In: ATZ-Elektronik * Band 11 (2016) Heft 11 11, Seite 410-414, 5 Seiten, 8 Diagramme, 1 Graphik, 7 Quellen Wies-baden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Der Artikel informiert ueber aktuelle Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe Innovative Antriebe Bus zur technologieoffenen Bewertung der technischen und betrieblichen Praxistauglichkeit und Einsatzreife moderner elektrischer und teilelekt-rischer Busantriebskonzepte. Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen stehen realisierbare Potentiale zur Erhoehung der Energieeffizienz, zur Vermeidung von Luftschadstoffen und Laerm sowie zur Wirtschaftlichkeit. Der erste Teil be-schreibt Vorgehensweise, Praxistauglichkeit und Einsatzreife und Energieeffizienz. ____________________________________________________________ - 253 -

Education: deep learning -perspective: Honda Clarity. Ausbildung: Deep Learning - Perspektive: Honda Clarity Allen, J. In: Automotive engineer / Institution of Mechanical Engineers * Band 41 (2016) Heft 8 8, Seite 24-27, 2 Seiten, 2 Graphiken London: Professional Engineering Publ. An der Univ of California hat man festgestellt, dass es hilft, Genauigkeit und Geschwindigkeit von Fussgaengern zu verbessern, wenn man mehr ueber die Arbeitsweise des Gehirns weiss. Ziel ist, alles von Kameras allein durchfueh-ren zu lassen, denn sie sind billig und man kann viele davon an Bord haben. Das sogenannte Deep Learning arbeitet mit mehreren Schichten, die eine Szene auf einer immer hoeheren Ebene der Abstraktion handhabt. Nach Kiyoshi Shimizu von Honda Clarity haben elektrische Fahrzeuge ihren eigenen Markt, dennoch sollte man die Brennstoffzelle nutzen, wenn man sehr schnell tanken und lange Strecken fahren moechte. ____________________________________________________________ - 254 -

Ein erweiterter Meilenstein - Zurueck in die Zukunft. Extended milestone - back to the future Breitbach, H.; Heinz, M. In: Automotive electronics + systems * Band 15 (2016) Heft spezial spezial, Seite 90-93, 4 Seiten, 1 Diagramm, 3 Graphiken, 2 Fotos München: Hanser Zwei Beitraege ueber Elektromobilitaet und Zukunftsmobilitaet. Mit dem Start der Serienproduktion des elektrisch angetriebenen Verdichters oeffnet BorgWarner noch in diesem Jahr ein neues Kapitel. Der verbrauchseffiziente e-Booster ergaenzt konventionelle Aufladungskonzepte, indem er mit verbessertem Ladedruck im Niederdrehzahlbe-reich fuer ein optimiertes Anfahrverhalten sorgt. Zukuenftig soll ein Elektrotaxi die Staedte erobern. Die euro enginee-ring AG elektrifiziert das neu entwickelte IDTaxi und verbindet britische Designtradition mit deutschem Ingenieurs-Know-How. Das erste Taxi wurde speziell fuer den chinesischen Markt entwickelt. ____________________________________________________________ - 255 -

Erster Plug in Hybrid der Koreaner. First Korean plug in hybrid anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 118 (2016) Heft 11 11, Seite 29, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Im September dieses Jahres wurde von Kia der Optima Plug in Hybrid vorgestellt. Das Fahrzeug ist der zweite Streich der Koreaner, um ihr Ziel, bis 2020 11 emissionsarme Modelle auf den Markt zu bringen, zu erreichen. Im Gegensatz zum Kia Niro Hybrid kann der Optima an einer Steckdose aufgeladen werden. Ist der Li Ionen Polymer Akku mit einer Kapazitaet von 9,8 kWh vollgeladen, faehrt die Limousine laut Hersteller bis zu 54 km rein elektrisch - und das bis zu einer Geschwindigkeit von maximal 120 km/h. Erst dann bzw wenn der Ladezustand der Batterie es erfordert, beginnt der 2 l Benzindirekteinspritzer zu arbeiten. Kurzartikel ueber den Optima Hybrid. ____________________________________________________________


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Bioethanol Brennstoffzelle treibt e NV200 an. Bioethanol fuel cell drives e NV200 anonym In: ATZ-Elektronik * Band 11 (2016) Heft 5 5, Seite 37, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Nissan erprobt in Brasilien seit Anfang August 2016 einen e NV200 Transporter mit einer Brennstoffzelle als Range Extender. Erst an Bord erzeugt der Versuchstraeger in mehreren chemischen Reaktionen den noetigen Wasserstoff, der dann in einer Festoxid Zelle (SOFC) zusammen mit Sauerstoff in elektrische Energie umgewandelt wird. Nissan verspricht mit dieser Loesung einen bisher nicht erreichten hohen Wirkungsgrad. Die e Bio Brennstoffzelle er-moeglicht gemaess Aussage von Nissan Praesident Carlos Ghosn darueber hinaus eine umweltfreundliche Mobili-taet und bietet Chancen fuer die regionale Energieproduktion unter Nutzung der bestehenden Infrastruktur. ____________________________________________________________ - 257 -

Bioethanol Brennstoffzelle treibt Kastenwagen an. Bioethanol fuel cell drives van type truck anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 118 (2016) Heft 11 11, Seite 26, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Nissan erprobt in Brasilien seit Anfang August 2016 einen e NV200 Transporter mit einer Brennstoffzelle als Range Extender. Erst an Bord erzeugt der Versuchstraeger in mehreren chemischen Reaktionen den noetigen Wasserstoff, der dann in einer Festoxid Zelle (SOFC) zusammen mit Sauerstoff in elektrische Energie umgewandelt wird. Nissan verspricht mit dieser Loesung einen bisher nicht erreichten hohen Wirkungsgrad. Die e Bio Brennstoffzelle er-moeglicht darueber gemaess Aussage von Nissan Praesident Carlos Ghosn hinaus eine umweltfreundliche Mobili-taet und bietet Chancen fuer die regionale Energieproduktion unter Nutzung der bestehenden Infrastruktur. ____________________________________________________________ - 258 -

Brennstoffzellen Fahrzeug mit Bioethanol als Kraftstoff -alternative Antriebstechnik. Fuel cell vehicle with bioethanol as a fuel - alternative drive technology Eckardt, S. In: Elektronik automotive : Fachmedium für Entwicklungen in der Kfz-Elektronik und Telematik * (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 46, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Haar (früher Poing): WEKA Fachmedien Nissan erprobt in Brasilien seit Anfang August 2016 einen e NV200 Transporter mit einer Brennstoffzelle als Range Extender. Erst an Bord erzeugt der Versuchstraeger in mehreren chemischen Reaktionen den noetigen Wasserstoff, der dann in einer Festoxid Zelle (SOFC) zusammen mit Sauerstoff in elektrische Energie umgewandelt wird. Nissan verspricht mit dieser Loesung einen bisher nicht erreichten hohen Wirkungsgrad. Die e Bio Brennstoffzelle er-moeglicht darueber gemaess Aussage von Nissan Praesident Carlos Ghosn hinaus eine umweltfreundliche Mobili-taet und bietet Chancen fuer die regionale Energieproduktion unter Nutzung der bestehenden Infrastruktur. ____________________________________________________________ - 259 -

Fuer das optimale Fahrvergnuegen - Servomotoren und Linearantrieb im Fahrzeugsimulator sorgen fuer ge-steigertes Realitaetsempfinden. For the best driving pleasure - servo motors and linear drive in the vehicle simulator provide for increased real life feeling. Jacobs, J. In: Antriebstechnik * Band 55 (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 42-44, 3 Seiten, 4 Fotos Wiesbaden: Krauskopf Fuer die moeglichst realitaetsnahe Simulation einer Fahrsituation wurde im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts des Instituts fuer Mechatronische Systeme im IMS an der Technischen Universitaet Darmstadt unter Leitung von Profes-sor Dr Stefan Rinderknecht ein laengsdynamischer Fahrzeugsimulator entwickelt. Zur Gewaehrleistung einer validen Testumgebung, in der umweltbedingte Stoergroessen weitgehend eliminiert sind, ist der Simulator mit Servomotoren und einem Linearantrieb ausgestattet. Der Artikel beschreibt den Hintergrund der Entwicklung, den laengsdynami-schen Simulator, den kinematischen Drehpunkt, die antriebstechnische Umsetzung und die Abstimmung. ____________________________________________________________ - 260 -

Effiziente Wiederverwertung von Lithium Ionen Akkus. Efficient recycling of lithium ion batteries Gfeller, S. In: Auto & Wirtschaft : das Fachmagazin für die österreichische Automobilbranche * Band 16 (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 98, 1 Seite, 2 Fotos Klosterneuburg ; München: A&W-Verl ; GBI-Genios Deutsche Wirtschaftsdatenbank GmbH Lithium Ionen Batterien sind eine Schluesseltechnologie fuer die Elektromobilitaet. Ihre grosse Verbreitung fuehrt zu einem hohen Aufkommen an ausgemusterten Batterien und Akkus, die eine wertvolle Rohstoffquelle sind. Aktuell


werden fuer gebrauchte Batterien und Fertigungsabfaelle aus der Batteriefertigung energieintensive metallurgische Recyclingmethoden eingesetzt, mit denen auch nur elementare Metalle zurueckgewonnen werden koennen. Wissen-schaftler und Ingenieure der Fraunhofer Projektgruppe IWKS arbeiten daher an einem neuen Verfahren zum kom-pletten Recycling der Batteriematerialien durch elektrohydraulische Zerkleinerung mittels Schockwellen. ____________________________________________________________ - 261 -

Neu: Tesla Model X. New: Tesla Model X Sparrer, J. In: Autorevue : österr. Automobilzeitschr. * (2016) Heft 7 7, Seite 30-31, 2 Seiten, 1 Tabelle, 3 Fotos Wien: Verlags-gruppe News Modellvorstellung: Tesla Model X. Mit dem Model X zielt Tesla auf die Kunden ab, die sich ein gehobenes Umwelt-bewusstsein leisten koennen. Auffallen wird man mit dem Elektromobil schon wegen der Falcon Wing Doors. Das Model X basiert auf dem Model S, wurde aber innen neu gestaltet. Das Fahrzeug wird in drei Versionen angeboten, als X 75 D, X 90 D und X P90 D. Im P90 D, dem Top-Modell, stehen bis zu 539 PS Antriebsleistung, geliefert von zwei Elektromotoren, zur Verfuegung. Damit spurtet das Fahrzeug in 3,4 s von 0 auf 100 km/h und wird bis zu 250 km/h schnell. ____________________________________________________________ - 262 -

Kurztest BMW i3. Short test BMW i3 Leicht, L. In: Auto, Motor und Sport * Band 71 (2016) Heft 21 21, Seite 66, 1 Seite, 1 Tabelle, 4 Fotos Stuttgart: Verlag Motor Presse Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG BMW hat im Juli 2016 eine zusaetzliche Version des i3 mit einer deutlich hoeheren Batteriekapazitaet auf den Markt gebracht. Durch die hoehere Speicherdichte der Lithium Ionen Zellen hat die Batterie bei identischen Abmessungen gegenueber dem aktuellen Speicher eine Kapazitaet von 33 kWh. Im NEFZ erreichte der BMW i3 mit der Zusatzbe-zeichnung (94 Ah) statt 190 km eine Reichweite von 300 km. Der Artikel beschreibt einen Kurztest der Elektrolimou-sine mit 125 kW und 250 Nm starkem permanenterregtem Synchronmotor, Uebersetzungsgetriebe und Hinterradan-trieb. Besonders gefielen Antrieb, Lenkung, Verarbeitung, Federung, Reichweite und E Autopraemie. ____________________________________________________________ - 263 -

Fossil und elektrisch - BMW Innovationstage 2016. BMW Innovation Days 2016 Senger, A. In: Auto & Wirtschaft : das Fachmagazin für die österreichische Automobilbranche * Band 16 (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 104-105, 2 Seiten, 5 Fotos Klosterneuburg ; München: A&W-Verl ; GBI-Genios Deutsche Wirtschaftsdatenbank GmbH Die Bayerischen Motorenwerke sind seit Gruendung des Unternehmens vor 100 Jahren ein Garant fuer innovative Motorentechnik. Anlaesslich des Innovationstags 2016 am 30sten April demonstrierte der Hersteller Massnahmen, mit denen seine Dieselaggregate und Ottomotoren kuenftig noch sauberer und effizienter werden sollen. Zudem wurde ueber den Aufbau eines neuen Kompetenzzentrums zur Komplettierung von Hochvoltbatterien und fuer die Fertigung permanenterregter Drehstromgeneratoren fuer die BMW i und Hybridmodelle. Der Artikel informiert ueber die am BMW Innovationstag 2016 vorgestellten neuen Entwicklungen. ____________________________________________________________ - 264 -

Hybridbusprojekte und Elektrobusprojekte in Deutschland -ein Statusbericht: Teil 2. Hybrid and electric bus projects in Germany - a status report: part 2 Faltenbacher, M.; Eckert, S.; Vetter, O. In: Verkehr und Technik : V + T * Band 69 (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 459-462, 4 Seiten, 5 Diagramme, 1 Graphik, 7 Quellen Berlin: Schmidt Der Artikel informiert ueber aktuelle Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe Innovative Antriebe Bus zur technologieoffenen Bewertung der technischen und betrieblichen Praxistauglichkeit und Einsatzreife moderner elektrischer und teilelekt-rischer Busantriebskonzepte. Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen stehen realisierbare Potentiale zur Erhoehung der Energieeffizienz, zur Vermeidung von Luftschadstoffen und Laerm sowie zur Wirtschaftlichkeit. Der zweite Teil be-schreibt Oekologie und Klimaschutz, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Nutzerakzeptanz. Eine Zusammenfassung beschliesst die Ausfuehrungen. ____________________________________________________________


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Control-oriented dynamics analysis for electrified turbocharged diesel engines. An der Regelung orientierte, dynamische Untersuchung von Turbodieselmotoren mit elektrifizierten Ladern Zhao, D.; Winward, E.; Yang, Z.; Rutledge, J. In: SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, MI, US, 2016.04.12-2016.04.14 - SAE technical paper series (Einzelveröffentlichung) * (2016) Seite 1-9, 9 Seiten, 15 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 1 Graphik, 14 Quellen Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers Vorstellung von an der Regelung orientierten Analysen von elektrifizierten Turbodieselmotoren. Elektrische Turbola-der werden als vielversprechende Loesung des Downsizing betrachtet, denn die ueberschuessige Energie kann ge-sammelt, gespeichert und wiederverwendet werden. Die verstellbaren VGT Lader enthalten einen Elektromotor im Gehaeuse, der bidirektional arbeiten kann. VGT, E-Motor und AGR Ventil sind den Dynamiken des Luftwegs ausge-setzt. Der Beitrag zeigt die Dynamik des E-Laders am Dieselmotor, vor allem die Kopplung zwischen verschiedenen Kreisen des Luftwegs. Es wird ein explizites Verfahren fuer die Suche von Regelungsvariablen vorgeschlagen. ____________________________________________________________ - 266 -

Reihenweise unter Strom - Daimler investiert in grüne Technologien. Daimler is investing in green technologies Koeth, C.P. In: Automobil-Industrie : Management, Entwicklung, Konstruktion, Fertigung * Band 61 (2016) Heft 9 9, Seite 56-58, 3 Seiten, 2 Graphiken, 3 Fotos Würzburg: Vogel Das Daimler Management investiert mehr als sieben Milliarden Euro in umweltfreundliche Technologien. Bei Merce-des-Benz werden alle Baureihen elektrifiziert. Zudem bringen die Stuttgarter das SUV GLC mit Plug in Brennstoffzel-lentechnologie auf den Markt. Darueber hinaus wird bei der Marke eine eigene Architektur fuer batterieelektrische Autos entwickelt. Der Artikel beschreibt die sog gruenen Technologien bei Mercedes-Benz. Angesprochen werden die fuer 2017 geplante neue Ottomotorenbaureihe, den Ausbau des Angebots von Modellen mit Plug in Hybridan-trieb, die Elektroauto Offensive und das gebuendelte Know how des Unternehmens. ____________________________________________________________ - 267 -

E Mobilität als lukratives VW Markenzeichen - E Fahrzeuge in Grossserie. E cars in large series production Mayer, B. In: Automobil-Produktion : Technik, Management, Entwicklung * Band 30 (2016) Heft 9 9, Seite 44-46, 3 Seiten, 2 Graphiken, 2 Fotos Landsberg: Verl. Moderne Industrie Das Management bei Volkswagen geht davon aus, dass bis zum Jahr 2030 zwei Drittel des Marktvolumens an Neu-fahrzeugen noch einen Verbrennungsmotor besitzen und ein Drittel elektrisch faehrt. Bis dahin soll die E Mobilitaet ein Markenzeichen der Wolfsburger werden. Bis 2020 bringen alle Automobilbauer der Volkswagen Gruppe zusam-men mehr als 30 vollelektrische Fahrzeuge auf den Markt. Es wird damit gerechnet dass dann ca zwei bis drei Millio-nen rein elektrisch angetriebene Autos jaehrlich produziert werden. Dementsprechend investiert VW Milliarden Euro in Entwicklung und die Fertigung der BEVs. Der Artikel behandelt die integrierte Fertigung der E Modelle. ____________________________________________________________ - 268 -

Vollelektrischer Lkw in Kleinserie - Fuso eCanter. Full electric truck in small series - Fuso eCanter anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 118 (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 32, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Fuso bringt im kommenden Modelljahr eine Kleinserie des vollelektrischen Lkw eCanter in den USA, in Europa und in Japan auf den Markt. Die dritte Generation des Leicht Lkw ist mit einem neuen Permanent Synchron Elektromotor ausgestattet. Der Motor setzt 185 kW und 380 Nm frei. Die Kraft wird in bewaehrter Weise ueber ein Uebersetzungs-getriebe auf die Hinterachse uebertragen. Die Kapazitaet der wassergekuehlten Lithium Ionen Batterie soll nach Her-stellerangaben bei 70 kWh liegen. Je nach Aufbau, Beladung und Einsatzprofil soll damit eine Reichweite von mehr als 100 km ohne stationaeres Nachladen moeglich sein. ____________________________________________________________


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Panamera mit Hybridantrieb. Panamera with hybrid drive anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 118 (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 35, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Porsche bringt mit dem 4 E Hybrid das vierte Modell der neuen Panamera Baureihe auf den Markt. Als Plug in Hybrid kann die Limousine bis zu 50 km rein elektrisch fahren. Premiere des Allradlers ist am Autosalon Paris 2016. Porsche typisch kommt die Leistungsfaehigkeit natuerlich nicht zu kurz. Der 243 kW starke V6 Biturbo wird von einem 100 kW starken Elektromotor unterstuetzt. Die Systemleistung ist mit 340 kW und 700 Nm angegeben. So soll die grosse Limousine in 4,6 s aus dem Stand auf 100 km/h sprinten, eine Hoechstgeschwindigkeit von 278 km/h erreichen und nur 2,5 l/100 km im NEFZ verbrauchen bzw 56 g/km CO2 emittieren. Sehr kurzer Artikel. ____________________________________________________________ - 270 -

Bald mehr Ladesäulen für Elektroautos. Soon more charging columns for electric cars Lemme, H. In: Elektronik automotive : Fachmedium für Entwicklungen in der Kfz-Elektronik und Telematik * (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 16-17, 2 Seiten, 4 Fotos Haar (früher Poing): WEKA Fachmedien Wenn Fahrer von Elektroautos an der heimischen Steckdose nachts die Batterie ihres Fahrzeugs aufgeladen haben, reicht die Kapazitaet am naechsten Tag fuer die Fahrt zur Arbeitsstaette und fuer kleinere Ausfluege ins Umland, nicht aber fuer Fernfahrten. Dann heisst es Zwischentanken, was nicht nur Zeit in Anspruch nimmt, sondern auch noch eine genaue Streckenplanung erfordert. Grund ist, dass es noch kein flaechendeckendes Angebot von Lade-saeulen gibt. Zudem existieren bisher nur sehr wenige Ladesaeulen, so dass sich vor diesen schnell eine lange War-teschlange. Dank staatlicher Foerderung soll das Ladeproblem demnaechst geloest werden. ____________________________________________________________ - 271 -

ISO 15118 -charging communication between plug in electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. ISO 15118 - Ladekommunikation zwischen Plug in Elektrofahrzeugen und Ladeinfrastruktur Heinrich, A.; Schwaiger, M. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 213-227, 15 Seiten, 26 Graphiken Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Das Aufladen der Batterien von Elektrofahrzeugen erfolgt an Ladestationen. Fuer diesen Ladevorgang wird der Standard ISO 15118 entwickelt. Bei diesem Vorgang kommuniziert die Ladestation mit dem Ladesteuergeraet des Elektroautos. Dieses Konzept muss unter den Aspekten der elektronischen Energieabrechnung, des Ladeprofils un-ter Berücksichtigung des Stromanschlusses und der benoetigten Ladeenergie sowie langfristig auch um die Aspekte intelligenter Energienetze, in die die Elektromobile als Pufferspeicher eingebunden werden sollen, betrachtet werden, wie im Bericht anhand von Schautafeln dargestellt wird. ____________________________________________________________ - 272 -

Herausforderungen und Ergebnisse im BMUB Förderprojekt Gesteuertes Laden V3 0. Challenges and results in the BMUB research project Controlled Charging V3 0 Westerburg, M.; Juenemann, B.; Drexler, R. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 103-104, 2 Seiten Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Ziel des Forschungsprojekts Gesteuertes Laden V3 0 ist, durch ein intelligentes Energiemanagement, das die Erfor-dernisse des Fahrzeugnutzers, die zeitlichen Schwankungen in der Verfuegbarkeit erneuerbarer Energie und die Rahmenbedingungen der Infrastruktur beruecksichtigt, ein technisches und wirtschaftliches Optimum fuer das Laden mobiler Energiespeicher zu finden. Arbeitsschwerpunkte sind die Erschliessung der Speicherkapazitaet von E Fahr-zeugbatterien und die Steuerbarkeit des Ladevorgangs zur Erhaltung der Netzstabilitaet allgemein und zur Kompen-sation der Volatilitaet der Einspeisung aus erneuerbaren Energien im Besonderen. ____________________________________________________________


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Data communication and grid quality on charging interface. Datenkommunikation und Netzqualität an der Ladeschnittstelle Willrett, U. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 197-211, 15 Seiten, 2 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 8 Graphiken, 11 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Energiewirtschaft und Automobilindustrie muessen fuer eine erfolgreiche Einfuehrung der eMobilitaet zusammenar-beiten. Aus Sicht des Energieversorgers ist die Integration von eMobilitaet in das intelligente Stromnetz von Bedeu-tung. Sie ermoeglicht ein effektives dynamisches Lastmanagement und die Nutzung der HV Batterien der Fahrzeuge zur Speicherung und Rueckkopplung von Energie. Der Nutzer erwartet, dass ueberall und zu jeder Zeit genuegend zuverlaessige Ladestationen vorhanden sind, um sein Elektrofahrzeug wieder aufzuladen. Schluessel für eine von den Nutzern akzeptierte Infrastruktur ist die sichere und einfache Uebertragung persoenlicher Daten. ____________________________________________________________ - 274 -

Einfaches und schnelles Laden - Zugang zu öffentlichen Ladestationen: ZE Pass von Renault. Entry to public charging columns: ZE Pass from Renault Eckardt, S. In: Elektronik automotive : Fachmedium für Entwicklungen in der Kfz-Elektronik und Telematik * (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 21, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Haar (früher Poing): WEKA Fachmedien Aktuell koennen E Auto Fahrer in Deutschland an 6500 oeffentlich zugaenglichen Ladesaeulen die Lithium Ionen Batterie ihres Fahrzeugs aufladen. Je nach Ladesaeulenbetreiber brauchten Kunden bislang unterschiedliche Lade-karten, mit denen sie sich authentifizieren und den Ladevorgang starten konnten. Wer nicht immer an derselben Stromtankstelle laedt, sammelt nach und nach viele Karten bzw sein Handy viele Apps. Damit machen Entwickler bei Renault und Bosch nun Schluss. Sie haben mit dem im Kurzartikel vorgestellten kostenlosen Z E Pass ein cleveres Produkt entwickelt, das den Kartensalat beendet und die Ladevorgaenge kuenftig noch komfortabler gestaltet. ____________________________________________________________ - 275 -

Serieller Hybridantrieb: Benzin verstromen. Serial hybrid drive: convert gasoline into electricity Gfeller, S. In: Auto & Wirtschaft : das Fachmagazin für die österreichische Automobilbranche * Band 16 (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 90, 1 Seite, 1 Graphik Klosterneuburg ; München: A&W-Verl ; GBI-Genios Deutsche Wirtschaftsdatenbank GmbH Nissan hat fuer den einheimischen Markt ein erstes Fahrzeug mit dem neuen Elektroantriebssystem ePOWER aus-geruestet. Bei dem seriellen Hybrid laedt ein kompakter Benzinmotor die Batterie auf. Die Technologie soll effizienter als konventionelle Hybridsysteme arbeiten und die Vorzuege eines Elektroautos ohne die Notwendigkeit zum Nach-laden der Batterie bieten. Basis fuer das ePower System ist die Technik des reinen Akku Stromers Nissan LEAF. Es handelt sich um einen vollelektrischen Antrieb, bei dem die Raeder ausschliesslich durch den E Motor angetrieben werden. Der Benziner dient im Gegensatz zum konventionellen Hybridantrieb allein der Batterieaufladung. ____________________________________________________________ - 276 -

Induktives Laden -von der Evaluierung zur standardisierten E-Mobilität. Inductive charging - from evaluation to standardized e-mobility Grossmann, D. In: Automotive electronics + systems * Band 15 (2016) Heft 10 10, Seite 74-76, 3 Seiten, 1 Diagramm, 3 Graphiken, 1 Foto München: Hanser Beitrag ueber das induktive Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen. Die bei der Evaluierung gewonnen Erkenntnisse werden auf dem Weg zur standardisierten E-Mobilitaet nun in konkrete Produkte umgesetzt. Einhergehend damit konzentriert sich ein betraechtlicher Teil der Entwicklungsanstrengungen auf die drahtlose Kommunikation zwischen Fahrzeug und Ladeinfrastruktur. Die Standardisierungsaktivitaeten hierfuer laufen auf Hochtouren und der vorhandene I-SO/IEC-15118 Standard wird um wesentliche Funktionen ergaenzt. Im Smart-Home werden Elektroautos nicht nur geladen, sondern koennen auch Strom einspeisen. ____________________________________________________________


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Berührungsfreies Schnellladesystem. Contactless quick charging system Gfeller, S. In: Auto & Wirtschaft : das Fachmagazin für die österreichische Automobilbranche * Band 16 (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 90, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Klosterneuburg ; München: A&W-Verl ; GBI-Genios Deutsche Wirtschaftsdatenbank GmbH Im Jahr 2015 wurden erstmals kabelfreie Ladesysteme fuer Elektroautos vorgestellt, die ein Fahrzeug je nach Typ in ca 6 h mit 3,6 kW aufladen koennen. Eine deutlich nutzerfreundlichere Loesung wurde nun an der TH Deggendorf entwickelt. Im Rahmen des E WALD Teilprojekts ILS wurde das weltweit erste strassenverkehrszugelassene, be-ruehrungsfreie und kabellose Schnellladesystem fuer Elektrofahrzeuge aus dem Pkw Segment entwickelt und getes-tet. Durch das System wird eine Nennleistung von 30 kW uebertragen. Dazu wird das Fahrzeug mit Hilfe des integ-rierten Positioniersystems ueber eine Ladeplatte gefahren. Der Ladevorgang startet automatisch. ____________________________________________________________ - 278 -

Die Kombination macht den Unterschied -neues Antriebskonzept ePower. The combination makes the difference - new drive concept ePower Eckardt, S. In: Elektronik automotive : Fachmedium für Entwicklungen in der Kfz-Elektronik und Telematik * (2016) Heft 12 12, Seite 23, 1 Seite, 1 Graphik Haar (früher Poing): WEKA Fachmedien Bei Nissan wurde fuer den japanischen Markt zum ersten Mal ein Personenkraftwagen mit dem neuen Elektroan-triebssystem ePOWER ausgeruestet. Bei dem seriellen Hybrid laedt ein kompakter Benzinmotor die Batterie auf. Die Technologie soll effizienter als konventionelle Hybridsysteme sein und die Vorzuege eines Elektroautos ohne die Notwendigkeit zum Nachladen der Batterie bieten. Basis ist die Technik des reinen Akku Stromers Nissan LEAF. Es handelt sich um einen vollelektrischen Antrieb, bei dem die Raeder ausschliesslich durch den E Motor angetrieben werden. Der Benziner dient im Gegensatz zum konventionellen Hybridantrieb allein der Batterieaufladung. ____________________________________________________________ - 279 -

PV energy and electric mobility -driving forces of the energy transition. Photovoltaik Energie und Elektromobilität - Antriebskräfte des Energieübergangs Beister, D.; Leifert, T. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 143-160, 18 Seiten, 2 Diagramme, 2 Tabellen, 4 Graphiken, 11 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Elektromobilitaet ist der globale Schluessel fuer eine umweltfreundliche Mobilitaet und gehoert in Deutschland zum Energieuebergang. Der Einsatz von Elektrofahrzeugen, insbesondere in Verbindung mit Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien, erzeugt deutlich weniger CO2. Durch ihre Energiespeichersysteme koennen sie auch Schwankungen in Windenergie und Solarenergie in einem intelligenten Stromnetz kompensieren und so die Entwicklung und Marktin-tegration dieser fluechtigen Energiequellen unterstuetzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund behandelt der Bericht die Nutzung der Photovoltaik als alternative Energiequelle und Synergien mit der Elektromobilitaet. ____________________________________________________________ - 280 -

Neues hybrides Antriebssystem. New hybrid drive system anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 119 (2017) Heft 1 1, Seite 32, 1 Seite, 1 Graphik Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Nissan hat sein erstes Fahrzeug mit dem neuen Elektroantriebssystem ePOWER vorgestellt, bei dem ein kompakter Benzinmotor die Batterie auflaedt. Die Technologie soll effizienter als herkömmliche Hybridsysteme arbeiten und die Vorzuege eines Elektroautos ohne Nachladen der Batterie bieten. Basis fuer ePower ist die Technik des reinen Akku Stromers Nissan LEAF. Das ePOWER System ist ein vollelektrischer Antrieb, bei dem die Raeder ausschliesslich durch den E Motor angetrieben werden. Der Benzinmotor, ein Generator sowie ein Inverter dienen im Gegensatz zum konventionellen Hybridantrieb, laedt der Verbrenner lediglich die Batterie auf. ____________________________________________________________


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Marktintegration von Elektrofahrzeugen -wie SchwarmMobilität Kaufanreize schafft und die Stromnetze stabi-lisiert. The market integration of electric vehicles - how SchwarmMobilität creates purchasing incentives and stabi-lizes power grids. Luecking, G. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 9-12, 4 Seiten Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Im Rahmen des Projekts SchwarmEnergie werden beim Koblenzer Unternehmen LichtBlick Loesungen fuer eine dezentrale Bereitstellung erneuerbarer Energie, zu denen auch Produkte fuer den Bereich Elektromobilitaet gehoe-ren, entwickelt. Im ersten Schritt sind dies Erzeugnisse und Dienstleistungen, die der Integration erneuerbarer Ener-gien in den Verkehrsbereich dienen. Autofahrer sollen kuenftig zB ueber und ueberall sauberen LichtBlick Strom tan-ken koennen. In einem zweiten Schritt wollen die Koblenzer die enorme Batteriekapazitaet von E Fahrzeugen als SchwarmSpeicher fuer sauberen Strom nutzen. ____________________________________________________________ - 282 -

Roles for regulators in electric vehicle grid integration. Aufgaben für Regulatoren der Netzintegration elektrischer Fahrzeuge Crisostomo, N. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 119-121, 3 Seiten Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Bei den wichtigsten Energieagenturen Kaliforniens werden zZ die politischen und die regulatorischen Grundlagen fuer die Transformation des Verkehrssektors zu umweltfreundlichen Antriebsloesungen erarbeitet. Fuehrungskraefte und Gesetzgeber legten die erforderlichen grundlegenden Rahmen fuer diese Aufgabe fest. Ziel ist es, die Luftver-schmutzung bis zum Jahr 2030 um 80% des aktuellen Niveaus und die Treibhausgasemissionen bis 2050 landesweit um 80% unterhalb des Niveaus von 1990 zu reduzieren. Die California Public Utilities Commission entwickelt rele-vante Massnahmen in vier breit angelegten Programmkategoerien, ueber die informiert wird. ____________________________________________________________ - 283 -

Das Forschungsprojekt INEES - Intelligente Netzanbindung von Elektrofahrzeugen zur Erbringung von Sys-temdienstleistungen. The research project INEES - Intelligent grid connection of electric vehicles for the provision of system ser-vices Haupt, H.; Baeuml, G.; Kammerlocher, M.; Nannen, H. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 105-115, 11 Seiten, 3 Diagramme, 2 Graphiken, 2 Fotos Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Das Konzept der Bundesregierung Deutschland fuer eine umweltfreundlich, zuverlaessige und bezahlbare Energie-versorgung setzt beim Ausbau erneuerbarer Energietraeger hohe Ziele. Aktuell steht vor allem die elektrische Ener-gieversorgung vor einem Wandel. Immer mehr dezentrale und flexible Einheiten erzeugen Strom und sind dabei von fluktuierenden Faktoren wie Sonneneinstrahlung und Windaufkommen abhaengig. Gleichzeitig gewinnen elektrisch angetriebene Kraftfahrzeuge und deren vorteilhafte intelligente Einbindung in das Energienetz, die im Forschungs-projekt INEES untersucht wird, zunehmend an Bedeutung. ____________________________________________________________ - 284 -

Rollout e-mobility -the next big challenge for network operations and network planning. Markteinführung der Elektromobilität - die nächste grosse Herausforderung für Netzwerkbetrieb und Netz-werkplanung Gaul, A.; Czajkowski, C.; Voit, S.; Uebermasser, S. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 287-303, 17 Seiten, 6 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 1 Graphik, 1 Foto, 9 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Die massenhafte Markteinfuehrung der Elektromobilitaet in Verbindung mit der vermehrten Stromerzeugung aus er-neuerbaren Energiequellen ist eine der groessten Chancen zur CO2 Reduzierung in den naechsten zehn Jahren. Es wird geschaetzt, dass bis 2025 rund fuenf Millionen Elektrofahrzeuge auf den Strassen der ganzen Welt fahren wer-den, die meisten davon in der EU. Eine gross angelegte Einfuehrung von Elektrofahrzeugen wird jedoch nur dann erfolgreich sein, wenn die Erwartungen der Kunden erreicht werden und aktuelle Zwaenge ueberwunden werden. Der Bericht behandelt die naechsten grossen Herausforderungen fuer Netzwerkoperationen und die Netzwerkpla-nung. ____________________________________________________________


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Lightweight, highly efficient drive system. Leichtes, hocheffizientes Antriebssystem Winchester, J.; Favale, A.; Martin, S.A. In: International Congress Drivetrains for Vehicles, Friedrichshafen, DE, 2016.06.21-2016.06.22 - VDI-Berichte * Band 2276 (2016) Seite 667-680, 16 Seiten, 2 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 9 Graphiken, 3 Fotos, 1 Quelle Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag In heutigen Gelaendefahrzeugen werden grosse, schwere und ineffiziente Buersten Gleichstrommotoren oder Induk-tionsmotoren, die mit einem Planetengetriebe gekoppelt sind, verbaut, was mit zahlreichen Nachteilen verbunden ist. Das im Bericht vorgeschlagene integrierte System verwendet eine Oerlikon Drehmoment Nabe und einen Ashwoods Permanent Magnet Motor. So wie diese mit einer Bremsloesung integriert werden, wird das System den Markt ve-raendern. Durch die Permanentmagnettechnologie kann der Motor bis zu 70% leichter, 70% kleiner und 20% effizien-ter sein als konventionelle Motoren fuer Traktionsanwendungen im Gelaende. ____________________________________________________________ - 286 -

Grid integration of electric vehicles. Netzintegration von Elektrofahrzeugen Pfab, X.; Haese, V. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 81-102, 22 Seiten, 5 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 12 Graphiken, 6 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wies-baden BMW hat die E Mobilitaet als einen Schluesselfaktor fuer den kuenftigen Unternehmenserfolg identifiziert und drei Schwerpunkte fuer die zukuenftigen Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet festgeschrieben, von denen der dritte, die Erfuellung der Nachfrage nach einer wirklich nachhaltigen Mobilitaet, der wichtigste ist. Der Bericht behandelt die Gruende fuer die Netzintegration der Elektromobilitaet, die Schwerpunkte Elektromobiliaet gegen Stromnetz und Stromerzeugung, Standpunkte und Anforderungen von E Fahrzeug Kunden, den Uebergang von koventionellen zu alternativen Ener-gieformen und E Mobilitaet, Flexibilitaet in der Batterieaufladung uvm. ____________________________________________________________ - 287 -

Local energy systems for electric mobility. Lokale Energiesysteme für Elektromobilität Prestl, W.; Brendle, B.; Beer, M. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 125-141, 17 Seiten, 7 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 4 Graphiken Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Intelligente Ladekontrollsysteme, die mit Energiesystemen des Fahrzeugherstellers interagieren, zeigten in Simulati-onen und realitaetsnahen Tests, dass sie massgeblich zur Erfuellung der Beduerfnisse von Privatkunden und Flot-tenbetreibern beitragen koennen. Sie senken die Stromkosten durch Nutzung von Eigenerzeugung und verringern die Kapazitaetsbelastung der Komponenten, sichern die Einhaltung von Lastgrenzen und regulativen Anschlussbe-dingungen, erhoehen den Anteil erneuerbarer Energien im Energiemix und vermeiden Spitzenwerte bei der Netzein-speisung. Bei BMW werden attraktive Produkte fuer das Energiemanagement fuer Kunden entwickelt. ____________________________________________________________ - 288 -

Design of Diesel electrical drive systems in off highway applications. Auslegung von dieselelektrischen Antriebssystemen in Off Highway Anwendungen Heuvelmann, P.; Christ, C.; Ried, D. In: International Congress Drivetrains for Vehicles, Friedrichshafen, DE, 2016.06.21-2016.06.22 - VDI-Berichte * Band 2276 (2016) Seite 689-697, 9 Seiten, 14 Graphiken Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag Die Effizienzsteigerung von Gelaendefahrzeugen und selbstfahrenden Arbeitsmaschinen gewinnt im globalen Wett-bewerb zunehmend an Bedeutung. Daher muessen schon in der Auslegungsphase die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen und technischen Aspekte des gesamten Antriebsstrangs sowie allgemeine Anforderungen wie hohe Systemverfueg-barkeit, kurze Instandsetzungszeiten, niedrige Lebensdauerbetriebskosten ua beruecksichtigt werden. Die Firma Liebherr Components ist auf die Auslegung und Produktion dieselelektrischer Antriebssysteme spezialisiert und ent-wickelt in enger Abstimmung mit dem Kunden individuelle Antriebskonzepte. ____________________________________________________________


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System optimization through electrification in agricultural ( and construction) machinery -how to find goal oriented way of electrification?. Systemoptimierung durch Elektrifizierung in landwirtschaftlichen (und Bau) Maschinen - wie kann eine ziel-orientierte Elektrifizierung gefunden werden? Stempfer, G. In: International Congress Drivetrains for Vehicles, Friedrichshafen, DE, 2016.06.21-2016.06.22 - VDI-Berichte * Band 2276 (2016) Seite 627-636, 10 Seiten, 16 Graphiken Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag Landmaschinen und Baumaschinen sind hochtechnisierte komplexe Systeme, fuer die eine weitere Optimierung, einschliesslich Elektrifizierung, erwartet werden kann. Fuer die Erarbeitung und Bewertung neuartiger Systemarchi-tekturen wurde bei der AVL die Systemsimulation fuer Off Road Systeme im Arbeitsprozess eingefuehrt. Produktivi-taetssteigerungen, CO2 Emissionsreduzierung ua werden mit Hilfe der Simulation analysiert und mit der aktuellen Basistechnologie verglichen. Die anhand von Schautafeln behandelte Methode wird zur virtuellen Konzeptausarbei-tung, zur Spezifikation eingesetzter Komponenten oder als Eingangsgroesse fuer den Markt genutzt. ____________________________________________________________ - 290 -

E mobility -a challenge for IT as well!. E Mobilität - eine Herausforderung für IT! Walther, R.; Norrenbrock, R.; Lueschen, H.; Neuendorf, M. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 229-236, 8 Seiten, 1 Tabelle, 6 Graphiken Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Die Markteinfuehrung der Elektromobilitaet faellt mit den Megatrends Energieübergang und Digitalisierung zusam-men. Daher erfolgt sie in einem sich dynamisch veraendernden Energiemarkt und der zunehmenden Automatisie-rung von Prozessen und digitalen Netzwerksystemen. Diese Umwandlung geht in der Energiewirtschaft zeitlich sehr schnell. Auch fuer die Informationstechnologie ist das Innovationstempo sehr hoch. Damit sollen IT Infrastruktur und Applikationen modular und skalierbar gestaltet und zukuenftige Anforderungen bereits vorausgesehen werden. Der Bericht behandelt die Herausforderungen der eMobilitaet fuer die IT Branche. ____________________________________________________________ - 291 -

Case study - China's regulatory impact on electric mobility development and the effects on power generation and distribution grid. Fallstudie - Chinas regulatorische Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung der Elektromobilität und die Effekte auf Stromerzeugung und Stromverteilung. Zhu, G.; Tomoki Hein, C.; Ding, Q. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 13-29, 17 Seiten, 4 Diagramme, 3 Tabellen, 3 Graphiken, 2 Fotos, 21 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachme-dien Wiesbaden Seit Einfuehrung des Projekts Neue Energiefahrzeuge (NEV) bieten mehrere inlaendische Automobilhersteller Pro-dukte dieser Kategorie an. Unterstuetzt durch die Politik der Restriktionen und Subventionen, startete der Absatz von NEV mit einer Zunahme von 200000 Personenkraftwagen im Jahr 2015. Elektrisch angetriebene Autos sind ein wich-tiger NEV Typ in der Entwicklung in China und stehen im Mittelpunkt der im Bericht praesentierten Fallstudie. Ange-sprochen werden die NEV Entwicklung, die Infrastrukturentwicklung fuer NEV Markt und die Effekte von elektrisch angetriebenen Autos auf das Stromnetz in China sowie Schlussfolgerungen. ____________________________________________________________ - 292 -

The grid friendly integration of shiftable loads -the approaches from the EnBW project 'Flexible Power to Heat' also suitable for electric vehicles. Die netztaugliche Integration schaltbarer Lasten - Ansätze aus dem EnBW Projekt 'Flexible Power to Heat' eignen sich auch für Elektrofahrzeuge. Wiechmann, H. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 239-252, 14 Seiten, 2 Diagramme, 2 Graphiken, 9 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Die Energiewende ist eine der zentralen Aufgaben, zu denen sich Politik und Gesellschaft verpflichtet haben. Im Rahmen des Energieuebergangs werden die fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien (RE), vor allem Wind und Solar, massiv ausgebaut. In fast allen Wirtschaftssektoren, auch im Verkehrssektor, wird durch die Substitution fossiler E-nergien die Elektrifizierung verstaerkt. Fuer die Einbeziehung grosser Mengen fluktuierender RE innerhalb des Ener-giesystems muessen innovative Ansaetze zur Verbesserung des Gleichgewichts zwischen Erzeugung und Nachfrage entwickelt werden. Lastmanagement und Flexibilitaet sind dabei wie im berichteten Pilotprojekt gezeigt, wesentlich. ____________________________________________________________



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Hybridgetriebe mit Elektromotor. Hybrid transmission with electric motor anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 119 (2017) Heft 1 1, Seite 34, 1 Seite, 1 Graphik Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Nach dem Future Hybrid 7 Mode bringen die AVL Entwickler nun die zweite Generation der innovativen Getriebeloe-sung auf den Markt. Das im Kurzartikel vorgestellte AVL Future Hybrid 8 Mode besteht aus vier Schaltelementen - zwei Kupplungen und zwei Bremsen. Mit diesen und einem modifizierten Ravigneaux koennen fuenf Hybridmodi so-wie zwei rein elektrische und ein eCVT Betriebsmodus dargestellt werden. Eine Besonderheit ist weiter, dass der E Motor als integrales Element Funktionalitaeten des Getriebes uebernimmt. So koennen zB teure Anfahrelemente oder der Rueckwaertsgang eingespart und durch den E Motor ersetzt werden - mit positiven Effekten auf Gewicht, Bauraum, Kosten. ____________________________________________________________ - 294 -

Skalierbares Hybridgetriebe. Scalable hybrid transmission anonym In: Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift : ATZ * Band 119 (2017) Heft 1 1, Seite 35, 1 Seite, 1 Graphik Wiesbaden: Sprin-ger Fachmedien Wiesbaden Hybridantriebe leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verringerung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und der Emissionen von Automobilen. Doch der globale Markt erfordert massgeschneiderte Loesungen fuer unterschiedliche regionale Anfor-derungen. Das Getrag Torque Split Hybridgetriebe kann vom Mild Hybrid mit 48 V bis zum Plug in Hybrid mit bis zu 400 V skaliert werden. Er bietet zudem alle Vorteile der dritten Doppelkupplungsgetriebe Generation des Herstellers. An der IAA zeigte Getrag zwei Varianten des 7HDT300 mit 48 und 400 V sowie das neue 6HDT200 in der Version als Mild Hybrid. Der Kurzartikel informiert ueber das neue skalierbare Hybridgetriebe von Getrag. ____________________________________________________________ - 295 -

Smart charging in daily routine -expectations, experiences and preferences of potential users. Intelligente Batterieaufladung im Alltag - Erwartungen, Erfahrungen und Vorlieben potentieller Nutzer Schmalfuss, F.; Kreusslein, M.; Mair, C.; Doebelt, S. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 33-47, 15 Seiten, 2 Diagramme, 1 Tabelle, 1 Graphik, 13 Quellen Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesba-den Batterie Elektrofahrzeuge (BEV) sind eine viel versprechende Loesung zur Reduzierung der CO2 Emissionen und langfristig zur Verringerung der Abhaengigkeit vom Oel. Im Energiesektor sind sie jedoch eine zusaetzliche Heraus-forderung und fuehren uU zu hoeherem Energieverbrauch und zur Notwendigkeit, der Bilanzierung von Energiever-sorgung und Energienachfrage. Mit intelligenten Aufladungstechnologien koennten BEVs zu einem wertvollen Balan-cewerkzeug in intelligenten Energienetzen werden, indem sie als Energieverbraucher und Energiespeicher einge-setzt werden. Erwartungen, Erfahrungen und Praeferenzen der Nutzer intelligenter Ladesysteme werden eroertert. ____________________________________________________________ - 296 -

Wie Fahrzeugbatterien die Energiemärkte revolutionieren. Unlock the value of electric vehicles batteries Fendt, M. In: International ATZ Conference ; 1, Berlin, DE, 2016.05.30-2016.05.31 - International ATZ Conference * (2016) Seite 31-32, 2 Seiten Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Die Aktivitaeten der Spezialisten des Muenchner Unternehmens The Mobility House sind darauf gerichtet, die Ener-giewende voranzutreiben und eine emissionsfreie Zukunft zu ermoeglichen. Durch innovative Loesungen fuer die Batterieaufladung und die Energiespeicherung verhalfen sie der Elektromobilitaet zum Durchbruch und verringern die Kosten fuer elektrisch angetriebene Kraftfahrzeuge. Die entwickelten Technologien ermoeglichen die Integration von Elektrofahrzeugen in das Stromnetz als aggregierter Schwarmspeicher fahrender Elektroautos oder als staionaere Speicher aus Fahrzeugbatterien. Abgedruckt ist lediglich das Kurzreferat. ____________________________________________________________

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01 - 2017 · TecScan Journal > Editorial . Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, Sie informieren sich mit dem...

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