TecScan Journal - OPUS 4 · TecScan Journal . Elektromobilität . 08 - 2013 . Die TecScan Journals...

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TecScan Journal

Elektromobilität 08 - 2013

Die TecScan Journals der WTI sind regelmäßig erscheinende Publikationen, die zu technischen Fachgebieten aktuelle Literaturnachweise aus der internationalen Fachliteratur enthalten. Für die Auswahl der Literaturnachweise werden laufend über 1400 in- und ausländische Fachzeitschriften sowie auch Forschungs- und Tagungsberichte, Dissertationen und Bücher überwacht und ausgewertet

Muster eines Literaturnachweises Lfd. Nummer (siehe Register) - 001 - Schlagwörter Energiepotenzial; Ressourcenwirtschaft; Urban-Mining Verfasser Franke, Matthias; Mocker, Mario; Löh, Ingrid Verfasserzugehörigkeit ATZ Entwicklungszentrum, Sulzbach-Rosenberg, DE Originaltitel, ggf. Übersetzung Urban Mining - Wertstoffgewinnung aus Abfalldeponien. Dokumentart Zeitschriftenaufsatz Inhaltsangabe Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Verknappung und Verteuerung sowohl von

Energierohstoffen als auch sonstiger Rohstoffe wie bspw. Metalle und Mineralien gewinnt das Recycling dieser Rohstoffe aus anthropogenen Lagerstätten zunehmend an Bedeutung. ……….

Bibliografische Angaben Urban Mining - Wertstoffgewinnung aus Abfalldeponien. / Franke, Matthias; Mocker, Mario; Löh, Ingrid – In: Wasser und Abfall * Band 13 (2011) Heft 3, Seite 40-46 (7 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 13 Quellen)

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Erläuterungen zu Sonderzeichen und Abkürzungen

Zeichenart Umschreibung Originalschreibweise

Exponenten 10(exp 2) 102

U(exp 3/2) U3/2

(a+b) (exp -2) (a+b)-2

Indizes P(ind mech) pmecha(ind 21) a21

Chemische Formeln Si304 Si3O4CO2 CO2

Mischkristalle Ni(0,66)Fe(2,34)O(4) Ni0,66Fe2,34O4Al(x)Ga(1-x)Sb AlxGa(1-x)Sb

Isotopen 238.U 238U3.He 3He

Ionen (SO4)(--) (SO4)--

Cr(3+) Cr+++

Metallegierungen Cu75Sn5Zn11Ni9 Cu75Sn5Zn11Ni9

Griechische Buchstaben sind ausgeschrieben, Großbuchstaben mit großem Anfangsbuchstaben undKleinbuchstaben mit kleinem Anfangsbuchstaben.μ oder Ω können außerdem noch folgendermaßen umschrieben werden:

Zehnerpotenz 10-6 mikro ”micro” μMikrometer (10-6m) Mikron od. mikron ”micron” μmelektr. Widerstand Ohm Ω

Bei den nachfolgend aufgeführten Umschreibungen ist in Anführungszeichen ”...“ die in englischen Texten verwendete Schreib-weise angegeben.

Sonstige ZeichenAngström Ae ”A.U.” (Angstrom Unit) Å

Promille ”per thousand” ‰Dollar ”dollar” $engl. Pfund ”pounds” £Stern ”asterisk” *

Winkelgrad deg ”deg of angle” °Grad Celsius Grad C °CGrad Fahrenheit Grad F ”deg F” °FGrad Reaumur Grad R ”deg R” °R

Mathematische Symbole sind in Einzelfällen durch erlaubte Zeichen ersetzt:z.B. die verschiedenen Klammern,{ [ erscheinen als ( und } ] als ).

Im allgemeinen sind mathematische Symbole umschrieben.Beispiele:3√ 3. Wurzel aus ”cube root of” 3√ƒ Integral von ”integral of” ƒ∞ unendlich ”infinite od. infinity” ∞s(t) s(Punkt)t ”s(dot)t” s(t)s(t) s(zwei Punkt)t ”s(two dots)t” s(t)∅ Durchmesser ”diameter” ∅± plus/minus ±

Zehnerpotenzen da oder Deka 101

h oder Hekto 102

k oder Kilo 103

M oder Mega 106

G oder Giga 109

T oder Tera 1012

P oder Peta 1015

E oder Exa 1018

d oder Dezi 10-1

c oder Zenti 10-2

m oder Milli 10-3

Mikro 10-6

n oder Nano 10-9

p oder Piko 10-12

f oder Femto 10-15

a oder Atto 10-18

Bei Einheiten werden die üblichen (genormten) Abkürzungen verwendet.

· ··· ··

TecScan Journal EMO Heft 08-2013 Seite 1

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Elektromobilität und Umwelt ........................................................................................6

Ökobilanzmodelle für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien.......................................................................................... 6 AutoTram Extra Grand - innovativer Technologieträger für den ÖPNV ................................................... 6 Vom Hybridbus zum vollelektrischen Bus................................................................................................. 6 At what extent the benefits of introducing alternative light-duty vehicles offset those of increasing the buses average occupancy? ................................................................................................................ 7 Impact of adaptation on flex-fuel vehicle emissions when fueled with E40.............................................. 7 Life cycle assessment in support of sustainable transportation ............................................................... 8 Electromobility in Finland.......................................................................................................................... 9 Consumer attitudes towards battery electric vehicles: a large-scale survey ............................................ 9 Evidence Theory and Fuzzy Relational Calculus in Estimation of Health Effects Due to Air Pollution .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Zukunft der Automobilindustrie. Innovationsreport ................................................................................. 10 Konzepte der Elektromobilität und deren Bedeutung für Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt. Innovationsreport .................................................................................................................................... 11 Dynamic electronic horizon as an enabler of enhanced active green driving for hybrid commercial vehicles application................................................................................................................................. 12 Elektromobilität kommt in kleinen Etappen voran................................................................................... 12 Der Wandel der Mobilität zwischen Idealismus & Realismus................................................................. 13 The classic powertrain and its potential still indispensible?.................................................................... 13 Fortschrittliche Diesel Antriebsstränge - der Weg zur Erreichung zukünftiger CO(ind 2)-Flottenziele.............................................................................................................................................. 14 Hintergrundpapier: Energieverbrauch und Energieträger im Straßenverkehr bis 2025 ......................... 15 Total Cost of Ownership Model for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles .................................................... 16

Antriebssysteme..........................................................................................................17

Study of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Topologies for Electric Scooter Application ......... 17 Multi-Phase Linear Generator for Electric Vehicle Applications ............................................................. 17 Effizienter Alles-Schlucker. Der Freikolbenlineargenerator verhilft Elektroautos zu mehr Reichweite und arbeitet mit unterschiedlichen Kraftstoffen.................................................................... 18 Antriebsstrangkonfigurationen: Identifikation optimaler Antriebsstrangkonfigurationen für Elektrofahrzeuge. Forschungsvorhaben Nr. 641 I. Abschlussbericht, ................................................... 18 Auslegungsmethodik für energieeffiziente Antriebsstränge in industriell eingesetzten Schwerlastfahrzeugen ............................................................................................................................ 19 Leistungsflussmessungen am Traktor als Grundlage der Konzeption hybrider Antriebe ...................... 19 Betrachtung der Hybridisierung und Elektrifizierung mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen - Erkenntnisse aus Fahrzeugversuchen und theoretischen Untersuchungen....................................................................... 19 Einflussfaktoren des Getriebes auf die Effizienz elektrischer Traktionsantriebe.................................... 20 A simple and efficient mild air hybrid engine concept and its performance analysis.............................. 20 Integration of a dual-mode Si-HCCI engine into various vehicle architectures ...................................... 21 Modellbasierte Kalibration von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen (HyHab(R)). Verlagerung der Kalibration von der Teststrecke auf den Rollen- und Antriebstrangprüfstand ........................................ 22 Plattformspezifische Modellierungsansätze zur Hardware-in-the-Loop-Simulation von elektrischen Antrieben ............................................................................................................................ 22 Optimal modular vehicle dynamic control of by-wire vehicles ................................................................ 23 Replacement of the friction brake by a wheel hub drive......................................................................... 23 Radnabenantrieb: Systemerprobung am Prüfstand und im Fahrzeug ................................................... 24 Hub bearing loadings and lifetime for in-wheel motors........................................................................... 24 Charakterisierung eines mechatronisch integrierten Achs-Antriebssystems für Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeuge..................................................................................................................................... 25

Fahrzeugelektronik, IKT..............................................................................................26

Optimized Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Genetic Algorithm................................................................................................................................................. 26 Contour Positioning System - New Traveling Distance Estimation Method for Electric Vehicle ............ 26 The hybrid RFNN control for a PMSM drive electric scooter using rotor flux estimator ......................... 27 Optimal control of an electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle .............................................. 27 Analyse und robuste Drehschwingungsregelung für elektrische Fahrzeuge mit Einzelradantrieb ........ 28

____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Kupplungsschlupfregelung als Teil eines Gesamtkonzepts zur Antriebsstrangsteuerung eines Parallelhybridfahrzeugs .......................................................................................................................... 28 Leerlaufregelung eines Hybridantriebsstrangs ....................................................................................... 28 Ein Konzept für ein elektrohydraulisches Bremssystem mit adaptivem Bremsgefühl............................ 29 Robust vehicle observer to enhance torque vectoring in an EV............................................................. 29 Solving a hybrid optimal control problem including gear changes and different drive modes................ 30 Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz von Bussen durch innovative Elektrik/Elektronik Systeme ............ 30

Energiespeicherung, Energiewandler .......................................................................32

Rapid characterization of lithium ion battery electrolytes and thermal aging products by low-temperature plasma ambient ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry ......................................... 32 Erste Erfahrungen mit Batteriespeichern. Zwei Projekte zeigen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen auf ......... 32 High performance lithium ion battery anodes based on carbon nanotube-silicon core-shell nanowires with controlled morphology.................................................................................................... 33 Slot-die processing of lithium-ion battery electrodes; Coating window characterization........................ 33 An observer looks at the cell temperature in automotive battery packs ................................................. 34 Facile synthesis of porous NiO hollow microspheres and its electrochemical lithium-storage performance............................................................................................................................................ 34 Li(exp +) conducting polymer electrolyte based on ionic liquid for lithium and lithium-ion batteries ...... 34 Synthesis and electrochemical performance of hierarchically porous carbon-supported PDMcT-PANI composite for lithium-ion batteries................................................................................................. 35 Porous TiO(ind 2)(B)/anatase microspheres with hierarchical nano and microstructures for high-performance lithium-ion batteries ........................................................................................................... 35 Mesoporous LiFePO(ind 4) microspheres for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries .................................. 36 On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage ........ 36 Challenges of non-aqueous Li-O(ind 2) batteries: Electrolytes, catalysts, and anodes ......................... 37 Precipitation in aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries: A model-based analysis.......................................... 37 Modeling and parametric simulations of solid oxide fuel cells with methane carbon dioxide reforming................................................................................................................................................. 38 Effects of dimethyl ether on the performance characteristics of a direct methanol fuel cell................... 38 Optimization of purge cycle for dead-ended anode fuel cell operation .................................................. 39 Study on shape error effect of metallic bipolar plate on the GDL contact pressure distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel cell...................................................................................................... 39 On-line monitoring of capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries .................................................................... 40 1,2,4,5-Tetramethoxybenzene as a redox shuttle and their analogues in Li-ion batteries..................... 40 Effects of temperature and pressure on the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell running on steam reformate of kerosene.................................................................................................................. 41 A computationally efficient hybrid 3D analytic-numerical approach for modelling species transport in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell............................................................................................... 41 Facile preparation of porous FeF(ind 3) nanospheres as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries................................................................................................................................. 42 Single-crystalline nanotubes of spinel lithium nickel manganese oxide with lithium titanate anode for high-rate lithium ion batteries ............................................................................................................ 42 Electrochemical investigation of carbonate-based electrolytes for high voltage lithium-ion cells .......... 43 In-situ observation of inhomogeneous degradation in large format Li-ion cells by neutron diffraction................................................................................................................................................. 43 Lithium secondary batteries working at very high temperature: Capacity fade and understanding of aging mechanisms .............................................................................................................................. 44 Particle filter for state of charge and state of health estimation for lithium-iron phosphate batteries ..... 44 On-board state-of-health monitoring of lithium-ion batteries using linear parameter-varying models..................................................................................................................................................... 45 Health diagnosis and remaining useful life prognostics of lithium-ion batteries using data-driven methods .................................................................................................................................................. 45 Electrochemical stability of lithium salicylato-borates as electrolyte additives in Li-ion batteries........... 45 Analysis of ageing inhomogeneities in lithium-ion battery systems........................................................ 46 Model-based investigation of electric vehicle battery aging by means of vehicle-to-grid scenario simulations .............................................................................................................................................. 47 Influence of relaxation time on the lifetime of commercial lithium-ion cells ............................................ 47 A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles ................... 48 Synthesis and evaluation of carbon-coated Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) loaded on graphene nanosheets as an anode material for high performance lithium ion batteries................................................................. 48 An electrochemically roughened Cu current collector for Si-based electrode in Li-ion batteries ........... 49



Prognostics of lithium-ion batteries based on relevance vectors and a conditional three-parameter capacity degradation model .................................................................................................. 49 Battery state of the charge estimation using Kalman filtering................................................................. 50 A ternary Pt/MnO(ind 2)/graphene nanohybrid with an ultrahigh electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation.................................................................................................................................. 50 Surface modifications of Li-ion battery electrodes with various ultrathin amphoteric oxide coatings for enhanced cycleability......................................................................................................................... 51 The Li-ion rechargeable battery: A perspective...................................................................................... 51 The use of an emulsion templated microcellular poly(dicyclopentadiene-co-norbornene) membrane as a separator in lithium-ion batteries .................................................................................. 52 Multiple parameter monitoring in a direct methanol fuel cell .................................................................. 52 An approximate solution for electrolyte concentration distribution in physics-based lithium-ion cell models..................................................................................................................................................... 53 State of charge estimation for electric vehicle batteries using unscented kalman filtering .................... 53 An ensemble model for predicting the remaining useful performance of lithium-ion batteries............... 54 Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery with unscented particle filter technique.............. 54 An improved autoregressive model by particle swarm optimization for prognostics of lithium-ion batteries .................................................................................................................................................. 55 Modeling of the diffusion phenomenon in a lithium-ion cell using frequency or time domain identification ............................................................................................................................................ 55 Prognostics for state of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on combination Gaussian process functional regression ................................................................................................................. 55 A hierarchical hybrid design for high performance tin based Li-ion battery anodes............................... 56 Low-temperature aqueous-phase methanol dehydrogenation to hydrogen and carbon dioxide ........... 56 A review of current automotive battery technology and future prospects............................................... 57 Effects of operating parameters on hydrogen crossover rate through Nafion(exp (R)) membranes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells............................................................................................. 57 Flexible energy storage devices based on carbon nanotube forests with built-in metal electrodes....... 58 Simulation of surface reactions and multiscale transport processes in a composite anode domain relevant for solid oxide fuel cells............................................................................................................. 58 Classification and fault detection methods for fuel cell monitoring and quality control........................... 59 Effect of gas diffusion layer with double-side microporous layer coating on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance ............................................................................................................ 59 Three-dimensional simulation - based optimum design of direct methanol fuel cell system.................. 60 Vorausschauendes HV-Batteriemanagement für E-Hybrid LKW im Fernverkehr.................................. 60 Modellierung einer Li-Ionen Batterie für die Anwendung in Fahrerassistenzsystemen für Elektrofahrzeuge..................................................................................................................................... 61 Innovations in the area of lithium-ion batteries realized in "Coup-E" - an 800 V electric car.................. 61 Entwicklung von sicheren und zuverlässigen Batterien für X-EVS......................................................... 62 Systematische Ermittlung des Einflusses von interner und externer Streuung auf komplexe Systeme am Beispiel von Li-Ionen Batteriesystemen in der Automobilindustrie.................................... 62 Untersuchung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen und deren Alterungseffekten: Charakterisierung und Bewertung von Materialkomponenten für Lithium-Ionen-Zellen basierend auf Benchmark- und Alterungstests mit besonderen Fokus auf die Inaktivmaterialien Binder und Separatoren.................... 63 Energiespeicher-Monitoring für die Elektromobilität (EMOTOR). Länderbericht. Förderkennzeichen: 03X4616A .............................................................................................................. 63

Elektrische Ladetechnologie ......................................................................................65

Aufladen 2.0. "Intelligentes" Lastmanagement ....................................................................................... 65 Day-ahead tariffs for the alleviation of distribution grid congestion from electric vehicles ..................... 65 Modeling the impact of electric vehicle charging on heat transfer around underground cables ............ 65 Sensitivity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle economics to drive patterns, electric range, energy management, and charge strategies ...................................................................................................... 66 Co-benefits of large scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and solar PV deployment .............................. 66 Fast charging technique for high power lithium iron phosphate batteries: A cycle life analysis............. 67 Charging time and loss optimization for LiNMC and LiFePO(ind 4) batteries based on equivalent circuit models .......................................................................................................................................... 67 Analysis of a PV powered charging station for electric vehicles............................................................. 68



Energienetze, -verteilung............................................................................................69

Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renewable energy sources...................................................................................................................... 69 Optimal plug-in hybrid electric vehicles recharge in distribution power systems.................................... 69 Speichersysteme für eine verbesserte Netzintegration von Photovoltaikanlagen.................................. 70 Digitalisiertes Verteilungsnetz für die Stromversorgung. Internet der Energie....................................... 70 Measurement-based load modeling for smart grid planning .................................................................. 71 Renewables integration in distribution grids. Examples of system-wide analyses................................. 71 Solar power management for smart grids with storage systems............................................................ 72 Local energy storage - the next level of PV grid integration ................................................................... 73

Neue Materialien und Recycling.................................................................................74

Crosslinked Hexafluoropropylidene Polybenzimidazole Membranes with Chloromethyl Polysulfone for Fuel Cell Applications .................................................................................................... 74 RuO(ind 2)-SiO(ind 2) mixed oxides as corrosion-resistant catalyst supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells................................................................................................................................. 74 Graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance and high conductivity .............................................................................................................................. 75 Formation of Nanostructured MnO/Co/Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Ternary Composites as a Durable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries................................................................................... 75 Exploring polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate for thermally resistant polymer electrolyte of lithium batteries....................................................................................................................................... 76 FePO(ind 4) nanoparticles embedded in a large mesoporous carbon matrix as a high-capacity and high-rate cathode for lithium-ion batteries ....................................................................................... 76 Preparation and electrochemical study of Mn-doped Li(ind 9)V(ind 3)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2) cathode material for lithium ion batteries................................................................ 76 Co(ind 3)O(ind 4)-coated TiO(ind 2) nanotube composites synthesized through photo-deposition strategy with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries ................................................................ 77 Facile preparation of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs composite with high-rate performance for lithium ion battery ......................................................................................................... 78 Graphene-CeO(ind 2) hybrid support for Pt nanoparticles as potential electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells .................................................................................................................................. 78 Synthesis of nanosized Fe-Mn based Li-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion battery via a simple method .................................................................................................................................................... 79 A Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) nanoparticle/carbon aerogel composite for use as an anode material for lithium ion batteries ................................................................................................................................. 79 New insight into liquid electrolyte of rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery ................................................ 80 Effects of fuel velocity in anode channel on power generation property of tubular solid oxide fuel cells using LaGaO(ind 3) electrolyte film ................................................................................................ 80 Ball-milled Li(ind 7)MnN(ind 4): An attractive negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries ....... 81 Use of polypyrrole in catalysts for low temperature fuel cells................................................................. 81 Gießtechnik im Fahrzeugbau (6. Folge) ................................................................................................. 81 Studies on elements diffusion of Mn/Co coated ferritic stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects application ........................................................................................................................ 82 Chemical modification of polysulfone: Composite anionic exchange membrane with TiO(ind 2) nano-particles ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Terminally-crosslinked poly(ether sulfone) block copolymer, as a highly selective and stable polymer electrolyte membrane for DMFC applications........................................................................... 83 The impact of ink rheology on the properties of screen-printed solid oxide fuel cell anodes ................. 84 Thermochemical compatibility and polarization behaviors of La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.8)Ni(ind 0.2)O(ind 3-delta ) as a cathode material for solid oxide fuel cell.......................................... 84 Analysis of solid oxide fuel cell system concepts with anode recycling ................................................. 85 Electrospinning La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.2)Fe(ind 0.8)O(ind 3-delta ) tubes impregnated with Ce(ind 0.8)Gd(ind 0.2)O(ind 1.9) nanoparticles for an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell cathode ...................................................................................................................................... 85 Electrochemical performance and thermal property of electrospun PPESK/PVDF/PPESK composite separator for lithium-ion battery............................................................................................. 86 Novel proton exchange membranes with dimensional stability and permeability resistance based on sulfonate polynorbornenes ................................................................................................................ 86 Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) prepared by a modified citric acid sol-gel method for lithium-ion battery ..... 87



Synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiVO(ind 3) cathode materials for lithium ion batteries .................................................................................................................................................. 87 Development of a novel and safer energy storage system using a graphite cathode and Nb(ind 2)O(ind 5) anode..................................................................................................................................... 87 Sr-rich chromium ferrites as symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell electrodes .............................................. 88 In-situ controllable synthesis and performance investigation of carbon-coated monoclinic and hexagonal LiMnBO(ind 3) composites as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries ............................. 88 Composition optimization of multilayered chromium-nitride-carbon film on 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells ........................................................................ 89 Carbon-rich SiCN ceramics as high capacity/high stability anode material for lithium-ion batteries...... 89 Simply AlF(ind 3)-treated Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) composite anode materials for stable and ultrahigh power lithium-ion batteries ....................................................................................................... 90 Graphene-coated plastic film as current collector for lithium/sulfur batteries ......................................... 90 Surface structure and high-rate performance of spinel Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) coated with N-doped carbon as anode material for lithium-ion batteries....................................................................... 91 One-pot synthesis of three-dimensional SnS(ind 2) hierarchitectures as anode material for lithium-ion batteries................................................................................................................................. 91 Mechanical and electrochemical performance of composite cathode contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells ........................................................................................................................................ 92 Effect of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on cyclic performance of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) anodes for Li ion batteries....................................................................................................................... 92 Graphene/MnO(ind 2)-based composites reduced via different chemical agents for supercapacitors....................................................................................................................................... 93 Electrochemical investigation of Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7)-Ce(ind 0.8)Sm(ind 0.2)O(ind 2) composite cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells..................................... 93 Cellular porous polyvinylidene fluoride composite membranes for lithium-ion batteries........................ 94 Review and prospect of layered lithium nickel manganese oxide as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries .................................................................................................................................................. 94 Preparation, structure, and electrochemistry of layered polyanionic hydroxysulfates: LiMSO(ind 4)OH (M = Fe, Co, Mn) electrodes for Li-ion batteries ........................................................................... 95 Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline/MnO(ind 2)/graphite felt as free-standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors ................................................................................................................. 95 Oxygen Ionic Transport in Brownmillerite-Type Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ) and Calcium Ferrite-Based Composite Membranes.................................................................................................... 96 Poly(ethylene glycol) plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as alkaline anion-exchange membrane for potential fuel cell applications.............................. 97 Konzeption einer automatischen Demontageanlage für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien .................................. 97 Plastics-based lightweight construction in commercial vehicles............................................................. 98 Leichtbaukompetenz aus Dresden soll Elektromobile voranbringen...................................................... 98 Flexibles Walzen von Aluminium - ein innovativer Beitrag für den automobilen Leichtbau ................... 99 Stahl als Rückgrat des Automobilleichtbaus........................................................................................... 99 Thermoplastic matrix systems for automotive applications .................................................................. 100

Sicherheit ...................................................................................................................101

Lightweight design of vehicle parameters under crashworthiness using conservative surrogates ...... 101 The impact of artificial vehicle sounds for pedestrians on driver stress ............................................... 101 Spannung garantiert. Ausblick: Technologie von Hochvoltbatterien und notwendiges Know-how für den fachgerechten Umgang damit .................................................................................................. 102 Wo viel Energie komprimiert wird, steigt auch das Gefahrenrisiko ...................................................... 102 "S" wie Sicherheit (MB S-Klasse) ......................................................................................................... 103 Laserverfestigte Fahrzeugcrashstrukturen. Wie die Fahrzeugmasse gesenkt und gleichzeitig die Crashsicherheit gesteigert werden kann .............................................................................................. 103 Entwicklung einer anforderungsgerechten und kosteneffizienten Karosserie für ein Elektro-Fahrzeug im Purpose-Design ............................................................................................................... 104 Herausforderungen in der Crashauslegung von Elektrofahrzeugen .................................................... 104 Flammability Characterization of Lithium-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage............................................... 105

Autorenregister..........................................................................................................106

Schlagwortregister ....................................................................................................113



Elektromobilität und Umwelt - 001 - Elektromobilität, Ökobilanz, Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Baumann, Michael; Held, Michael Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik (IBP), Stuttgart, DE Ökobilanzmodelle für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien Environmental balance-sheet for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Um die Vorteile der Elektromobilität im Vergleich zur heutigen verbrennungsmotorbasierten Mobilität dar-zustellen, ist die quantitative Erfassung der ökologischen Auswirkungen entlang des Batterielebenswegs notwendig. Eine in Wissenschaft und Industrie anerkannte Methode zur Analyse der ökologischen Aus-wirkungen entlang des Lebenswegs ist die Ökobilanz. Der Beitrag beschreibt ein hierarchisches Ökobi-lanzmodell für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, auf dessen Basis Untersuchungen für Batterievarianten für Zellen mit Lithium-Nickel-Mangan-Kobalt-Oxid-Kathoden und für Zellen mit Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Kathoden durchgeführt wurden. Zur Berechnung wird die Ökobilanzsoftware GaBi6 mit der zugehörigen Datenbank GaBi professional der Firma PE International AG eingesetzt. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Ökobilanzmodelle für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien / Baumann, Michael; Held, Michael In: e:tek. Elektrotechnik & Automation für Erneuerbare Energien (2013) 2, S.50-51 (2 Seiten, 1 Bild) _____________________________________________________ - 002 - Gelenkomnibus, Hybridantrieb, Lenksteuerung Knote, Thoralf; Schubert, Jan; Wagner, Sebastian Fraunhofer-Institut für Verkehrs- und Infrastruktursysteme (IVI), Dresden, DE AutoTram Extra Grand - innovativer Technologieträger für den ÖPNV AutoTram Extra Grand - Innovative Technology provider for public transportation network Zeitschriftenaufsatz Die AutoTram Extra Grand vereint die Vorteile konventioneller Busse hinsichtlich Flexibilität und niedriger Kosten mit der hohen Beförderungskapazität von Straßenbahnen. Ohne besondere Anforderungen an die Infrastruktur können bis zu 250 Fahrgäste befördert werden. Ein hybrides Antriebssystem sowie eine ausgefeilte Lenkregelung ermöglichen eine hohe Einsatzflexibilität. Die gut 30 m lange, aus drei mit Ge-lenken verbundenen Fahrzeugsegmenten bestehende Auto Tram hat insgesamt fünf Achsen, von denen die zweite und die fünfte von luftgekühlten Elektromotoren mit einer Nennleistung von je 160 kW ange-trieben werden. Ein Dieselgenerator mit einer maximalen elektrischen Leistung von 220 kW deckt als pri-märes Powerpack die Grundlast ab. Ein weiterer Dieselmotor und zwei Generatoren können bei Bedarf als sekundäres Powerpack eine zusätzliche Leistung von 235 kW bereitstellen. Darüber hinaus stehen eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie und ein Superkondensatorspeicher für die Aufnahme zurückgewonnener Bremsenergie zur Verfügung. Bis auf die zweite Achse werden alle Achsen konventionell oder elektro-hydraulisch mithilfe einer speziellen Lenkregelung gelenkt, wodurch eine hohe Manövrierfähigkeit erzielt wird. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) AutoTram Extra Grand - innovativer Technologieträger für den ÖPNV / Knote, Thoralf; Schubert, Jan; Wagner, Sebastian In: eb - Elektrische Bahnen 111 (2013) 5, S.298-302 (5 Seiten, 6 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 003 - Hybridantrieb, Elektrobus, Förderprogramm Soffel, Christian CDB VerkehrsConsult Dresden-Berlin, Dresden, DE Vom Hybridbus zum vollelektrischen Bus From the hybrid bus to the fully electrical bus Zeitschriftenaufsatz Hybridbusse gehören zunehmend zum Alltagsbild des ÖPNV in Ballungsräumen. Doch sie stellen nur eine Zwischenstufe auf dem Weg zum vollelektrischen Bus dar. Der Entwicklungsweg ist vorgezeichnet



und hängt von Fortschritten in der Energiespeichertechnologie und im Fahrzeugbau ab. Aus wirtschaftli-cher Sicht sind bis auf weiteres praktikable und auskömmliche Fördermaßnahmen erforderlich, um die Elektromobilität im ÖPNV und damit vor einem Millionenpublikum zu positionieren. Der Beitrag stellt zu-nächst die Ergebnisse des vom BMU (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicher-heit) geförderten Programms 'Hybridbusse für einen umweltfreundlichen ÖPNV' vor, in dessen Rahmen 21 Gelenk- und 29 Solobusse verschiedener Hersteller beschafft und im Linieneinsatz erprobt wurden. Die Verfügbarkeit der Hybridbusse erreichte dabei Werte (bereinigt) zwischen 91 % und 98 % bei einer durchschnittlichen Kraftstoffeinsparung von 15 % bis 16 %. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, dass aufgrund der hohen Anschaffungskosten, ohne eine angemessene Förderung, kein wirtschaftlicher Betrieb möglich war. Im Weiteren werden die Anforderungen an einen rein elektrisch angetriebenen Bus definiert und mögliche Entwicklungspfade aufgezeigt. Die Diskussion der wirtschaftlichen Aspekte erläutert die derzei-tige Förderpraxis für Elektrobusse und weist auf die Notwendigkeit weiterer Fördermaßnahmen hin. (Pub-likationssprache: Deutsch) Vom Hybridbus zum vollelektrischen Bus / Soffel, Christian In: eb - Elektrische Bahnen 111 (2013) 5, S.303-309 (7 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 004 - Elektrofahrzeug, Emission, Energieverbrauch, Vergleich Silva, Carla Instituto de Engenharia Mecanica (IDMEC), Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisboa, PT At what extent the benefits of introducing alternative light-duty vehicles offset those of increasing the buses average occupancy? Zeitschriftenaufsatz This paper quantifies the energy and emissions benefits of introducing electric drive vehicles (pure elec-tric, plug-in hybrid and fuel cell) on a conventional light-duty fleet (LDV) versus promoting the intensifica-tion of the public transportation use by means of mode-shifting and increased average bus occupancy. The impact is assessed in terms of energy, local pollutants, HC, CO, NOx, PM, and global emissions of CO(ind 2). The specific fleet of Portugal is used as case study. This fleet has roughly 6 million LDV (30% diesel, 70% gasoline) and 15,000 buses, with a mobility indicator of 106 thousand million passengerxkm (pkm). Probability density functions for energy consumption and emissions are derived for conventional, electric drive vehicles, and buses, avoiding considering one representative vehicle of each. Scenarios of 30-50% conventional fleet replacement is compared against scenarios of bus occupancy increase from 20% to 80%. The increased bus occupancy is made by mode-shifting from conventional LDV vehicles keeping the mobility pkm and bus supply. The co-benefit of congestion level decrease due to mode-shifting is explored. The effect of different electricity mixes is also analyzed. The methodology used al-lowed obtaining likelihood functions for energy consumption and emissions for each scenario and offset areas where the benefits match. The use of the methodology for other countries and time frames is dis-cussed and China is used as an example, in 2050. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) At what extent the benefits of introducing alternative light-duty vehicles offset those of increasing the buses average occupancy? / Silva, Carla In: Energy Conversion and Management 70 (2013) S.211-219 (9 Seiten, 24 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.02.019 _____________________________________________________ - 005 - Abgasemission, Kraftstoffflexibilität, Fahrzeug Yanowitz, Janet; Knoll, Keith; Kemper, James; Luecke, Jon; McCormick, Robert L. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, US; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, US; Ecoengineering, Boulder, CO, US Impact of adaptation on flex-fuel vehicle emissions when fueled with E40 Zeitschriftenaufsatz Nine flex-fuel vehicles meeting Tier 1, light duty vehicle-low emission vehicle (LDV-LEV), light duty truck 2-LEV (LDT2-LEV), and Tier 2 emission standards were tested over hot-start and cold-start three-phase LA92 cycles for nonmethane organic gases, ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetone, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides (NO(ind x), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as fuel economy. ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Emissions were measured immediately after refueling with E40. The vehicles had previously been adapted to either E10 or E76. An overall comparison of emissions and fuel economy behavior of vehicles running on E40 showed results generally consistent with adaptation to the blend after the length of the three-phase hot-start LA92 test procedure (1735 s, 11 miles). However, the single LDT2-LEVvehicle, Dodge Caravan, continued to exhibit statistically significant differences in emissions for most pollutants when tested on E40 depending on whether the vehicle had been previously adapted to E10 or E76. The results were consistent with an overestimate of the amount of ethanol in the fuel when E40 was added immediately after the use of E76. Increasing ethanol concentration in fuel led to reductions in fuel econ-omy, NO(ind x) CO, CO(ind 2), and acetone emissions as well as increases in emissions of ethanol, ac-etaldehyde, and formaldehyde. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Impact of adaptation on flex-fuel vehicle emissions when fueled with E40 / Yanowitz, Janet; Knoll, Keith; Kemper, James; Luecke, Jon; McCormick, Robert L. In: Environmental Science and Technology 47 (2013) 6, S.2990-2997 (8 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 6 Tabellen, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304552b _____________________________________________________ - 006 - Lebenszyklusbewertung, Nachhaltigkeit, Tansportverkehr Eckelman, Matthew J. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, US Life cycle assessment in support of sustainable transportation Zeitschriftenaufsatz In our rapidly urbanizing world, sustainable transportation presents a major challenge. Transportation de-cisions have considerable direct impacts on urban society, both positive and negative, for example through changes in transit times and economic productivity, urban connectivity, tailpipe emissions and attendant air quality concerns, traffic accidents, and noise pollution. Much research has been dedicated to quantifying these direct impacts for various transportation modes. Transportation planning decisions also result in a variety of indirect environmental and human health impacts, a portion of which can accrue out-side of the transit service area and so outside of the local decision-making process. Integrated modeling of direct and indirect impacts over the life cycle of different transportation modes provides decision sup-port that is more comprehensive and less prone to triggering unintended consequences than a sole focus on direct tailpipe emissions. / The recent work of Chester et al (2013) in this journal makes important contributions to this research by examining the environmental implications of introducing bus rapid transit and light rail in Los Angeles using life cycle assessment (LCA). Transport in the LA region is dominated by automobile trips, and the authors show that potential shifts to either bus or train modes would reduce energy use and emissions of criteria air pollutants, on an average passenger mile travelled basis. This work compares not just the use of each vehicle, but also upstream impacts from its manufacturing and maintenance, as well as the construction and maintenance of the entire infrastructure required for each mode. Previous work by the lead author (Chester and Horvath 2009), has shown that these non-operational sources and largely non-local can dominate life cycle impacts from transportation, again on an average (or attributional) basis, for example increasing rail-related GHG emissions by >150% over just operational emissions. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Life cycle assessment in support of sustainable transportation / Eckelman, Matthew J. In: Environmental Research Letters (Online) 8 (2013) 2, S.021004/1-4 (4 Seiten, 10 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/021004 _____________________________________________________



- 007 - Elektromobilität, Elektrofahrzeug, Finnland Koskue, Mikko FINPRO Finnisches Aussenhandelsbüro, München, DE Electromobility in Finland Zeitschriftenaufsatz As vehicles and mobile machinery become increasingly electricity-driven, Finland has set up several pro-grammes and platforms to be well prepared for the electric mobility development. The Electric Vehicle Systems EVE programme coordinated by Tekes - the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Inno-vation - develops testing environments for electric vehicles, the budget of the programme being approxi-mately EUR 100 million. The EVE programme is creating a new international community that will focus on creating new business around electric vehicles and related machinery and systems. As electric vehicles become more common, an entirely new service business sector will emerge internationally. The long-term goal of the programme is to decuple the amount of Finnish business related to electric vehicles and ma-chinery. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electromobility in Finland / Koskue, Mikko In: Green. The International Journal of Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage (Online) 3 (2013) 2, S.157-159 (3 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/green-2013-0015 _____________________________________________________ - 008 - Elektroauto, Umfrage, Belgien, Verbraucherverhalten Lebeau, Kenneth; Mierlo, Joeri Van; Lebeau, Philippe; Mairesse, Olivier; Macharis, Cathy Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BE Consumer attitudes towards battery electric vehicles: a large-scale survey Verbraucherakzeptanz von Elektrofahrzeugen: Eine groß angelegte Erhebung Zeitschriftenaufsatz Nowadays, Electric Vehicles (EVs) receive a lot of attention. However, their market breakthrough is not straightforward. This paper presents the results of a large-scale data collection (survey with 1196 respon-dents) held in Flanders (Belgium). The results include perceptions on the advantages and disadvantages of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the acceptable driving range, the acceptable charging time (both slow and fast), the acceptable maximum speed, the role of the government in the introduction of BEVs, the preferred governmental tools to maximise sales and the consumers' Willingness to Pay (WTP). A second survey was held in order to investigate the impact of the level of knowledge of the consumers. The results of this second survey (n = 585) illustrate that knowledge has no impact on the level of acceptance for the driving range. However, consumers with more knowledge want a car with a higher maximum speed and desire faster charging durations (both slow and fast). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Consumer attitudes towards battery electric vehicles: a large-scale survey / Lebeau, Kenneth; Mierlo, Jo-eri Van; Lebeau, Philippe; Mairesse, Olivier; Macharis, Cathy In: International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (online) 5 (2013) 1, S.28-41 (14 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 6 Tabellen, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJEHV.2013.053466 _____________________________________________________ - 009 - Atemwegserkrankung, Luftverschmutzung, Zusammenhang Yadav, Jyoti; Kharat, Vilas; Deshpande, Ashok University of Pune, IN; College of Engineering, Pune, IN Evidence Theory and Fuzzy Relational Calculus in Estimation of Health Effects Due to Air Pollu-tion Zeitschriftenaufsatz With an overall objective of establishing association between air pollutants and incidence of respiratory diseases, the environmental professionals and medical practitioners have made significant contribution, using statistical mechanics in modelling epidemiological data, population characteristics, and pollution ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


parameters. Broadly speaking, the studies have shown that the increase in vehicular traffic has been one of the causes of respiratory diseases. However, the WHO Centre for Environment and Health, Europe in its 2005 document states: "There is little evidence for a causal relationship between asthma preva-lence/incidence and air pollution in general, though the evidence is suggestive of a causal association between the prevalence/incidence of asthma symptoms and living in close proximity to traffic". Decision making process in a real world is invariably based on perceptions which are expressed in words or may be in numeric terms and not in probability terms. In the paper, we made an attempt to model the percep-tions of experienced pulmonologists in arriving at their combined degree of belief/plausibility/ignorance for all the possible combinations of identified respiratory diseases, using evidence theory and fuzzy relational calculus without collecting sizeable parametric data accumulated over a period of years. Tightening pollu-tion norms by the regulatory authorities is an overall objective of the global efforts on greenhouse gases (GHS) reduction in general, and air pollution mitigation in particular. The concept of solar battery operated electric vehicles (SBOEV) for road transport is advocated, initially for two/three wheelers, and extending it to four wheelers, especially in the developing countries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Evidence Theory and Fuzzy Relational Calculus in Estimation of Health Effects Due to Air Pollution / Yadav, Jyoti; Kharat, Vilas; Deshpande, Ashok In: Journal of Intelligent Systems (Online) 22 (2013) 1, S.9-23 (15 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2012-0018 _____________________________________________________ - 010 - Automobilindunstrie, Entwicklungstrends, Wertschöpfung Schade, Wolfgang; Zanker, Christoph; Kühn, Andre; Kinkel, Steffen; Jäger, Angela; Hettesheimer, Tim; Schmall, Thomas Büro für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag (TAB), Berlin, DE Zukunft der Automobilindustrie. Innovationsreport Report Der vorliegende Bericht zur 'Zukunft der Automobilindustrie' wurde im Ausschuss für Wirtschaft und Technologie des Deutschen Bundestages initiiert und vom Ausschuss für Bildung, Forschung und Tech-nikfolgenabschätzung in Auftrag gegeben. Ziel ist es, die Potenziale der deutschen Automobilindustrie, den absehbaren Wandel der globalen Automobilmärkte und die Einführung neuer Mobilitätskonzepte in einer systemischen Perspektive zu untersuchen. Der Fokus der Analysen liegt auf dem Markt der Perso-nenkraftwagen (Pkw), weil der Markt für leichte und schwere Lastkraftwagen (Lkw) vor allem durch kon-junkturelle Trends angetrieben. Im Jahr 2011 erwirtschafteten die deutschen Automobilhersteller einen Umsatz von 351 Mrd. Euro und damit rund ein Fünftel des Umsatzes des gesamten verarbeitenden Ge-werbes. Die Automobilhersteller beschäftigen 719.000 Menschen direkt, inklusive den Zulieferern insge-samt 1,8 Mio.. Triebkraft des Wandels sind zunehmende Knappheit fossiler Energieträger und die damit verbundene Frage der Sicherheit der Energieversorgung, Reduktion der Treibhausgase, die absehbare Verfügbarkeit von alternativen Antrieben sowie die Verschiebung der Bedeutung der Produktions- und Absatzmärkte für Kraftfahrzeuge hin zu einer stark und schnell wachsenden Bedeutung neuer Märkte in Schwellenländern, wie: China, Brasilien und Indien. Produktions- und Absatzzahlen des deutschen Pkw-Marktes sind im Vergleich der europäischen Länder mit Abstand am größten. Politische und gesetzliche Vorgaben definieren wichtige Rahmenbedingungen für die Automobilindustrie und steuern so auch die Richtung der Innovationen. Beispiele hierfür sind die Ziele für die Reduktion von Treibhausgasen und die Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs im Verkehr. Gesetzliche Vorschriften legen heute Emissionsstandards für Abgase und CO2-Effizienz neuer Fahrzeuge fest. Die nationale Produktion von Automobilen in Deutschland geht heute zu drei Vierteln in den Export. Während der Export und damit der Auslandsum-satz deutscher Hersteller in den letzten Jahren weiter zugelegt hat, stagniert der nationale Absatz seit mehr als 6 Jahren. 11,6 Mio. Pkw, der 61,7 Mio. Pkw, die weltweit verkauft wurden, stammten aus der Produktion deutscher Fahrzeughersteller unter eigenem Markennamen. Etwas weniger als die Hälfte wird tatsächlich auch in Deutschland produziert. Am deutschen Markt setzten die deutschen Fahrzeugherstel-ler im Jahr 2010 dagegen nur 1,8 Mio. Pkw ab, d. h. nur rund 15 % ihrer weltweiten Produktion. Für den deutschen Automobilexport sind drei Regionen bzw. Länder von herausragender Bedeutung: Europa, Nordamerika und China. Sie importierten 83 % der Fahrzeuge. Analysen zeigen, dass an deutschen Standorten in zunehmendem Maße Fahrzeuge der Oberklasse gefertigt werden, was einer Auslastung der Fertigungsstätten von 90 % entspricht. Eine zunehmende Diversifizierung wird in den nächsten bei-den Dekaden wichtig für die Automobilindustrie werden und lässt sich auf vier Ebenen beobachten: 1.Erweiterung der verfügbaren und angebotenen Antriebskonzepte durch Strom, Biogas und Wasserstoff als neue Energieträger sowie den unterschiedlichsten Varianten der Hybridisierung. 2. Neue verwendete ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


leichterer Materialien zur Gewichts- und Energieeinsparung, sowie der Kombination neuer Materialien wie z. B. Aluminium, Magnesium oder kohlefaserverstärkte Kunststoffe. 3. Ausweitung der Modellpalette mit neuen Karosserietypen und neuen Kleinfahrzeugen. 4. Veränderung der Wertschöpfung der Fahrzeug-hersteller vom reinen Anbieter von Fahrzeugen zum Anbieter von Produkten und Mobilitätsdienstleistun-gen, wie z. B. Carsharing. Die Analyse und Prognose der globalen Märkte sind zwei zentrale Bestandteile des Berichts. Für die globalen Märkte werden drei Prognosen gegeben: 1. Schwellenländern kommt zu-künftig eine höhere Bedeutung als Absatzmärkten zu als klassischen Märkten 2. Premiumfahrzeuge wer-den künftig weiter in Deutschland gefertigt, während Klein- und Mittelklassefahrzeuge im Ausland gefer-tigt werden. 1. Neue Antriebs- und Mobilitätskonzepte werden den Ansatz an den globalen Märkten bestimmen. Bei der gegenwärtigen Wertschöpfung entfällt ein Viertel auf den Antriebsstrang. Das wird sich bei höheren Stückzahlen von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen deutlich verringern. Der Markterfolg von Fahrzeugen mit alternativen Antriebskonzepten wird zukünftig eine größere Bedeutung bei der Wert-schöpfung einnehmen. Für die Fahrzeughersteller fällt der Anteil an der Wertschöpfung dann geringer aus. Die Arbeitsplatzentwicklung stellt sich im Verhältnis zu den Absatzprognosen unterschiedlich dar, was durch die Wertschöpfungskriterien noch gesteigert wird. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Zukunft der Automobilindustrie. Innovationsreport / Schade, Wolfgang; Zanker, Christoph; Kühn, Andre; Kinkel, Steffen; Jäger, Angela; Hettesheimer, Tim; Schmall, Thomas In: TAB. Arbeitsbericht, Büro für Technikfolgenabschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag 152 (2012) S.1-254, 2 S. Einleitung (256 Seiten, 69 Bilder, 39 Tabellen, Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 011 - Energiewende, Elektrofahrzeug, Hybridfahrzeug Peters, Anja; Doll, Claus; Kley, Fabian; Plötz, Patrick; Sauer, Andreas; Schade, Wolfgang; Thielmann, Axel; Wietschel, Martin; Zanker, Christoph Büro für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag (TAB), Berlin, DE Konzepte der Elektromobilität und deren Bedeutung für Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt. In-novationsreport Report Die Elektromobilität gilt als ein wesentliches Element für eine zukunftsfähige Gestaltung des Personen- und Güterverkehrs bei stetig steigenden Verkehrszahlen. Bis 2030 wird von einer Verdopplung des Fahr-zeugbestandes ausgegangen. Parallel dazu verknappen sich die fossilen Energieträger und die Kraft-stoffpreise steigen. Um den Umweltanforderungen gerecht zu werden sollen in der Bundesrepublik bis 2050 die Treibhausgasemissionen um 80 % gesenkt werden. Ein Mittel zum Erreichen dieses Ziels ist die Einführung der Elektromobilität. Was gleichzeitig den Effekt der Sicherung der Arbeitsplätze in der Auto-mobilindustrie hat. Ziel ist der Absatz von 1 Mio. Elektrofahrzeugen bis 2020 und 6 Mio. bis 2030. Dabei handelt es sich nicht nur um batteriebetriebene Fahrzeuge sondern auch um Hybridfahrzeuge. Betrachtet werden in diesem Zusammenhang vor allem Pkw. Auch Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge werden zum Vergleich mit betrachtet. Die Energiedichte der eingesetzten Batterien und damit die mögliche Reichweite stellen das Kernproblem der Batterieentwicklung dar. Über verschiedene Entwicklungsstufen von Lithium-Batterien, stehen Lithium-Schwefel-Akkumulatoren im Fokus der Batterieentwicklung. Experten rechnen nicht vor 2020 mit der Markteinführung solcher Batterien. Bis dahin sollen Hybridfahrzeuge das Cross der Elektrofahrzeuge stellen. Auch an schnelleren Batterieladezyklen, verbesserter Leistungselektronik und energiesparenden Elektromotoren wird gearbeitet. International liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Schaffung der notwendigen Infrastruktur, um eine Elektrofahrzeugflotte mit der notwendigen Elektroenergie auf öko-logischer Basis versorgen zu können. Elektrofahrzeuge sind im Betrieb quasi emissionsfrei. Dagegen verursacht die Herstellung von Elektrofahrzeugen eine höhere Umweltbelastung. Dagegen verursachen Elektrofahrzeuge weniger Lärm und belasten die Umwelt weniger und verursachen weniger lärmbedingte Folgekosten. Nachteilig wirkt sich der geringere Geräuschemissionspegel auf die Unfallstatistik aus, weil weniger Warnsignale emittiert werden. Mit einer Wertschöpfungsverschiebung weg von den traditionellen Fahrzeugherstellern hin zu den Herstellern von Batterien und Elektrokomponenten ist zu erwarten. Gera-de bei der Fertigung von Batteriezellen hat Deutschland noch großen Nachholbedarf, der sich aber durch die in Deutschland angesiedelte Forschungskapazität schnell ausgeglichen werden kann. Für Kupfer und Lithium wird, auf Grund der steigenden Nachfrage, ein steigender Rohstoffpreis vorausgesagt. Die Förde-rung steht in den nächsten Jahren vor allem dem Aufbau der Ladeinfrastruktur zur Verfügung. Dabei wurde beobachtet, dass die Akzeptanz für öffentliche Ladeplätze nur gering ist, deshalb sollten öffentlich Ladeplätze an gut zugänglichen Stellen angesiedelt werden. Weitere Förderung sollte in Deutschland vor allem im Batteriebereich erfolgen, um eine stabile hochwertige Batterieproduktion in Deutschland etablie-ren und den hohen Wertschöpfungsanteil im Inland halten zu können. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Konzepte der Elektromobilität und deren Bedeutung für Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt. Innovations-report / Peters, Anja; Doll, Claus; Kley, Fabian; Plötz, Patrick; Sauer, Andreas; Schade, Wolfgang; Thiel-mann, Axel; Wietschel, Martin; Zanker, Christoph In: TAB. Arbeitsbericht, Büro für Technikfolgenabschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag 153 (2012) S.1-306, 2 S. Einleitung (308 Seiten, 50 Bilder, 28 Tabellen, Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 012 - Hybridantrieb, Transporter Ghihsio, Guido; Morello, Eugenio; Schmitt, Matthias Magneti Marelli, Torino, IT; IVECO, Torino, IT; Nokia, Schwalbach am Taunus, DE Dynamic electronic horizon as an enabler of enhanced active green driving for hybrid commercial vehicles application Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Efficient electrical drive, both pure electrical or hybrid plug-in, will provide to commercial vehicles an es-sential factor for the business success. Technical solution for further fuel consumption and pollution re-duction to make commercial vehicle cleaner and economically acceptable for the customers has been developed. Magneti Marelli (MM) in the first decade of years two thousands developed thermic engine management strategies for fuel consumption reduction (- 20%) by using maps and a navigation engine to provide predictive information on the route. Today MM is engaged in developing new solutions which: by means of a probabilistic approach to forecast the route do not need the support of a navigation engine, improve the powertrain management for fuel consumption reduction with reference to the real dynamic scenario around the vehicle (Dynamic Electronic Horizon) by means of sensors (camera,...), communica-tion (V2x) and Data Fusion & data Combination technics. The same concepts & solutions are now applied in cooperation with IVECO to manage the power systems of hybrid Light Duty Vehicles for the city logis-tic. More, an optimization of the selection of "greener" route and an optimal management of thermal and electrical traction is performed. Iveco as coordinator and MM are key partners of the PIE_VERDE project (Research & Innovation project funded by the Automotive Platform of the Piemonte Region) dedicated to the development of electric and hybrid commercial vehicle equipped with telematics supporting system which help in reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emission. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Dynamic electronic horizon as an enabler of enhanced active green driving for hybrid commercial vehi-cles application / Ghihsio, Guido; Morello, Eugenio; Schmitt, Matthias In: Buch; 12. Internationale Fachtagung Nutzfahrzeuge 2013, Truck, Bus, Van, Trailer, VDI-Gesellschaft Fahrzeug- und Verkehrstechnik, Celle, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2186 (2013) S.205-222, Düs-seldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092186-0 (18 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 17 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 013 - Elektromobilität, Markteinführung Wallerang, Lars Elektromobilität kommt in kleinen Etappen voran Electromobility goes ahead in small steps Zeitschriftenkurzaufsatz

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Die Elektromobilität kommt in kleinen Schritten voran, wie auf dem 5. Wissenschaftsforum Mobilität an der Universität Duisburg-Essen festgestellt wurde. Auf diesem Gebiete finden zahlreiche Kooperationen zwischen Technologieunternehmen unterschiedlicher Herkunft statt. Akzeptiert werden für Elektroautos Preise zwischen 10 000 Euro und 25 000 Euro. Zusatzangebote wie Carsharing und innovative Dienst-leistungen, wie eine Mobilitätsgarantie, werden künftig wesentliche Ertragskomponenten für Hersteller darstellten. Innovationsfreudige Firmen entscheiden sich für eine schnelle und starke Ressourcenalloka-tion und damit für Technologieführerschaft. Die andere Gruppe entscheide sich für eine langsame und schwache Ressourcenallokation und damit für Technologiefolge. Ein schrittweises Vorgehen (VW) ist eine logische Konsequenz aus der Unsicherheit. Man baut Modelle so, dass sie sich später leichter elekt-rifizieren lassen. Man sichert so Perspektiven, ohne alles auf eine Karte zu setzen. Eine vorsichtige Stra-tegie sei durchaus sinnvoll. Weitere Gedanken vom Wissenschaftsforum werden mitgeteilt. (Publikations-sprache: Deutsch)

WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Elektromobilität kommt in kleinen Etappen voran / Wallerang, Lars In: VDI-Nachrichten 67 (2013) 27/28, S.17 (1 Seite, 2 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 014 - Mobilitätswandel, Fahrzeugantriebsart, Verbrennungsmotor Eiser, Axel Audi, Ingolstadt, DE Der Wandel der Mobilität zwischen Idealismus & Realismus Shifts in mobility: Between idealism and realism Konferenz-Einzelbericht Verbrennungsmotoren und Elektromotoren haben unterschiedliche Stärken. Herkömmliche Fahrzeuge mit Verbrennungsmotor verfügen über eine uneingeschränkte Langstreckentauglichkeit, sind günstig und nutzen eine gut ausgebaute Tankinfrastruktur. Elektrofahrzeuge haben einen hohen Wirkungsgrad und fahren lokal emissionsfrei. Durch den Einsatz von grünem Strom aus der Steckdose und erneuerbaren Kraftstoffen können die Vorteile beider Welten in Form von Plugin-Hybriden perfekt kombiniert werden. Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge kämpfen noch mit hohen Kosten und der unzureichenden H(ind 2)-Infrastruktur. Die Zukunft der Mobilität wird mittelfristig (in den nächsten 20 Jahren) durch eine zuneh-mende Diversifikation von Antriebsenergien und -technologien geprägt sein. Die niedrigen Energiedichten alternativer gasförmiger Energieträger (z.B. H(ind 2), CH(ind 4)) sowie von Batterien machen zukünftig neue Fahrzeugarchitekturen notwendig. Neben dem CO(ind 2)-Ausstoß während der Nutzungsphase eines Fahrzeugs (tank-to-wheel) gewinnt zukünftig die CO(ind 2)-Bilanzierung der Kraftstoffherstellung und -bereitstellung (well-to-wheel) immer mehr an Bedeutung und muss in den Fokus des öffentlichen Interesses gerückt werden. Langfristig sollte die CO(ind 2)-Bilanz für den gesamten Lebenszyklus des Fahrzeugs betrachtet werden (cradle-to-grave - von der Wiege bis zur Bahre"). Bild 52 zeigt den Ver-gleich der cradle-to-grave Bilanzierung eines Benzin-Fahrzeugs, eines e-gas Fahrzeugs sowie eines BEV und FCEV. Demnach schneidet das e-gas Fahrzeug in der Gesamtbilanz am besten ab. Beim Brenn-stoffzellen-Fahrzeug gibt es insbesondere bei der Tank-Infrastruktur noch große Fragezeichen (H(ind 2)-Transport im flüssigen Zustand (*rightwards arrow* kühlen), H(ind 2)-Betankung im gasförmigen Zustand (*rightwards arrow* verdichten)). (Publikationssprache: Deutsch, Englisch) Der Wandel der Mobilität zwischen Idealismus & Realismus / Eiser, Axel In: 95 - 70 - 50g (ind 2)/km - Evolution oder Revolution?, 24. Internationale AVL-Tagung Motor und Um-welt, 95 - 70 - 50g CO(ind 2)/km - Evolution or Revolution?, 24th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, Graz, AT, 13.-14. Sep, 2012 (2012) S.9-66 (58 Seiten, 108 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 015 - Kraftfahrzeugantrieb, Verbrennungsmotor, Hybridantrieb Fraidl, Günter; Küpper, Klaus; Sorger, Helfried; Schöffmann, Wolfgang; Weißbäck, Michael AVL List, Graz, AT The classic powertrain and its potential still indispensible? Der konventionelle Antrieb und sein Potenzial - Noch immer unverzichtbar? Konferenz-Einzelbericht In spite of quite different predictions regarding the future market shares of Hybrids and Electric Vehicles, the conventional powertrain will remain the dominating propulsion system for road transport even beyond this decade. However, the differentiation between a "conventional" and an "electrified" powertrain will change. Whereas today this border is defined by components (application of an E-motor that provides additional torque to the powertrain), in future, the differentiation will be based on functions (ability for pure electric and "emission-free" driving). To comply with legal requirements and customer demands, dramatic improvements in fuel economy have to be obtained even within the "conventional" powertrain. As espe-cially those boundaries and customer requirements which have the most significant impact on the tech-nology selection, are quite different in the main markets, a huge variety of different powertrain solutions has to be developed to reach this target. Thus, mastering the product diversification at minimum cost and highest production flexibility becomes the key challenge with powertrain development. Modular engine concepts that cover both Diesel and Gasoline engines as well as modular powertrain systems that enable the generation both of conventional and hybridized variants within high manufacturing flexibility, are the most effective solutions. However, this will require a fully comprehensive development approach - includ-ing not only engine, transmission and electrification hardware, but also the respective operation strategies ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


and control software to provide a maximum on functional integration. Anyway, future transmission con-cepts and operation strategies will have a dominating influence on the combustion engine technology. Especially with Gasoline engines, vehicle category and transmission type have significant impacts on technology selection of the ICE. With small vehicles, CVT, AT and hybridization, the naturally aspirated engine, partially even with MPFI, will still offer competitive cost / benefit and customer acceptance espe-cially in the Asian market. With larger vehicles, MT and DCT, the trend towards turbocharged GDI domi-nating Europe will be expanded to US and to a certain extend also towards China. With the Diesel en-gine, less the transmission type, but more the market segment will determine the technology. In the cost sensitive volume market, an "efficiency approach" which consequently utilizes limited power and peak pressure for optimized friction and emission, is a very cost effective approach. Within the performance / image segment, aggressively downsized high power variants offer excellent fuel economy / CO(ind 2), however, require also higher efforts for the exhaust gas aftertreatment especially regarding future RDE requirements. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) The classic powertrain and its potential still indispensible? / Fraidl, Günter; Küpper, Klaus; Sorger, Hel-fried; Schöffmann, Wolfgang; Weißbäck, Michael In: 95 - 70 - 50g (ind 2)/km - Evolution oder Revolution?, 24. Internationale AVL-Tagung Motor und Um-welt, 95 - 70 - 50g CO(ind 2)/km - Evolution or Revolution?, 24th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, Graz, AT, 13.-14. Sep, 2012 (2012) S.221-236 (16 Seiten, 30 Bilder, 12 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 016 - hybridelektrisches Fahrzeug, CO2-Emission Maier, Rudolf; Krüger, M.; Bloch, P.; Stäbler, D.; Wüst, M. Bosch, Stuttgart, DE Fortschrittliche Diesel Antriebsstränge - der Weg zur Erreichung zukünftiger CO(ind 2)-Flottenziele Advanced diesel powertrains - enabler for future CO(ind 2) fleet targets Konferenz-Einzelbericht Zur Erfüllung der ehrgeizigen zukünftigen europäischen CO(ind 2)-Flottenziele für Pkw wird der Antriebs-strang mit Dieselmotor nach wie vor eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Mit den aus heutiger Sicht vor-handenen Technologien werden konventionelle Dieselantriebe die für 2020 geplanten CO(ind 2)-Grenzwerte bis in die mittleren Fahrzeugklassen hinein erfüllen können. Für schwerere Fahrzeuge wie etwa SUV's (SPORT UTILITY VEHICLE)oder zur Erreichung von noch ambitionierteren CO(ind 2)- Wer-ten wie z.B. 50 g/km wird die Elektrifizierung des Dieselantriebstranges in Form eines HEV (Hybrid Elect-ric Vehicle)oder auch P(PLUG In)-HEV einen wertvollen Beitrag leisten. Durch die Kombination des Die-selmotors mit seinem überlegenen Verbrauchsverhalten im Überland- und Autobahnverkehr und dem speziell im Stadtbetrieb günstigen elektrischen Antrieb, lässt sich mit einem Diesel-HEV oder -P-HEV ein Konzept realisieren, das auch bei Berücksichtung von realem Fahrverhaltens günstigste CO(ind 2)-Emissionen ermöglicht und somit der Umwelt zu Gute kommt. Das gilt nicht nur in Hinblick auf den Treib-hauseffekt, sondern auch in Bezug auf die gesetzlichen Schadstoffemissionen. Durch eine geschickte Hybridstrategie lässt sich die Wirkung der Abgasnachbehandlung deutlich verbessern und gleichzeitig kann durch die Hybridisierung der Niedriglastanteil im Betrieb des Motors minimiert werden. Verbrauch-sungünstige Betriebspunkte und HC(Hydrocarbons)- und CO-Emissionen lassen sich damit weiter redu-zieren. Sowohl die HC- als auch die CO-Emission lassen sich durch eine Hybrid-Betriebsstrategie signifi-kant senken. Sowohl für die "4G-Strategie" als auch die "3G-Split-Strategie" werden Minderungsraten der HC- bzw. CO-Tailpipe- Emission von über 70% gegenüber einem konventionellen Diesel-Pkw erreicht. Ursache ist die weitgehende Unterdrückung des Niedriglastbereichs durch die Hybrid-Betriebsstratgie, in der sowohl die Abgastemperatur (Light-off-Temperatur des Oxidationskatalysators) als auch der HC- und CO-Rohemission besonders kritisch sind. Darüber hinaus lässt sich auch der Verlauf der Abgastempera-tur während des Tests günstig beeinflussen. Wie beispielhaft für den Oxidationskatalysator gezeigt wird, steigt die Temperatur im Katalysator während des verbrennungsmotorischen Betriebs um ca. 100 K an, was sich positiv auf das Oxidationsverhalten für HC und CO auswirkt. Ursache für die im Mittel höheren Temperaturen ist nicht nur die Lastpunktverschiebung zum Laden der Batterie, sondern auch das redu-zierte Auskühlverhalten der Abgasanlage, weil die Schubphasen des Verbrennungsmotors entfallen. Die-se Erkenntnis gilt prinzipiell für alle Komponenten der Abgasanlage, deren Konvertierungsverhalten, wie das des Oxidationskatalysators, von der Temperatur im Abgassystem abhängen, also das SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction)-System oder der NSC(Non-Catalytic-Reduction). Die Hybridisierung bietet somit die Chance weiter verbesserter Emissionsminderung aufgrund höherer Temperatur der Abgasanlage und gleichzeitiger Verbrauchsminderung. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Abgasnachbehandlung ist das Regenerati-onsmanagement des Partikelfiters, eine Abbildung zeigt dazu den Einfluss der oben beschriebenen HEV-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Betriebsstrategien "4G" und "3G-Split" auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch und die Ölverdünnung im europäi-schen Fahrzyklus bei Berücksichtigung der thermischen Partikelfilterregeneration. Bei der Ermittlung der Daten wurden sowohl das veränderte Beladungsverhalten des Filters als auch die unterschiedlichen Re-generationsdauern im Hybridbetrieb berücksichtigt. Die Bewertung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs zeigt, dass der positive Verbrauchseinfluss der Hybridisierung im Motorbetrieb ohne Berücksichtigung einer Partikel-filter-Regeneration, auch bei Berücksichtung der Partikelfilter-Regeneration erhalten bleibt. Im Detail be-trachtet fällt die Verbrauchserhöhung im Regenerationsfall sogar noch geringer aus, was in der Praxis jedoch auf Grund des relativ geringen Zeitanteils der Filterregeneration an der Gesamtbetriebsdauer kaum ins Gewicht fällt. Aufgrund des im Mittel erhöhten Temperaturniveaus der Abgasablage durch Ver-ringerung des Niedriglastanteils im Hybridbetriebes wird weniger Kraftstoff für die aktive Regeneration des Partikelfilters benötigt. Daher sind sowohl die "4G"- und "3G-Split Strategie" einem konventionellen Betrieb überlegen. Das wirkt sich auch auf die Ölverdünnung aus, die grundsätzlich umso kritischer ist, je höher die zu überbrückende Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Normal- und Regenerationsbetrieb ist. Die Ölverdünnung lässt sich im Hybridmodus mehr als halbieren, wobei Strategien, die den Niedriglastbe-reich sehr konsequent vermeiden, wie z.B. die "4G-Strategie", besonders wenig Einfluss haben. (Publika-tionssprache: Deutsch, Englisch) Fortschrittliche Diesel Antriebsstränge - der Weg zur Erreichung zukünftiger CO(ind 2)-Flottenziele / Mai-er, Rudolf; Krüger, M.; Bloch, P.; Stäbler, D.; Wüst, M. In: 95 - 70 - 50g (ind 2)/km - Evolution oder Revolution?, 24. Internationale AVL-Tagung Motor und Um-welt, 95 - 70 - 50g CO(ind 2)/km - Evolution or Revolution?, 24th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, Graz, AT, 13.-14. Sep, 2012 (2012) S.265-289 (25 Seiten, 15 Bilder, 8 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 017 - Straßenverkehr, Energiewende, Politik, Technik, Anforderung Haendschke, Stefan; Kalinowska, Dominika; Rumpke, Christian A. Deutsche Energie-Agentur (dena), Berlin, DE Hintergrundpapier: Energieverbrauch und Energieträger im Straßenverkehr bis 2025 Report Der Verkehrssektor verbraucht in Deutschland rund ein Fünftel der Endenergie. Davon entfallen auf den motorisierten Straßenverkehr etwa 80 %. Doch obwohl im Personenverkehr die Verkehrsleistung seit 1992 um knapp 24 % und im Güterverkehr um 60 % gestiegen ist, haben Verbesserungen bei der Ener-gieeffizienz dazu geführt, dass im genannten Zeitraum der anteilige Endenergieverbrauch lediglich erst um knapp 2,5 % gestiegen und dann wieder um gut 1 % zurückgegangen ist. Die CO2-Emissionen san-ken sogar um fast 6 %. Das politisch gesetzte Ziel ist es, bis 2020 eine Reduktion um 10 % und bis 2050 um 40 % zu erzielen (jeweils im Vergleich zu 2005). Erste Hilfe zeigt sich darin, dass das Verkehrsauf-kommen auf der Straße vor allem im Güterverkehr weniger stark wächst als bislang prognostiziert. Aller-dings steigt der Dieselanteil im Straßenverkehr weiter und auch insgesamt wird erwartet, dass der Anteil der Flüssigkraftstoffe 2025 immer noch bei über 95 % liegt. Biokraftstoffe müssen hinsichtlich der Ökobi-lanz kritisch bewertet werden und sind technisch nicht unproblematisch sowie nur begrenzt verfügbar. Daher stehen weiterhin Effizienzsteigerungen bei der Motorentwicklung und die Entwicklung nachhaltiger, erneuerbarer Kraftstoffe im Fokus. Ein größerer Anteil von Erdgas und Methan sowie elektromotorischer Antriebe sind weitere Ansätze. Vor allem das Konzept "Power-to-Gas" mit Hilfe regenerativ erzeugten Stromes macht Hoffnung. Die Schaffung geeigneter Infrastrukturen und steuernde energiepolitische Rahmenbedingungen sind dazu Voraussetzung. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Hintergrundpapier: Energieverbrauch und Energieträger im Straßenverkehr bis 2025 / Haendschke, Ste-fan; Kalinowska, Dominika; Rumpke, Christian A. In: (2013) (28 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 22 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



- 018 - Elektrofahrzeug, Kaufentscheidung, Anschaffungskosten anonym Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, US (Hrsg.) Total Cost of Ownership Model for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles Online-Publikation (Internet); Report The plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) market has grown dramatically in the past three years, but the central question concerning PEV acceptance in the marketplace still remains: When compared to a hybrid or conventional vehicle, is a PEV worth the additional upfront cost to consumers? Given the incomplete un-derstanding of changes in driving patterns due to vehicle purchases, the baseline analysis described in this report does not model customer adaptation, nor does it attempt to address non-tangible PEV owner-ship benefits. However, this analysis does use data that is new to EPRI transportation modeling in order to estimate the range of values for customers with different driving patterns. The baseline analysis relies on a cost-of-ownership model that examines only current vehicles, current fuel prices, and a relatively conservative set of customer values. In particular, two PEVs, the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan LEAF, are analyzed in comparison with a limited set of current conventional and hybrid vehicles. Following are key results of the analysis: With current incentives and prices, financial factors should not be a deterrent to a PEV purchase for most buyers. The LEAF is less expensive than competing options on average, but has a wide variation in value for different drivers, suggesting that battery electric vehicles will require more careful consideration when making a purchase decision. The sensitivities suggest that increases and de-creases in gasoline prices will have a significant impact on the relative costs of PEVs, but that state in-centives or rebates and equivalent vehicle price changes will have an even larger impact on cost trade-offs. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Total Cost of Ownership Model for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles / anonym In: (2013) (80 Seiten, 43 Bilder, 7 Tabellen, 20 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002001728 _____________________________________________________



Antriebssysteme - 019 - Elektroroller, Permanentmagnet -Synchronmaschine Fodorean, Daniel; Szabo, Lorand Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, RO Study of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Topologies for Electric Scooter Application Konferenz-Einzelbericht; Online-Publikation (Internet) The paper deals with the study of the motorization for an electric scooter. The motivation of this study is firstly introduced. Next, the application is defined: it is intended to propose a pure electrical traction sys-tem for a light electric vehicle, meaning an electric scooter). A short description of the design will intro-duce the main parameters of the electrical drive system and three topologies of electrical machine will be evaluated. The optimization of the best suited variant will be made based on a gradient type optimization algorithm. Numerical computation, by means of finite element method, will confirm the analytical obtained results, emphasizing the main achievements, performances and drawbacks of the electrical traction sys-tem. These performances are evaluated on test bench for validation. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Study of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Topologies for Electric Scooter Application / Fodor-ean, Daniel; Szabo, Lorand In: INTERIN 2013, Interdisciplinary Research in Engineering Steps towards Breakthrough Innovation for Sustainable Development, Selected, peer reviewed papers, Cluj-Napoca, RO, Feb 25 - Mar 1, 2013 in: Advanced Engineering Forum 8-9 (2013) S.397-404, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications (http://www.ttp.net) (8 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.8-9.397 http://www.scientific.net/AEF.8-9.397 _____________________________________________________ - 020 - Mehrphasen-Lineargenerator, Elektrofahrzeug, FEM-Simulation Oprea, Claudiu; Szabo, Lorand; Martis, Claudia Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, RO Multi-Phase Linear Generator for Electric Vehicle Applications Konferenz-Einzelbericht; Online-Publikation (Internet) The oil production peak and the major climatic changes due to global warming determined all the major vehicle manufacturers to focus their attention on new, non-polluting, energy efficient technologies. The electric vehicle seems to be the easiest to implement, the most important drawback being related to the available energy storage capabilities. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle was introduced as an intermediate step, using Internal Combustion Engines to the required electric energy produce on-site. A particular solution is using a Free Piston Engine Linear Electric Generator with several advantages compared to classical solu-tions. The current paper presents a multi-phase linear generator topology, along with a novel design method and some FEM simulations that validate the design procedure. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Multi-Phase Linear Generator for Electric Vehicle Applications / Oprea, Claudiu; Szabo, Lorand; Martis, Claudia In: INTERIN 2013, Interdisciplinary Research in Engineering Steps towards Breakthrough Innovation for Sustainable Development, Selected, peer reviewed papers, Cluj-Napoca, RO, Feb 25 - Mar 1, 2013 in: Advanced Engineering Forum 8-9 (2013) S.461-468, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications (http://www.ttp.net) (8 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.8-9.461 http://www.scientific.net/AEF.8-9.461 _____________________________________________________



- 021 - Freikolbenlineargenerator, Elektroauto, Reichweite Nüssle, Denise Effizienter Alles-Schlucker. Der Freikolbenlineargenerator verhilft Elektroautos zu mehr Reichwei-te und arbeitet mit unterschiedlichen Kraftstoffen Zeitschriftenaufsatz Eine Million Elektrofahrzeuge sollen im Jahr 2020 leise und sauber auf deutschen Straßen unterwegs sein - so das Ziel der Bundesregierung. Bisher surren allerdings nur etwas mehr als 7.000 solcher E-Autos durchs Land. Ein großes Hindernis ist die Batterie. Sie ist schwer, teuer und bietet nur eine sehr begrenzte Reichweite. Gleichzeitig sind die Ansprüche der Verbraucher an alternativ angetriebene Fahr-zeuge hoch: Neben dem gewohnten Komfort großer Reichweiten und schneller Tankvorgänge muss auch das Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis stimmen. Um Elektromobilität alltagstauglich und für ein breites Pub-likum interessant zu machen, haben DLR-Ingenieure des Instituts für Fahrzeugkonzepte in Stuttgart ei-nen Range-Extender entwickelt, der auf einem komplett neuen Antriebskonzept basiert. (Publikations-sprache: Deutsch) Effizienter Alles-Schlucker. Der Freikolbenlineargenerator verhilft Elektroautos zu mehr Reichweite und arbeitet mit unterschiedlichen Kraftstoffen / Nüssle, Denise In: DLR-Magazin (2012) 138, S.14-16 (3 Seiten, 2 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 022 - Elektroantrieb, Antriebsstrangkonfiguration Eghtessad, Marjam; Meier, Torben; Strauch, Micro TU Braunschweig, DE; TU Darmstadt, DE Antriebsstrangkonfigurationen: Identifikation optimaler Antriebsstrangkonfigurationen für Elekt-rofahrzeuge. Forschungsvorhaben Nr. 641 I. Abschlussbericht, Report Die Entwicklung moderner Fahrzeuge und insbesondere der elektrifizierten Antriebe ist gekennzeichnet durch eine hohe Komplexität und Variantenvielfalt bei steigenden Kundenerwartungen. Im Hinblick auf eine an diese Randbedingungen optimierte Auslegung der Antriebe stehen gesetzliche Anforderungen sowie Lastenheft- und Kundenanforderungen an das Fahrzeug im Vordergrund. Für die Schaffung eines optimalen Fahrzeugkonzepts ist in der Regel nicht die Optimierung der einzelnen Komponenten bezüg-lich der eben genannten Anforderungen zielführend - die ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Fahrzeugsys-tems erfordert einen komponentenübergreifenden Ansatz. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt die so ge-nannte EVID-Methode (Electric Vehicle Identification - Identifikation optimaler Antriebsstrangkonfiguratio-nen für Elektrofahrzeuge) zum Einsatz. Das Ziel der EVID-Methode ist es, je eine optimale Antriebs-strangkonfiguration für eine Auswahl von in ihrem Einsatzprofil differierenden Fahrzeugkonzepten (wie z.B. Stadtfahrzeug oder Verteilerfahrzeug im Stadt und Überlandverkehr) zu ermitteln. Bei Variation der Grundparameter (Auslegungsgrößen der Komponenten wie z.B. Ganganzahl, Getriebespreizung, Sys-temleistung, E-Maschinen-Drehmoment, Batteriekapazität) erfolgt die Identifikation der optimalen Lösung anhand der Kennparameter, welche die Fahrleistungen, die Energiebilanz und die Kosten betreffen und mittels differierender Gewichtungen in einer Bewertungsfunktion berücksichtigt werden. Die Werte der Kennparameter werden für verschiedene Triebstrangkonfigurationen mittels eines automatisierten Algo-rithmus aus Berechnungsmodellen (für z.B. Kosten, Fahrzeuggewicht, Höchstgeschwindigkeit) und der Simulation zur Bestimmung der Energiebilanz generiert. Um eine rechenzeitminimierte Auswertung zu ermöglichen, werden mathematische Modelle (MM) eingesetzt, welche den Wirkzusammenhang aus Grund- und Kennparametern möglichst genau abbilden sollen. Anschließend werden die MM und die Be-rechnungsmodelle in einem Optimierungsalgorithmus verwendet, um das optimale Konzept, seine Kom-ponenten und Grund- und Kennparameterwerte identifizieren. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Antriebsstrangkonfigurationen: Identifikation optimaler Antriebsstrangkonfigurationen für Elektrofahrzeu-ge. Forschungsvorhaben Nr. 641 I. Abschlussbericht, / Eghtessad, Marjam; Meier, Torben; Strauch, Mic-ro In: Forschungsheft. Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik (FVA), BMWi 1006 (2012) S.1-41, FKZ 19U9035 (41 Seiten, 21 Bilder, 22 Tabellen, 10 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



- 023 - Hybridantrieb, Auslegungsmethodik, Simulation Uhrner, Till Erik; Schulte-Cörne, Claus; Eckstein, Lutz RWTH Aachen, DE Auslegungsmethodik für energieeffiziente Antriebsstränge in industriell eingesetzten Schwerlast-fahrzeugen Konferenz-Einzelbericht Für Schwerlastfahrzeuge wurde ein Systembaukasten entwickelt, der in Verbindung mit der simulations-gestützten Auslegungsmethodik ein geeignetes Mittel darstellt, um im Schwerlastbereich Hybridantriebs-stränge unter Verwendung standardisierter Komponenten zu entwickeln. Die Auslegung des Hybridan-triebstrangs und die Abstimmung der Betriebsstrategie auf den betrachteten Fahrzeugtyp erfolgt dabei durch modular aufgebaute Simulationsmodelle nach einer vorgegebenen Methodik. Die durch den Hyb-ridantrieb möglichen Effizienzsteigerungspotentiale können mit Hilfe der Simulation fahrzeugspezifisch bestimmt werden. Ein Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) wurde mit einem Hybridantriebstrang aus dem Systembaukasten ausgestattet und das Simulationsmodell damit validiert. Sowohl im Realbetrieb als auch in der Simulation konnten nennenswerte Verbrauchseinsparungen durch die Verwendung eines Hy-bridantriebs nachgewiesen werden. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Auslegungsmethodik für energieeffiziente Antriebsstränge in industriell eingesetzten Schwerlastfahrzeu-gen / Uhrner, Till Erik; Schulte-Cörne, Claus; Eckstein, Lutz In: 4. Fachtagung Hybridantriebe für mobile Arbeitsmaschinen, Karlsruhe, DE, 20. Feb. 2013 in: Karlsru-her Schriftenreihe Fahrzeugsystemtechnik 15 (2013) S.13-24, Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing, 978-386-64497-0-1 (12 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 3 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 024 - Traktor, Hybridantrieb, Elektrifizierung, Leistungsfluss Pichlmaier, Benno; Buchner, Thiemo; Hafner, Kim AGCO, Marktoberdorf, DE Leistungsflussmessungen am Traktor als Grundlage der Konzeption hybrider Antriebe Konferenz-Einzelbericht Grundlage von Hybridisierungs- und Elektrifizierungsstrategien mit dem Ziel der Effizienzsteigerung mobi-ler Maschinen ist die genaue Kenntnis aller Leistungsflüsse und Systemwirkungsgrade im realen Einsatz-kollektiv. Im Rahmen des BMBF geförderten Verbundprojektes TEAM werden Konzepte zur Erhebung und Auswertung entsprechender Maschinendaten aus Feldeinsätzen erarbeitet. Ein 17-1 kW Standard-traktor Fendt 724 Vario wurde dazu aufwendig mit Messtechnik ausgestattet. Basierend auf den Erkennt-nissen des Forschungsprojektes können technisch mögliche und wirtschaftlich sinnvolle Optimierungs-maßnahmen der Elektrifizierung bzw. Hybridisierung identifiziert werden, um Kraftstoffverbrauch und Kohlendioxidausstoß weiter zu verringern. Nach ersten Abschätzungen wird der Traktor für sich die ho-hen Investitionskosten hybrider Antriebe kaum amortisieren können. Intelligente Lösungen der Geräte-hersteller sind gefragt, ebenso innovative Ansätze zur Kostensenkung bei Hochvoltkomponenten. (Publi-kationssprache: Deutsch) Leistungsflussmessungen am Traktor als Grundlage der Konzeption hybrider Antriebe / Pichlmaier, Ben-no; Buchner, Thiemo; Hafner, Kim In: 4. Fachtagung Hybridantriebe für mobile Arbeitsmaschinen, Karlsruhe, DE, 20. Feb. 2013 in: Karlsru-her Schriftenreihe Fahrzeugsystemtechnik 15 (2013) S.25-35, Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing, 978-386-64497-0-1 (11 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 9 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 025 - mobile Arbeitsmaschine, Hybridtechnologie, Elektrifizierung Iuchi, Kazutaka; Götz, Manuel; Brehmer, Udo; Jaeger, Lukas ZF Friedrichshafen, DE Betrachtung der Hybridisierung und Elektrifizierung mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen - Erkenntnisse aus Fahrzeugversuchen und theoretischen Untersuchungen Konferenz-Einzelbericht Durch die Einführung der neuen Abgasvorschriften Tier4-interim (Tier4i) und Tier4-Final (Tier4) wächst die Bedeutung von Abgasnachbehandlungssystemen für Arbeitsmaschinen. Hybridtechnologien und de-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


ren Möglichkeiten zur Betriebspunktverschiebung können die Emissionen und die Wirksamkeit des Ab-gasnachbehandlungssystems beeinflussen. Mithilfe von Simulationsmodellen können die Einflüsse der Hybridtechnologie und deren Fahrstrategien auf das Abgasnachbehandlungsmodell dargestellt und ana-lysiert werden. Neben Dieselverbrauch kann durch eine optimierte Hybridstrategie auch der AdBlue-Verbrauch des SCR-Systems gesenkt werden. Im ersten Teil dieser Veröffentlichung wird ein Simulati-onsmodell der ZF Friedrichshafen AG vorgestellt das es ermöglicht sowohl den Diesel- als auch den AdBlue-Verbrauch im Gesamtfahrzeugsimulationsmodell zu berechnen. Des Weiteren sind Vorgehens-weise zum Abgleich mit Messungen sowie die angewendete Maschinenmodellerstellung dargestellt. Im zweiten Teil werden die Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt "ElecTra" vorgestellt, in dem ein Prototyp eines elektrifizierten Traktors mit einer elektrifizierter Einzelkornsämaschine aufgebaut und im Feld getestet wurde. Nach einer kurzen Beschreibung der Projektziele und des Systemaufbaus werden die Ergebnisse der Versuche mit der Traktor-Anbaugerät Kombination dargestellt. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Betrachtung der Hybridisierung und Elektrifizierung mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen - Erkenntnisse aus Fahr-zeugversuchen und theoretischen Untersuchungen / Iuchi, Kazutaka; Götz, Manuel; Brehmer, Udo; Jae-ger, Lukas In: 4. Fachtagung Hybridantriebe für mobile Arbeitsmaschinen, Karlsruhe, DE, 20. Feb. 2013 in: Karlsru-her Schriftenreihe Fahrzeugsystemtechnik 15 (2013) S.85-97, Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing, 978-386-64497-0-1 (13 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 5 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 026 - Landwirtschaft, elektrischer Antrieb, Traktionsantrieb Klimentew, Lars; Krüger, Jan; Meyer, Henning J. TU Berlin, DE Einflussfaktoren des Getriebes auf die Effizienz elektrischer Traktionsantriebe Influencing factors of the gearbox in efficiency of electrical traction drives Zeitschriftenaufsatz Der Einsatz elektrischer Antriebe in der Landwirtschaft erreicht inzwischen auch mobile Arbeitsmaschinen mit Zugkraftaufgaben. Elektrische Traktionsantriebe für Personenkraftwagen werden bereits mit ver-schiedenen Ansätzen und dem Ziel der Verbrauchsreduktion optimiert. Hierbei spielt die Betrachtung des Gesamtsystems, als zusammengesetztes System aus elektrischen und mechanischen Baugruppen, eine wichtige Rolle. Elektrische Antriebe mit einem großen Konstantleistungsbereich eignen sich sehr gut, um mit einer geringen Anzahl von schaltbaren Gängen eine sehr gute Anpassung an die ideale Zugkrafthy-perbel zu erreichen. Die Erhöhung der Ganganzahl ermöglicht eine Anpassung der Betriebspunkte der elektrischen Maschine an die Fahrgeschwindigkeit und ermöglicht somit, den hohen Wirkungsgrad der Maschinen noch besser zu nutzen. Die Vorhersage der mechanischen und elektrischen Verluste im Triebstrang stellt eine wesentliche Information für die Optimierung dar. Zur Optimierung des Energie-verbrauchs wird ein iteratives Vorgehen vorgeschlagen. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Einflussfaktoren des Getriebes auf die Effizienz elektrischer Traktionsantriebe / Klimentew, Lars; Krüger, Jan; Meyer, Henning J. In: Landtechnik 68 (2013) 2, S.130-134 (5 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 12 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 027 - Pkw, Dieselmotor, Hybridantrieb, Verbrauchseinsparung Lee, Cho-Yu; Zhao, Hua; Ma, Tom Brunel University, Uxbridge, GB A simple and efficient mild air hybrid engine concept and its performance analysis Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this paper, a simplified and more effective approach to achieve mild air hybrid operation in an engine with split intake ports is presented and its performance is analysed. The regenerative engine braking is achieved by operating the engine as a compressor during vehicle deceleration through the application of a cam profile switching device to one of the intake valves. Compared to the previous concepts, the new approach simplifies the control and allows more compressed air to be captured during the compressor mode operation. A four-cylinder 2.0 l diesel engine has been modelled in Ricardo's WAVE to operate in an air hybrid engine configuration so that the valve timing optimization during the compressor mode and the expander mode operations could be studied. An air hybrid operation map during the compressor ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


mode is then created, in which the amount of air mass charged (g/cycle) during a deceleration is given as a function of engine braking torque and tank pressure. The other air hybrid operation map for the ex-pander mode operation is generated using a program in MATLAB, which allows the compressed air con-sumption during each cranking to be determined for a given tank pressure and the number of cylinders. In order to evaluate the potential fuel savings of the mild air hybrid engine technology and the availability of the compressed air for additional usages, a driving cycle simulation program has been developed and applied to a light duty vehicle. The vehicle simulation shows that standard vehicle operation during the New European Driving Cycle consumes 677 g of fuel and the mild air hybrid vehicle uses 631.2 g of fuel, which represents a 6.8 % reduction in fuel consumption as a result of the regenerative stop-start opera-tions. In addition, the free compressed air is available to provide instant boost so that a highly downsized engine can be used for further improvement in fuel economy without the loss in performance and greater emissions associated with turbo-lag. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) A simple and efficient mild air hybrid engine concept and its performance analysis / Lee, Cho-Yu; Zhao, Hua; Ma, Tom In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D (Journal of Automobile Engineering) 227 (2013) 1, S.120-136 (17 Seiten, 33 Bilder, 5 Tabellen, 18 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012454975 _____________________________________________________ - 028 - Verbrennungsmotor, homogene Selbstzündung Lawler, Benjamin J.; Fillip, Zoran S. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US Integration of a dual-mode Si-HCCI engine into various vehicle architectures Zeitschriftenaufsatz A simulation study was performed to evaluate the potential fuel economy benefits of integrating a dual-mode SI-HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) engine into various vehicle architectures. The vehicle configurations that were considered include a conventional vehicle and a mild parallel hybrid electric vehicle. The two configurations were modeled and compared in detail for a given engine size (2.0 L) over the EPA UDDS (city) and highway cycles. The results show that the dual-mode engine in the con-ventional vehicle offers a modest gain in vehicle fuel economy of approximately 5-7%. The gains were modest because the baseline (the SI engine in the conventional vehicle) is relatively advanced with a six-speed automated manual transmission. The mild parallel hybrid with the SI engine achieved 32% better fuel economy than the conventional vehicle in the city, but only 6% on the highway. For the dual-mode engine in the mild parallel hybrid, a specific control strategy was used to manipulate engine operation in an attempt to minimize the number of engine mode transitions and maximize the time spent in HCCI. The parallel hybrid with the dual-mode engine and modified control strategy provides dramatic improvements of up to 48% for city driving, demonstrating that the addition of HCCI has a more significant impact with mild parallel hybrids than with conventional vehicles. Finally, a systematic study of engine sizing provides guidelines for selecting the best option for a given vehicle application. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Integration of a dual-mode Si-HCCI engine into various vehicle architectures / Lawler, Benjamin J.; Fillip, Zoran S. In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 135 (2013) 5, S.052802/1-8 (8 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 23 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4022990 _____________________________________________________



- 029 - Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug, Antriebsstrang, Kalibrierung Zach, Christoph; Kokalj, Gerhard; Greil, Wolfgang AVL List, Graz, AT Modellbasierte Kalibration von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen (HyHab(R)). Verlagerung der Ka-libration von der Teststrecke auf den Rollen- und Antriebstrangprüfstand Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Aufgrund der Forderung Emissionen und Treibstoff einzusparen, wurden in den letzten Jahren eine Fülle von neuen Antriebstrangkonzepten entwickelt. Die Systemkomplexität und Variantenvielfalt sind zusätz-lich gestiegen. Dies bedeutet aber auch, dass der Kalibrierungsaufwand deutlich erhöht wurde. Um die-sen Herausforderungen gewachsen zu sein, wurde eine Technologie entwickelt, die es möglich macht, den Kalibrierungsprozess zu einem großen Teil auf Rollen- und Antriebstrangprüfstände zu verlagern. Diese Prüfstandumgebungen bieten den großen Vorteil der konstanten Umgebungsbedingungen. Die Testplanung (Betriebszustand und Parametervariationen) erfolgt mit Hilfe von DoEMethoden. Die Fahr-barkeit wird objektiv bewertet, das Abfahren der Manöver erfolgt automatisiert. Dadurch werden unbe-mannte Prüflaufe über Nacht und am Wochenende möglich. Zur Kalibrierung wird ein modellbasierter Ansatz verwendet. Durch die Anwendung der entwickelten Technologie kann einerseits Kalibrierungszeit und Fahrzeugeinsatz minimiert, andererseits aber auch die Qualität der Kalibrierung verbessert werden. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Modellbasierte Kalibration von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen (HyHab(R)). Verlagerung der Kalibration von der Teststrecke auf den Rollen- und Antriebstrangprüfstand / Zach, Christoph; Kokalj, Gerhard; Greil, Wolfgang In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.459-464, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (6 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 4 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 030 - HIL-Simulation, elektrischer Antrieb Deter, Matthias; Puschmann, Frank; Plöger, Markus dSPACE, Paderborn, DE Plattformspezifische Modellierungsansätze zur Hardware-in-the-Loop-Simulation von elektrischen Antrieben Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Moderne HIL-Simulatoren ermöglichen eine plattformübergreifende Echtzeitsimulation von elektrischen Maschinen in unterschiedlichem Detaillierungsgrad. Die Erfordernisse für das virtuelle Schließen eines Regelkreises hängen stark von dem zu testenden Steuergerät, der zur Regelung verwendeten Strategie, dem darzustellenden Drehzahlbereich und der gewählten Simulationsebene (Signal oder Leistung) ab. Für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsfällen bleibt der Prozessor eine adäquate Echtzeitplattform für die HIL-Simulation von elektrischen Antrieben. Der Einsatz von FPGAs ermöglicht eine exakte und stabile HIL-Simulation auch bei hohen elektrischen Drehfeldfrequenzen. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht sie die genauere Darstellung von Schaltvorgängen in leistungselektronischen Schaltungen. Die zur korrekten Darstellung von nichtlinearen Effekten notwendigen Parameter sind oftmals schwierig zu ermitteln. Der Einsatz von FEA-Daten stellt eine mögliche Alternative dar. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Plattformspezifische Modellierungsansätze zur Hardware-in-the-Loop-Simulation von elektrischen Antrie-ben / Deter, Matthias; Puschmann, Frank; Plöger, Markus In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.465-470, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (6 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 4 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________



- 031 - Personenkraftwagen, Fahrwerksteuerung, Drive-by-wire Weiskircher, Thomas; Müller, Steffen Universität Kaiserslautern, DE Optimal modular vehicle dynamic control of by-wire vehicles CD-ROM Datei; Konferenz-Einzelbericht A motion control structure for accurate vehicle motion tracking based on global chassis control and con-trol allocation methods was presented. The modular control structure divides the control problem into a reusable global force controller with virtual control variables and a control allocation distributing the virtual control variables to the available motion actuators. The motion controller was analysed for two different actuation setups, a standard series production car and a hybrid car with two additional electric motors at the front axle. The combination of the control allocation and energy efficiency in a weighted least squares formulation was used to distribute the global control to the available actuators without crossing the given limits of tyres and actuators. Different manoeuvres were used to show the robust and accurate control performance for handling and stability also in case that tyre force is saturated. Additionally, two different energy weightings were introduced, a fixed (FW) and a dynamic weighting (DW). While the FW was pa-rameterised with information about general actuator efficiency, the DW calculated the weight of the differ-ent actuators online depending on the operation point of each actuator. For the given actuation setups, virtual simulation tests state that an additional computational effort for the DW including efficiency maps in the online calculation of the motion controller does not result in an advantage and thus, the FW is more suitable for real-time application. In general, it could be proved that CA is able to distribute the global con-trol variables in a way, that precise motion control and energy consumption is recognized at the same time. Further investigations will concentrate on the analysis of the failure of one of the bywire actuators and also the influence of observer accuracy needs to be recognized to evaluate real-world application in detail. To reduce energy consumption for the controlled conventional car, a torque vectoring gearbox should be considered, because in this case no friction brakes are required to manipulate vehicle driving characteristics. Finally, real-time application of the motion controller is in focus of the next development stage. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Optimal modular vehicle dynamic control of by-wire vehicles / Weiskircher, Thomas; Müller, Steffen In: Chassis.tech plus, 3rd International Munich Chassis Symposium, Proceedings, München, DE, Jun 21-22, 2012 (2012) S.281-307, D:paper20.pdf (27 Seiten, 17 Bilder, 5 Tabellen, 18 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 032 - Personenkraftwagen, Elektroantrieb, Reibungsbremse Freitag, Gunter; Gerlich, Matthias; Bergmann, Dominik; Pais, Guillaume; Fischer, Bernhard Siemens, München, DE Replacement of the friction brake by a wheel hub drive Ersatz der Reibbremse durch einen Radnabenantrieb CD-ROM Datei; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Current electrifications of passenger cars are mostly about conversion of existing models. The internal combustion engine is replaced by an electric motor. The typical components that are directly affected by the drive train are exchanged, e.g. the DCDC-Converter as substitution of the generator. But the electric drive train has more to offer than just a conversion or replacing a combustion engine. Fully new concepts of configurations and designs of the systems become thinkable. One of the targets of the project de-scribed in this article is the development of an electric wheel hub motor which on the one hand acceler-ates the car and on the other hand replaces the friction brake at the rear axis by decelerating the car in the generator mode. To minimize the energy consumption of the car the second aim is to recuperate as much energy as possible. Just in the event that vehicle dynamics require the brake torque at other wheels or the electrical torque is not available the friction brake shall be used. The latter point leads to the ques-tion how to shift the brake power from the electric machine to the friction brake and vice versa in a com-fortable way for the driver. The strategy of the brake blending approached in this work is to recuperate as much energy as possible. To achieve these aims we developed a wheel hub motor and built up a proto-type car. In this case the requirements for the electric wheel hub motor are not only derived from the driv-ing- but also from the braking-mode of the system. This means while the design of the motor legal regula-tions regarding brake systems had to be considered. This vehicle uses two wheel hub motors at the rear axis. Friction brakes are only mounted at the front axis. The here presented topology integrates an elec-tromotive brake and a friction brake in one vehicle. To recuperate as much energy as possible the system brakes as long as possible by means of the electric machines. Therefore a drive by wire system with a mechanical back-up was installed. This way it is feasible to split the drivers command to the two brake ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


system independently of the brake pedal position. This is essential to implement a brake blending strat-egy in with the vehicle decides which brake system is to be used. First test drives with the vehicle are done. To examine how much energy can be restored the recuperation is measured during a real drive cycle at a test rig. By this means the recuperation strategies is analyzed. The measurements will be pre-sented. Also theoretical thoughts on what is an optimal recuperation rate and strategie for an electric ma-chines in electric vehicles are presented. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Replacement of the friction brake by a wheel hub drive / Freitag, Gunter; Gerlich, Matthias; Bergmann, Dominik; Pais, Guillaume; Fischer, Bernhard In: Chassis.tech plus, 3rd International Munich Chassis Symposium, Proceedings, München, DE, Jun 21-22, 2012 (2012) S.619-644, D:paper39.pdf (26 Seiten, 17 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 6 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 033 - Radnabenantriebentwicklung, Funktionserprobung Wießner, G. Schaeffler Technologies, Herzogenaurach, DE Radnabenantrieb: Systemerprobung am Prüfstand und im Fahrzeug Wheel Hub Drive: System testing on test rig and in vehicle Konferenz-Einzelbericht Die Entwicklung eines hochintegrierten Radnabenantriebs erfordert eine realitätsnahe Funktions- und Lebensdauererprobung. Dafür müssen teils bewährte Versuchs- und Prüfmethoden, teils neue Methoden und Prozesse entwickelt werden. Die physikalische Betrachtung, z.B. die Beschleunigungen und Lasten erhöhter radgefederter Massen, sind Voraussetzung für die Ableitung realistischer Versuchsmethoden. Für eine funktionssichere und betriebsfeste Auslegung des Radnabenantriebs müssen elastische Ver-formung, Steifigkeiten, thermische Belastung und die Auswirkungen daraus bekannt sein. Ein Abgleich der Prüf- und Validierungsmethoden mit Gesamtfahrzeugtests auch unter "Worst Case"-Betrachtung ist die Voraussetzung für die Produktentwicklung. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Radnabenantrieb: Systemerprobung am Prüfstand und im Fahrzeug / Wießner, G. In: DVM-Tag 2013, Elektromobilität - Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Elektrofahrzeugs, Berlin, DE, 24.-26. Apr, 2013 (2013) S.69-77 (9 Seiten, 8 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 034 - Radnabenmotor, Lebensdauer Bicek, M.; Gotovac, G.; Miljavec, D.; Zupan, S. Elaphe propulsion technologies, Ljubljana, SI; University of Ljubljana, SI Hub bearing loadings and lifetime for in-wheel motors Nabenlager Belastungen und Lebensdauer für Radnabenmotor Konferenz-Einzelbericht This paper focuses on the Design Failure and Effect Analysis (DFMEA) for in-wheel motors designed for electric vehicles, with an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) hub bearing. There are some questions arising regarding the induced unsprung mass and its impact on enhanced dynamic loads, which can re-duce the hub bearing's lifetime expectancy. Besides this, potential stator eccentricity or a variable air gap between permanent magnets on rotor and stator winding result in additional radial forces which also have an impact on reduced lifetime. The obtainable literature was studied regarding calculations of cumulative bearing damage and predicting credible load case sequences in order to evaluate the unit's lifetime ex-pectancy. A comparison was made of a hub bearing implemented into a normal wheel with internal com-bustion engines (ICE) propulsion, with a hub bearing implemented into a direct driven in-wheel motor with induced radial force due to a higher amount of unsprung mass and potential eccentricity from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Hub bearing loadings and lifetime for in-wheel motors / Bicek, M.; Gotovac, G.; Miljavec, D.; Zupan, S. In: DVM-Tag 2013, Elektromobilität - Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Elektrofahrzeugs, Berlin, DE, 24.-26. Apr, 2013 (2013) S.79-89 (11 Seiten, 2 Bilder, 5 Tabellen, 23 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


- 035 - PKW, Hybridantrieb, Elektroantrieb, Leistungselektronik Hofmann, Maximilian Technische Fakultät, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, DE Charakterisierung eines mechatronisch integrierten Achs-Antriebssystems für Hybrid- und Elekt-rofahrzeuge Dissertation Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Untersuchungen zur Systemgestaltung und zur Analyse des Einsatzpo-tentials von elektrischen Achs-Antriebssystemen mit integrierter Umrichter- Leistungselektronik durchge-führt. Hierzu wurde ein Traktionssystem mit einer Leistung von 2x20 kW und integriertem Doppelumrich-ter (2x45 kVA) realisiert. Das System ist geeignet für den Einsatz in straßengekoppelten Hybridfahrzeu-gen und kleineren E-Fahrzeugen. Die umgesetzte Losung ermöglicht durch die wirkortnahe Platzierung der leistungselektronischen Komponenten ein System mit erhöhter Bauraumflexibilität und reduzierter Anzahl an Komponenten und Schnittstellen. Ein gemeinsamer Kuhlmantel für die Statoren der Antriebs-maschinen und die Leistungselektronik sowie die direkte Kontaktierung der AC-Phasenkabel im Umricht-erbereich seien hier beispielhaft genannt. Gleichzeitig steigen die mechanischen und thermischen Anfor-derungen an die Komponenten integrierter Umrichtersysteme, beispielsweise durch den Vibrations- und Wärmeeintrag benachbarter mechanischer Antriebskomponenten. Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von grundplattenlosen Leistungsmodulen, die gegenüber klassischen Modulen eine reduzierte Anzahl an thermischen und mechanischen Schnittstellen aufweisen, werden vorgestellt. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Bewertung des Einsatzes von Asynchronmaschinen mit Kupferläufern in straßenge-koppelten Hybridfahrzeugen ohne zusätzliche mechanische Kupplungsvorrichtungen Mittels Messungen wurden die Schleppverluste des Gesamt- Antriebssystems im passiven Betrieb untersucht. Die Nachteile in Bezug auf Leistungsdichte und Fahrzyklus-bezogener Effizienz gegenüber permanenterregten Syn-chronmaschinen wurden in einer Motor-Vergleichsstudie zusätzlich für einen 2x60 kW Antrieb quantifi-ziert Signifikante Effizienzunterschiede treten hier insbesondere bei langsameren Fahrzyklen auf. Unter-suchungen zur anforderungsgerechten Auslegung des Wirkungsgradmaximums der Traktionsmaschinen in Abhängigkeit des Belastungsprofiles werden vorgestellt. Hierbei sind deutliche Abweichungen zum Punkt der zeitlich häufigsten Belastung der Maschine festgestellt worden. Sowohl im Hybridbetrieb als auch im elektrischen Betrieb liegen die Durchschnittsleistungen vor allem bei Fahrzyklen geringerer Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit deutlich unter der Nenn bzw. der Maximalleistung der Antriebssysteme. Dies macht eine Optimierung der Teillasteffizienz notwendig, um die Batterieenergie möglichst effizient in Reichweite umzusetzen Asynchronmaschinen haben im Teillastbereich und vor allem im Ankerstellbe-reich Nachteile gegenüber PSM-Maschinen durch zusätzliche Stromwärmeverluste im Käfigläufer. Eine Betriebsstrategie für Hochvolt-DC/DC-Wandler mit variabler Gestaltung der Zwischenkreisspannung kann die Teillasteffizienz unter anderem durch eine Reduktion der IGBT-Schaltverluste bei langsamen Fahr-zyklen erhöhen. Durchgeführte Simulationen bestätigen auch Vorteile durch den Einsatz von schaltbaren Untersetzungsgetrieben die einen Einsatz in einem optimalen Betriebsbereich ermöglichen. Neben Wir-kungsgradnachteilen ergibt sich durch die Rotorverluste in Asynchronmaschinen auch eine Erwärmung des Läufers, aufgrund dessen schlechter Anbindung an den Wasserkühlmantel mit einem hohen thermi-schen Widerstand Messungen und CFD-Analysen der konvektiven Rotorentwärmung im Motorinneren wurden auch zur Parametrisierung eines thermischen Ersatzschaltbildes auf Basis von Cauer-Netzwerken genutzt. Die Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, dass im Falle der realisierten Antriebseinheit die Entwärmung des Rotors entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Gesamt-Leistungsfähigkeit des Systems hat. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Charakterisierung eines mechatronisch integrierten Achs-Antriebssystems für Hybrid- und Elektrofahr-zeuge / Hofmann, Maximilian In: Dissertation; (2012) S.1-134 (134 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 64 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



Fahrzeugelektronik, IKT - 036 - genetischer Algorithmus, Fuzzy-Regelung, Elektrofahrzeug Zhou, Mei-Lan; Lu, Deng-Ke; Li, Wei-Min; Xu, Hui-Feng Harbin University of Science and Technology, CN; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chi-nese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, CN Optimized Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Genetic Al-gorithm Konferenz-Einzelbericht; Online-Publikation (Internet) For PHEV energy management, in this paper the author proposed an EMS is that based on the optimiza-tion of fuzzy logic control strategy. Because the membership functions of FLC and fuzzy rule base were obtained by the experience of experts or by designers through the experiment analysis, they could not make the FLC get the optimization results. Therefore, the author used genetic algorithm to optimize the membership functions of the FLC to further improve the vehicle performance. Finally, simulated and ana-lyzed by using the electric vehicle software ADVISOR, the results indicated that the proposed strategy could easily control the engine and motor, ensured the balance between battery charge and discharge and as compared with electric assist control strategy, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions have also been reduced to less than 43.84%. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Optimized Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Genetic Algorithm / Zhou, Mei-Lan; Lu, Deng-Ke; Li, Wei-Min; Xu, Hui-Feng In: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Civil Engineering, ICMEMSCE 2012, 2012 Interna-tional Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Civil Engineering, Selected, peer reviewed papers, Harbin, CN, Aug. 18-20, 2012 in: Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (2013) S.345-349, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications (http://www.ttp.net) (5 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.274.345 http://www.scientific.net/AMM.274.345 _____________________________________________________ - 037 - Elektrofahrzeug, Batteriekapazität, Reichweite Chew, K.W.; Gan, Y.H.; Leong, C.K. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kuala Lumpur, MY Contour Positioning System - New Traveling Distance Estimation Method for Electric Vehicle Konferenz-Einzelbericht; Online-Publikation (Internet) Contour Positioning System (CPS) is a new system invented for electric vehicles to calculate the remain-ing battery capacity for reaching a desired destination. Instead of using conventional electric car estima-tion in terms of distance, a CPS system can figure out extra energy needed when an electric car is travel-ing on different contour lines. Extra current will be drawn for generating torque required by the electric car on an inclined plane, for instance traveling uphill. By using coordinate conversion, sets of longitude and latitude readings can be converted into distance difference along the pathway and the elevation levels difference are calculated; the extra force and torque needed along an inclined plane can be further counted which will then lead to the extra current drawn from the electric car's battery pack. Data collec-tions and real-time validations have been done to clarify the calculation results. By performing a series of battery capacity calculation, CPS can give a higher precision and accuracy of remaining battery life to reach the desired location. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Contour Positioning System - New Traveling Distance Estimation Method for Electric Vehicle / Chew, K.W.; Gan, Y.H.; Leong, C.K. In: ICETI 2012, 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovation 2012, Innova-tion for Applied Science and Technology, Selected, peer reviewed papers, Kaohsiung, TW, Nov. 2-6, 2012 in: Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (2013) S.451-455, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications (http://www.ttp.net) (5 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.284-287.451 http://www.scientific.net/AMM.284-287.451



- 038 - Elektroroller, Fuzzy-Neuronalnetz, Steuerungssystem Lin, Chih-Hong; Lin, Chih-Peng National United University, Miaoli, TW; Su-Mo Enterprise, Taichung, TW The hybrid RFNN control for a PMSM drive electric scooter using rotor flux estimator Zeitschriftenaufsatz The hybrid recurrent fuzzy neural network (HRFNN) control permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system using rotor flux estimator is developed for controlling electric scooter in order to raise robustness and reduce interference and cost of encoder in this paper. First, the dynamic models of a PMSM drive system were derived in according to electric scooter. The proportional integral (PI) control-ler used for speed controller cannot able to process for the electric scooter due to existence of nonlinear uncertainty. The HRFNN control system using rotor flux estimator was developed to control electric scooter driven by PMSM in order to conquer disadvantage for PI controller and reduce interference and cost of encoder. The rotor flux estimator consists of the estimation algorithm of rotor flux position and speed based on the back electromagnetic force (EMF) to provide the feedback signal for HRFNN control system. The HRFNN control system consists of the supervisor control, the RFNN and the compensated control with adaptive law. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, comparative studies with PI controller are demonstrated by experimental results. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) The hybrid RFNN control for a PMSM drive electric scooter using rotor flux estimator / Lin, Chih-Hong; Lin, Chih-Peng In: International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 51 (2013) S.213-223 (11 Seiten, 27 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.02.031 _____________________________________________________ - 039 - Hybridelektrofahrzeug, Regelung Yu, Haisheng; Zhang, Jianwu; Zhang, Tong; Tang, Xiaolin Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN; Shanghai Maple Automobile, CN Optimal control of an electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle Zeitschriftenaufsatz A new electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle is introduced in this paper. This system, which has a dual-rotor brush motor, was developed with the aim of combining all the advantages of an internal-combustion engine and two electric motors in an optimal way so as to improve the power performance and the fuel economy. This system can be used as an electromagnetic, continuously variable transmis-sion. The architecture and analogy of the electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle are analysed; a control strategy is designed and explained in detail. The system's optimal zone is designed. To evaluate the performance and the control strategy, the tests were performed on the chassis dynamometer under the New European Driving Cycle. The economic performance of the electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle is analysed. The operational zones of the engines of an electromagnetic power-split hy-brid electric vehicle and of a conventional vehicle were compared. The results indicate that the designed vehicle control strategy of the electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle worked properly under the New European Driving Cycle and that the engine worked in the optimized zone. The average fuel consumption under the New European Driving Cycle is 4.75 l/100 km; the saved petrol ratio is 41.3% compared with that of the related prototype vehicle. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Optimal control of an electromagnetic power-split hybrid electric vehicle / Yu, Haisheng; Zhang, Jianwu; Zhang, Tong; Tang, Xiaolin In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D (Journal of Automobile Engineering) 227 (2013) 6, S.822-841 (20 Seiten, 36 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 12 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012464858 _____________________________________________________



- 040 - Drehschwingungsregelung, Elektrofahrzeug, Radantrieb Khang Zhun Yeap; Müller, Steffen; Rauh, Jochen TU Kaiserslautern, DE; Daimler, DE Analyse und robuste Drehschwingungsregelung für elektrische Fahrzeuge mit Einzelradantrieb Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Drehschwingungen im Antriebsstrang von elektrisch angetriebenen Fahrzeugen mit Einzelradantrieb füh-ren zu hörbaren und spürbaren Komfortbeeinträchtigungen, belasten die Bauteile des Antriebs und der Radführung und beeinträchtigen darüber hinaus möglicherweise die Leistungsfähigkeit von Fahrwerksys-temen wie dem Antiblockiersystem ABS. Die Ursachen dafür sind die niedrige Dämpfung im Antriebs-strang und die Störerregungen über den Reifen-Fahrbahn-Kontakt und auch durch ABS-Regelvorgänge, deren Frequenzen im Bereich der System-Eigenfrequenz liegen können. Aktive Dämpfungsmaßnahmen sind damit zwingend erforderlich, um einerseits das Dämpfungsverhalten zu verbessern und andererseits die gewünschte Regelgüte der Fahrwerk- und Antriebsysteme zu gewährleisten. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Analyse und robuste Drehschwingungsregelung für elektrische Fahrzeuge mit Einzelradantrieb / Khang Zhun Yeap; Müller, Steffen; Rauh, Jochen In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.109-119, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (11 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 11 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 041 - Parallelhybridfahrzeug, Antriebsstrangsteuerung Michalka, Andreas; Roppenecker, Günter Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, DE Kupplungsschlupfregelung als Teil eines Gesamtkonzepts zur Antriebsstrangsteuerung eines Pa-rallelhybridfahrzeugs Clutch slip control as part of an overall concept for the powertrain control of a parallel hybrid electric vehi-cle Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Steuerung und Regelung des Antriebsstrangs eines Parallel-hybridfahrzeugs vorgestellt. Dieser ist dabei in ein Gesamtkonzept zur Vorgabe und Steuerung der Fahr-zeuglängsbewegung eingebettet und grenzt sich dadurch von der industrieüblichen Vorgehensweise ab, dass bei der Kupplungsregelung die EMaschine zu Hilfe genommen und eine neue Zuordnung von Stell- und Regelgrößen verwendet wird. Dies bietet insbesondere in Situationen mit Lastwechseln an der Kupp-lung große Vorteile, wie durch Simulationen belegt wird. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Kupplungsschlupfregelung als Teil eines Gesamtkonzepts zur Antriebsstrangsteuerung eines Parallelhyb-ridfahrzeugs / Michalka, Andreas; Roppenecker, Günter In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.121-132, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (12 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 4 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 042 - Hybridantriebsstrang, Leerlaufregelung Kandler, Christoph; Könings, Tim; Ding, Steven X.; Wobbe, Frank; Weinhold, Nick; Schultalbers, Matthias Universität Duisburg-Essen, DE; IAV, Gifhorn, DE Leerlaufregelung eines Hybridantriebsstrangs Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht In diesem Beitrag wird ein Regelungskonzept für den Antriebsstrang eines Parallelhybriden vorgestellt. Das Konzept stellt einerseits die Leerlaufregelung unter Nutzung des Elektromotors (EM) als zweites Stellglied neben der Verbrennungskraftmaschine sicher; andererseits ermöglicht es den Betrieb des EM ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


als Generator durch eine Lastpunktverschiebung. Dazu wird, ausgehend von einem nichtlinearen Stre-ckenmodell, ein geeignetes Entwurfsmodell hergeleitet. Dem nichtlinearen Verhalten der Saugrohrdruck-dynamik wird durch eine Linearisierung Rechnung getragen, die auf nichtlinearer Invertierung basiert. Die Koordination der zwei Stellglieder wird durch eine unter dem Begriff "midranging control" bekannte Reg-lerstruktur ermöglicht. Das gewählte Reglerentwurfsverfahren ermöglicht außerdem die Berücksichtigung des schwingungsfähigen, dynamischen Verhaltens der Regelstrecke, welches durch Komponenten des Antriebsstrangs hervorgerufen wird. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Leerlaufregelung eines Hybridantriebsstrangs / Kandler, Christoph; Könings, Tim; Ding, Steven X.; Wob-be, Frank; Weinhold, Nick; Schultalbers, Matthias In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.133-144, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (12 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 17 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 043 - elektrohydraulisches Bremssystem, Elektrofahrzeug Farshizadeh, Emad; Steinmann, David; Heinrichfreise, Hermann DMecS, Köln, DE; FH Köln, DE Ein Konzept für ein elektrohydraulisches Bremssystem mit adaptivem Bremsgefühl A concept for an electrohydraulic brake system with adaptive brake pedal feedback Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht In diesem Beitrag wird ein Regelungskonzept für ein elektrohydraulisches Bremssystem für Elektrofahr-zeuge vorgestellt. Das Konzept bietet die Möglichkeit, die haptische Rückmeldung des Bremspedals an den Fahrer zu beeinflussen. Damit kann dem Fahrer ein nahezu beliebiges Bremsgefühl, angepasst an den jeweiligen Fahrzustand, vermittelt werden. Das Bremssystem eignet sich besonders für Fahrzeuge mit Rekuperationsstrategie, da das Zusammenspiel von Reibungs- und Generatorbremse ohne negative Einflüsse auf das Bremsgefühl erfolgt. Anhand von zwei Beispielen wird veranschaulicht, wie unter-schiedliche Bremscharakteristiken implementiert werden können. Schließlich wird das Regelungskonzept in der Simulation mit einem detaillierten Modell des Bremssystems in einem Fahrdynamikmodell eines Elektrofahrzeugs analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein sehr gutes Verhalten des Bremssystems, beson-ders beim Übergang zwischen generatorischer Bremsung und Reibungsbremsung, der ohne spürbare Auswirkung auf das Bremsgefühl gestaltet wird. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Ein Konzept für ein elektrohydraulisches Bremssystem mit adaptivem Bremsgefühl / Farshizadeh, Emad; Steinmann, David; Heinrichfreise, Hermann In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.173-184, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (12 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 7 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 044 - Elektrofahrzeug, Torque Vectoring, Fahrstabilität Korte, Matthias; Holzmann, Frederic; Scheuch, Volker; Kaiser, Gerd; Roth, Hubert Intedis, Würzburg, DE; Universität Stuttgart, DE Robust vehicle observer to enhance torque vectoring in an EV Ein robuster Fahrzeugbeobachter zur Unterstützung von Torque Vectoring in einem Elektrofahrzeug Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Ein gegenüber fehlenden oder verzögerten Sensorsignalen robuster Fahrzeugbeobachter wurde inner-halb eines europäischen Forschungsprojekts entwickelt. Die Auslegung erfolgte hierbei so, dass eine op-timale Unterstützung der Funktion Torque Vectoring für den mit zwei Elektromotoren angetriebenen Pro-totypen gewährleistet ist. Zunächst werden die ankommenden Signale auf durch verschiedene Methoden auf ihre Plausibilität hin überprüft. Verzögerte oder fehlende Sensorsignale werden durch den Einsatz von Markov-Ketten temporär ersetzt. Kern des Fahrzeugbeobachters ist ein Extended Kaiman Filter für die Fahrzeugzustände mit situationsbedingter Schätzung von Fahrzeug und Umgebungsparametern. Das ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Konzept wurde innerhalb von Simulationen innerhalb eines nichtlinearen Fahrzeugmodells mit 14 Frei-heitsgraden validiert. Es zeigte sich eine deutliche Verbesserung der Fahrstabilität innerhalb der dynami-schen Fahrmanöver. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Robust vehicle observer to enhance torque vectoring in an EV / Korte, Matthias; Holzmann, Frederic; Scheuch, Volker; Kaiser, Gerd; Roth, Hubert In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.185-194, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (10 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 8 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 045 - Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug, Energiemanagement, Regelung Schori, Markus; Böhme, Thomas; Frank, Benjamin; Schultalbers, Matthias Universität Rostock, DE; IAV, Gifhorn, DE Solving a hybrid optimal control problem including gear changes and different drive modes Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Most energy management systems for hybrid electric vehicles still use rule-based energy management systems that rely on information stored in lookup tables, to define the current mode of operation and set-points under given circumstances. Because of the high number of parameters, the calibration of such en-ergy-managements can be a cumbersome task. Mathematical methods are therefore inalienable to the calibration process. In this paper, it is demonstrated, how the theory of Hybrid Optimal Control can be used to calculate an initial parameter set for the energy management. As a first step, a Hybrid Optimal Control Problem is solved, to determine the controls for the optimal operation of the vehicle over a given cycle. The results can then be used to automatically calculate lookup-tables for optimal gear shifts, opti-mal torque-split between motor/generator and internal combustion engine and the determination of the drive mode (electric or hybrid mode). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Solving a hybrid optimal control problem including gear changes and different drive modes / Schori, Mar-kus; Böhme, Thomas; Frank, Benjamin; Schultalbers, Matthias In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.291-303, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (13 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 8 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 046 - Energieeffizienz, Omnibus, Triebstrangregelung Konrad, Marcus; Barrois, Björn; Müller, Johannes; Rivas-Zöller, Claudio EvoBus, Neu-Ulm, DE; EvoBus, Mannheim, DE Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz von Bussen durch innovative Elektrik/Elektronik Systeme Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Um die Energieeffizienz in Omnibussen zu verbessern, leisten elektrische und elektronische Systeme einen immer größeren Beitrag. Dabei werden die Systeme grundlegend unterschieden in solche, die ver-gangene Situationen bewerten, solche, die auf die aktuell vorliegende Situation reagieren und die prädik-tiven Systeme, die durch eine Vorausschau auf zukünftige Situationen frühzeitig eingreifen können. Der Fahrer hat situationsabhängig einen großen Einfluss auf den Energieverbrauch. Zur Nutzung dieses Po-tentials werden über ein Hinweisgebersystem dem Fahrer, ähnlich wie bei einer Schulung, retrospektiv Empfehlungen angezeigt, um durch eine nachhaltige Umsetzung eine kraftstoffeffiziente und verschleiß-mindernde Fahrweise zu erreichen. Durch innovative Elektrik-/Elektronik-Systeme können verschiedene Maßnahmen realisiert werden, die positiv zur Energieeffizienz eines Busses beitragen, indem auf die zu-rückliegende, auf die aktuelle Fahrsituation und teilweise auch auf bevorstehende Fahrsituationen rea-giert wird, um so selbstständig oder durch Hinweise an den Fahrer ein effizientes Systemverhalten zu realisieren. Dazu zählen das EcoDriverFeedback, das anhand verschiedener Kriterien die Fahrweise be-wertet, oder die topographieabhängige Triebstrangregelung, die mittels GPS-Sensor die globale Fahr



zeugposition bestimmt und in Relation zu einer digitalen Straßennetzkarte setzt, welche Informationen zu den Straßengradienten enthält. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz von Bussen durch innovative Elektrik/Elektronik Systeme / Konrad, Marcus; Barrois, Björn; Müller, Johannes; Rivas-Zöller, Claudio In: Buch; 12. Internationale Fachtagung Nutzfahrzeuge 2013, Truck, Bus, Van, Trailer, VDI-Gesellschaft Fahrzeug- und Verkehrstechnik, Celle, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2186 (2013) S.245-256, Düs-seldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092186-0 (12 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 6 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________



Energiespeicherung, Energiewandler - 047 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrolyt Vortmann, Britta; Nowak, Sascha; Engelhard, Carsten Universität Münster, DE Rapid characterization of lithium ion battery electrolytes and thermal aging products by low-temperature plasma ambient ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry Zeitschriftenaufsatz Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are key components for portable electronic devices that are used around the world. However, thermal decomposition products in the battery reduce its lifetime, and decomposition processes are still not understood. In this study, a rapid method for in situ analysis and reaction monitor-ing m LIB electrolytes is presented based on high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) with low tem-perature plasma probe (LTP) ambient desorption/ionization for the first tune. This proof of principle study demonstrates the capabilities of ambient mass spectrometry in battery research LTP-HR-MS is ideally suited for qualitative analysis in the ambient environment because it allows direct sample analysis inde-pendent of the sample size, geometry, and structure. Further, it is environmental friendly because it elimi-nates the need of organic solvents that are typically used in separation techniques coupled to mass spec-trometry. Accurate mass measurements were used to identify the time-/condition dependent formation of electrolyte decomposition compounds. A LIB model electrolyte containing ethylene carbonate and di-methyl carbonate was analyzed before and after controlled thermal stress and over the course of several weeks. Major decomposition products identified include difluorophosphoric acid, monofluorophosphoric acid methyl ester, monofluorophosphoric acid dimethyl ester, and hexafluorophosphate. Solvents (i.e., dimethyl carbonate) were partly consumed via an esterification pathway. LTP-HR-MS is considered to be an attractive method for fundamental LIB studies. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Rapid characterization of lithium ion battery electrolytes and thermal aging products by low-temperature plasma ambient ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry / Vortmann, Britta; Nowak, Sascha; Engel-hard, Carsten In: Analytical Chemistry 85 (2013) 6, S.3433-3438 (6 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 15 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac4001404 _____________________________________________________ - 048 - Energiespeicherung, Photovoltaik, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Novotny, Radomir Electrosuisse, Fehraltorf, CH Erste Erfahrungen mit Batteriespeichern. Zwei Projekte zeigen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen auf Zeitschriftenaufsatz Die Einbindung von zeitweise stark schwankendem Solar- und Windstrom ins Stromnetz, kombiniert mit dem künftigen Abschalten von Bandenergieerzeugern, ist eine Herausforderung, die unterschätzt werden kann. Im Unterschied zur Wärmespeicherung (Boiler usw.) ist die Speicherung von Elektrizität aufwendi-ger. Pumpspeicherkraftwerke haben sich zwar als große Speichersysteme für nicht benötigte Bandener-gie bewährt, aber für die dynamischere Fotovoltaik eignen sich lokal im Stromverteilnetz integrierte Batte-riespeicher besser. Der Beitrag stellt im Weiteren zwei Projekte in der Schweiz und in Italien vor, in deren Rahmen auf Li-Ionenzellen basierende Batteriespeicher realisiert wurden. So wurde in Dietikon im März 2012 ein Speicher des Herstellers ABB mit einer Gesamtleistung von 1 MW (Nutzungsdauer 15 Minuten) und einer Nennkapazität von 332 kWh in Betrieb genommen, welcher mit dem Niederspannungs- und Mittelspannungsnetz (16 kV) verbunden ist. In Carpinone wurde ein von Siemens entwickeltes Batterie-system mit einer Nennleistung von 750 kW und einer Kapazität von 500 kWh realisiert, das am 20 kV Mit-telspannungsnetz betrieben wird. Die Wirkungsgrade beider Systeme liegen in der Größenordnung von 85 %. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Erste Erfahrungen mit Batteriespeichern. Zwei Projekte zeigen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen auf / Novotny, Radomir In: Bulletin VSE/AES (Electrosuisse und Verband Schweizerischer Elektrizitätsunternehmen) 104 (2013) 5, S.34-37 (4 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 3 Quellen)



- 049 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Kohlenstoffnanoröhre, Morphologie Fan, Yu; Zhang, Qing; Xiao, Qizhen; Wang, Xinghui; Huang, Kai School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SG; Xiang-tan University, CN High performance lithium ion battery anodes based on carbon nanotube-silicon core-shell nanowires with controlled morphology Zeitschriftenaufsatz We report a carbon nanotube (CNT)-silicon core-shell nanowire for lithium ion battery anodes. In this ma-terial, the core consists of vertically aligned CNTs synthesized through plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The CNTs exhibit quite large diameters and large inter-wire spacing and are advantageous in strain accommodation and electrolyte access. The silicon shell is tailored with a thickness gradient along its length to eliminate excessive strain accumulation at the nanowire roots and cater for free space distri-bution in the CNT core array. In addition, the silicon shell exhibits a unique vertically opened pore struc-ture, which is expected to have further improved strain accommodation and Li(exp +) transport. As a re-sult, the CNT-silicon anode demonstrates excellent cyclability with a capacity retention of more than 90% over 100 cycles. It also shows remarkable rate performance that is to our knowledge, the best among all core-shell nanowires reported. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) High performance lithium ion battery anodes based on carbon nanotube-silicon core-shell nanowires with controlled morphology / Fan, Yu; Zhang, Qing; Xiao, Qizhen; Wang, Xinghui; Huang, Kai In: Carbon 59 (2013) S.264-269 (6 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.017 _____________________________________________________ - 050 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrode, Schlickerbeschichtung Schmitt, Marcel; Baunach, Michael; Wengeler, Lukas; Peters, Katharina; Junges, Pascal; Scharfer, Philip; Schabel, Wilhelm Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, DE Slot-die processing of lithium-ion battery electrodes; Coating window characterization Herstellung von Lithiumionenbatterie-Elektroden mittels Breitschlitzdüse, Kennzeichung des möglichen Beschichtungsbereiches Zeitschriftenaufsatz Slot-die coating is actually the most used coating method for the manufacturing of lithium-ion battery elec-trodes. An easy way of reducing production costs is to increase the line capacity. Thus, the relatively high-viscous slurries are coated at continuously increasing velocities. Facing these higher and higher ve-locities, the main processing challenge is to ensure that the surface quality stays constant. Therefore we investigated coating of high-viscous anode slurries consisting of large graphite particles. Systematically detected conditions for which coating defects occurred were discussed and compared with different theo-retical limits for stable coating conditions. Thereby the uniformity of the stable wet film was analyzed and logged with a two dimensional laser sensor system. Even though the detected break-up lines are, in some regions, congruent with the applied viscocapillary models, the appearing coating defects are not as expected in the literature. Furthermore, large particles and agglomerations may provoke an additional film break-up at small film thicknesses regardless of the coating speed. For stable conditions the roughness of the film increases when the dimensionless gap width increases. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Slot-die processing of lithium-ion battery electrodes; Coating window characterization / Schmitt, Marcel; Baunach, Michael; Wengeler, Lukas; Peters, Katharina; Junges, Pascal; Scharfer, Philip; Schabel, Wilhelm In: Chemical Engineering and Processing 68 (2013) S.32-37 (6 Seiten, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2012.10.011 _____________________________________________________



- 051 - Autobatterie, Temperatur, Lithiumionenbatterie, Alterung Debert, Maxime; Colin, Guillaume; Bloch, Gerard; Chamaillard, Yann Renault, FR; Universite d'Orleans, FR; CNRS UMR 7039, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, FR An observer looks at the cell temperature in automotive battery packs Zeitschriftenaufsatz The internal temperature of Li-ion batteries for electric or hybrid vehicles is an important factor influencing their ageing. Generally not measured, it can be reconstructed from an external measurement and a model. This paper presents the simplified modelling of heat transfers in a battery module, leading to a Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) model. Then, a polytopic observer is proposed to estimate the cell tem-perature and internal resistance, ensuring a tradeoff between the convergence speed and the noise of the estimated states. Experimental results show the good quality of the estimation and the diagnosis potential offered by internal resistance reconstruction. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) An observer looks at the cell temperature in automotive battery packs / Debert, Maxime; Colin, Guillaume; Bloch, Gerard; Chamaillard, Yann In: Control Engineering Practice 21 (2013) 8, S.1035-1042 (8 Seiten, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2013.03.001 _____________________________________________________ - 052 - Mikrohohlkugel, Nickeloxid, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Xie, Dong; Yuan, Weiwei; Dong, Zimin; Su, Qingmei; Zhang, Jun; Du, Gaohui Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, CN Facile synthesis of porous NiO hollow microspheres and its electrochemical lithium-storage per-formance Zeitschriftenaufsatz Novel porous NiO hollow microspheres are fabricated by a facile two-step method involving the ultra-sound-assisted synthesis of nickel oxalate precursors and subsequent thermal annealing in air. The as-prepared NiO microspheres are composed of loosely packed nanoparticles with diameters around 30-80 nm, and have a main pore distribution from 3 to 20 nm with a mean pore size of 5.7 nm. When evalu-ated as anode material for lithium ion battery, the porous NiO hollow microspheres showed enhanced electrochemical performance with high lithium storage capacity, satisfactory cyclability and rate capacity. The reversible capacity of the NiO microspheres retained 380 mAh g(exp -1) after 30 cycles at 200 mA g(exp -1). Even when cycled at various rate for more than 60 cycles, the capacity could recover to 520 mAh g(exp -1) for the current of 100 mA g(exp -1). The good lithium-storage performance can be attrib-uted to the unique porous architecture, which provides the structural flexibility for volume change and the routes for fast Li(exp +) diffusion. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Facile synthesis of porous NiO hollow microspheres and its electrochemical lithium-storage performance / Xie, Dong; Yuan, Weiwei; Dong, Zimin; Su, Qingmei; Zhang, Jun; Du, Gaohui In: Electrochimica Acta 92 (2013) S.87-92 (6 Seiten, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.008 _____________________________________________________ - 053 - Polymerelektrolyt, Lithiumionenbatterie, Anode Lewandowski, Andrzej; Swiderska-Mocek, Agnieszka; Waliszewski, Lukasz Poznan University of Technology, PL Li(exp +) conducting polymer electrolyte based on ionic liquid for lithium and lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Polymer electrolyte (PE), based on PVdF-co-HFP polymer network and MePrPipNTf(ind 2) + LiNTf(ind 2) ionic liquid (MePrPip: N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium cation, NTf(ind 2) is bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide anion) was prepared. PE contained small amounts of vinylene car-bonate. The performance of metallic-lithium and graphite (G) anodes working together with the electrolyte were tested with the use of: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic charg-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


ing/discharging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specific conductance of the membrane was ca. 4 mS cm(exp -1) at 25 deg C with activation energy of 14.35 kJ mol(exp -1). Scanning electron mi-croscopy images showed that the charged/discharged graphite anodes differed in morphology from the pristine material. The surface of graphite flakes was covered with small crystals with a diameter of ca. 1 micro m (the solid electrolyte interface, SEI). When the graphite anode was soaked with the 1 M LiPF(ind 6) solution in PC + DMC (propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, respectively), before the G/PE/Li cell assembling, its reversible capacity was ca. 340 mAh g(exp -1) (after the 50th cycle). (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Li(exp +) conducting polymer electrolyte based on ionic liquid for lithium and lithium-ion batteries / Lewandowski, Andrzej; Swiderska-Mocek, Agnieszka; Waliszewski, Lukasz In: Electrochimica Acta 92 (2013) S.404-411 (8 Seiten, 48 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.028 _____________________________________________________ - 054 - Polyanilin, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Komposit Chi, Ting-yu; Li, Han; Li, Xing-wei; Bao, Hua; Wang, Geng-chao School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, CN Synthesis and electrochemical performance of hierarchically porous carbon-supported PDMcT-PANI composite for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A novel composite of hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) supported PDMcT-PANI (HPC/PDMcT-PANI) was synthesized through an in situ oxidative polymerization. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectra showed that a partial amount of PDMcT was parasitized inside of pores of HPC and some other amount of PDMcT formed interpenetrated fibrous electron donor-acceptor PDMcT-PANI adduct with PANI and distributed onto surface of HPC in HPC/PDMcT-PANI composite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the interconnected nanoporous struc-ture of HPC and formation of PDMcT-PANI adduct significantly influenced the crystal growth and orienta-tion of PDMcT. As confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, the in-corporation of HPC and PANI had significantly improved the electrochemical performance of PDMcT. It was found that the initial discharge capacity of HPC/PDMcT-PANI composite reached 310 mAh g(exp -1) and its specific capacity remained 150 mAh g(exp -1) after 20 cycles. Moreover, the HPC/PDMcT-PANI composite also showed higher specific capacity and better cycling stability than that of its two binary composites [PDMcT-PANI (291 mAh g(exp -1)) or HPC/PDMcT (253 mAh g(exp -1))]. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Synthesis and electrochemical performance of hierarchically porous carbon-supported PDMcT-PANI composite for lithium-ion batteries / Chi, Ting-yu; Li, Han; Li, Xing-wei; Bao, Hua; Wang, Geng-chao In: Electrochimica Acta 96 (2013) S.206-213 (8 Seiten, 41 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.100 _____________________________________________________ - 055 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Mikrostruktur, poröses Material Wang, Jie; Zhou, Yingke; Shao, Zongping College of Materials & Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, CN; Nanjing University of Technology, CN Porous TiO(ind 2)(B)/anatase microspheres with hierarchical nano and microstructures for high-performance lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Novel hierarchical porous TiO(ind 2)(B)/anatase microspheres have been prepared by a facile solvother-mal approach and evaluated as anode materials for advanced lithium-ion battery applications. The ob-tained porous microspheres, with diameters ranging from 2.5 to 5.5 micro m, are assembled by porous TiO(ind 2) nanosheets with the lateral size of a few micrometers and thickness of ~13 nm; whilst, the nanosheets are formed by aggregations of nanosized primary TiO(ind 2) crystallites (~5-7 nm). The hier-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


archical porous structures are verified by BET test results with a typical type-IV isotherm curve, a high surface area (~186.2 m(exp 2) g(exp -1)) and two kinds of pores (~4 and 8.3 nm). The hierarchical po-rous TiO(ind 2) microspheres present excellent electrochemical performance with high Li storage capacity and excellent high-rate cycling capability (a specific capacity of 117 mAh g(exp -1) at the rate of 4000 mA g(exp -1) after 4500 cycles), which might be attributed to the enhanced Li(exp +) diffusion and elec-tronic conductivity induced by the hierarchical microstructures, the TiO(ind 2)(B)/anatase heterojunction, and the pseudocapacitance of TiO(ind 2)(B). Such hierarchical porous materials might be promising for applications in advanced power type lithium-ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Porous TiO(ind 2)(B)/anatase microspheres with hierarchical nano and microstructures for high-performance lithium-ion batteries / Wang, Jie; Zhou, Yingke; Shao, Zongping In: Electrochimica Acta 97 (2013) S.386-392 (7 Seiten, 27 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.015 _____________________________________________________ - 056 - Lithiumionenbatterie, mesoporöse LiFePO4-Mikrokugeln Du, Juan; Jiao, Lifang; Wu, Qiong; Liu, Yongchang; Qi, Zhan; Guo, Lijing; Wang, Yijing; Yuan, Huatang Nankai University, Tianjin, CN Mesoporous LiFePO(ind 4) microspheres for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A series of mesoporous LiFePO(ind 4)/C microspheres have been successfully synthesized via a hydro-thermal process using citric acid as chelating agent and reductant. The growth evolution process of the precursor is systematically investigated based on the time-dependent experiments. Pure mesoporous LiFePO(ind 4) microspheres are obtained with a diameter of ~2 micro m, which are composed of numer-ous compact nanoparticles (~200 nm). These microspheric LiFePO(ind 4) shows high tap density (1.35 g cm(exp -3)) and large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (20.992 m(exp 2) g(exp -1)), which favor the electrochemical properties. The initial discharge capacity of LiFePO(ind 4)/C microspheres is 163.8 mAh g(exp -1) at 0.1 C rate, corresponding to 96.4% of the theoretical capacity of LiFePO(ind 4) (170 mAh g(exp -1)). The material also shows excellent high rate capability (120.3 mAh g(exp -1), 10 C), and cycling stability (a capacity retention of 98.1% at 0.5 C rate after 200 cycles). (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Mesoporous LiFePO(ind 4) microspheres for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries / Du, Juan; Jiao, Lifang; Wu, Qiong; Liu, Yongchang; Qi, Zhan; Guo, Lijing; Wang, Yijing; Yuan, Huatang In: Electrochimica Acta 98 (2013) S.288-293 (6 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.124 _____________________________________________________ - 057 - Batterietechnologie, Materialverbrauch, Energiespeicherung Barnhart, Charles J.; Benson, Sally M. Stanford University, CA, US On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage Zeitschriftenaufsatz Two prominent low-carbon energy resources wind and sunlight depend on weather. As the percentage of electricity supply from these sources increases grid operators will need to employ strategies and tech-nologies including energy storage, to balance supply with demand. We quantify energy and material re-source requirements for currently available energy storage technologies lithium ion (Li-ion), sodium sulfur (NaS) and lead acid (PbA) batteries, vanadium redox (VRB) and zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries, and geologic pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) and compressed air energy storage (CAES). By introducing new concepts including energy stored on invested (ESOI), we map research avenues that could expedite the development and deployment of grid scale energy storage ESOI incorporates several storage attrib-utes instead of isolated properties like efficiency or energy density. Calculations indicate that electro-chemical storage technologies will impinge on global energy supplies for scale up - PHS and CAES are less energy intensive by 100 fold Using ESOI we show that an increase in electrochemical storage cycle life by tenfold would greatly relax energetic constraints for grid-storage and improve cost competitiveness ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


We find that annual material resource production places tight limits on Li-ion, VRB and PHS development and loose limits on NaS and CAES. This analysis indicates that energy storage could provide some grid flexibility but its build up will require decades Reducing financial cost is not sufficient for creating a scal-able energy storage infrastructure. Most importantly for grid integrated storage, cycle life must be im-proved to improve the scalability of battery technologies. As a result of the constraints on energy storage described here increasing grid flexibility as the penetration of renewable power generation increases will require employing several additional techniques including demand-side management flexible generation from base-load facilities and natural gas firming. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage / Barn-hart, Charles J.; Benson, Sally M. In: Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013) 4, S.1083-1092 (10 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 54 Quel-len) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee24040a _____________________________________________________ - 058 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Anodenwerkstoff Li, Fujun; Zhang, Tao; Zhou, Haoshen National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, JP; University of To-kyo, JP Challenges of non-aqueous Li-O(ind 2) batteries: Electrolytes, catalysts, and anodes Zeitschriftenaufsatz A lot of attention has been paid to Li-O(ind 2) batteries in recent years, due to the huge potential specific energy and energy density, and they are extensively studied around the world. Much advance has been achieved, however, the fundamental understanding is still insufficient and challenges remain. Here, we provide a specific perspective on the development of non-aqueous Li-O(ind 2) batteries excluding those with aqueous, ionic liquid, hybrid, and solid-state electrolytes, because non-aqueous Li-O(ind 2) batteries possess a relatively simple configuration and the research on non-aqueous Li-O(ind 2) batteries is the most active of all Li-O(ind 2) batteries. The discussion will be focused on non-aqueous electrolytes, cath-ode catalysts, and anodes, and corresponding perspectives are provided at the end. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Challenges of non-aqueous Li-O(ind 2) batteries: Electrolytes, catalysts, and anodes / Li, Fujun; Zhang, Tao; Zhou, Haoshen In: Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013) 4, S.1125-1141 (17 Seiten, 16 Bilder, 125 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee00053b _____________________________________________________ - 059 - Lithium-Sauerstoff-Batterie, Modell-basierte Analyse Horstmann, Birger; Danner, Timo; Bessler, Wolfgang G. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Stuttgart, DE; Universität Stuttgart, DE; Helmholtz-Institut Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage, Ulm, DE; Hochschule Offenburg, DE Precipitation in aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries: A model-based analysis Zeitschriftenaufsatz

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In this paper we present a model of the discharge of a lithium-oxygen battery with aqueous electrolyte. Lithium-oxygen batteries (Li-O(ind 2)) have recently received great attention due to their large theoretical specific energy. Advantages of the aqueous design include the stability of the electrolyte, the long experi-ence with gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), and the solubility of the reaction product lithium hydroxide. However, competitive specific energies can only be obtained if the product is allowed to precipitate. Here we present a dynamic one-dimensional model of a Li-O(ind 2) battery including a GDE and precipitation of lithium hydroxide. The model is parameterized using experimental data from the literature. We demon-strate that GDEs remove power limitations due to slow oxygen transport in solutions and that lithium hy-droxide tends to precipitate on the anode side. We discuss the system architecture to engineer where nucleation and growth predominantly occurs and to optimize for discharge capacity. (Publikationssprache: Englisch)



Precipitation in aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries: A model-based analysis / Horstmann, Birger; Danner, Timo; Bessler, Wolfgang G. In: Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013) 4, S.1299-1314 (16 Seiten, 19 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 84 Quel-len) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee24299d _____________________________________________________ - 060 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Methan, CO2, Reformierung Ni, Meng Hong Kong Polytechnic University, CN Modeling and parametric simulations of solid oxide fuel cells with methane carbon dioxide re-forming Zeitschriftenaufsatz A two-dimensional model is developed to simulate the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) fed with CO(ind 2) and CH(ind 4) mixture. The electrochemical oxidations of both CO and H(ind 2) are in-cluded. Important chemical reactions are considered in the model, including methane carbon dioxide re-forming (MCDR), reversible water gas shift reaction (WGSR), and methane steam reforming (MSR). It's found that at a CH(ind 4)/CO(ind 2) molar ratio of 50/50, MCDR and reversible WGSR significantly influ-ence the cell performance while MSR is negligibly small. The performance of SOFC fed with CO(ind 2)/CH(ind 4) mixture is comparable to SOFC running on CH(ind 4)/H(ind 2)O mixtures. The electric output of SOFC can be enhanced by operating the cell at a low operating potential or at a high temperature. In addition, the development of anode catalyst with high activity towards CO electrochemical oxidation is important for SOFC performance enhancement. The model can serve as a useful tool for optimization of the SOFC system running on CH(ind 4)/CO(ind 2) mixtures. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Modeling and parametric simulations of solid oxide fuel cells with methane carbon dioxide reforming / Ni, Meng In: Energy Conversion and Management 70 (2013) S.116-129 (14 Seiten, 47 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.02.008 _____________________________________________________ - 061 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle, Dimethylether, Leistung Seo, Sang-Hern; Lee, Chang-Sik Gyeonggi Regional Small & Medium Business Administration, Yangju, KR; Hanyang University, Seoul, KR Effects of dimethyl ether on the performance characteristics of a direct methanol fuel cell Zeitschriftenaufsatz The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dimethyl ether (DME) on the performance characteristics of a direct methanol fuel cell. Impedance and crossover experiments were performed in order to investigate the performance losses such as ohmic loss, activation loss and crossover loss accu-rately. The DME was pressurized to 5 bar to supply with liquid phase was and blended with an aqueous methanol solution. In this experiment, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was composed of Nafion 115, anode catalyst loaded Pt-Ru and cathode catalyst loaded Pt-Black. Experimental results showed that fuel cells with DME-methanol enhanced performance when compared to fuel cells with methanol only. Such performance enhancement was due to a decrease in activation losses by DME oxidation reac-tions. As the DME crossover through the membrane was reduced, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the fuel cell increased. Other output characteristics are also discussed. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Effects of dimethyl ether on the performance characteristics of a direct methanol fuel cell / Seo, Sang-Hern; Lee, Chang-Sik In: Energy Conversion and Management 70 (2013) S.239-243 (5 Seiten, 18 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.03.010 ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


- 062 - Anode, Brennstoffzelle, Reinigung, Optimierung Chen, Jixin; Siegel, Jason B.; Stefanopoulou, Anna G.; Waldecker, James R. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US; Ford Motor, Dearborn, MI, US Optimization of purge cycle for dead-ended anode fuel cell operation Zeitschriftenaufsatz Dead-Ended Anode (DEA) operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) yields a sys-tem with lower complexity and the potential to reduce system cost as fewer external components are re-quired. Optimization of the purge interval and cycle duration, for a given operating power, can increase the fuel cell efficiency which depends on three interrelated objectives, namely, the hydrogen loss during the purge, the average voltage output between the purges, and the voltage decrease due to the carbon corrosion caused by hydrogen starvation over the lifetime of the DEA operation. / In advancing past re-sults, this paper shows how the purge cycle can be optimized for better efficiency in DEA operation by considering the impact of carbon corrosion. For this optimization, a model capturing the liquid water and nitrogen accumulation in the anode is needed to accurately describe the evolution of corrosion rate and the amount of hydrogen wasted during the purge. The optimization process is first defining a target range of purge intervals based on the physical constraints of the actuator and the model-based prediction of the species concentration distributions. The search of optima is performed then by scanning the target do-main to quantify the trade-off between wasted hydrogen and reducing the corrosion rate over a long time horizon. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Optimization of purge cycle for dead-ended anode fuel cell operation / Chen, Jixin; Siegel, Jason B.; Ste-fanopoulou, Anna G.; Waldecker, James R. In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 12, S.5092-5105 (14 Seiten, 38 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.022 _____________________________________________________ - 063 - metallische Bipolarplatte, PEM-Brennstoffzelle Qiu, Diankai; Yi, Peiyun; Peng, Linfa; Lai, Xinmin State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System & Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN Study on shape error effect of metallic bipolar plate on the GDL contact pressure distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel cell Zeitschriftenaufsatz Thin metallic bipolar plate (BPP), due to mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, high power density, and relatively low cost, is considered to be an alternative to graphite BPP in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. However, shape error of thin metallic BPPs is not avoidable due to its flexibility and springback in stamping process, as well as deformation resulted from thermal stress in welding process. In this study, fluctuation analysis is conducted and response surface methodology (RSM) is adopted to establish the relationship between shape error and contact pressure distribution on gas diffusion layer (GDL). Thin metallic BPPs made of stainless steel (SS) 304 sheets are fabricated and shape error is de-fined. Two types of specimens are selected and assembled with GDL. Effects of assembly force, BPP size and shape error are systematically investigated and a response surface model is developed to pre-dict the effect on contact pressure distribution resulted from the shape error of BPP. The methodology in this study is beneficial to understand the effect of the shape error and predict the acceptable shape error. Based on the model, tolerance of the shape error of BPP is given to guide the manufacturing process of the thin metallic BPP. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Study on shape error effect of metallic bipolar plate on the GDL contact pressure distribution in proton exchange membrane fuel cell / Qiu, Diankai; Yi, Peiyun; Peng, Linfa; Lai, Xinmin In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 16, S.6762-6772 (11 Seiten, 36 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.105 _____________________________________________________



- 064 - Online-Überwachung, Energiekapazität, Lithiumbatterie Cho, Sungwoo; Jeong, Hyeonseok; Han, Chonghun; Jin, Shanshan; Lim, Jae Hwan; Oh, Jeonkeun Seoul National University, KR; SK Innovation Global Technology, Daejeon, KR On-line monitoring of capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Estimation algorithms to measure the actual performance of a lithium-ion battery are presented for real-time online monitoring. Capacity was selected as the representative variable indicating the performance of the battery. Three algorithms were suggested to estimate the degree of capacity fading: principal algo-rithm, supplementary algorithm, and hybridized algorithm. The principal algorithm was based on a simpli-fied equivalent circuit model and a soft sensor technique. The soft sensor technique was based on a sys-tem identification methodology with moving horizon estimation. The supplementary algorithm was devel-oped to compensate for the problem of computational load. Finally, both the algorithms were combined to develop a complementary hybridized algorithm. The suitability of the algorithms was demonstrated with real-time online monitoring of fresh and aged cells using cyclic experiments. (Publikationssprache: Eng-lisch) On-line monitoring of capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries / Cho, Sungwoo; Jeong, Hyeonseok; Han, Chonghun; Jin, Shanshan; Lim, Jae Hwan; Oh, Jeonkeun In: Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 45 (2012) 12, S.983-994 (12 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 43 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.12we118 _____________________________________________________ - 065 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Tetramethoxybenzol Pirnat, Klemen; Gaberscek, Miran; Dominko, Robert National Institute of Chemistry Slovenia, Ljubljana, SI; Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Uni-versity of Ljubljana, SI 1,2,4,5-Tetramethoxybenzene as a redox shuttle and their analogues in Li-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Five different analogues of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene were prepared and characterised for their po-tential use in Li-ion batteries. The samples constitute two pairs of substituted redox quinone/hydroquinone samples and a 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene sample. More specifically, the first pair was 2,5-hydroxy-substituted (non-methylated) quinone whereas the second one was 2,5-methoxy-substituted (double me-thylated). The quinonic structures showed a better electrochemical stability in Li-ion environment com-pared to the hydroquinonic structures that showed large irreversible consumption of charge during the first oxidation. Double methylation of quinone led to organic molecules with electrochemical activity at lower potential. Although non-methylated and double methylated quinonic molecules can reversibly ex-change two electrons, the observed capacity was lower and only the double methylated sample showed a two-plateaux behaviour. The 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene sample that showed a formation of radical cation at a potential of 3.6 V versus metallic lithium was tested as a shuttle molecule in a combination with a LiFePO(ind 4) cathode material. The results indicate that this molecule can probably effectively prevent overcharging of batteries based on the LiFePO(ind 4) cathode material. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) 1,2,4,5-Tetramethoxybenzene as a redox shuttle and their analogues in Li-ion batteries / Pirnat, Klemen; Gaberscek, Miran; Dominko, Robert In: Journal of Power Sources 235 (2013) S.214-219 (6 Seiten, 20 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.016 _____________________________________________________



- 066 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Druckeinfluss, Temperatureinfluss Chick, Larry A.; Marina, Olga A.; Coyle, Chris A.; Thomsen, Ed C. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, US Effects of temperature and pressure on the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell running on steam reformate of kerosene Zeitschriftenaufsatz A button solid oxide fuel cell with a La(ind 0.6)Sr(ind 0.4)Co(ind 0.2)Fe(ind 0.8)O(ind 3) cathode and a nickel-YSZ anode was tested over a range of temperatures from 650 to 800 deg C and a range of pres-sures from 101 to 724 kPa. The fuel was simulated steam-reformed kerosene and the oxidant was air. The observed increases in open circuit voltages (OCVs) at elevated pressures were accurately predicted by the Nernst equation. Kinetics also increased with the pressure, although the power boost due to im-proved kinetics was just more than half as large as the boost due to increased OCV. The power boost increased almost linearly with the logarithm of pressure. At constant voltage the relative power boost due to increased pressure was higher at higher temperatures. At constant current the relative power boost was the same for all temperatures. When the pressure was increased from 101 to 724 kPa, the total power boost at 750 deg C and 0.8 V was 66%. A significant decrease in electrodic losses at elevated pressures was observed by impedance spectroscopy. Complex impedance spectra were dominated by a combination of low frequency processes that decreased markedly with increasing pressure. A composite of high-frequency processes also decreased with pressure, but to a lesser extent. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Effects of temperature and pressure on the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell running on steam refor-mate of kerosene / Chick, Larry A.; Marina, Olga A.; Coyle, Chris A.; Thomsen, Ed C. In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.341-349 (9 Seiten, 22 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.136 _____________________________________________________ - 067 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle, CFD-Simulation Tavcar, G.; Katrasnik, T. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI A computationally efficient hybrid 3D analytic-numerical approach for modelling species transport in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell Zeitschriftenaufsatz This paper presents an innovative hybrid analytic-numerical approach to modelling species transport in fuel cells suitable for application on the system level. The core principle of this modelling approach is tak-ing 1D numerical model for gas-flow and superimposing onto it a 2D analytic solution for concentration distribution in the plane perpendicular to the gas-flow together giving a 3D information on species con-centration in the fuel cell. A hybrid analytic numerical model of a simple geometry isothermal fuel cell is presented and comparatively evaluated by benchmarking it against a professional full 3D CFD simulation tool. This evaluation shows very close agreement with the benchmarking 3D CFD simulation and compu-tational times comparable to 1D models. This computational efficiency originates in the model's analytic nature in the other two dimensions making it suitable for system level application. The paper features an extensive appendix with a comprehensive detailed mathematical derivation of the hybrid analytic-numerical model. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) A computationally efficient hybrid 3D analytic-numerical approach for modelling species transport in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell / Tavcar, G.; Katrasnik, T. In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.321-340 (20 Seiten, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.136 _____________________________________________________



- 068 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Kathode, Nanokugel Chu, Qingxin; Xing, Zhicai; Tian, Jingqi; Ren, Xinbang; Asiri, Abdullah M.; Al-Youbi, Abdulrahman O.; Alamry, Khalid Ahmad; Sun, Xuping Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, CN; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN; King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, SA Facile preparation of porous FeF(ind 3) nanospheres as cathode materials for rechargeable lith-ium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this communication, for the first time, we demonstrate the fast and facile preparation of porous FeF(ind 3) nanospheres using solvent exchange from FeF(ind 3) aqueous solution to ethanol. We further demon-strate the use of such FeF(ind 3) nanospheres as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with good rate capability and cycling performance. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Facile preparation of porous FeF(ind 3) nanospheres as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries / Chu, Qingxin; Xing, Zhicai; Tian, Jingqi; Ren, Xinbang; Asiri, Abdullah M.; Al-Youbi, Abdulrah-man O.; Alamry, Khalid Ahmad; Sun, Xuping In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.188-191 (4 Seiten, 16 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.026 _____________________________________________________ - 069 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Nanoröhrchen, Einkristall Ding, Yuan-Li; Goh, Bee-Min; Zhang, Han; Loh, Kian-Ping; Lu, Li Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, SG; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, SG Single-crystalline nanotubes of spinel lithium nickel manganese oxide with lithium titanate anode for high-rate lithium ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Single-crystalline nanotubes of LiNi(ind 0.473)Mn(ind 1.473)Al(ind 0.054)O(ind 4) (LNMAO-NT) have been synthesized and evaluated as cathode using LNMAO-NT/Li half cell and LNMAO-NT/Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) (LTO) full cell, respectively. Galvanostatic charge/discharge tests show that the LNMAO-NT half cell exhibits discharge capacity of 118 mAh g(exp -1) and specific energy (calculated only based on the cathode material) of 508 Wh kg(exp -1) at 5 C. Two types of full cells (LTO-limited and LNMAO-NT-limited cell) are constructed using three-electrode configuration. Measurement results reveal that LTO-limited full cell has a lower cathode potential vs. Li metal than LNMAO-NT-limited one at the end of cutoff voltage. The LNMAO-NT/LTO full cell exhibits discharge capacity of 158 mAh g(exp -1) at 0.5 C and 120 mAh g(exp -1) at 10 C, respectively, showing superior high-rate capability of LNMAO-NT. In addi-tion, 87% of capacity retention of the LNMAO-NT/LTO full cell can be achieved after 200 cycles at 5 C, indicating good structural stability of one dimensional LNMAO-NT. Moreover, study of in situ Raman spectra at different potentials reveals good structural reversibility during charging and discharging proc-ess, indicating that LNMAO-NT would be one of the most promising high-voltage cathodes for high power lithium ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Single-crystalline nanotubes of spinel lithium nickel manganese oxide with lithium titanate anode for high-rate lithium ion batteries / Ding, Yuan-Li; Goh, Bee-Min; Zhang, Han; Loh, Kian-Ping; Lu, Li In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.1-9 (9 Seiten, 55 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.047 _____________________________________________________



- 070 - elektrochemische Leistung, Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Hu, Libo; Zhang, Zhengcheng; Amine, Khalil Argonne National Laboratory, IL, US Electrochemical investigation of carbonate-based electrolytes for high voltage lithium-ion cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz One conventional electrolyte ("Gen 2") for lithium-ion batteries consists of 1.2 M LiPF(ind 6) dissolved in ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. A comprehensive investigation of this electrolyte in a high-voltage graphite/LiNi(ind 0.5)Mn(ind 1.5)O(ind 4) (LNMO) cell was carried out to evaluate its voltage stability under various charging conditions. Although the carbonate-based electrolyte was relatively stable when the graphite/LNMO cell was charged to 4.8 V at room temperature, the introduction of a constant-voltage charging step aggravated the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte. Further increase in the cell charging voltage to 4.9 V or above and further increase in the temperature to 55 deg C caused cell performance to deteriorate dramatically. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electrochemical investigation of carbonate-based electrolytes for high voltage lithium-ion cells / Hu, Libo; Zhang, Zhengcheng; Amine, Khalil In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.175-180 (6 Seiten, 13 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.064 _____________________________________________________ - 071 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Neutronenbeugunguntersuchung Cai, Lu; An, Ke; Feng, Zhili; Liang, Chengdu; Harris, Stephen J. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, US; Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, US; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, US; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, US In-situ observation of inhomogeneous degradation in large format Li-ion cells by neutron diffrac-tion Zeitschriftenaufsatz This work presents a non-destructive in-situ method for probing degradation mechanisms in large format, operating, commercial lithium-ion batteries by neutron diffraction. A fresh battery (15 Ah capacity) was shown to have a uniform (homogeneous) local state of charge (SOC) at 4.0 V (9 Ah SOC) and 4.2 V (15 Ah SOC), with 1.33 C and 2.67 C charging rates, respectively. This battery was then aggressively cycled until it retained only a 9 Ah capacity, 60% of its original value. Inhomogeneous deterioration in the battery was observed: near the edges, both the graphite anode and the spinel-based cathode showed a significant loss of capacity, while near the central area, both electrodes functioned properly. An SOC mapping measurement of the degraded battery in the fully charged state (4.2 V) indicated that the loss of local capacity of the anode and cathode is coupled. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) In-situ observation of inhomogeneous degradation in large format Li-ion cells by neutron diffraction / Cai, Lu; An, Ke; Feng, Zhili; Liang, Chengdu; Harris, Stephen J. In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.163-168 (6 Seiten, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.066 _____________________________________________________



- 072 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Alterungsprozess Bodenes, Lucille; Naturel, Romain; Martinez, Herve; Dedryvere, Remi; Menetrier, Michel; Croguennec, Laurence; Peres, Jean-Paul; Tessier, Cecile; Fischer, Florent CNRS UMR 5254, Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Materiaux (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, FR; CNRS UPR 9048, Institut de Chimie de la Matiere Con-densee de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Universite Bordeaux 1, Pessac, FR; SAFT, Poitiers, FR; SAFT, Bordeaux, FR Lithium secondary batteries working at very high temperature: Capacity fade and understanding of aging mechanisms Zeitschriftenaufsatz Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O(ind 2)/carbon lithium-ion batteries designed to work at high temperature exhibit good per-formances for cycling at 85 deg C but a strong impedance increase for cycling or storage at 120 deg C. The effects of high temperature on the aging process of positive electrode's binder, electrodes/electrolyte interfaces and positive active material were investigated by bulk and surface analysis techniques: X-ray diffraction, (exp 7)Li and (exp 19)F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The main phenomenon observed at 120 deg C is a migration of PVdF binder from the outer part of the positive electrode which thus shows a bad Li reintercalation. Binder mi-gration results in the formation of a PVdF layer at the extreme surface of the positive electrode, and in its diffusion and deposition on the surface of the negative electrode. Several changes in the composition of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) were also evidenced between a cycle at 60 deg C and cycling at 85 deg C and 120 deg C. Disappearance of carbonate species disappearance and increase of inorganic species, which both together may also affect battery's performance. Though, since the battery can un-dergo 25 cycles at 120 deg C, Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O(ind 2) seems to be an appropriate material for high tem-perature cycling. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Lithium secondary batteries working at very high temperature: Capacity fade and understanding of aging mechanisms / Bodenes, Lucille; Naturel, Romain; Martinez, Herve; Dedryvere, Remi; Menetrier, Michel; Croguennec, Laurence; Peres, Jean-Paul; Tessier, Cecile; Fischer, Florent In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.265-275 (11 Seiten, 40 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.067 _____________________________________________________ - 073 - Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator, Partikelfilter Schwunk, Simon; Armbruster, Nils; Straub, Sebastian; Kehl, Johannes; Vetter, Matthias Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme (ISE), Freiburg, DE Particle filter for state of charge and state of health estimation for lithium-iron phosphate batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz The paper presents a new approach for state estimation of lithium-iron phosphate batteries. Lithium-iron phosphate/graphite batteries are very intricate in state of charge estimation since the open circuit voltage characteristic is flat and ambiguous. The characteristic is ambiguous because open circuit voltages are different if one charges or discharges the battery. These properties also hinder state of health estimation. Therefore conventional approaches like Kalman filtering which represents a state by only the mean and the variance of a Gaussian probability density function tend to fail. The particle filter presented here over-comes the problem by using Monte Carlo sampling methods which are able to represent any probability density function. The ambiguities can be modelled stochastically and complex models dealing with hys-teresis can be avoided. The state of health estimation employs the same framework and takes the esti-mated state of charge as input for estimating the battery's state of health. The filter was developed for A123 lithium-iron phosphate batteries. For validation purposes user profiles for batteries in different age-ing states like electric vehicles and off-grid power supply applications were generated at a battery testing system. The results show good accuracy. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Particle filter for state of charge and state of health estimation for lithium-iron phosphate batteries / Schwunk, Simon; Armbruster, Nils; Straub, Sebastian; Kehl, Johannes; Vetter, Matthias In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.705-710 (6 Seiten, 15 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.058 ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


- 074 - Batteriezustand, Zustandsüberwachung, Lithiumionenbatterie Remmlinger, Jürgen; Buchholz, Michael; Soczka-Guth, Thomas; Dietmayer, Klaus Universität Ulm, DE; Deutsche Accumotive, Kirchheim unter Teck, DE On-board state-of-health monitoring of lithium-ion batteries using linear parameter-varying mod-els Zeitschriftenaufsatz This article presents a model-based monitoring approach for the internal resistance dependent state-of-health (SOH) of a high power lithium-ion battery cell used in hybrid electric vehicles. The monitoring method requires only signals which are already available in vehicles by measurement during regular driv-ing. As varying battery temperatures occur during vehicle operation, a monitoring method has to cover the usual operation range from 0 deg C to 50 deg C. For this, a battery cell model from the class of linear parameter-varying (LPV) models is identified from measurement data. In contrast to many publications, the proposed monitoring method is validated using cell measurement data from driving cycles. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) On-board state-of-health monitoring of lithium-ion batteries using linear parameter-varying models / Remmlinger, Jürgen; Buchholz, Michael; Soczka-Guth, Thomas; Dietmayer, Klaus In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.689-695 (7 Seiten, 20 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.102 _____________________________________________________ - 075 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Batteriemanagement, Lebensdauer Nuhic, Adnan; Terzimehic, Tarik; Soczka-Guth, Thomas; Buchholz, Michael; Dietmayer, Klaus Deutsche Accumotive, Kirchheim unter Teck, DE; Universität Ulm, DE Health diagnosis and remaining useful life prognostics of lithium-ion batteries using data-driven methods Zeitschriftenaufsatz The accurate estimation of state of health (SOH) and a reliable prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in hybrid and electrical vehicles are indispensable for safe and life-time-optimized operation. The SOH is indicated by internal battery parameters like the actual capacity value. Furthermore, this value changes within the battery lifetime, so it has to be monitored on-board the vehicle. In this contribution, a new data-driven approach for embedding diagnosis and prognostics of bat-tery health in alternative power trains is proposed. For the estimation of SOH and RUL, the support vector machine (SVM) as a well-known machine learning method is used. As the estimation of SOH and RUL is highly influenced by environmental and load conditions, the SVM is combined with a new method for training and testing data processing based on load collectives. For this approach, an intensive measure-ment investigation was carried out on Li-ion power-cells aged to different degrees ensuring a large amount of data. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Health diagnosis and remaining useful life prognostics of lithium-ion batteries using data-driven methods / Nuhic, Adnan; Terzimehic, Tarik; Soczka-Guth, Thomas; Buchholz, Michael; Dietmayer, Klaus In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.680-688 (9 Seiten, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.146 _____________________________________________________ - 076 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, elektrochemische Stabilität Kaymaksiz, Serife; Wilhelm, Florian; Wachtler, Mario; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Margret; Hartnig, Christoph; Tschernych, Irina; Wietelmann, Ulrich Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung (ZSW), Ulm, DE; Rockwood Lithium, Frankfurt am Main, DE Electrochemical stability of lithium salicylato-borates as electrolyte additives in Li-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A systematic study has been performed for several chelato-borate complexes by combining electro-chemical characterization and ab-initio calculations to reveal whether they are appropriate to be used as ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


electrolyte components in Li-ion batteries. The chelato-borates used in this study are lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium salicylatooxalatoborate (LiSOB), lithium bis(salicylato)borate (LiBSB), lithium bis(3-methylsalicylato)borate, lithium bis(5-fluorosalicylato)borate, lithium bis(5-chlorosalicylato)borate, lithium bis(5-bromosalicylato)borate, and lithium bis(3,5-dichlorosalicylato)borate. A graphite electrode is chosen to study the cathodic stability, while LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) is selected to es-timate the anodic stability limits of these chelato-borates. Additionally, the oxidation potentials of these compounds are predicted by employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The CV studies of graphite electrodes in these electrolyte mixtures indicate that irreversible reduction of the oxalato and salicylato groups occurs at 1.6-1.8 and 0.9-1.3 V vs. Li/Li(exp +), respectively. Besides, irreversible oxi-dation of the bis(salicylato)borate anions between 4.3 and 4.8 V vs. Li/Li(exp +) is observed in the CV curves of LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) electrodes, depending on the respective ligands around the central boron atom. The theoretical calculations are generally in line with the experimental observations. Furthermore, they help to explain the differences between the oxidation potentials of the anions, which are caused by the different groups that donate the electron and the respective substitution pattern. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electrochemical stability of lithium salicylato-borates as electrolyte additives in Li-ion batteries / Kaymak-siz, Serife; Wilhelm, Florian; Wachtler, Mario; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Margret; Hartnig, Christoph; Tschernych, Irina; Wietelmann, Ulrich In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.659-669 (11 Seiten, 62 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.105 _____________________________________________________ - 077 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Alterung, Inhomogenität Paul, Sebastian; Diegelmann, Christian; Kabza, Herbert; Tillmetz, Werner BMW Peugeot Citroen Electrification, München, DE; Universität Ulm, DE; Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung (ZSW), Ulm, DE Analysis of ageing inhomogeneities in lithium-ion battery systems Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this article, a new simulative approach that can determine ageing inhomogeneities in lithium-ion battery systems is outlined. The proposed method is based on a thermal electric ageing model of an entire bat-tery system and the Monte Carlo Method. This method considers temperature inhomogeneities caused by active cooling within the battery system as well as cell spread and ageing spread caused by tolerances in the cell production. Each cell in the battery system model is represented by its own thermal electric cell model, having an initial capacity, initial internal resistance, ageing rate and thermal connection to the cooling system. In the experimental part of this research work, a battery system consisting of 96 lithium-ion cells based on the LiFePO(ind 4)-technology was tested to investigate the capacity fade during a cy-cle life test. The results show that discrepancies in cells ageing within the battery system are a conse-quence of cell-to-cell spread and different loading of the cells, caused by temperature and SoC inho-mogeneities within the battery system. Furthermore, the article will evince the gain of accuracy by using a battery system instead of a previous single cell approach for life prediction. (Publikationssprache: Eng-lisch) Analysis of ageing inhomogeneities in lithium-ion battery systems / Paul, Sebastian; Diegelmann, Chris-tian; Kabza, Herbert; Tillmetz, Werner In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.642-650 (9 Seiten, 14 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.068 _____________________________________________________



- 078 - Fahrzeug ans Netz, Elektrofahrzeug, Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Guenther, Clemens; Schott, Benjamin; Hennings, Wilfried; Waldowski, Paul; Danzer, Michael A. Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung (ZSW), Ulm, DE; Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), DE; TU Berlin, DE Model-based investigation of electric vehicle battery aging by means of vehicle-to-grid scenario simulations Zeitschriftenaufsatz Main objective of this work is the model-based investigation of the impact of different load scenarios on the estimated useful life of a traction battery. An energy-based battery model is used for simulation of the available energy of the battery. Reduction of the energy storage capability of the battery is considered by an aging model. The aging model consists of a calendar and a cycle aging model. All models are imple-mented for simulation of present and future lithium-ion technologies. Hence, the range of battery charac-teristics and the aging behavior can be varied. In 2020 electric vehicles presumably will have reached a significant number and feed-back of electrical power from the vehicle to the power grid can be expected as an implemented ancillary service. Hence the battery's load scenarios comprise different combinations of driving cycles, charging strategies, and peak-shaving. Therefore the impact of these scenarios on bat-tery aging can be identified by means of the model-based investigation of the battery lifetime. The pre-sented battery model considers aging effects and is a useful tool for the design of an electric vehicle, for the dimensioning of a battery system depending on climate and user behavior, as well as for cost calcula-tions. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Model-based investigation of electric vehicle battery aging by means of vehicle-to-grid scenario simula-tions / Guenther, Clemens; Schott, Benjamin; Hennings, Wilfried; Waldowski, Paul; Danzer, Michael A. In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.604-610 (7 Seiten, 65 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.041 _____________________________________________________ - 079 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Lebensdauer, Ruhezeit Reichert, M.; Andre, D.; Rösmann, A.; Janssen, P.; Bremes, H.G.; Sauer, D.U.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M. Universität Münster, DE; Deutsche Accumotive, Kirchheim unter Teck, DE; RWTH Aachen, DE Influence of relaxation time on the lifetime of commercial lithium-ion cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz The influence of rest periods on the lifetime of lithium-ion cells is investigated. The investigations focus on commercially available cells (type 18650) with a lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-dioxide (NMC)/lithium-cobalt-dioxide (LCO) blend and lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) as cathode material and graphite as anode material. The above test cells are subjected to different cycle tests. Important influence factors in addition to the relaxation time are: the current, the temperature and the state of charge (SOC). / We were able to detect an increase of capacity (e.g. 0.1% of the nominal cell capacity for LFP test cells) after a rest period of 120 min in our measurements, the so called relaxation effect. / Further, the question is answered, whether relaxation affects battery lifetime. This was achieved by cycling cells with and without different rest periods at different temperatures and C-rates with a total of 50 test cells. However, no observable differences between cells with and without rest periods (less-than or equal to 2 h) were found. Moreover, experiments with many small breaks or one larger break showed that the duration of one continuous re-laxation time is more important for the aging behavior, than the sum of rest periods. In addition, also im-pedance spectra were evaluated. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Influence of relaxation time on the lifetime of commercial lithium-ion cells / Reichert, M.; Andre, D.; Rös-mann, A.; Janssen, P.; Bremes, H.G.; Sauer, D.U.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M. In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.45-53 (9 Seiten, 22 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.053 _____________________________________________________



- 080 - Luftkühlung, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Park, HeeSung Hyundai Motor, KR A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles Zeitschriftenaufsatz Lithium ion batteries are commonly employed in hybrid electric vehicles and achieving high energy den-sity in the battery has been among the most critical issues in the automotive industry. Since thermal man-agement is very important in the automotive batteries with layout limitation, a design strategy for effective cooling should be carefully opted. Particularly, a forced air cooling has been considered as a practical option in the automotive industry. In this article, a specific design of air-cooled battery system is theoreti-cally investigated and numerically modelled to satisfy the required thermal specifications. Since a typical battery system in hybrid electric vehicles consists of the stacked multiple battery cells, cooling perform-ance is determined mainly by the uniform distribution of air flow in the coolant passage which dissipates heat generated from the battery cells. It is demonstrated that the required cooling performance can be achieved by employing the tapered manifold and pressure relief ventilation even without changing the layout/design of the existing battery system. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis is performed as a design guideline to enhance the cooling performance. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles / Park, HeeSung In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.30-36 (7 Seiten, 22 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.102 _____________________________________________________ - 081 - Eisenoxid, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Wang, Gang; Wang, Hui; Cai, Shaobo; Bai, Jintao; Ren, Zhaoyu; Bai, Jinbo Northwest University, Xian, CN; CNRS UMR 8579, Laboratoire de Mecanique des Sols, Structures et Ma-teriaux (MSSMat), Ecole Centrale Paris, Chatenay-Malabry, FR Synthesis and evaluation of carbon-coated Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) loaded on graphene nanosheets as an anode material for high performance lithium ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A hybrid material of carbon-coated Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) submicro-particles loaded on graphene nanosheets (Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3)@C/GNs) is prepared by a two step route including a hydrothermal and a subsequent glucose impregnation-pyrolysis process. The obtained material is composed of GNs and ~400 nm size Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) particles coated by thin carbon layer with a thickness of 5 nm. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3)@C/GNs hybrid shows an improved electrochemical performance in the initial coulombic efficiency (71%), reversible capacity (900 mA h g(exp -1) after 50 cycles at a cur-rent of 200 mA g(exp -1)) and capacity retention rate (82% after 50 cycles). This result is much better than the synthesized bare Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) and Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3)/GNs electrodes. In addition to the con-tribution of GNs, the carbon-coated layer around Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) particles is believed to be a key factor to improve the electrochemical performance of Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Synthesis and evaluation of carbon-coated Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) loaded on graphene nanosheets as an an-ode material for high performance lithium ion batteries / Wang, Gang; Wang, Hui; Cai, Shaobo; Bai, Jin-tao; Ren, Zhaoyu; Bai, Jinbo In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.37-44 (8 Seiten, 31 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.105 _____________________________________________________



- 082 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Stromabnehmer, Zyklusleistung Reyter, David; Rousselot, Steeve; Mazouzi, Driss; Gauthier, Magali; Moreau, Philippe; Lestriez, Bernard; Guyomard, Dominique; Roue, Lionel INRS-EMT Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications, Varennes, QC, CA; CNRS UMR 6502, Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel, Universite de Nantes, FR; CNRS FR 3459, Reseau sur le Stockage Electro-chimique de l'Energie (RS2E), Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, FR An electrochemically roughened Cu current collector for Si-based electrode in Li-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz An electrochemically roughened copper foil was evaluated as a current collector for micrometric Si pow-der (ball-milled) based electrodes prepared by the conventional slurry-coating method. The formation of a bunch of copper nanowires on the current collector provides a rough surface, which enhances the adhe-sion of the Si composite electrode as confirmed from scratch tests. This produces a major decrease of the irreversible capacity associated with the electrical disconnection of the Si particles with cycling, which results in a great improvement of the electrode cycle life. With such a roughened Cu current collector, the micrometric Si-based electrode is able to maintain a discharge capacity of 1200 mAh g(exp -1) for at least 1000 cycles. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) An electrochemically roughened Cu current collector for Si-based electrode in Li-ion batteries / Reyter, David; Rousselot, Steeve; Mazouzi, Driss; Gauthier, Magali; Moreau, Philippe; Lestriez, Bernard; Guyo-mard, Dominique; Roue, Lionel In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.308-314 (7 Seiten, 33 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.108 _____________________________________________________ - 083 - Ladezustand, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Wang, Dong; Miao, Qiang; Pecht, Michael City University of Hong Kong, CN; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, CN; Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US Prognostics of lithium-ion batteries based on relevance vectors and a conditional three-parameter capacity degradation model Zeitschriftenaufsatz Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as power sources in commercial products, such as laptops, electric vehicles (EVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In order to ensure a continuous power supply, the functionality and reliability of lithium-ion batteries have received considerable attention. In this paper, a battery capacity prognostic method is developed to estimate the remaining useful life of lithium-ion batter-ies. This capacity prognostic method consists of a relevance vector machine and a conditional three-parameter capacity degradation model. The relevance vector machine is used to derive the relevance vectors that can be used to find the representative training vectors containing the cycles of the relevance vectors and the predictive values at the cycles of the relevance vectors. The conditional three-parameter capacity degradation model is developed to fit the predictive values at the cycles of the relevance vectors. Extrapolation of the conditional three-parameter capacity degradation model to a failure threshold is used to estimate the remaining useful life of lithium-ion batteries. Three instance studies were conducted to validate the developed method. The results show that the developed method is able to predict the future health condition of lithium-ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Prognostics of lithium-ion batteries based on relevance vectors and a conditional three-parameter capac-ity degradation model / Wang, Dong; Miao, Qiang; Pecht, Michael In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.253-264 (12 Seiten, 25 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.129 _____________________________________________________



- 084 - Kalman-Filter, Plug-in-Hybridfahrzeug Mastali, M.; Vazquez-Arenas, J.; Fraser, R.; Fowler, M.; Afshar, S.; Stevens, M. University of Waterloo, ON, CA; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana (UAM) - Iztapalapa, Mexico D.F., MX; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, CA; CrossChasm, Waterloo, ON, CA Battery state of the charge estimation using Kalman filtering Zeitschriftenaufsatz Battery management system (BMS) requires an accurate prediction the remaining energy level or state of charge (SOC) of the cell or battery pack. However, in electric vehicles, batteries experience a dynamic operational environment whereby the simple algorithms employed in the portable devices to predict SOC, such as coulomb counting, are insufficient for this purpose. To address this problem, a Kalman filtering method is used to estimate the state of the charge of two different commercial lithium-ion batteries, with new physical insight being provided through an analysis of the Kalman filter covariance noise parameters. For example, the effect of geometry of the battery on value of these parameters is discussed. Different models are developed, tested and incorporated in the filter design. Subsequently, two types of Kalman filters including the extended Kalman filter and dual extended Kalman filter are implemented in order to predict the state of charge of the batteries. It is shown that the Kalman filtering can predict state of the charge of the battery with maximum 4% error. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Battery state of the charge estimation using Kalman filtering / Mastali, M.; Vazquez-Arenas, J.; Fraser, R.; Fowler, M.; Afshar, S.; Stevens, M. In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.294-307 (14 Seiten, 33 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.131 _____________________________________________________ - 085 - Graphen, Manganoxid, Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle Huang, Huajie; Chen, Qun; He, Mingyang; Sun, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Xin Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry & Functional Materials, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, CN; Changzhou University, CN A ternary Pt/MnO(ind 2)/graphene nanohybrid with an ultrahigh electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation Zeitschriftenaufsatz Ultrafine Pt nanoparticles with an average diameter of only 1.7 nm are uniformly dispersed onto MnO(ind 2)-functionalized graphene sheets by a facile and cost-effective method. In such a ternary Pt/MnO(ind 2)/graphene sheets (Pt/MnO(ind 2)/GS) nanohybrid, each component provides unique and critical func-tion to achieve optimized utilization of metallic platinum, allowing it to express ultrahigh electrocatalytic activity ability in methanol oxidation (the forward anodic peak current density is up to 1224 mA mg(exp -1)) in comparison with Pt/graphene sheets (Pt/GS), Pt/Vulcan XC-72 (Pt/XC-72) and Pt/MnO(ind 2)/XC-72 catalysts. This work could provide new insights into the fabrication of the next generation high-performance electrocatalyst and promote their practical application in fuel-cell technologies. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) A ternary Pt/MnO(ind 2)/graphene nanohybrid with an ultrahigh electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation / Huang, Huajie; Chen, Qun; He, Mingyang; Sun, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Xin In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.189-195 (7 Seiten, 58 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.133 _____________________________________________________



- 086 - Lithiumionenbatterie, ALD, Metalloxid Zhao, Jianqing; Wang, Ying Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, US Surface modifications of Li-ion battery electrodes with various ultrathin amphoteric oxide coat-ings for enhanced cycleability Zeitschriftenaufsatz Ultrathin ZnO, ZrO(ind 2), and Al(ind 2)O(ind 3) surface coatings are deposited via atomic layer deposi-tion (ALD) with high conformality and atomic scale thickness control to enhance the electrochemical per-formance of LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) for applications in lithium ion batteries. Two types of ALD-modified LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) electrodes are fabricated: one is ALD-coated LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) composite elec-trode and the other is electrode composed of ALD-coated LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) particles and uncoated carbon/polyvinylidenefluoride network. Cycling performance and cyclic voltammetric patterns reveal that ZnO ALD coating is the most effective protective film for improving the electrochemical performance of LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) at either 25 or 55 deg C, followed by ZrO(ind 2) and Al(ind 2)O(ind 3). After 100 elec-trochemical cycles in 1 C at 55 deg C, the electrode consisting of LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) particles coated with six ZnO ALD layers (as thin as ~1 nm) delivers the highest final capacity, more than twice that of the bare electrode. It is also found that amphoteric oxide coating on LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) particles can en-hance the cycleability of LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) more effectively than coating on the composite electrode. Furthermore, for ALD coating either on the composite electrode or on LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) particles, the effect of oxide ALD modification for improving capacity retention and increasing specific capacity of LiMn(ind 2)O(ind 4) is more phenomenal at elevated temperature than at room temperature. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Surface modifications of Li-ion battery electrodes with various ultrathin amphoteric oxide coatings for en-hanced cycleability / Zhao, Jianqing; Wang, Ying In: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 17 (2013) 4, S.1049-1058 (10 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 32 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1962-6 _____________________________________________________ - 087 - Lithiumbatterieentwicklung, Festelektrolyt Goodenough, John B.; Park, Kyu-Sung University of Texas at Austin, TX, US The Li-ion rechargeable battery: A perspective Zukunft der wiederaufladbaren Lithiumbatterie Zeitschriftenaufsatz Each cell of a battery stores electrical energy as chemical energy in two electrodes, a reductant (anode) and an oxidant (cathode), separated by an electrolyte that transfers the ionic component of the chemical reaction inside the cell and forces the electronic component outside the battery. The output on discharge is an external electronic current I at a voltage V for a time Delta t. The chemical reaction of a recharge-able battery must be reversible on the application of a charging I and V. Critical parameters of a re-chargeable battery are safety, density of energy that can be stored at a specific power input and retrieved at a specific power output, cycle and shelf life, storage efficiency, and cost of fabrication. Conventional ambient-temperature rechargeable batteries have solid electrodes and a liquid electrolyte. The positive electrode (cathode) consists of a host framework into which the mobile (working) cation is inserted re-versibly over a finite solid-solution range. The solid-solution range, which is reduced at higher current by the rate of transfer of the working ion across electrode/electrolyte interfaces and within a host, limits the amount of charge per electrode formula unit that can be transferred over the time Delta t = Delta t(I). Moreover, the difference between energies of the LUMO and the HOMO of the electrolyte, i.e., electrolyte window, determines the maximum voltage for a long shelf and cycle life. The maximum stable voltage with an aqueous electrolyte is 1.5 V; the Li-ion rechargeable battery uses an organic electrolyte with a larger window, which increase the density of stored energy for a given Delta t. Anode or cathode electro-chemical potentials outside the electrolyte window can increase V, but they require formation of a pas-sivating surface layer that must be permeable to Li(exp +) and capable of adapting rapidly to the chang-ing electrode surface area as the electrode changes volume during cycling. A passivating surface layer adds to the impedance of the Li(exp +) transfer across the electrode/electrolyte interface and lowers the cycle life of a battery cell. Moreover, formation of a passivation layer on the anode robs Li from the cath-ode irreversibly on an initial charge, further lowering the reversible Delta t. These problems plus the cost ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


of quality control of manufacturing plague development of Li-ion rechargeable batteries that can compete with the internal combustion engine for powering electric cars and that can provide the needed low-coat storage of electrical energy generated by renewable wind and/or solar energy. Chemists are contributing to incremental improvements of the conventional strategy by investigating and controlling electrode pas-sivation layers, improving the rate of Li(exp +) transfer across electrode/electrolyte interfaces, identifying electrolytes with larger windows while retaining a Li(exp +) conductivity sigma (ind Li) > 10(exp -3) S cm(exp -1), synthesizing electrode morphologic that reduce the size of the active particles while pinning them on current collectors of large surface area accessible by the electrolyte, lowering the cost of cell fab-rication, designing displacement-reaction anodes of higher capacity that allow a safe, fast charge, and designing alternative cathode hosts, However, new strategies are needed for batteries that go beyond powering hand-held devices, such as using electrode hosts with two-electron redox centers; replacing the cathode hosts by materials that undergo displacement reactions (e.g, sulfur) by liquid cathodes that may contain flow-through redox molecules, or by catalysts for air cathodes; and developing a Li(exp +) solid electrolyte separator membrane that allows an organic and aqueous liquid electrolyte on the anode and cathode sides, respectively. Opportunities exist for the chemist to bring together oxide and polymer or graphene chemistry in imaginative morphologies. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) The Li-ion rechargeable battery: A perspective / Goodenough, John B.; Park, Kyu-Sung In: Journal of the American Chemical Society 135 (2013) 4, S.1167-1176 (10 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 50 Quel-len) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja3091438 _____________________________________________________ - 088 - Copolymer-Dicyclopentadien-Norbornen, Membran Kovacic, Sebastijan; Kren, Harald; Krajnc, Peter; Koller, Stefan; Slugovc, Christian TU Graz, AT; VARTA Micro Innovation, Graz, AT; University of Maribor, SI The use of an emulsion templated microcellular poly(dicyclopentadiene-co-norbornene) mem-brane as a separator in lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz The preparation of open-cell macroporous membranes made by the ring opening metathesis polymeriza-tion (ROMP) of a mixture of norbornene and dicyclopentadiene, and their basic applicability as separators in lithium-ion batteries, is discussed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of negative electrodes (graphite) and positive electrodes (LiCoO(ind 2)) are performed and the results prove the absence of parasitic decomposition reactions within the membrane at high oxidative or reductive potentials. Further-more, LiCoO(ind 2)/Li half cell cycling studies of 100 charging/discharging cycles reveal that the newly disclosed separator and conventional commercial polyolefin based separators have similar performance. These results demonstrate that a potential weakness in the newly disclosed separator, namely residual double bonds present in the polymer network, does not limit the use of this material as a separator in lith-ium-ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) The use of an emulsion templated microcellular poly(dicyclopentadiene-co-norbornene) membrane as a separator in lithium-ion batteries / Kovacic, Sebastijan; Kren, Harald; Krajnc, Peter; Koller, Stefan; Slugovc, Christian In: Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34 (2013) 7, S.581-587 (7 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 27 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200754 _____________________________________________________ - 089 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle, Brennstoffspeicher, Regelung Zehentbauer, Florian M.; Bain, Euan J.; Kiefer, Johannes University of Aberdeen, GB Multiple parameter monitoring in a direct methanol fuel cell Zeitschriftenaufsatz Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are promising candidates for energy supply based on renewable sources. They provide a high power density and the possibility of an easy recharge. Moreover, the fuel ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


storage is significantly easier than it is for hydrogen fuel cells. However, in continuous operation, supply-ing the anode with a constant concentration of methanol is the key to achieving stable and optimal per-formance. Hence, developing a method for measuring the methanol content of the fuel online is desirable for advanced monitoring of the fuel cell. In this work, we report the combined application of Raman spec-troscopy, chronoamperometry and gravimetry for the simultaneous determination of the methanol con-centration and the Faradaic efficiency in a DMFC. Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the actual methanol concentration supplied to the anode. The chronoamperometric and gravimetric measurements allow the theoretical methanol concentration, i.e. assuming that methanol is only consumed by electro-oxidation, to be determined. The full set of data ultimately facilitates the calculation of the Faradaic effi-ciency. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Multiple parameter monitoring in a direct methanol fuel cell / Zehentbauer, Florian M.; Bain, Euan J.; Kiefer, Johannes In: Measurement Science and Technology 23 (2012) 4, S.045602/1-6 (6 Seiten, 36 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/4/045602 _____________________________________________________ - 090 - Elektrolyt, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Luo, Weilin; Lyu, Chao; Wang, Lixin; Zhang, Liqiang Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), CN An approximate solution for electrolyte concentration distribution in physics-based lithium-ion cell models Zeitschriftenaufsatz An approximate solution for the electrolyte concentration distribution is obtained for improving the compu-tational efficiency of the physics-based lithium-ion cell models. The approximate solution is derived from the analysis of the essential physical processes, using a parabolic profile approximation which assumes that the electrolyte concentration profile in the porous electrode is a parabolic polynomial in x at any time. By comparing the electrolyte concentration distributions and its overpotential profiles from this solution with those from the numerical finite difference solution, it is validated that the solution from this study is better than most existed ones in light of real-time computations and controls in EV, HEV and so forth. Moreover, the approximate solution can be applied to any type of charge-discharge operating scenarios with no loss of accuracy. Particularly, this solution provides a simpler mathematical expression with fewer terms and higher computational efficiency. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) An approximate solution for electrolyte concentration distribution in physics-based lithium-ion cell models / Luo, Weilin; Lyu, Chao; Wang, Lixin; Zhang, Liqiang In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.797-804 (8 Seiten, 19 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.11.002 _____________________________________________________ - 091 - Lithiumbatterie, Kalman-Filter, Ladezustand, Elektrofahrzeug He, Wei; Williard, Nicholas; Chen, Chaochao; Pecht, Michael University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US State of charge estimation for electric vehicle batteries using unscented kalman filtering Zeitschriftenaufsatz

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Due to the increasing concern over global warming and fossil fuel depletion, it is expected that electric vehicles powered by lithium batteries will become more common over the next decade. However, there are still some unresolved challenges, the most notable being state of charge estimation, which alerts drivers of their vehicle's range capability. We developed a model to simulate battery terminal voltage as a function of state of charge under dynamic loading conditions. The parameters of the model were tailored on-line in order to estimate uncertainty arising from unit-to-unit variations and loading condition changes. We used an unscented Kalman filtering-based method to self-adjust the model parameters and provide state of charge estimation. The performance of the method was demonstrated using data collected from LiFePO(ind 4) batteries cycled according to the federal driving schedule and dynamic stress testing. (Publikationssprache: Englisch)



State of charge estimation for electric vehicle batteries using unscented kalman filtering / He, Wei; Wil-liard, Nicholas; Chen, Chaochao; Pecht, Michael In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.840-847 (8 Seiten, 34 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.11.010 _____________________________________________________ - 092 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Batteriekapazität Xing, Yinjiao; Ma, Eden W.M.; Tsui, Kwok-Leung; Pecht, Michael City University of Hong Kong, CN; Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US An ensemble model for predicting the remaining useful performance of lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz We developed an ensemble model to characterize the capacity degradation and predict the remaining useful performance (RUP) of lithium-ion batteries. Our model fuses an empirical exponential and a poly-nomial regression model to track the battery's degradation trend over its cycle life based on experimental data analysis. Model parameters are adjusted online using a particle filtering (PF) approach. Experiments were conducted to compare our ensemble model's prediction performance with the individual results of the exponential and polynomial models. A validation set of experimental battery capacity data was used to evaluate our model. In our conclusion, we presented the limitations of our model. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) An ensemble model for predicting the remaining useful performance of lithium-ion batteries / Xing, Yin-jiao; Ma, Eden W.M.; Tsui, Kwok-Leung; Pecht, Michael In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.811-820 (10 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.12.003 _____________________________________________________ - 093 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Lebensdauervorhersage Miao, Qiang; Xie, Lei; Cui, Hengjuan; Liang, Wei; Pecht, Michael University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, CN; Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery with unscented particle filter technique Zeitschriftenaufsatz Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life of a faulty component is important to the prognosis and health management of a system. It gives operators information about when the component should be re-placed. In recent years, a lot of research has been conducted on battery reliability and prognosis, espe-cially the remaining useful life prediction of the lithium-ion batteries. Particle filter (PF) is an effective method for sequential signal processing. It has been used in many areas, including computer vision, tar-get tracking, and robotics. However, the accuracy of the PF is not high. This paper introduces an im-proved PF algorithm-unscented particle filter (UPF) into the battery remaining useful life prediction. First, PF algorithm and UPF algorithm are described separately. Then, a degradation model is built based on the understanding of lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the prediction results can be obtained using the degra-dation model and the UPF algorithms. According to the analysis results, it can be seen that UPF can pre-dict the actual RUL with an error less than 5%. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery with unscented particle filter technique / Miao, Qiang; Xie, Lei; Cui, Hengjuan; Liang, Wei; Pecht, Michael In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.805-810 (6 Seiten, 22 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.12.004 _____________________________________________________



- 094 - Partikelschwarmoptimierung, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Long, Bing; Xian, Weiming; Jiang, Lin; Liu, Zhen School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, CN An improved autoregressive model by particle swarm optimization for prognostics of lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A novel data-driven approach for remaining useful life (RUL) prognostics for lithium-ion batteries using an improved autoregressive (AR) model by particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed. First, the AR model based on the capacity fade trends of lithium-ion batteries is presented. Second, the shortcomings of the traditional criteria for AR model order determination are analyzed. Third, the root mean square error (RMSE) is proposed as the new method for AR model order determination. Then, we use PSO algorithm to search the optimal AR model order. In addition, at the prediction stage, the information contained in the data is updated through metabolism which makes the AR model order change adaptively. Finally, the ex-perimental data are used to validate the proposed prognostic approach. The experimental results show the following: (1) the proposed prognostic approach can predict the RUL of batteries with small error; (2) the proposed prognostic approach can be employed in on-board applications. (Publikationssprache: Eng-lisch) An improved autoregressive model by particle swarm optimization for prognostics of lithium-ion batteries / Long, Bing; Xian, Weiming; Jiang, Lin; Liu, Zhen In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.821-831 (11 Seiten, 37 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2013.01.006 _____________________________________________________ - 095 - Lithiumionenbatterie, LiFePO4, Diffusionsmodell Gagneur, L.; Driemeyer-Franco, A.L.; Forgez, C.; Friedrich, G. Renault, Guyancourt, FR; Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, FR Modeling of the diffusion phenomenon in a lithium-ion cell using frequency or time domain identi-fication Zeitschriftenaufsatz The paper deals with the identification of a graphite/LiFePO(ind 4) Li-Ion cell, the model of which is based on an electric equivalent circuit. The paper focuses on the choice of the model used to represent the dif-fusion phenomena and on the parameters identification method. For this goal, two main models have been compared: a constant phase element model (CPE) and an hyperbolic tangent model (Tanh). These two models have been identified either using a frequency and a time domain method. The validity and accuracy of the model have been evaluated over a NEDC driving cycle. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Modeling of the diffusion phenomenon in a lithium-ion cell using frequency or time domain identification / Gagneur, L.; Driemeyer-Franco, A.L.; Forgez, C.; Friedrich, G. In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.784-796 (13 Seiten, 31 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2013.03.009 _____________________________________________________ - 096 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Zustandsvorhersage, Gauß-Prozess Liu, Datong; Pang, Jingyue; Zhou, Jianbao; Peng, Yu; Pecht, Michael Department of Automatic Test & Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), CN; Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US Prognostics for state of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on combination Gaussian process functional regression Zeitschriftenaufsatz State of health (SOH) estimation plays a significant role in battery prognostics. It is used as a qualitative measure of the capability of a lithium-ion battery to store and deliver energy in a system. At present, many algorithms have been applied to perform prognostics for SOH estimation, especially data-driven ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


prognostics algorithms supporting uncertainty representation and management. To describe the uncer-tainty in evaluation and prediction, we used the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), a data-driven ap-proach, to perform SOH prediction with mean and variance values as the uncertainty representation of SOH. Then, in order to realize multiple-step-ahead prognostics, we utilized an improved GPR method-combination Gaussian Process Functional Regression (GPFR)-to capture the actual trend of SOH, includ-ing global capacity degradation and local regeneration. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method can be effectively applied to lithium-ion battery monitoring and prognostics by quantitative com-parison with the other GPR and GPFR models. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Prognostics for state of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on combination Gaussian process functional regression / Liu, Datong; Pang, Jingyue; Zhou, Jianbao; Peng, Yu; Pecht, Michael In: Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 6, S.832-839 (8 Seiten, 36 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2013.03.010 _____________________________________________________ - 097 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Anode Song, Xuefeng School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN A hierarchical hybrid design for high performance tin based Li-ion battery anodes Zeitschriftenaufsatz Novel hierarchical hybrids, tin dioxide@carbon hollow spheres with encapsulated tin nanoparticles (SnO(ind 2)@HCS@Sn), were fabricated by combining solution and vapor phase techniques. The phase composition, morphological evolution and porosity of the hierarchical hybrids were characterized by x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and N(ind 2) adsorption-desorption analysis. The significantly improved electrochemical performance of this functional material is attributed to its heterogeneous architecture which unifies hollow carbon spheres with tin nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 20 nm, which are further conformally covered by ultra-small tin dioxide nanoplates. The ultrathin SnO(ind 2) nanoplates grown on the carbon spheres effectively in-crease the charge-transfer properties and shorten the transport lengths for both electrons and lithium ions. The mesoporous carbon spheres offer excellent conductivity and abundant void space to buffer the large volume change during cycling. High initial capacity (~1766 mAh g(exp -1) at 0.1 Ag(exp -1)), high initial Coulombic efficiency (56.4%), and long cycle life (100 cycles with ~710 mAh g(exp -1)) have been realized in the hierarchical hybrid tin-based anodes. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) A hierarchical hybrid design for high performance tin based Li-ion battery anodes / Song, Xuefeng In: Nanotechnology 24 (2013) 20, S.205401/1-7 (7 Seiten, 41 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/20/205401 _____________________________________________________ - 098 - Methanoldehydrieren, Wasserstoffproduktion, Ru-Katalysator Nielsen, Martin; Alberico, Elisabetta; Baumann, Wolfgang; Drexler, Hans-Joachim; Junge, Henrik; Gladia-li, Serafino; Beller, Matthias Universität Rostock, DE; Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Sassari, IT; Universita di Sassari, IT Low-temperature aqueous-phase methanol dehydrogenation to hydrogen and carbon dioxide Zeitschriftenaufsatz Hydrogen produced from renewable resources is a promising potential source of clean energy. With the help of low-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, molecular hydrogen can be converted efficiently to produce electricity. The implementation of sustainable hydrogen production and subsequent hydrogen conversion to energy is called hydrogen economy. Unfortunately, its physical properties make the transport and handling of hydrogen gas difficult. To overcome this, methanol can be used as a mate-rial for the storage of hydrogen, because it is a liquid at room temperature and contains 12.6 per cent hy-drogen. However, the state-of-the- art method for the production of hydrogen from methanol (methanol reforming) is conducted at high temperatures (over 200 deg C) and high pressures (25-50 bar), which limits its potential applications. Here the authors describe an efficient low-temperature aqueous-phase methanol dehydrogenation process, which is facilitated by ruthenium complexes. Hydrogen generation by ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


this method proceeds at 65-95 deg C and ambient pressure with excellent catalyst turnover frequencies (4,700 per hour) and turnover numbers (exceeding 350,000). This would make the delivery of hydrogen on mobile devices - and hence the use of methanol as a practical hydrogen carrier - feasible. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Low-temperature aqueous-phase methanol dehydrogenation to hydrogen and carbon dioxide / Nielsen, Martin; Alberico, Elisabetta; Baumann, Wolfgang; Drexler, Hans-Joachim; Junge, Henrik; Gladiali, Seraf-ino; Beller, Matthias In: Nature 495 (2013) 7439, S.85-89 (5 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 30 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11891 _____________________________________________________ - 099 - Kraftfahrzeugbatterie, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Budde-Meiwes, Heide; Drillkens, Julia; Lunz, Benedikt; Muennix, Jens; Rothgang, Susanne; Kowal, Julia; Sauer, Dirk Uwe RWTH Aachen, DE; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), DE A review of current automotive battery technology and future prospects Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this article, today's battery technologies and future options are discussed. Batteries have been one of the main focuses of automotive development in the last years. Technologies that have been in use for a very long time, such as the lead-acid battery, are indispensable but need improvement. New technologies such as the lithium-ion battery are entering the market. Supercapacitors (also known as electrochemical double-layer capacitors) can be used for high-power requirements such as regenerative braking. The va-riety of vehicles has increased with the introduction of hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles and, for each type, suitable battery types are being used or under development. Appropriate bat-tery system designs and charging strategies are needed. Battery technologies can be classified according to their energy density, their charge and discharge characteristics, system integration and the costs. Fur-ther relevant performance parameters are the calendar lifetime, the cycle lifetime, the low- and high-temperature performances and the safety. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) A review of current automotive battery technology and future prospects / Budde-Meiwes, Heide; Drillkens, Julia; Lunz, Benedikt; Muennix, Jens; Rothgang, Susanne; Kowal, Julia; Sauer, Dirk Uwe In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D (Journal of Automobile Engineering) 227 (2013) 5, S.761-776 (16 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 41 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407013485567 _____________________________________________________ - 100 - Nafion-Membran, PEM-Brennstoffzelle, Betriebsparameter Baik, Kyung-Don; Hong, Bo-Ki; Kim, Min-Soo School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, KR; Hyundai-Kia Motors, Hwaseong, KR Effects of operating parameters on hydrogen crossover rate through Nafion(exp (R)) membranes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz

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This study examines the effects of operating parameters-comprising temperature, relative humidity, hy-drogen pressure, and membrane thickness-on hydrogen crossover rate in a polymer electrolyte mem-brane fuel cell (PEMFC). It is found that the hydrogen crossover rate increases proportional to both tem-perature and relative humidity for all membrane samples. Increased hydrogen crossover rate is also ob-served with increasing hydrogen pressure. The hydrogen crossover rate increases gradually with the de-crease of membrane thickness from 258 to 135 micro m. When the membrane thickness decreases from 63 to 21 micro m, there is a dramatic increase of hydrogen crossover. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of all the operating parameters on hydrogen crossover rate. The results indicate that increased hydrogen crossover rate is mainly determined by the inverse of the logarithmic membrane thickness, followed by hydrogen pressure, relative humidity, and temperature, respectively. (Publikationssprache: Englisch)



Effects of operating parameters on hydrogen crossover rate through Nafion(exp (R)) membranes in poly-mer electrolyte membrane fuel cells / Baik, Kyung-Don; Hong, Bo-Ki; Kim, Min-Soo In: Renewable Energy: An International Journal 57 (2013) S.234-239 (6 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.046 _____________________________________________________ - 101 - Energiespeicher, Elektrode, Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen Jiang, Y.; Kozinda, A.; Chang, T.; Lin, L. Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, US Flexible energy storage devices based on carbon nanotube forests with built-in metal electrodes Zeitschriftenaufsatz Mechanically bendable energy storage devices have been demonstrated based on a lift-off and liquid densification process to construct carbon nanotube (CNT) forests with built-in bottom metal electrodes on top of a flexible substrate. The flexible CNT structure has been fabricated and tested as a supercapacitor electrode with the following salient features: (1) excellent transfer of charge from the aligned CNTs to the bottom contact metal layer, (2) a simple and straightforward fabrication process, and (3) easy integration with a variety of surfaces and topographies. Experimental results have shown that a 5 mm x 10 mm electrode with 40 micro m-thick CNT forest and 50 nm-thick molybdenum bottom metal contact has been transferred from a silicon growth substrate onto a 200 micro m-thick Al/Thermanox(TM) plastic substrate. The attached film survived the bending of as large as 180 deg. A measured specific capaci-tance of 7.0 mF/cm(exp 2) has been achieved. Repeated mechanical bending tests followed by CV cyclic measurements have shown good device stability. As such, flexible energy storage devices composed of CNT forests with built-in metal electrodes could have broad applications in modern systems that demand components with adaptable shapes to fit into small form factors and ergonomic designs. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Flexible energy storage devices based on carbon nanotube forests with built-in metal electrodes / Jiang, Y.; Kozinda, A.; Chang, T.; Lin, L. In: Sensors and Actuators, A, Physical 195 (2013) S.224-230 (7 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2012.07.007 _____________________________________________________ - 102 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Oberflächenreaktion Yuan, Jinliang; Yang, Guoyang; Sunden, Bengt Lund University, SE; Dalian Maritime University, CN Simulation of surface reactions and multiscale transport processes in a composite anode domain relevant for solid oxide fuel cells Simulation von Oberflächenreaktionen und weiterreichenden Transportprozessen in einer Verbundano-denumgebung hinsichtlich Festoxidbrennstoffzellen Zeitschriftenaufsatz There are various transport phenomena (gas-phase species, heat, and momentum) occurring at different length scales in anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which are strongly affected by catalytic surface reactions at active triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) betn'een the void space (for gas), Ni (catalysts for electrons), and YSZ (an electrolyte material for ions). To understand the multiscale chemical-reacting transport processes in the cell, a three-dimensional numerical calculation approach (the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method) is further developed and applied for a composite domain including a po-rous anode, fuel gas flow channel, and solid interconnect. By calculating the rate of microscopic surface-reactions involving the surface-phase species, the gas-phase species/heat generation and consumption related to the internal reforming reactions have been identified and implemented. The applied microscopic model for the internal reforming reactions describes the adsorption and desorption reactions of six gas-phase species and surface reactions of 12 surface-adsorbed species. The predicted results are pre-sented and analyzed in terms of the gas-phase species and temperature distributions and compared with those predicted by employing the global reaction scheme for the internal reforming reactions. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Simulation of surface reactions and multiscale transport processes in a composite anode domain relevant for solid oxide fuel cells / Yuan, Jinliang; Yang, Guoyang; Sunden, Bengt In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 10 (2013) 2, S.021001/1-8 (8 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 17 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023540 _____________________________________________________ - 103 - Brennstoffzellenüberwachung, Fehlererkennung Lowery, Natalie L.H.; Vahdati, Maria M.; Potthast, Roland W.E.; Holderbaum, William University of Reading, GB Classification and fault detection methods for fuel cell monitoring and quality control Klassifizierung und Methoden zur Fehlererkennung bei der Brennstoffzellenüberwachung und -qualitätskontrolle Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this paper, various types of fault detection methods for fuel cells are compared. For example, those that use a model based approach or a data driven approach or a combination of the two. The potential advantages and drawbacks of each method are discussed and comparisons between methods are made. In particular, classification algorithms are investigated, which separate a data set into classes or clusters based on some prior knowledge or measure of similarity. In particular, the application of classification methods to vectors of reconstructed currents by magnetic tomography or to vectors of magnetic field measurements directly is explored. Bases are simulated using the finite integration technique (FIT) and regularization techniques are employed to overcome illposedness. Fisher's linear discriminant is used to illustrate these concepts. Numerical experiments show that the ill-posedness of the magnetic tomography problem is a part of the classification problem on magnetic field measurements as well. This is independ-ent of the particular working mode of the cell but influenced by the type of faulty behavior that is studied. The numerical results demonstrate the ill-posedness by the exponential decay behavior of the singular values for three examples of fault classes. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Classification and fault detection methods for fuel cell monitoring and quality control / Lowery, Natalie L.H.; Vahdati, Maria M.; Potthast, Roland W.E.; Holderbaum, William In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 10 (2013) 2, S.021002/1-8 (8 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023565 _____________________________________________________ - 104 - Brennstoffzelle, Polymerelektrolytmembran Chang, Hao-Ming; Chang, Min-Hsing Tatung University, Taipei, TW Effect of gas diffusion layer with double-side microporous layer coating on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance Einfluss einer Gasdiffusionsschicht mit doppelseitigem mikroporösen Schichtüberzug auf die Leistung von Brennstoffzellen mit Elektrolytmembran Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this study, the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with double-side microporous layer (MPL) coating on gas diffusion layer (GDL) is investigated experimentally. A standard commercial SGL 10BA carbon paper is used as the substrate and it is coated with MPL on both sides of the paper with different composition. Three different carbon powders are used in the experiments, including Vulcan XC-72R, Acetylene black, and Black Pearls 2000. The effect of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) content is also considered. A single cell testing apparatus is constructed to measure the cell performance and evaluate the effect of GDL with double-side MPL coating. Accordingly, the optimal fabrication parameters of double-side MPL are determined. The result shows that under the same operating conditions, the per-formance of fuel cell using GDL with double-side MPL is better than that using general single-side MPL. The Acetylene black is found to give the best cell performance than the others. The optimal composition of MPL on the surfaces facing to the catalyst layer and flow-channel plate are 1.25mg/cm(exp 2) and 0.25



mg/cm(exp 2), respectively. Besides, the optimal PTFE content is the same on both sides of MPL which is found to be 20 wt%. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Effect of gas diffusion layer with double-side microporous layer coating on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance / Chang, Hao-Ming; Chang, Min-Hsing In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 10 (2013) 2, S.021005/1-6 (6 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 14 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023841 _____________________________________________________ - 105 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen Rao, Singiresu S.; Hu, Yi; Matar, Saif University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, US Three-dimensional simulation - based optimum design of direct methanol fuel cell system Optimalentwurf für Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen auf Basis einer dreidimensionalen Simulation Zeitschriftenaufsatz A three-dimensional, single-phase, multicomponent mathematical model is used for the analysis of a liq-uid-fed direct methanolfuel cell. Liquid phase is considered on the anode side, and gas phase is consid-ered on the cathode side. The electrochemical kinetics, continuity, momentum, and species transport for methanol, water, and oxygen are all coupled to solve for different optimization scenarios. The effect of methanol crossover due to diffusion and electro-osmotic drag is incorporated into the model. A finite-volume-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is used for the analysis and simulation of the performance of the fuel cell. The analysis model is coupled with the genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming optimization technique in seeking the global optimum solution of the fuel cell. Three optimization problems are considered. In the first problem, the maximization of the power density of the fuel cell with lower and upper bounds on the design variables is considered. The second problem considers the maximization of the power density with a constraint on the minimum allowable operating voltage as well as lower and upper bounds on the design variables. In the third problem, the minimization of the cost of the fuel cell is considered with constraints on the minimum allowable operating voltage and the minimum permissible power density as well as lower and upper bounds on the design variables. The performance characteristics of the optimum fuel cell, in the form of graphs of polarization (voltage versus current density), power density versus current density, power density versus voltage, methanol crossover versus current density, and methanol crossover versus voltage are presented and explained to help de-signers better understand the significance of the optimization results. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Three-dimensional simulation - based optimum design of direct methanol fuel cell system / Rao, Singiresu S.; Hu, Yi; Matar, Saif In: Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 10 (2013) 2, S.021008/1-10 (10 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 35 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023836 _____________________________________________________ - 106 - Fernverkehr, Batteriemanagement, Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug Sonntag, Marcus; Sawodny, Oliver; Kauffmann, Felix; Gehring, Ottmar Universität Stuttgart, DE; Daimler, Stuttgart, DE Vorausschauendes HV-Batteriemanagement für E-Hybrid LKW im Fernverkehr Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Es wurde eine vorausschauende Betriebsstrategie für E-Hybridfahrzeuge vorgestellt, die in der Lage ist, die elektrische Energie sowohl hinsichtlich Wirkungsgrad, als auch hinsichtlich Systembeschränkungen günstig auf dem Vorausschauhorizont so zu verteilen , dass ein Verbrauchsvorteil gegenüber einer kon-ventionellen nichtvorausschauenden Strategie erzielt wird. Das Verfahren nutzt die Dynamische Pro-grammierung zur Lösung eines nichtlinearen Optimalsteuerungsproblems und nutzt die Tatsache, dass die optimale Steuerung als ein Regler vorliegt, bei der Berücksichtigung der I(exp 2)T-Grenzen aus. Im Vergleich zur BBS hat man hier den Vorteil, dass die VBS auf einem Fahrzeugmodell basiert und somit auf allen Strecken gut funktioniert, wohingegen die BBS streckenabhängig parametriert werden müsste, ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


um jeweils den Bestwert im Verbrauch zu erzielen. Außerdem zeichnet sich das Verfahren dabei durch eine vorhersehbare maximale Ausführungszeit aus, sodass es einfach in einer echtzeitkritischen Anwen-dung verwendet werden kann. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Vorausschauendes HV-Batteriemanagement für E-Hybrid LKW im Fernverkehr / Sonntag, Marcus; Sa-wodny, Oliver; Kauffmann, Felix; Gehring, Ottmar In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.69-79, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (11 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 9 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 107 - Fahrerassistenzsystem, Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrofahrzeug Weihrauch, Christoph; Javier Antonio Oliva Alonso; Bertram, Torsten TU Dortmund, DE Modellierung einer Li-Ionen Batterie für die Anwendung in Fahrerassistenzsystemen für Elektro-fahrzeuge Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht In diesem Beitrag wurde ein neues hybrides Batteriemodell vorgestellt, das für die Beschreibung des Spannungsverhaltens auf ein elektrisches Ersatzschaltbild zurückgreift und den Ladezustand, Rate-Capacity und Recovery Effekt durch das mathematische KiBa Modell abbildet. Die einzelnen Modellkom-ponenten wurden anschließend mithilfe von Sprungversuchen verifiziert und die Modellparameter bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Ladezuständen identifiziert. Eine hohe Modellgüte bei Temperaturen und Ladezuständen die zwischen den identifizierten Stützstellen liegen wurde durch lineare Interpolation erreicht. Abschließend wurde das Batteriemodell mit einem auf dem FTP 72 basierenden Stromprofil va-lidiert, wo sich eine hohe Genauigkeit bei der Abbildung des Spannungsverhaltens der Zellen gezeigt hat. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Modellierung einer Li-Ionen Batterie für die Anwendung in Fahrerassistenzsystemen für Elektrofahrzeuge / Weihrauch, Christoph; Javier Antonio Oliva Alonso; Bertram, Torsten In: Buch; AUTOREG 2013, 6. VDI/VDE-Fachtagung Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Moto-ren, Baden-Baden, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2196 (2013) S.81-91, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092196-9 (11 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 8 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 108 - Lithiumionen-Batterie, Sportwagen, Statorkühlung, Leistung Wiedemann, Uwe; Stütz, Harald; Hennige, Volker; Kaltenegger, Bernhard; Brunnsteiner, Bernhard; Nie-derl, Ditmar; Engstle, Armin; Angermaier, Anton AVL List, Graz, AT Innovations in the area of lithium-ion batteries realized in "Coup-E" - an 800 V electric car Innovationen im Bereich von Lithium-Ionen Batterien realisiert im "Coup-E" - einem 800 V Elektroauto Konferenz-Einzelbericht AVL has developed a powertrain for an electric vehicle at an elevated voltage level, higher than the typi-cal 400 V. Vehicle controls, inverter, electric motor and battery were designed at around 700 V to propel a Mercedes C-Class coupe. The higher voltage level permits sportive and dynamic driving while still keep-ing the currents fairly low for the battery system. The installed energy ensures a convenient driving range. The highlight of the E-motor is the direct fluid cooling of the stator delivering 140 kW power at a system weight of 104 kg. Dynamic driving is assured by the 10 s peak values for power (210 kW) and torque (750 Nm). AVL's power inverter for this vehicle is capable of 250 kW continuous power output. The integrated 1200 V IGBT technology allows peak currents of 600 A. The operating voltage window is from 250 to 980 V. The redundant power supply of the inverter via the HV circuit and the low inductive bus bar design are amongst the innovative features. Cost reduction potential is demonstrated by avoiding active short circuit and hence reduction of hardware and software complexity. Two technical features of the battery system that operates at 675 V nominal voltage are explained. An innovative lightweight cooling system was de-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


veloped and optimized by employing advanced simulation techniques. A total cooling system weight in-cluding coolant of 7.5 kg was achieved. Feasibility of clinching as cell connection method for pouch cells was validated and demonstrated within the battery pack. Tooling and process cost as well as simplicity make this method superior to welding technology. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Innovations in the area of lithium-ion batteries realized in "Coup-E" - an 800 V electric car / Wiedemann, Uwe; Stütz, Harald; Hennige, Volker; Kaltenegger, Bernhard; Brunnsteiner, Bernhard; Niederl, Ditmar; Engstle, Armin; Angermaier, Anton In: 95 - 70 - 50g (ind 2)/km - Evolution oder Revolution?, 24. Internationale AVL-Tagung Motor und Um-welt, 95 - 70 - 50g CO(ind 2)/km - Evolution or Revolution?, 24th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, Graz, AT, 13.-14. Sep, 2012 (2012) S.133-153 (21 Seiten, 12 Bilder, 3 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 109 - Fahrzeugbatterieentwicklung, funktionale Sicherheit Geyer, D.; Gollob, P.; Griessnig, G.; Hennige, V.; Schauer, J.; Weirum, G.; Wiedemann, U. AVL List, Graz, AT Entwicklung von sicheren und zuverlässigen Batterien für X-EVS Development of safe and reliable batteries for X-EVS Konferenz-Einzelbericht Sichere und zuverlässige Batterien sind ein Muss für die Akzeptanz der Elektromobilität des Konsumen-ten. Die Sicherheit der Batterie muss in allen Fahrzeugbetriebszuständen wie Parken, Fahren oder auch im Crashfall gewährleistet und aufrecht erhalten bleiben. Deshalb sind Aspekte wie funktionale Sicherheit und sicheres Verhalten im Crashfall beim Design der Batterie und der Entwicklung der überwachenden Steuerelektronik zu berücksichtigen. Bezüglich der Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit müssen insbeson-dere neue Technologien, wie z.B. das Clinching als Methode der Zell-Verbindung, im Detail abgesichert werden, bevor es zu einem Serieneinsatz kommt. Bei der Absicherung ist dabei immer abzuwägen zwi-schen dem Entwicklungs- und Testaufwand auf der einen und zu erwartenden Ausfallrate auf der ande-ren Seite. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Entwicklung von sicheren und zuverlässigen Batterien für X-EVS / Geyer, D.; Gollob, P.; Griessnig, G.; Hennige, V.; Schauer, J.; Weirum, G.; Wiedemann, U. In: DVM-Tag 2013, Elektromobilität - Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Elektrofahrzeugs, Berlin, DE, 24.-26. Apr, 2013 (2013) S.91-98 (8 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 4 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 110 - eLi-Ionen-Batterie, Lebensdauerprognose Talke, Martin P3 Ingenieurgesellschaft, Aachen, DE Systematische Ermittlung des Einflusses von interner und externer Streuung auf komplexe Sys-teme am Beispiel von Li-Ionen Batteriesystemen in der Automobilindustrie Systematic evaluation of the influence of internal and external variation to intricate systems at the exam-ple of Li-Ionen battery systems in the automotive industry Konferenz-Einzelbericht Prognosen von Schadensfällen bilden die Grundlage für eine Bewertung der Gewährleistungs- und Ku-lanzkosten. Je genauer die Prognose der Schadensfälle, desto besser können die hieraus entstehenden Kosten abgeleitet werden. Am Bespiel eines Li-Ionen-Batteriesystems wird systematisch evaluiert, wel-chen Anteil an Unschärfe einzelne Steuer- und Störgrößen bei einer Prognose beitragen. (Publikations-sprache: Deutsch) Systematische Ermittlung des Einflusses von interner und externer Streuung auf komplexe Systeme am Beispiel von Li-Ionen Batteriesystemen in der Automobilindustrie / Talke, Martin In: DVM-Tag 2013, Elektromobilität - Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Elektrofahrzeugs, Berlin, DE, 24.-26. Apr, 2013 (2013) S.99-113 (15 Seiten, 14 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 8 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


- 111 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Alterungstest Fellberg, Elisabeth Maria Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Münster, DE Untersuchung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen und deren Alterungseffekten: Charakterisierung und Be-wertung von Materialkomponenten für Lithium-Ionen-Zellen basierend auf Benchmark- und Alte-rungstests mit besonderen Fokus auf die Inaktivmaterialien Binder und Separatoren Dissertation Die Lithium-Ionen-Batterie ist ein vielversprechendes System für Energiespeicherung und -Wandlung. Im automobilen Sektor wird die Lithium-Ionen-Batterie als eine Antriebsenergiequelle für Elektrofahrzeuge eingesetzt. Durch die Verbreitung von Elektrofahrzeugen ist die Lebensdauer eine ausschlaggebende finanzielle Größe. Deshalb müssen lebensdauerbeeinflussenden Faktoren und Mechanismen bis zur Ma-terialebene verstanden werden, um eine optimale Produktauswahl treffen zu können. Weiterhin werden Lebensdauerprognosen und Alterungsgesetzte zur Erstellung von Algorithmen für das Batteriemanage-mentsystem (BMS) benötigt. Quantifizierung der Alterung und Identifikation der Komponenten, die den größten Teil zur Gesamtalterung beitragen, ist literaturunbekannt. Folgende Themenbereiche wurden bearbeitet: Erstellung und Bewertung eines Methodenportfolios zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse von Lithium-Ionen-Zellmaterialien und deren Gesundheitszustand; Zell- und Materialbewertung durch um-fangreiche elektrochemische und ex-situ Benchmarktests verschiedener Lithium-Ionen-Zellen; Untersu-chung der analysierten Zellen mittels ex-situ Analysen auf Veränderungen, hervorgerufen durch zyklische Alterung - Methoden zur Identifikation; Betrachtung der Alterung bei Fehlbenutzung" der Zelle; Analyse der Wechselwirkung bestimmter Materialien in der Zelle; Aufstellung eines phänomenologischen Alte-rungsmodells. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Untersuchung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen und deren Alterungseffekten: Charakterisierung und Bewertung von Materialkomponenten für Lithium-Ionen-Zellen basierend auf Benchmark- und Alterungstests mit be-sonderen Fokus auf die Inaktivmaterialien Binder und Separatoren / Fellberg, Elisabeth Maria In: Dissertation; (2012) S.1-350 (350 Seiten, 231 Bilder, 57 Tabellen, 298 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 112 - Elektromobilität, Energiespeicher-Entwicklungsstand Fan, Cheng; Friedrichsen, Nele; Gnann, Till; Hüttemann, Philipp; Sauer, Andreas; Thielmann, Axel; Wiet-schel, Martin Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung (ISI), Karlsruhe, DE Energiespeicher-Monitoring für die Elektromobilität (EMOTOR). Länderbericht. Förderkennzei-chen: 03X4616A Energy storage monitoring for the electromobiliy (EMOTOR). Country report. Promotion sign: 03X4616A Report Zahlreiche Regierungen haben weltweit ihre nationalen Ziele für die Markteinführung von Elektrofahrzeu-gen angekündigt. Auf dieser Grundlage sollten im Jahre 2015 rund 1,5 Mio. und 2020 etwa sieben Mio. Elektrofahrzeuge weltweit neu zugelassen werden. Dafür haben die Regierungen in den vergangenen Jahren begonnen, staatliche FuE-Förderprogramme, Maßnahmen der Industrieförderung und des Infra-strukturausbaus einzuleiten sowie Rahmenbedingungen für die Verbreitung der Elektromobilität vorzube-reiten. Meist setzt man auf Anreize durch finanzielle Zuschüsse beim Kauf eines Elektrofahrzeugs, Steu-ererleichterungen und Infrastrukturen (Ladesäulen). Nur wenige Länder nutzen eine Förderung der For-schung, Entwicklung und Produktion der Schlüsselkomponenten für die Elektromobilität, insbesondere der Batterien. Eine Betrachtung des Status quo der Batterieforschung, Batterieentwicklung und Batterie-produktion für den elektromobilen Einsatz zeigt, dass weltweit wenige Länder über die Ausgangsbasis sowie die Potenziale verfügen, einen Leitmarkt für die Elektromobilität im Hinblick auf die Batterieproduk-tion aufzubauen. In der Batterieproduktion übernimmt Japan bereits heute eine dominierende Rolle, vor allem im Bereich der Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Japans Unternehmen unterhalten Marktanteile von über 50 % in den Wertschöpfungsstufen Komponenten- und Zellherstellung. Südkorea wird als innovierender und rasch aufsteigender Wettbewerber betrachtet. Auf Basis der Unternehmensanalysen muss jedoch davon ausgegangen werden, dass die japanische, vor allem aber die asiatische, Dominanz in den kommenden fünf Jahren nicht aufgebrochen werden kann. Südkorea unterhält heute den zweitgrößten Anteil am Ge-samtmarkt für Batterien mit rund 20 %. Ausgehend von einer Marktanalyse einzelner Komponenten der Elektromobilität, werden Stand und Tendenzen in einzelnen Ländern vorgestellt. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch)



Energiespeicher-Monitoring für die Elektromobilität (EMOTOR). Länderbericht. Förderkennzeichen: 03X4616A / Fan, Cheng; Friedrichsen, Nele; Gnann, Till; Hüttemann, Philipp; Sauer, Andreas; Thiel-mann, Axel; Wietschel, Martin In: (2013) (109 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.isi.fraunhofer.de/isi-de/t/projekte/EMOTOR.php _____________________________________________________



Elektrische Ladetechnologie - 113 - Elektrofahrzeug, Ladevorgang, intelligentes Lastmanagement anonym KEBA, Linz, AT Aufladen 2.0. "Intelligentes" Lastmanagement Zeitschriftenaufsatz Das Aufladen von Elektrofahrzeugen soll schnell und unkompliziert sein und wenig kosten. Dazu kommt, dass es egal sein muss, wieviele Fahrzeuge auf einmal aufgeladen werden sollen. Dazu ist ein intelligen-tes Lastmanagement notwendig. Laut VDE erfolgen zur Zeit über 90 Prozent der Ladevorgänge entweder zu Hause oder am Arbeitsplatz, weitere z.B. im Parkhaus u.a. Orten wo ein Elektrofahrzeug über längere Zeit abgestellt ist. Die Stehzeit wird zum Aufladen genutzt. Vorgestellt wird das Lastmanagement KeCon-tact, das Fahrzeuge innerhalb einer Stunde mit bis zu 22 kWh versorgen kann. Das geht zehnmal schnel-ler als an einer Haussteckdose. Mit KeContact kann man unterschiedliche Ladestrategien nutzen. Man kann die Ladezeit festlegen, die Anzahl der Fahrzeuge, die gleichzeitig aufgeladen werden sollen und den Zeitpunkt des Ladens festlegen. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Aufladen 2.0. "Intelligentes" Lastmanagement / anonym In: Design & Elektronik (2013) 6, S.42-43 (2 Seiten, 3 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 114 - Lademanagement, Elektrofahrzeug O'Connell, Niamh; Wu, Qiuwei; Oestergaard, Jacob; Nielsen, Arne Hejde; Cha, Seung-Tae; Ding, Yi Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK Day-ahead tariffs for the alleviation of distribution grid congestion from electric vehicles Zeitschriftenaufsatz An economically efficient day-ahead tariff (DT) is proposed with the purpose of preventing distribution grid congestion resulting from electric vehicle (EV) charging scheduled on a day-ahead basis. The DT concept developed herein is derived from the locational marginal price (LMP), in particular the congestion cost component of the LMP. A step-wise congestion management structure has been developed whereby the distribution system operator (DSO) predicts congestion for the coming day and publishes DTs prior to the clearing of the day-ahead market. EV fleet operators (FOs) optimize their EV charging schedules with respect to the predicted day-ahead prices and the published DTs, thereby avoiding congestion while still minimizing the charging cost. A Danish 400 V distribution network is used to conduct case studies to il-lustrate the effectiveness of the developed concept for the prevention of distribution grid congestion from EV charging. The case study results show that the concept is successful in a number of situations, most notably a predicted system overload of 155% can be successfully alleviated on the test distribution net-work. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Day-ahead tariffs for the alleviation of distribution grid congestion from electric vehicles / O'Connell, Niamh; Wu, Qiuwei; Oestergaard, Jacob; Nielsen, Arne Hejde; Cha, Seung-Tae; Ding, Yi In: Electric Power Systems Research 92 (2012) S.106-114 (9 Seiten, 22 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.05.018 _____________________________________________________ - 115 - Erdkabel, plug-in electric vehicle, Wärmeübertragung Marshall, Jeffrey S.; Hines, Paul D.; Zhang, Jiarui D.; Minervini, Francesca; Rinjitham, Simtha University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, US Modeling the impact of electric vehicle charging on heat transfer around underground cables Zeitschriftenaufsatz While increased use of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has environmental and economic benefits, the increased load is expected to strain components of the power delivery infrastructure. Within electric distri-bution systems, overloading of transformers and underground cables and associated thermal degradation



is of particular concern. The current paper estimates the effect of different levels and types of PEV charg-ing on transient heating of underground cables. Transportation survey data is used to estimate travel miles and arrival/departure times for a typical residential neighborhood, which is subsequently used to estimate the electric load curve with different levels of PEV penetration. The estimated load curves are used to perform transient heat transfer computations for a system of three buried cables using an overset grid finite-difference approach, the results of which are used to estimate acceleration of cable thermal degradation. Vehicle charging, even for a modest 30% PEV penetration, is found to nearly double peak temperature rise above ambient at the cable surface, increase the daily variance in cable temperatures, and significantly decrease the estimated time to failure for cables with thermally sensitive insulation. (Pub-likationssprache: Englisch) Modeling the impact of electric vehicle charging on heat transfer around underground cables / Marshall, Jeffrey S.; Hines, Paul D.; Zhang, Jiarui D.; Minervini, Francesca; Rinjitham, Simtha In: Electric Power Systems Research 97 (2013) S.76-83 (8 Seiten, 40 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.12.006 _____________________________________________________ - 116 - Plug-in Hybridfahrzeug, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Ladungsstrategie Neubauer, Jeremy; Brooker, Aaron; Wood, Eric National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, US Sensitivity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle economics to drive patterns, electric range, energy management, and charge strategies Zeitschriftenaufsatz Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer the potential to reduce oil imports, greenhouse gases, and fuel costs, but high upfront costs discourage many potential purchasers. Making an economic comparison with conventional alternatives is complicated in part by sensitivity to drive patterns, vehicle range, avail-able energy management, and charge strategies that affect battery wear and gasoline consumption. Iden-tifying justifiable battery replacement schedules adds further complexity to the issue. The National Re-newable Energy Laboratory developed the Battery Ownership Model to address these and related ques-tions. The Battery Ownership Model is applied here to examine the sensitivity of PHEV economics to drive patterns, vehicle range, available energy management, and charge strategies when a high-fidelity battery degradation model and financially justified battery replacement schedules are employed. We find that energy management methodology, all-electric range, maximum beginning-of-life state of charge, and basic charge timing generally have a small impact on the total cost of ownership of PHEVs; however, PHEV economics do prove sensitive to drive patterns and the availability of an at-work charger. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Sensitivity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle economics to drive patterns, electric range, energy manage-ment, and charge strategies / Neubauer, Jeremy; Brooker, Aaron; Wood, Eric In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.357-364 (8 Seiten, 22 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.055 _____________________________________________________ - 117 - Plug-in Hybridfahrzeug, Photovoltaik, Batterieladung Denholm, Paul; Kuss, Michael; Margolis, Robert M. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, US; National Renewable Energy Labora-tory (NREL), Washington, DC, US Co-benefits of large scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and solar PV deployment Zeitschriftenaufsatz A number of studies have found that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will have relatively small grid impacts if charged with overnight off-peak electricity. However the greatest petroleum displacement will occur if vehicles are allowed to charge during the day, maximizing all-electric range. Charging during the day also allows for a smaller, lower cost battery. Mid-day charging will add to peak electricity demands and may occur in locations where it is difficult to construct new generation and transmission capacity. So-lar photovoltaics (PV) provide an option to provide mid-day peaking capacity. Mid-day charging of PHEVs ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


also may absorb low value or even curtailed PV generation during periods of low demand. This study identifies possible co-benefits of large scale PV and PHEV deployment by simulating the Texas grid and identifying changes in peak capacity requirements and PV curtailment. A modest deployment of PV is able to avoid most of the increase in capacity requirements associated with very large PHEV penetra-tions. PHEVs are also able to reduce curtailment at high PV penetration, especially if charging can be controlled to improve the coincidence of consumer charging demand with normal PV generation patterns. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Co-benefits of large scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and solar PV deployment / Denholm, Paul; Kuss, Michael; Margolis, Robert M. In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.350-356 (7 Seiten, 38 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.007 _____________________________________________________ - 118 - Schnellaufladung, Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator Ansean, D.; Gonzalez, M.; Viera, J.C.; Garcia, V.M.; Blanco, C.; Valledor, M. Universidad de Oviedo, ES Fast charging technique for high power lithium iron phosphate batteries: A cycle life analysis Zeitschriftenaufsatz Reduction of the charging time for batteries is a crucial factor in the promotion of consumer interest in the commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs). Fast charging methods for EVs are therefore important to create and understand; however, fast charging is not tolerated by all lithium-ion chemistries because it typically affects the battery functionality and accelerates its aging mechanisms. A fast charging technique is proposed in this paper, and the results of extensive testing on a high power lithium iron phosphate cell subjected to the method are reported. The evaluation characterized the cell's capacity fade, cycle life, and energy efficiency with respect to the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) goals. The proposed charging algorithm permits a full recharging of the cell (0-100% SOC) in approximately 20 min, even after 4500 cycles are reached. The cycling scheme is characterized by high current discharges that reach spe-cific powers of 400 W kg(exp -1). The results show that the proposed fast charging technique does not introduce any significant degradation effects on the cell and is energy efficient; they also show that per-formance is lost due to capacity fade rather than an increase in internal resistance. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Fast charging technique for high power lithium iron phosphate batteries: A cycle life analysis / Ansean, D.; Gonzalez, M.; Viera, J.C.; Garcia, V.M.; Blanco, C.; Valledor, M. In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.9-15 (7 Seiten, 25 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.044 _____________________________________________________ - 119 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrofahrzeug, Ladungsoptimierung Hu, Xiaosong; Li, Shengbo; Peng, Huei; Sun, Fengchun Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US; Beijing Institute of Technology, CN; State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety & Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CN Charging time and loss optimization for LiNMC and LiFePO(ind 4) batteries based on equivalent circuit models Zeitschriftenaufsatz Battery management system monitors and mitigates the operation of battery cells and stacks and is im-portant for battery safety and reliability. This paper presents a dual-objective optimal charging strategy for two types of Li-ion batteries, which considers the conflict objectives of charging time and charging loss. The battery models developed in a prior research are used in the charging optimization. The influences of the charging voltage threshold, temperature, and health status on the charging results are analyzed for both lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (LiNMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO(ind 4)) batteries. A comparison with the charging results based on the models that cannot describe the entire battery dy-namics is also performed. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Charging time and loss optimization for LiNMC and LiFePO(ind 4) batteries based on equivalent circuit models / Hu, Xiaosong; Li, Shengbo; Peng, Huei; Sun, Fengchun In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.449-457 (9 Seiten, 45 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.157 _____________________________________________________ - 120 - Standalone System, Elektrofahrzeug, Ladestation Zech, Matthias; Wizemann, Ingo; Augenstein, Isabel; Müller, Mathias; Thomas, Uwe; Becker, Gerd FH München, DE; E.ON Bayern, Regensburg, DE Analysis of a PV powered charging station for electric vehicles CD-ROM Datei; Konferenz-Einzelbericht The future developments in the automotive industry with electric drives with power from rechargeable bat-teries require a network of charging stations and loading facilities. In the last few years 1562 (as of 2012-01) charging stations have been built up in Germany. This Figure will considerably increase in the near future. Photovoltaic systems (PV) are a considerable energy source for electricity in Germany, especially in Bavaria. That is why E.ON Bayern, the largest local grid operator in Bavaria, has started studies to-gether with Munich University of Applied Sciences to feed these charging stations with electricity coming from PV systems nearby. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Analysis of a PV powered charging station for electric vehicles / Zech, Matthias; Wizemann, Ingo; Augen-stein, Isabel; Müller, Mathias; Thomas, Uwe; Becker, Gerd In: EU PVSEC 2012, 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Proceedings, Frankfurt am Main, DE, Sep 24-28, 2012 (2012) S.4092-4095, München: WIP Renewable Energies, D:5AV.2.20.pdf, ISBN 3-936338-28-0 (4 Seiten, 15 Bilder, 3 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



Energienetze, -verteilung - 121 - Energiemanagement, Plug-in Hybridfahrzeug, vehicle-to-grid Battistelli, C.; Baringo, L.; Conejo, A.J. Imperial College London, GB; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, ES Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renew-able energy sources Zeitschriftenaufsatz The emerging of plug-in hybrid vehicles results not only in the increase of electric vehicles as means of transportation, but also in the utilization of vehicle batteries for grid support, which is referred to as vehi-cle-to-grid (V2G). However, V2G is still at a conceptual stage, and the lack of practical and realistic frameworks to help moving from concept to implementation causes serious challenges to its adoption. In this context, this paper proposes a practical model for the assessment of the contribution of V2G systems as a support to energy management within realistic configurations of small electric energy systems (SEESs) including renewable sources, such as Microgrids. Considering the uncertainty factors related to renewable power sources and gridable vehicles, the model materializes into a robust linear optimization problem suited to be easily integrated in the Energy Management System of SEESs, to support - in op-eration or operation planning - SEESs' participation in the electricity market. The paper also presents a practical methodology to model the aggregation of gridable vehicles, contributing to the literature in the field and helping towards the actual implementation of V2G. The efficiency and usefulness of the devel-oped aggregation and optimization models are shown using a realistic SEES case study. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renewable en-ergy sources / Battistelli, C.; Baringo, L.; Conejo, A.J. In: Electric Power Systems Research 92 (2012) S.50-59 (10 Seiten, 37 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.06.002 _____________________________________________________ - 122 - Stromnetz, Plug-in Hybridfahrzeug, Elektrofahrzeug Oliveira, D.Q.; Zambroni de Souza, A.C.; Delboni, L.F.N. Universidade Federal de Itajuba, BR Optimal plug-in hybrid electric vehicles recharge in distribution power systems Zeitschriftenaufsatz Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are new alternatives that meet the efforts to develop more sustainable means of transportation and decreasing oil dependence. However, this trend could bring negative conse-quences to electric power systems, such as limits violations, power losses increasing, harmonics, and thermal limits violation on distribution transformers and conductors. To cope with some of those prob-lems, this paper proposes a recharging process with the help of Artificial Immune Systems, so the voltage level in all buses is kept within the operational limits and no overload is observed. For this sake, besides distributing the load along the recharging period, capacitors installation to decrease electric losses and improve voltage levels during vehicles recharging is also considered. The results obtained render the proposed methodology as effective. Two IEEE sample systems are used to test the idea, so the results may be reproduced for research purposes. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Optimal plug-in hybrid electric vehicles recharge in distribution power systems / Oliveira, D.Q.; Zambroni de Souza, A.C.; Delboni, L.F.N. In: Electric Power Systems Research 98 (2013) S.77-85 (9 Seiten, 32 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.12.012 _____________________________________________________



- 123 - Photovoltaik, Freiflächenanlage, Dachanlage, Netzintegration Ying, Shaoqing Brandenburgische TU (BTU), Cottbus, DE Speichersysteme für eine verbesserte Netzintegration von Photovoltaikanlagen Zeitschriftenaufsatz Seit dem Inkrafttreten des Erneuerbare Energien Gesetzes (EEG) im Jahre 2000 erfolgte in Deutschland ein massiver Zubau von entsprechenden Kapazitäten. Vor allem Windenergie- und Photovoltaik-Anlagen (PV-Anlagen) weisen ein stark fluktuierendes Leistungsprofil auf, das signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Energieversorgungsnetze hat. Zur Vermeidung des Netzausbaus kann das fluktuierende Leistungsprofil mittels Speichersystemen in ein definiertes Einspeiseprofil umgewandelt werden. Aktuelle Untersuchun-gen zu deren Nutzung für eine verbesserte Netzintegration der Photovoltaik zeigen dies sowohl für Frei-flächenanlagen mit Anschluss in der Mittel- und Hochspannungsebene als auch für Dachanlagen in der Niederspannungsebene. Zunächst wird für Freiflächenanlage der MS- und HS-Ebene ein geglättetes Ein-speiseprofil auf der Basis gemessener solarer Einstrahlungswerte und/oder gemessener Photovoltaik-Leistungswerte erzeugt. Der in der mathematischen Gleichung stochastische Anteil muss von einem ge-eigneten Speichersystem (z.B. Wasserstoff-Speichersystem) im Gwh-Bereich gepuffert werden. Für ein Beispiel aus der Niederspannungsebene wird ein Referenznetz in einer Einfamilienhaussiedlung mit Dachanlagen betrachtet. Die installierte Photovoltaikleistung beträgt 6 kW(ind p) pro Wohneinheit (WE). Bei der Simulation werden einerseits die Belastbarkeit der Betriebsmittel und andererseits die einzuhal-tenden Anforderungen an das Spannungsband betrachtet. Die Simulation zeigt, dass mit 6 kW/(ind p)/WE die Kabel mit einer Belastbarkeit von ca. 190 kVA (275 A) überlastet werden und das zulässige Span-nungsband von +/-10 % U(ind n) am Hausanschluss überschritten wird. Durch den Einsatz geeigneter Speichersysteme für jede Dachanlage wird das fluktuierende Photovoltaik-Leistungsprofil in ein definier-tes Einspeiseprofil umgewandelt. So tritt weder eine Netzüberlastung noch eine Überschreitung der zu-lässigen oberen Betriebsspannung auf. Des Weiteren haben die Fluktuationen der erzeugten Photovol-taikleistung keinen Einfluss auf das Netz. Im Vergleich zu den an MS- und HS- Netzen gekoppelten leis-tungsstarken Photovoltaik-Speichersystemen sind wesentlich geringere Energiemengen zu speichern. Deshalb wird der Einsatz von stationären Bleibatterien als ein geeignetes Speichersystem empfohlen, was in ihrer technischen Reife und Wirtschaftlichkeit begründet ist. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Speichersysteme für eine verbesserte Netzintegration von Photovoltaikanlagen / Ying, Shaoqing In: Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen 63 (2013) 7, S.54-56 (3 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 4 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 124 - digitalisiertes Stromverteilungsnetz Reifenhäuser, Bernd; Ebbes, Alexander GIP, Mainz, DE Digitalisiertes Verteilungsnetz für die Stromversorgung. Internet der Energie Zeitschriftenaufsatz Aktuelle Stromnetze sind miteinander hochgradig vernetzt, redundant auf Versorgungssicherheit ausge-legt und bedürfen zentraler Planung. Störungen können sich durch enge Verzahnung schnell ausbreiten und zu einem großflächigen Blackout führen. Um Ausfällen angesichts eines steigenden Anteils erneuer-barer Energien künftig entgegenwirken zu können, muss Energie vorgehalten werden - eine ineffiziente und kostspielige Reserve. Ein dezentrales, digitales Stromnetz kann diese Aufgabe deutlich besser be-wältigen. Im Jahr 2008 entstand bei der GIP AG die Idee, ein Smart Grid in Analogie zum Internet zu konstruieren. Im GIP-Konzept (patentiert) ist nicht nur der physikalische Transport digitalisierter Strompa-kete berücksichtigt, sondern das Prinzip der Selbstorganisation konsequent zu Ende geführt. Die Netz-werktopologie mit Smart Grid Routern (SGR) wird beschrieben. Das Konzept der GIP sieht neben der Übertragung eines Energiepaketes die Übertragung eines Datenpaketes vor (unterstützende Kommuni-kationsinfrastruktur). Die vom SGR übertragene Energie muss ausreichend dimensioniert sein, um den anfragenden Stromabnehmer auf Kundenseite zu versorgen. In Abbildungen werden u.a. der Prototyp des Digital Grid Routers gezeigt sowie ein Schema zum sequentiellen Routing von Energie und Kommu-nikationspaketen dargestellt. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Digitalisiertes Verteilungsnetz für die Stromversorgung. Internet der Energie / Reifenhäuser, Bernd; Eb-bes, Alexander In: ew - Elektrizitätswirtschaft 112 (2013) 9, S.40-42 (3 Seiten, 3 Bilder) ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


- 125 - Smart Grid, Planung, Stromnetz Guo, Hui Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Universität Magdeburg, DE Measurement-based load modeling for smart grid planning Monographie; Dissertation Toward developing the future electrical power system, the so-called "smart grid", we are facing a few ma-jor challenges. Firstly, the smart grid is characterized by an increasing amount of energy supplied from the distributed and decentralized energy renewable sources such as wind and solar. That leads to a re-structuring of the electric network. Secondly, more and more power electronic devices are being installed in the power system as new types of power consumers, which further increase the non-linearity and dy-namics of the power system load, and make the analysis of the entire system more complex. In this work the load modeling using field measurement data from a load bus in a real power grid to improve the accu-racy of power system calculation is studied and discussed. As preparation for field measurement and load modeling, the influence of different perturbations on load behaviors caused by OLTC in the power grid is investigated. Furthermore, there is a focus on the definition of measurement requirements. In addition, the nonlinear least-squares algorithm used to identify load model is studied. As preparation, a complex non-linear load model with predetermined parameters will be simulated in some defined scenarios, the simulation results are compared with a constant power load model. By changing the tap-position of the transformer manually, small voltage changes can be forced to result in small-scale perturbations in the system. The resulting dynamic system behaviors can be recorded by the system monitoring equipment. Based on the practical field measurement data, a new static load model is proposed to improve the accu-racy of reactive power calculation because for a system with sufficient reactive power compensation, the classic exponential load model is not valid. The new model may solve this problem, and it has already been accepted and used in practice by a power system operator. An accurate representation of the dy-namic behavior of an electrical load is very important for the analysis of power system operation regard-ing its stability characteristics, especially for voltage stability analysis. Therefore, recorded data are fur-ther used to perform dynamic load modeling and identify the parameters of a nonlinear dynamic load model. Before starting the load modeling process, the measurement data were preprocessed by a pro-posed DWT-based algorithm (Discrete Wavelet Transformation) to suppress the signal noises of the measurement data and, moreover, to make it more feasible to estimate the load model parameters. By performing the parameter optimization process, the parameters of GDLM were then identified with the measurement data by non-linear least square technique. By estimating the parameters of GDLM using different measurement data sets, especially the parameters for the reactive power representation, the variability of the model parameters is too large to get a general parameter set which has good generaliza-tion ability and is most representative. The reason for this has been identified. The original GDLM is no longer valid for the reactive power representation if the initial reactive power at the load bus is close to zero due to the effect of reactive power compensation. Therefore, in this dissertation a new dynamic load model based on the GDLM is developed, which shows an improvement on the parameter variability and representation of dynamic reactive power. Furthermore, a methodology is developed to estimate the gen-eralizability of the load model to determine the final parameters from all the estimated parameter sets us-ing different measurements. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Measurement-based load modeling for smart grid planning / Guo, Hui In: Buch; Res Electricae Magdeburgenses, Magdeburger Forum zur Elektrotechnik (MAFO) 50 (2012) S.1-125, Magdeburg: Universität Magdeburg, 978-3-940961-86-0 (125 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 112 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 126 - Erneuerbare Energie, Stromverteilungsnetz, Integration Kuwahata, Rena; Hasche, Bernhard; Boemer, Jens; Burges, Karsten Ecofys Germany, Berlin, DE Renewables integration in distribution grids. Examples of system-wide analyses Konferenz-Einzelbericht RE-integration issues for transmission and distribution grids are quite similar, but some issues require more detailed attention for distribution grids due to the large number of units as well as the variety of rated capacities, voltages, grid support capabilities, and controllability they have. For a power system op-erator to efficiently manage the integration, a systematic approach is necessary, and for this purpose sys-tem-wide studies must be performed. One way to manage large numbers of units is by setting effective interconnection standards. The analyses conducted for resolving the 50.2 Hz problem in Germany and ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


the development of future DG scenarios were used for this purpose. The findings were used to improve the grid code requirements regarding frequency stability, but could also be used to develop coordinated operation procedures, control schemes, monitoring systems, and to determine the level of communication required. The analysis for estimating PV integration costs showed that a detailed consideration of the ca-pacity of existing infrastructure leads to a lower overall cost compared to methods used in other studies. Furthermore, the cost reduction potential of implementing system-wide optimization measures is signifi-cant and should be explored. Although the indicated costs of integrating DG may appear low in compari-son to current cost requirements for general O&M and the overall scheme of things, it is important to properly analyze the impacts of DG on distribution grids. It has been shown that with too little attention and due to the lack of coordination between stakeholders, rather than pre-empting an issue in an efficient and effective manner, problems may result in several tiresome revisions of standards and costly retrofit programs. Furthermore, investigation into suitable designs and implementation of sophisticated control schemes, as well as monitormg and communication systems plays a key role in profiting from cost-reduction potentials and maintaining system security in the long-term. This is also reflected in the cur-rently observed development of smart grids and initiatives being taken around the globe in the form of nation/regionwide rollout plans. To this end, the authors encourage network operators' strategic network planning divisions to perform scenario based analysis at an early state, focusing not only on technical analysis, but also economic analysis, stakeholder involvement, and policy design with a systematic ap-proach. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Renewables integration in distribution grids. Examples of system-wide analyses / Kuwahata, Rena; Hasche, Bernhard; Boemer, Jens; Burges, Karsten In: 2nd International Workshop on Integration of Solar Power into Power Systems, Proceedings, Lisboa, PT, Nov 13-13, 2012 (2012) S.184-191, Langen: energynautics, 978-3-9813870-6-3 (8 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 4 Tabellen, 10 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 127 - Smart Grid, Solarenergie, Energiemanagement, Speichersystem Gasco, Manuel; Rios, Alberto Universidad de Alicante, ES; Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odon, ES Solar power management for smart grids with storage systems Konferenz-Einzelbericht The increasing integration of solar photovoltaic power into the power system makes the optimal man-agement of different situations that can occur more and more important. The current capacity is observed in order to be able to predict the solar generation for short periods of time. This way it is possible to plan the production which would be adjusted to the variations in these storage systems allowing the system to maintain its constant programming for base plants, adjusting the variations in these systems in the short term. The referred accumulation systems are as follows: a fuel cell, mass flywheel, pump and turbine sys-tems, compressed air systems, electrochemical cells, supercapacitors, superconductors, and electric ve-hicles. As a result of this study, the first conclusion is that in order to regulate the energy generated by the wind power with installed power of more than 4 GW, storage of 15 GWh would be necessary. The storage has to be performed employing hydro pump, compressed air storage systems and the system based on the V2G. Such a system makes it possible to: Perform prograiruning of the load curve in 24 hours mean-while 100% of the produced energy is used. Determine additional power to maintain the load level during next 48 hours. Such a system allows optimal integration of the solar power, mamtaining the ability to ad-just the load curves. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Solar power management for smart grids with storage systems / Gasco, Manuel; Rios, Alberto In: 2nd International Workshop on Integration of Solar Power into Power Systems, Proceedings, Lisboa, PT, Nov 13-13, 2012 (2012) S.224-228, Langen: energynautics, 978-3-9813870-6-3 (5 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 8 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



- 128 - Photovoltaik, lokale Energiespeicherung Umland, Andreas; Rothert, Martin; Bukvic-Schäfer, Aleksandra-Sasa; Walter, Matthias; Laschinski, Joa-chim; Kever, Felix SMA Solar Technology, Niestetal, DE Local energy storage - the next level of PV grid integration CD-ROM Datei; Konferenz-Einzelbericht It is hard to deny the major role that photovoltaics have played in furthering the energy transition. Since 2011, the load peak at noon can be fully covered by PV power - even on workdays. Despite the good cor-relation in time and the excellent predictability of solar energy, the question still arises as to how addi-tional PV power can be added to the power distribution grid. As storage systems are one of the keys to archieving that, the more specific question is how PV can use its unique strengths in combination with local storage systems. To answer this question, we'll first take a look at the different storage modes, their effects on the grid and the corresponding incentives for the end customer. Afterwards, three further as-pects of this complex and highly interdependent theme will be examined: The ideal battery sizing, battery cost and lifetime and finally the possible impact of thermal storage systems and electric vehicles. Main results: The operational mode of the storage seems to be much more important than the battery capacity. And more standardized solutions with small capacity and intelligent energy management are the key to further sustainable PV growth. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Local energy storage - the next level of PV grid integration / Umland, Andreas; Rothert, Martin; Bukvic-Schäfer, Aleksandra-Sasa; Walter, Matthias; Laschinski, Joachim; Kever, Felix In: EU PVSEC 2012, 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Proceedings, Frankfurt am Main, DE, Sep 24-28, 2012 (2012) S.3736-3739, München: WIP Renewable Energies, D:5DP.3.3.pdf, ISBN 3-936338-28-0 (4 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 5 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



Neue Materialien und Recycling - 129 - Polybenzimidazol-Membran, Chloromethyl-Polysulfon Yang, Jingshuai; Li, Qingfeng; Cleemann, Lars N.; Jensen, Jens Oluf; Pan, Chao; Bjerrum, Niels J.; He, Ronghuan College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, CN; Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK Crosslinked Hexafluoropropylidene Polybenzimidazole Membranes with Chloromethyl Polysul-fone for Fuel Cell Applications Zeitschriftenaufsatz Hexafluoropropylidene polybenzimidazole (F(ind 6)PBI) was synthesized with excellent chemical stability and improved solubility. When doped with phosphoric acid, however, the F(ind 6)PBI membranes showed plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. Further efforts were made to covalently crosslink F(ind 6)PBI membranes with chloromethyl polysulfone as a polymeric crosslinker. Comparing with linear F(ind 6)PBI and mPBI membranes, the polymer crosslinked F(ind 6)PBI membranes exhibited little organo solubility, excellent stability towards the radical oxidation, high resistance to swelling in concentrated phosphoric acid solutions, and improved mechanical strength, especially at elevated temperatures. The superior characteristics of crosslinked membranes allowed for higher acid doping levels and therefore increased proton conductivity as well as significantly improved fuel cell performance and durability, as compared with the linear F(ind 6)PBI and mPBI membranes. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Crosslinked Hexafluoropropylidene Polybenzimidazole Membranes with Chloromethyl Polysulfone for Fuel Cell Applications / Yang, Jingshuai; Li, Qingfeng; Cleemann, Lars N.; Jensen, Jens Oluf; Pan, Chao; Bjerrum, Niels J.; He, Ronghuan In: Advanced Energy Materials 3 (2013) 5, S.622-630 (9 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 53 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200710 _____________________________________________________ - 130 - PEFC, RuO2, SiO2, Katalysatorkorrosion Kumar, Amod; Ramani, Vijay K. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, US RuO(ind 2)-SiO(ind 2) mixed oxides as corrosion-resistant catalyst supports for polymer electro-lyte fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of mixed oxides of silica (SiO(ind 2)) and ruthe-nia (RuO(ind 2)) for use as electrocatalyst supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The RuO(ind 2):SiO(ind 2) oxides were synthesized in three different molar ratios (0.1:0.9, 0.3:0.7 and 0.5:0.5). Of these formulations, RuO(ind 2)-SiO(ind 2) (0.5:0.5) displayed high BET surface area (~290 m(exp 2) g(exp -1)), high electronic conductivity (>5 S cm(exp -1)), and outstanding electrochemical stability (change in double layer capacitance of <10% compared to 360% for Vulcan XC72 carbon upon rigorous accelerated potential cycling tests that mimic automotive drive cycles). The RuO(ind 2)-SiO(ind 2) (0.5:0.5) support material was subsequently catalyzed by deposition of 24 wt% of platinum nanoparti-cles. The resultant electrocatalyst yielded a mass activity of 50 mA mg(ind Pt)(exp -1) and an area spe-cific activity of 156.3 micro A cm(exp -2) at 0.9 V vs. RHE when tested in a fuel cell operating at 80 deg C and 75% relative humidity. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) RuO(ind 2)-SiO(ind 2) mixed oxides as corrosion-resistant catalyst supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells / Kumar, Amod; Ramani, Vijay K. In: Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 138-139 (2013) S.43-50 (8 Seiten, 64 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.02.015 _____________________________________________________



- 131 - Graphene, Hydrogel, mechanische Eigenschaft, Leitfähigkeit Zhou, Hui; Yao, Wei; Li, Geng; Wang, Jing; Lu, Yun Nanjing University, CN Graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance and high conductivity Zeitschriftenaufsatz We report a novel and easy route to synthesize a mechanically strong hydrogel composed of graphene and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene played the role of reducing agent to convert a highly oxidative graphite oxide (h-GO) to graphene and in situ polymerized itself syn-chronously on the active sites of the graphene to construct the hydrogel. The content of the carbonyl groups in h-GO was found to have a major impact on the generation of the hydrogel. Also the morphology and the quantity of PEDOT formed in the hydrogel were considered to be the key factors for improving the mechanical performance of the hydrogel. As-prepared enhanced graphene/PEDOT hydrogel dis-played a compressive fracture stress as high as 29.6 MPa, a storage modulus about 2.1 MPa at 10 rad/s, a good electrical conductivity of 0.73 S/cm and a high specific capacitance of 174.4 F/g, which make it a potential candidate for a number of technologies such as electrochemical sensor and superca-pacitor. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance and high conductivity / Zhou, Hui; Yao, Wei; Li, Geng; Wang, Jing; Lu, Yun In: Carbon 59 (2013) S.495-502 (8 Seiten, 44 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.045 _____________________________________________________ - 132 - Feststoffelektrolyt, Lithiumionenbatterie, Anodenwerkstoff Dang, Feng; Oaki, Yuya; Kokubu, Takao; Hosono, Eiji; Zhou, Haoshen; Imai, Hiroaki Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, JP; Energy Technology Research Insti-tute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, JP Formation of Nanostructured MnO/Co/Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Ternary Composites as a Du-rable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Nanoporous MnO frameworks with highly dispersed Co nanoparticles were produced from MnCO(ind 3) precursors prepared in a gel matrix. The MnO frameworks that contain 20 mol % Co exhibited excellent cycle performance as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed in the frameworks through the electrochemical reaction mediates the active materials, such as MnO, Mn, and Li(ind 2)O, during the conversion reaction in the charge-discharge cycle. The Co nanoparticles and SEI provide the electron and Li-ion conductive networks, respectively. The ternary nanocomposites of the MnO framework, metallic Co nanoparticles, and embedded SEI are categorized as durable anode materi-als for Li-ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Formation of Nanostructured MnO/Co/Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Ternary Composites as a Durable An-ode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries / Dang, Feng; Oaki, Yuya; Kokubu, Takao; Hosono, Eiji; Zhou, Haoshen; Imai, Hiroaki In: Chemistry - An Asian Journal 8 (2013) 4, S.760-764 (5 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201201109 _____________________________________________________



- 133 - Polymerelektrolyt, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Wang, Xuejiang; Liu, Zhihong; Zhang, Chuanjian; Kong, Qingshan; Yao, Jianhua; Han, Pengxian; Jiang, Wen; Xu, Hongxia; Cui, Guanglei Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, CN Exploring polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate for thermally resistant polymer electrolyte of lith-ium batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A novel polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate (PLTB) was synthesized via an one-step reaction in aque-ous solution. The polymer electrolyte of PLTB@PVDF-HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene)) was developed by a doctor-blading followed by a soaking process in propylene car-bonate (PC). It was manifested that the PC swollen PLTB@PVDF-HFP exhibited excellent electrochemi-cal stability and compatibility with lithium metal electrode, high ionic conductivity and high lithium ion transference number at an operating temperature of 80 deg C. The cells using the PC swollen PLTB@PVDF-HFP as electrolyte showed stable charge/discharge profiles, preferable rate capability and satisfactory cycling performance at high temperature. These superior performances of PC swollen PLTB@PVDF-HFP could endow this class of polymer electrolyte a very promising application in lithium batteries operating at relatively high temperature. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Exploring polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate for thermally resistant polymer electrolyte of lithium batter-ies / Wang, Xuejiang; Liu, Zhihong; Zhang, Chuanjian; Kong, Qingshan; Yao, Jianhua; Han, Pengxian; Jiang, Wen; Xu, Hongxia; Cui, Guanglei In: Electrochimica Acta 92 (2013) S.132-138 (7 Seiten, 38 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.026 _____________________________________________________ - 134 - FePO4-Nanopartikel, Lithiumionenbatterie, Kathode Chen, Lian; Wu, Ping; Xie, Kongwei; Li, Jianping; Xu, Bin; Cao, Gaoping; Chen, Yu; Tang, Yawen; Zhou, Yiming; Lu, Tianhong; Yang, Yusheng Nanjing Normal University, CN; Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, CN FePO(ind 4) nanoparticles embedded in a large mesoporous carbon matrix as a high-capacity and high-rate cathode for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz By using large mesoporous carbon (LMC) as a novel host matrix, LMC-FePO(ind 4) nanohybrid has been synthesized through a facile homogeneous precipitation process and subsequent annealing approach. When evaluated as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the LMC-FePO(ind 4) nanohybrid exhibits higher specific capacities, improved rate capability, and better cycling performance by virtue of its unique structural characteristics. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) FePO(ind 4) nanoparticles embedded in a large mesoporous carbon matrix as a high-capacity and high-rate cathode for lithium-ion batteries / Chen, Lian; Wu, Ping; Xie, Kongwei; Li, Jianping; Xu, Bin; Cao, Gaoping; Chen, Yu; Tang, Yawen; Zhou, Yiming; Lu, Tianhong; Yang, Yusheng In: Electrochimica Acta 92 (2013) S.433-437 (5 Seiten, 40 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.048 _____________________________________________________ - 135 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Kathodenwerkstoff Liang, Zhiyong; Zhao, Yanming South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, CN Preparation and electrochemical study of Mn-doped Li(ind 9)V(ind 3)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2) cathode material for lithium ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A series of Mn-doped Li(ind 9)V(ind 3-x)Mn(ind x)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2)/C (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.10) compounds have been successfully prepared by using sol-gel method. ICP, XRD, and Rietveld refinement results analyses indicate that Mn ions were sufficiently doped in Li(ind ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


9)V(ind 3)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2) without changing its trigonal structure, and the cell parameters (including a, c, and V) of Li(ind 9)V(ind 3-x)Mn(ind x)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2)/C (x = 0.00, 0.05, and 0.10) increase with the increasing of x. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that the manganese oxidation state was +2 and both V(exp 4+) and V(exp 3+) ions were present in the Li(ind 9)V(ind 2.9)Mn(ind 0.1)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2) com-pound. The electronic conductivity increases monotonically with Mn-doped content x. The electrochemical insertion/extraction properties of Li(ind 9)V(ind 3-x)Mn(ind x)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2)/C (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.10) phases are also presented. The Mn-doped phases exhibit smaller redox voltage polarization, higher cycle performance and better rate capability than that of the pristine one. Particularly, Li(ind 9)V(ind 2.9)Mn(ind 0.1)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2)/C shows both good rate capability and best capacity recovered ability among all the samples. The enhancement of rate performance and cyclic capability may be attributed to the optimizing particle size, enhancement of elec-tronic conductivity, lithium ion mobility and structural stability owing to the proper amount of Mn-doping in V sites. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Preparation and electrochemical study of Mn-doped Li(ind 9)V(ind 3)(P(ind 2)O(ind 7))(ind 3)(PO(ind 4))(ind 2) cathode material for lithium ion batteries / Liang, Zhiyong; Zhao, Yanming In: Electrochimica Acta 94 (2013) S.374-380 (7 Seiten, 34 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.054 _____________________________________________________ - 136 - Nanoröhre, TiO2, Komposit, photochemische Abscheidung Fan, Yuqian; Zhang, Na; Zhang, Liying; Shao, Haibo; Wang, Jianming; Zhang, Jianqing; Cao, Chunan Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, CN Co(ind 3)O(ind 4)-coated TiO(ind 2) nanotube composites synthesized through photo-deposition strategy with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Enhancing the performance of TiO(ind 2) material in lithium-ion battery application is a promising objec-tive. According to the photo-electrochemical activity of TiO(ind 2), herein we develop a novel and facile photo-deposition strategy to synthesize Co(ind 3)O(ind 4)/TiO(ind 2) composites by using TiO(ind 2) nanotubes as substrate material and ultraviolet light as energy source. The physical characterizations indicate that after the proposed procedures small-sized Co(ind 3)O(ind 4) nanoparticles are well depos-ited on the surface of TiO(ind 2) nanotubes to form a Co(ind 3)O(ind 4) layer that distributed all through the tubes. As anode materials for lithium storage, the as-synthesized Co(ind 3)O(ind 4)/TiO(ind 2) nano-tube composites exhibit enhanced performance with higher capacity and rate capability at various test current densities than bare TiO(ind 2) nanotubes. The improved performance of composite products is mainly attributed to the coating of Co(ind 3)O(ind 4) layer which can not only increase the conductivity of TiO(ind 2), but also could contribute to the overall reversible capacity during charge/discharge. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Co(ind 3)O(ind 4)-coated TiO(ind 2) nanotube composites synthesized through photo-deposition strategy with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries / Fan, Yuqian; Zhang, Na; Zhang, Liying; Shao, Haibo; Wang, Jianming; Zhang, Jianqing; Cao, Chunan In: Electrochimica Acta 94 (2013) S.285-293 (9 Seiten, 49 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.114 _____________________________________________________



- 137 - Lithiumtitanat, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Komposit Fang, Wei; Zuo, Pengjian; Ma, Yulin; Cheng, Xinqun; Liao, Lixia; Yin, Geping School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), CN; Baicheng Nor-mal University, CN Facile preparation of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs composite with high-rate perform-ance for lithium ion battery Zeitschriftenaufsatz Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs material was fabricated through a facile solid-state reaction. The structure and morphology of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs material were determined by XRD and SEM. The electrical conductivity of the composite is improved by imbedding Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) particles into the conductive AB/MWCNTs network. The electrochemical properties of the Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs composite was measured by charge-discharge tests, cyclic voltammo-gram (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with the pristine Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) sample, Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs material exhibits an excellent high rate per-formance and cycling performance, which is due to the decrease of particle size and the increase of elec-trical conductivity of the material. The discharge capacities were 116 and 102 mAh g(exp -1) at the charge-discharge rates of 20 and 30 C, respectively. After 1000 cycles at 2 C, the discharge capacity of the composite maintained 163 mAh g(exp -1). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Facile preparation of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12)/AB/MWCNTs composite with high-rate performance for lithium ion battery / Fang, Wei; Zuo, Pengjian; Ma, Yulin; Cheng, Xinqun; Liao, Lixia; Yin, Geping In: Electrochimica Acta 94 (2013) S.294-299 (6 Seiten, 33 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.132 _____________________________________________________ - 138 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle, Cerdioxid, Platinkatalysator Yu, Shuping; Liu, Qiubo; Yang, Wensheng; Han, Kefei; Wang, Zhongming; Zhu, Hong Beijing University of Chemical Technology, CN Graphene-CeO(ind 2) hybrid support for Pt nanoparticles as potential electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz Graphene-CeO(ind 2) hybrid was prepared and used as the support of Pt nanoparticles for direct metha-nol fuel cell (DMFC). The structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); electrocatalytic proper-ties of the catalysts were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The experimental results showed that the electrocatalytic activities for metha-nol oxidation and oxygen reduction on this catalyst were greatly improved due to the strong interaction between Pt and CeO(ind 2). Especially, the Pt-CeO(ind 2) catalyst with the CeO(ind 2) content of 7 wt.% showed the best electrocatalytic performances for methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction. It can be concluded that the graphene-CeO(ind 2) hybrid could be used as a potential and effective support for fuel cell application. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Graphene-CeO(ind 2) hybrid support for Pt nanoparticles as potential electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells / Yu, Shuping; Liu, Qiubo; Yang, Wensheng; Han, Kefei; Wang, Zhongming; Zhu, Hong In: Electrochimica Acta 94 (2013) S.245-251 (7 Seiten, 52 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.149 _____________________________________________________



- 139 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Kathodenmaterial, Synthese Zhao, Yujuan; Sun, Guoping; Wu, Rui Beijing University of Technology, CN Synthesis of nanosized Fe-Mn based Li-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion battery via a simple method Zeitschriftenaufsatz The Fe-Mn based Li-rich materials, Li(ind 1+x)(Fe(ind y)Mn(ind 1-y))(ind 1-x)O(ind 2), are highly expected to be potential cathode materials for lithium ion batteries due to high capacity, good safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost. A simple synthesis route, the modified Pechini method, was employed to syn-thesize the nanosized Fe-Mn based Li-rich materials with excellent electrochemical performance. The structure, particles morphology, and dispersibility of the obtained materials are examined by X-ray diffrac-tion (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crys-tallinity and surface area of materials strongly depend on the calcination temperature. The samples cal-cined at low temperature with small particle size show high discharge capacity, but fast capacity fading due to the poor crystallinity. In order to solve this contradiction, the sample Li(ind 1.26)Fe(ind 0.22)Mn(ind 0.52)O(ind 2) was calcined at low temperature (500 deg C), then heated at high temperature for a short time. It possesses both small particle size and good crystallinity, exhibiting high discharge capacity of about 200 mAh g(exp -1) and improved cycleability. The rate performance is excellent that the discharge capacity is about 140 mAh g(exp -1) (1 C) and 110 mAh g(exp -1) (2 C), respectively. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Synthesis of nanosized Fe-Mn based Li-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion battery via a simple method / Zhao, Yujuan; Sun, Guoping; Wu, Rui In: Electrochimica Acta 96 (2013) S.291-297 (7 Seiten, 27 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.059 _____________________________________________________ - 140 - Eisenoxid, Lithiumionenbatterie, Kohlenstoffaerogel Liu, Nianping; Shen, Jun; Liu, Dong Tongji University, Shanghai, CN A Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) nanoparticle/carbon aerogel composite for use as an anode material for lith-ium ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) nanoparticle/carbon aerogel composite (Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3)/CA) is prepared from a carbon aerogel prepared by a sol-gel process by a simple soaking in a Fe(NO(ind 3))(ind 3) solution and subsequent heat treatment at 600 deg C. Thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy are used to characterize the products. The electrochemical performance of samples with different Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) content is evaluated. The optimal sample Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3)/CA-60 exhibits a good ca-pacity retention of 916 and 617 mAh g(exp -1) for the 1st and 100th cycle, respectively, which is much better than that of pure Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) and CA. The improved cycling performance, specific capacity and rate capability of Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3)/CA is mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of the nanoporous network skeleton of CA and the uniformly dispersed Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) nanoparticles. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) A Fe(ind 2)O(ind 3) nanoparticle/carbon aerogel composite for use as an anode material for lithium ion batteries / Liu, Nianping; Shen, Jun; Liu, Dong In: Electrochimica Acta 97 (2013) S.271-277 (7 Seiten, 45 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.111 _____________________________________________________



- 141 - Lithium-Schwefel-Batterie, Flüssigkeitselektrolyt Zhang, Sheng S. Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, US New insight into liquid electrolyte of rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery Zeitschriftenaufsatz The lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell is a liquid electrochemical system, in which the dissolution of lithium polysul-fide (PS, the series of the sulfur reduction intermediates) plays an essential role in the cell's performance. In solution, the PS undergo a series of complicated disproportionations, as described by a general equa-tion of Li(ind 2)S(ind n) *rightwards arrow* m/8S(ind 8) + Li(ind 2)S(ind n-m), to form the less soluble sulfur and low-order PS, which become inactive once precipitated out of the liquid electrolyte or deposited into the pores of separator. Based on the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory, quaternary am-monium cations are expected to stabilize the PS anions through a chemical interaction between the soft acid and soft base. In this paper, we report a significant improvement in the capacity retention of a Li/S cell by introducing a tetrabutylammonium triflate (NBu(ind 4)SO(ind 3)CF(ind 3)) or an N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR(ind 14)TFSI) into the liquid electrolyte. For ex-ample, by using an electrolyte of 0.25 mol kg(exp -1) LiNO(ind 3)-0.25 mol kg(exp -1) PYR(ind 14)TFSI dissolved in a 1:1 (wt.) mixture of dimethyl ether (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), a Li/S cell with a cath-ode containing 77% sulfur and a 2 mg cm(exp -2) sulfur loading exhibited an initial capacity of 1227 mAh g(exp -1) and retained a capacity of 875 mAh g(exp -1) after 40 cycles when cycled at 0.2 mA cm(exp -2) between 1.7 V and 2.8 V. We contribute the improved performance to the stabilized PS ani-ons by the added quaternary ammonium cations. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) New insight into liquid electrolyte of rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery / Zhang, Sheng S. In: Electrochimica Acta 97 (2013) S.226-230 (5 Seiten, 29 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.122 _____________________________________________________ - 142 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Elektrolytfilm Watanabe, Naoki; Inoishi, Atsushi; Ooe, Toshiharu; Kawakami, Akira; Shigefuji, Hiroshi; Ishihara, Tatsumi Kyushu University, Fukuoka, JP; Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, JP; TOTO, Chi-gasaki, JP Effects of fuel velocity in anode channel on power generation property of tubular solid oxide fuel cells using LaGaO(ind 3) electrolyte film Zeitschriftenaufsatz The power generation properties of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) were studied for various fuel velocities in the anode channel of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell. In order to achieve high power density at low tem-peratures, a tubular structure and LaGaO(ind 3)-based oxide thin film electrolyte on an anode substrate were adopted. It was found that the tubular SOFC showed a higher voltage at the fuel inlet side with higher fuel velocities. The fuel velocity was increased by inserting a cylindrical-shaped inner rod into the tubular cell. The cell potential was increased from 0.815 to 0.867 V when the rod was inserted at 0.2 A/cm(exp 2) with a fuel utilization (U(ind f)) of 70%. The impedance analysis suggested that the ohmic loss and diffusion overpotential decreased with increasing fuel velocity. Moreover, the effects of fuel ve-locity on the current distribution were analyzed by numerical simulation using the "FLUENT" code. The results indicated that the current density at the fuel inlet part increased as the fuel velocity became higher; thus, the current density distribution was dependent on fuel velocity. Higher fuel velocity seems to be ef-fective in removing the water generated in the anode pores in the substrate due to its high fluid shear force. Hence, the hydrogen was easily diffused to the three-phase boundary at the fuel inlet part resulting in the improved current density. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Effects of fuel velocity in anode channel on power generation property of tubular solid oxide fuel cells us-ing LaGaO(ind 3) electrolyte film / Watanabe, Naoki; Inoishi, Atsushi; Ooe, Toshiharu; Kawakami, Akira; Shigefuji, Hiroshi; Ishihara, Tatsumi In: Electrochimica Acta 97 (2013) S.86-91 (6 Seiten, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.137 _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


- 143 - Kugelmühlenmahlung, Lithiummangannitrid, Elektrodenwerkstoff Panabiere, E.; Emery, N.; Bach, S.; Pereira-Ramos, J.P.; Willmann, P. CNRS UMR 7182, Institut de Chimie et des Materiaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Universite Paris XII, Thiais, FR; Universite d'Evry Val d'Essonne, FR; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, FR Ball-milled Li(ind 7)MnN(ind 4): An attractive negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz The high rate performance of ball-milled Li(ind 7)MnN(ind 4) as negative electrode material in lithium-ion batteries has been investigated at C and 5 C rates. An optimization of ball-milling experimental condi-tions allows to synthesize this metallic nitride with attractive and improved specific capacity and cycle life compared to the pristine compound. The outstanding finding is its excellent cycle life over 50 cycles with a capacity of 240 mAh g(exp -1) at 1 C rate in the potential range 1.6 V/1 V. Even at 5 C the promot-ing effect of ball-milling results in a remarkable high and stable capacity of 120 mAh g(exp -1) upon cy-cling, which compares very well with the behavior achieved for Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) while the pris-tine material is practically inactive. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Ball-milled Li(ind 7)MnN(ind 4): An attractive negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries / Panabiere, E.; Emery, N.; Bach, S.; Pereira-Ramos, J.P.; Willmann, P. In: Electrochimica Acta 97 (2013) S.393-397 (5 Seiten, 19 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.012 _____________________________________________________ - 144 - Niedrigtemperaturbrennstoffzelle, Polypyrrol, Katalysator Yuan, Xianxia; Ding, Xin-Long; Wang, Chao-Yang; Ma, Fi-Feng Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN; Peking University, Beijing, CN; Pennsylvania State University, Uni-versity Park, PA, US Use of polypyrrole in catalysts for low temperature fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz Carbon materials, especially Vulcan XC-72 carbon black, are the most widely used catalyst support in low temperature fuel cells. Several disadvantages of these catalyst supports, however, limit the catalyst per-formance leading to reduced fuel cell performance and durability: low resistance to corrosion at high po-tentials, micropores leading to limited accessible surface, impermeability to gases and liquids, and no pro-ton conductivity. Therefore, development of novel supports or modified carbon materials is essential to commercialization of low temperature fuel cell technology. Due to unique metallic/semiconductor charac-teristics along with excellent environmental stability, facile synthesis and high conductivity, polypyrrole (PPy), a member of the conjugated heterocyclic conducting polymers, has been considered the most promising alternative to carbon supports in fuel cells. Extensive research on PPy-containing catalysts has been reported in the last twenty years. This paper systematically and critically reviews the progress and main achievements of PPy use in both anode and cathode catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Insight into the remaining challenges and future research directions is also discussed. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Use of polypyrrole in catalysts for low temperature fuel cells / Yuan, Xianxia; Ding, Xin-Long; Wang, Chao-Yang; Ma, Fi-Feng In: Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013) 4, S.1105-1124 (20 Seiten, 19 Bilder, 150 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ee23520c _____________________________________________________ - 145 - Gießtechnik, Literaturübersicht, Fahrzeugbau Rehse, Chris; Scharf, Stefan; Krutzger, Christian Gießtechnik im Fahrzeugbau (6. Folge) Zeitschriftenaufsatz In der 6. Folge der Jahresübersicht "Gießtechnik im Fahrzeugbau" liegt der Fokus auf den gießtechnolo-gischen Entwicklungen aus den Bereichen Motorenbau, Fahrwerks- und Karosseriebau, Fertigungsver-fahren, Werkstoffentwicklung und Qualitätssicherung. Die Darlegungen beziehen sich verstärkt auf die ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


einschlägigen Fachtagungen (83. Internationaler Autosalon Genf, Wiener Motorensymposium, VDI-Tagung "Gießtechnik im Motorenbau", 8. MTZ-Fachtagung "Der Antrieb von morgen"). Der Trend in Rich-tung Gewichtsreduktion und Downsizing-Konzepten setzt sich weiter fort. Volkswagen setzt beispielswei-se bei der Reduzierung des Motorgewichtes auf ein Aluminium-Zylinderkurbelgehäuse sowie auf die In-tegration des Abgaskrümmers in den Zylinderkopf bereits beim Gießvorgang. Die Fertigung des Zylinder-kopfes erfolgt im Kokillengießverfahren unter dem Einsatz der Legierung AlSi10Mg(Cu) mit zusätzlicher Wärmebehandlung. Ford dagegen setzt bei den 3-Zylinder-Ottomotoren mit einem Hubvolumen von 1,0 ccm statt auf Leichtmetallguss auf Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit. Bei der Weiterentwicklung der Ferti-gungsverfahren verfolgt die BMW-Leichtmetallgießerei in Landshut ein neues Zentralspeiserkonzept für Aluminium-Kurbelgehäuse, bei dem durch Simulation sowie den Einsatz von anorganisch gebunden Sandkernen das thermische Zentrum in die Mitte des Bauteils gelegt werden konnte. Bei Druckgießver-fahren bietet der Einsatz von Salzkernen die Möglichkeit, komplexe Strukturen und Hohlräume, die bisher als nicht darstellbar galten, zu realisieren. Eine weitere Innovation bietet die Wagner AG aus Waldstatt, Schweiz, mit der Fertigung von Hybridbauteilen. Dabei wird Leichtmetall-Druckguss und Kunststoff-Spritzguss kombiniert, um so hybride Komponenten zu fertigen. Im Bereich Werkstoffentwicklung kann durch die Zugabe von Bor zur Legierung AlSiMg eine Verbesserung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Gussteile erreicht werden. Weiter bewirkt die durch einen Überschuss an Bor sich einstellende Kornfeinung mittels Aluminiumborid ein feineres Gefüge und damit einhergehend verbesserte Bruchdehnungswerte im Ver-gleich zu einer Legierung mit Titanborid-Kornfeinung. Im Bereich der Eisengusswerkstoffe bietet die Ent-wicklung eines Zylinderkopfes aus dem neuartigen Werkstoff Solution-Strengthened-Ferritic(SSF)-GJV als Kombination von SSF-GJS und GJV die Vereinigung der positiven Eigenschaften beider Werkstoffe hinsichtlich einer erhöhten Dehnung und eines verbesserten Verhältnisses aus Zug- und Streckgrenze. Eine weitere Optimierung in der Entwicklung bieten Simulationstools. Mit ihrer Hilfe lassen sich thermi-scher Eigenspannungen aus dem Wärmebehandlungsprozess vorhersagen. In der Qualitätskontrolle bie-tet die an der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg entwickelte 3-D-Computertomographie die Be-wertung von Gussteilen hinsichtlich Porengeometrie und Beanspruchungsfestigkeit. Die Lage und Aus-dehnung von Gussfehlern kann mittels einer von den Firmen Martinrea Honsei, Meschede, und Yxlon International, Hamburg, entwickelten Röntgentechnik bestimmt werden. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Gießtechnik im Fahrzeugbau (6. Folge) / Rehse, Chris; Scharf, Stefan; Krutzger, Christian In: Giesserei 100 (2013) 7, S.48-54 (7 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 28 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 146 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Schutzüberzug, Zwischenverbindung Zhang, Hui; Wu, Junwei; Liu, Xingbo; Baker, Andrew Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Shenzhen, CN; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Shenzhen, CN; Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineer-ing, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, US Studies on elements diffusion of Mn/Co coated ferritic stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell in-terconnects application Zeitschriftenaufsatz The spinel structure of manganese cobalt oxide (Mn,Co)(ind 3)O(ind 4) is one of the most promising coat-ings for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stainless steel interconnects. The stoichiometric Mn(ind 1.5)Co(ind 1.5)O(ind 4) composition has properties that are preferable to other Mn/Co ratios, for example a higher conductivity and a thermal expansion coefficient that matches the typical steel substrate. However, previ-ous work showed the Mn/Co ratio changes during operation due to the diffusion of Mn from the substrate. The results presented here are on three coatings with different compositions (namely; pure Co, Mn(ind 20)Co(ind 80), and Mn(ind 40)Co(ind 60)) with each coating composition deposited to a thickness of 800 nm, 1500 nm, and 3000 nm. The coatings were applied by DC magnetron sputtering and then machine cut into coupons for isothermal annealing at 800 deg C in air using a batch-type furnace for 2, 10, 50, 250, and 1000 h. The morphology, chemical composition (including surface and cross sections of the layers) and structures of the oxides formed were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XRD. Analysis of the ele-ment diffusion (Mn, Co, Cr, Fe) shown here points to an optimized coating recipe of Mn(ind 40)Co(ind 60). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Studies on elements diffusion of Mn/Co coated ferritic stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects application / Zhang, Hui; Wu, Junwei; Liu, Xingbo; Baker, Andrew In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 12, S.5075-5083 (9 Seiten, 42 Quellen)



Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.026 _____________________________________________________ - 147 - TiO2-Nanopartikel, Ionenaustauschmembran Nonjola, Patrick T.; Mathe, Mkhulu K.; Modibedi, Remegia M. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, ZA Chemical modification of polysulfone: Composite anionic exchange membrane with TiO(ind 2) nano-particles Zeitschriftenaufsatz Synthesis of quaternary polysulfone/Titanium dioxide (QPSf/TiO(ind 2)) nanocomposite membranes by the recasting procedure as suitable electrolyte in alkaline fuel cells is described. The composite mem-branes were characterized by ionic conductivity measurements, TGA, SEM, XRD, and AFM. Thermal analysis results showed that the composite membranes have good thermal properties. The introduction of the inorganic filler supplies the composite membrane with a good thermal resistance. The physico-chemical properties studied by means of SEM and XRD techniques suggested the uniform and homoge-neous distribution of TiO(ind 2) at 2.5 wt.% loading, and negligible agglomeration at 10 wt.% loading, also indicated enhancement of crystalline character of these membranes. The energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) analysis gave proportional percentages that the distribution of Titania element on the sur-face of the composite membrane was uniform. Observations from the results suggest that QPSf/TiO(ind 2) nanocomposite membranes have good prospects for possible use in AFC. (Publikationssprache: Eng-lisch) Chemical modification of polysulfone: Composite anionic exchange membrane with TiO(ind 2) nano-particles / Nonjola, Patrick T.; Mathe, Mkhulu K.; Modibedi, Remegia M. In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 12, S.5115-5121 (7 Seiten, 44 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.028 _____________________________________________________ - 148 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle, Polymerelektrolyt Thankamony, Roshni Lilly; Won, Mihee; Kim, Tae-Hyun University of Incheon, KR Terminally-crosslinked poly(ether sulfone) block copolymer, as a highly selective and stable polymer electrolyte membrane for DMFC applications Zeitschriftenaufsatz The terminally-crosslinked sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) block copolymer (SPES-b) was developed for use as a proton exchange membrane in DMFC applications. The properties of the membrane prepared from SPES-b were compared with those of its non-crosslinked counterpart (SPES-bn) and Nafion(exp (R))-117. The membrane displayed a well-defined morphology due to phase separation between the hy-drophobic and hydrophilic ionic units in the SPES-b block copolymer. The terminally-crosslinked SPES-b membrane yielded a high proton conductivity of 0.09 S/cm and a low methanol permeability of 5.3 x 10(exp -8) cm(exp 2)/s at 20 deg C, and the membrane displayed excellent dimensional, mechanical, hydrolytic, and oxidative stabilities. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Terminally-crosslinked poly(ether sulfone) block copolymer, as a highly selective and stable polymer elec-trolyte membrane for DMFC applications / Thankamony, Roshni Lilly; Won, Mihee; Kim, Tae-Hyun In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 12, S.5084-5091 (8 Seiten, 24 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.036 _____________________________________________________



- 149 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Siebdruck-Anode, Siebdruckfarbe Somalu, M.R.; Yufit, V.; Shapiro, I.P.; Xiao, P.; Brandon, N.P. Imperial College London, GB; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MY; School of Materials, Univer-sity of Manchester, GB The impact of ink rheology on the properties of screen-printed solid oxide fuel cell anodes Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this study, the impact of ink rheology on the properties of screen-printed nickel/scandia-stabilized-zirconia anodes was investigated. From the rheological tests, terpineol and texanol inks with 1-3 wt% binder were suitable for screen-printing at the applied screen-printing condition, and hence these inks were used to study their rheological impact on the properties of resultant films. The mechanical hardness of anode films increased with binder content. Moreover, the electronic conductivity and electrode polariza-tion resistance of the reduced films increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing binder con-tent. The improved film properties can be related to the increased particle network strength within the inks, leading to improved film microstructures for application as SOFC anodes. The study also confirmed that the properties of films were more significantly affected by the binder content than solvent type, which had only a minor effect. Overall, from the perspective of ink rheology, screen-printability and performance, an ink with 3 wt% binder gave the best performance at the applied screen-printing condition. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) The impact of ink rheology on the properties of screen-printed solid oxide fuel cell anodes / Somalu, M.R.; Yufit, V.; Shapiro, I.P.; Xiao, P.; Brandon, N.P. In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 16, S.6789-6801 (13 Seiten, 30 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.108 _____________________________________________________ - 150 - SOFC-Brennstoffzelle, Kathodenwerkstoff Liu, Yihui; Chen, Jing; Liang, Fengli; Pu, Jian; Chi, Bo; Jian, Li State Key Laboratory of Material Processing & Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, CN; Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, CN Thermochemical compatibility and polarization behaviors of La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.8)Ni(ind 0.2)O(ind 3-delta ) as a cathode material for solid oxide fuel cell Zeitschriftenaufsatz Thermochemical compatibilities with Ce(ind 0.8)Gd(ind 0.2)O(ind 2-delta ) (GDC) electrolyte and electro-chemical behaviors under the condition of anodic or cathodic current treatment are investigated for La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.8)Ni(ind 0.2)O(ind 3-delta ) (LSCN) cathode of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) shows that cation exchange at 1150 deg C leads to the formation of solid state so-lution between the cathode and electrolyte. Considering thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and conduc-tivity, La(ind 1-x)Sr(ind x)Co(ind 1-y)Ni(ind y)O(ind 3-delta ) with the composition of La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.8)Ni(ind 0.2)O(ind 3-delta ) is indicated as a promising cathode for intermediate temperature SOFC. Electrochemical measurement reveals that the performance of LSCN cathode shows reversibility under anodic with subsequent cathodic current treatment. Further, the low frequency electrode process is strongly affected by anodic current. While the high frequency arc shows independent relationship with current polarization. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Thermochemical compatibility and polarization behaviors of La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.8)Ni(ind 0.2)O(ind 3-delta ) as a cathode material for solid oxide fuel cell / Liu, Yihui; Chen, Jing; Liang, Fengli; Pu, Jian; Chi, Bo; Jian, Li In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 16, S.6802-6808 (7 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.109 _____________________________________________________



- 151 - Anodenrecycling, SOFC-Brennstoffzelle Peters, Roland; Deja, Robert; Blum, Ludger; Pennanen, Jari; Kiviaho, Jari; Hakala, Tuomas Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), DE; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, FI; Wärtsilä Finland, Espoo, FI Analysis of solid oxide fuel cell system concepts with anode recycling Zeitschriftenaufsatz The main drivers for anode recirculation are the increased fuel efficiency and the independence of the external water supply for the fuel pre-reforming process. Different system flow-schemes have been de-fined and a set of parameters have been elaborated as basis for various calculations. Taking into account the combinations of layout, cell type, fuel utilization, fuel, and recycling ratio the total number of cases modeled was about 220. All calculated SOFC systems are on a high level of electrical net efficiency in the range of 50-66%. The electrical and thermal efficiencies are mainly influenced by the fuel utilization. The layout itself, the choice of fuel gas or the type of cell have minor effects on the system efficiency. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Analysis of solid oxide fuel cell system concepts with anode recycling / Peters, Roland; Deja, Robert; Blum, Ludger; Pennanen, Jari; Kiviaho, Jari; Hakala, Tuomas In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 16, S.6809-6820 (12 Seiten, 20 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.110 _____________________________________________________ - 152 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Kathodenwerkstoff Zhao, Erqing; Ma, Chao; Yang, Wei; Xiong, YuePing; Li, Jianqi; Sun, Chunwen School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), CN; Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN; Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN Electrospinning La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.2)Fe(ind 0.8)O(ind 3-delta ) tubes impregnated with Ce(ind 0.8)Gd(ind 0.2)O(ind 1.9) nanoparticles for an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell cathode Zeitschriftenaufsatz In order to reduce the polarization resistance of the cathode, we have developed one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.2)Fe(ind 0.8)O(ind 3-delta ) (LSCF) tubes/Ce(ind 0.8)Gd(ind 0.2)O(ind 1.9) (GDC) nanoparticles composite cathodes for solid oxide fuel cell. Uniform LSCF/PVP composite nanofibers have been firstly synthesized by a single-nozzle electrospinning tech-nique, followed by firing at 800 deg C for 2 h to form one-dimensional LSCF tubes. Subsequently, the GDC phases were introduced into tube structured LSCF scaffold pre-sintered on a GDC pellet by a multi-impregnation process. Electrochemical Impedance spectra reveal that nanostructured LSCF tubes/GDC nanoparticles composite cathodes have a better electrochemical performance, achieving area-specific resistances of 4.70, 1.12, 0.27 and 0.07 Ohm cm(exp 2) at 500, 550, 600 and 650 deg C for the com-posite of GDC and LSCF in a weight ratio of 0.52:1. The low ASR values are mainly related to its optimal microstructure with larger triple-phase boundaries and higher porosity. These results suggest that LSCF tube/GDC nanoparticle composite can be an alternative cathode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electrospinning La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Co(ind 0.2)Fe(ind 0.8)O(ind 3-delta ) tubes impregnated with Ce(ind 0.8)Gd(ind 0.2)O(ind 1.9) nanoparticles for an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell cathode / Zhao, Erqing; Ma, Chao; Yang, Wei; Xiong, YuePing; Li, Jianqi; Sun, Chunwen In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) 16, S.6821-6829 (9 Seiten, 33 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.111 _____________________________________________________



- 153 - PPESK/PVDF/PPESK, Lithiumionenbatterie, Separator (Batterie) Lu, Chun; Qi, Wen; Xu, Jialong; Chen, Ping; Xu, Riqin; Han, Ling; Yu, Qi Shenyang Aerospace University, CN; Dalian University of Technology, CN; Shantou Jinguang High Tech, CN Electrochemical performance and thermal property of electrospun PPESK/PVDF/PPESK compos-ite separator for lithium-ion battery Zeitschriftenaufsatz In this study, poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK/PVDF/PPESK) tri-layer composite separators for lithium-ion batteries were pre-pared by electrospinning technique. The physical properties, electrochemical performances and thermal properties of composite separators were investigated. Results indicate that PPESK/PVDF/PPESK sepa-rator displays good wettability in liquid electrolyte. The electrolyte uptake of PPESK/ PVDF/PPESK sepa-rator is much higher than that of electrospun PVDF, which leads to higher ionic conductivity of PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separator than PVDF separator. Discharge capacity of the cell assembled with PPESK/ PVDF/PPESK separator is increased by 50 % than that with PVDF separator. Initial charge-discharge efficiency and capacity retention property of the cell with PPESK/PVDF/ PPESK are better than those with PVDF separator or PPESK separator. In addition, when the mass ratio between PPESK and PVDF resins is increased to 4:3, PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separators show good thermal dimensional stabil-ity even thermally treated at 180 deg C for 1 h. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electrochemical performance and thermal property of electrospun PPESK/PVDF/PPESK composite separator for lithium-ion battery / Lu, Chun; Qi, Wen; Xu, Jialong; Chen, Ping; Xu, Riqin; Han, Ling; Yu, Qi In: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 43 (2013) 7, S.711-720 (10 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 41 Quel-len) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-013-0561-2 _____________________________________________________ - 154 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle, Protonenaustauschmembran Xiao, Shuqin; Zeng, Rong; Chen, Lie; Chen, Yiwang Nanchang University, CN Novel proton exchange membranes with dimensional stability and permeability resistance based on sulfonate polynorbornenes Zeitschriftenaufsatz The novel proton exchange membranes of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), the sulfonated functional polynorbornenes P(BN/NOH/NS), are successfully prepared via the sulfobutylation of poly(butoxymethylenenorbornene-co-norbornenemethanol) [P(BN/NOH)] with 1,4-butane sultone, and a cross-linked composite membrane consisting of P(BN/NOH/NS), P(BN/NOH), 4,5-imidazole dicarboxylic acid (IDA), and H(ind 3)PO(ind 4) has also been developed. Adding the IDA/H(ind 3)PO(ind 4) to the membrane promotes the proton conductivity of the cross-linked composite membrane to 2.79 x 10(exp -3) S/cm at 80 deg C, which is six times higher than the P(BN/NOH/NS) membrane. At the same time, the rigid polynorbornene backbones remarkably improved the methanol permeability resistance and dimen-sional stability of P(BN/NOH/NS) and its cross-linked membrane, compared with the Nafion 115 mem-brane. A single cell based on the cross-linked composite membrane showed an open-circuit voltage of 0.483 V and power density of 1.35 mW/cm(exp 2). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Novel proton exchange membranes with dimensional stability and permeability resistance based on sul-fonate polynorbornenes / Xiao, Shuqin; Zeng, Rong; Chen, Lie; Chen, Yiwang In: Journal of Polymer Engineering (Online) 33 (2013) 3, S.275-283 (9 Seiten, 19 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0026 _____________________________________________________



- 155 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Sol-Gel-Verfahren, Anodenwerkstoff Zhang, Chunming; Zhang, Yaoyao; Wang, Jin; Wang, Dan; He, Dannong; Xia, Yongyao National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, CN; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univer-sity, CN; Fudan University, Shanghai, CN Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) prepared by a modified citric acid sol-gel method for lithium-ion battery Zeitschriftenaufsatz Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) was synthesized by a modified and facile sol-gel method with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) as a bi-components chelating agent. The raw precursor and powders further calcined at various temperatures and holding time were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TG, BET and SEM. Nano-scale Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) oxides, with a high phase purity and good stoichiometry, can be obtained at a calcination temperature of 750 deg C and higher. The Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) nanoparticle shows a network morphology with high dispersion, which reached a capacity of 164 and 108 mAh g(exp -1) at 1C and 10C discharge rate, respectively. The result of the cycling per-formance shows a high capacity maintenance ratio of 97% at 1C and 25 deg C after 1000 cycles. Elec-trochemical lithium intercalation/extraction performance is also evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) at room temperature. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) prepared by a modified citric acid sol-gel method for lithium-ion battery / Zhang, Chunming; Zhang, Yaoyao; Wang, Jin; Wang, Dan; He, Dannong; Xia, Yongyao In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.118-125 (8 Seiten, 46 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.135 _____________________________________________________ - 156 - LiVO3-Kathodenmaterial, Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Jian, X.M.; Tu, J.P.; Qiao, Y.Q.; Lu, Y.; Wang, X.L.; Gu, C.D. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, CN Synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiVO(ind 3) cathode materials for lithium ion bat-teries Zeitschriftenaufsatz LiVO(ind 3) is synthesized via a ball-milling route followed by a solid-state reaction at different tempera-tures. As cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, the electrochemical performances of LiVO(ind 3) are investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The LiVO(ind 3) compound synthesized at 350 deg C possesses the optimal performance, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 302.5 mAh g(exp -1) between 1.0 V and 3.5 V at a current density of 50 mA g(exp -1), and exhibiting a good cycling stability. Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 10(exp -9.5)-10(exp -8) cm(exp 2) s(exp -1) in the LiVO(ind 3) electrode is calculated by galvanostatic intermittent titration tech-nique (GITT). The good performances can be attributed to its relatively low crystallization and small parti-cle size. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Synthesis and electrochemical performance of LiVO(ind 3) cathode materials for lithium ion batteries / Jian, X.M.; Tu, J.P.; Qiao, Y.Q.; Lu, Y.; Wang, X.L.; Gu, C.D. In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.33-38 (6 Seiten, 47 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.004 _____________________________________________________ - 157 - Nb2O5-Anode, Energiespeicher, Graphit, Kathodenwerkstoff Park, Gumjae; Gunawardhana, Nanda; Lee, Chulho; Lee, Sang-Min; Lee, Yun-Sung; Yoshio, Masaki Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, KR; Saga University, JP; Faculty of Ap-plied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, KR Development of a novel and safer energy storage system using a graphite cathode and Nb(ind 2)O(ind 5) anode Zeitschriftenaufsatz A novel energy storage system employing a KS-6 graphite cathode and niobium (V) oxide (Nb(ind 2)O(ind 5)) anode was developed with a 1:1 weight ratio of cathode to anode. The cell, with a voltage ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


range of 1.5-3.5 V, showed higher capacity and better cycle performance than those of cells with other voltage ranges. At 1C and 35C rates, this cell delivered 57 and 26 mAh g(exp -1), respectively. A graph-ite cathode can be increased to approximately 5.2 V, which is well above the LIB cathode material, with-out causing safety issues, and the operating voltage of the Nb(ind 2)O(ind 5) anode was greater than that of the lithium deposition voltage. In situ X-ray diffraction results at various states of charge indicated that the mechanism of this energy storage system was intercalation and de-intercalation of PF(ind 6)(exp -) and Li(exp +) in the KS-6 graphite cathode and in the Nb(ind 2)O(ind 5) anode. This novel energy storage system was inherently safe because 1) no oxygen is released from cathode materials, 2) no lithium den-drite is used at the anode, and 3) there was no possibility of overcharge from the electrode/electrolyte reaction. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Development of a novel and safer energy storage system using a graphite cathode and Nb(ind 2)O(ind 5) anode / Park, Gumjae; Gunawardhana, Nanda; Lee, Chulho; Lee, Sang-Min; Lee, Yun-Sung; Yoshio, Masaki In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.145-150 (6 Seiten, 32 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.102 _____________________________________________________ - 158 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Elektrodenwerkstoff, Ferrit Chen, Min; Paulson, Scott; Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Birss, Viola University of Calgary, AB, CA Sr-rich chromium ferrites as symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell electrodes Zeitschriftenaufsatz For the first time, anodes and cathodes composed of La(ind 0.3)Sr(ind 0.7)Fe(ind 1-x)Cr(ind x)O(ind 3-delta ) (LSFC, x = 0-0.3) are used within a symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell (SSOFC). La(ind 0.8)Sr(ind 0.2)Ga(ind 0.8)Mg(ind 0.2)O(ind 3-delta ) (LSGM) electrolyte-supported half cells, employing La(ind 0.3)Sr(ind 0.7)Fe(ind 0.7)Cr(ind 0.3)O(ind 3-delta ) (LSFC-3) at both electrodes, produced electrode po-larization resistances of 0.1 Ohm cm(exp 2) in air and 0.4 Ohm cm(exp 2) in wet (ca. 3%H(ind 2)O) H(ind 2) at 800 deg C. Although LSFC is robust under typical SSOFC conditions at 500 deg C, in-situ X-ray dif-fraction studies at 800 deg C in reducing atmospheres show that its perovkite structure can undergo a slow, pO(ind 2)-dependent structural change, forming a LaSrFeO(ind 4)-based Ruddlesden-Popper phase plus alpha -Fe, a process which can be reversed in air at 800 deg C. For LSFC-3, this phase change occurs when the pO(ind 2) of the fuel is lower than 1.9 x 10(exp -21) atm. This results in an initial power drop of ca. 30% for LSFC-3-based SSOFCs when using wet H(ind 2), but the new anode composi-tion still maintains a promising 0.2 W cm(exp -2) cell power density over several hundred hours of opera-tion. Extended full cell tests also show that the LSFC-3 anode performs very well in wet 1:1 H(ind 2):CO fuels (pO(ind 2) > 1.9 x 10(exp -21) atm) that contain 10 ppm H(ind 2)S, demonstrating the excellent ver-satility of this electrode material. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Sr-rich chromium ferrites as symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell electrodes / Chen, Min; Paulson, Scott; Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Birss, Viola In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.68-79 (12 Seiten, 35 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.024 _____________________________________________________ - 159 - Verbundwerkstoff, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Li, Shouli; Xu, Liqiang; Li, Guangda; Wang, Meng; Zhai, Yanjun Shandong University, Jinan, CN In-situ controllable synthesis and performance investigation of carbon-coated monoclinic and hexagonal LiMnBO(ind 3) composites as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz The phase controllable synthesis of carbon-coated monoclinic LiMnBO(ind 3) (m-LiMnBO(ind 3)/C) and hexagonal LiMnBO(ind 3) (h-LiMnBO(ind 3)/C) composites has been achieved via an in-situ carbothermal solid state synthesis approach only through the modulation of the reaction temperature. The h-LiMnBO(ind 3)/C particles keep high cycle stability and retain 86.5% of the initial discharge capacity (90.7 ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


mAh g(exp -1)) after 40 cycles at 0.05 C (11 mA g(exp -1)) within 1.25-4.80 V, while the m-LiMnBO(ind 3)/C composites display a first discharge capacity of 107 mAh g(exp -1) and a capacity retention rate of 80.8% after 40 cycles. The rate performance of m-LiMnBO(ind 3)/C has been tested for the first time, which has a capacity of 74.4 mAh g(exp -1) at the discharge rate of 0.1 C (22 mA g(exp -1)). The en-hanced electrochemical performance might be largely attributed to the uniformly coated carbon layers and the reduced particle size of the as-obtained products. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis reveals that the smaller charge transfer resistance (R(ind ct)) and higher electronic conduc-tivity of the LiMnBO(ind 3)/C composites were obtained at 55 deg C than those at 25 deg C. The as-obtained LiMnBO(ind 3)/C composites with controllable phases and high performances enable their prom-ising applications as cathode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. (Publikationssprache: Eng-lisch) In-situ controllable synthesis and performance investigation of carbon-coated monoclinic and hexagonal LiMnBO(ind 3) composites as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries / Li, Shouli; Xu, Liqiang; Li, Guangda; Wang, Meng; Zhai, Yanjun In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.54-60 (7 Seiten, 34 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.027 _____________________________________________________ - 160 - PEM-Brennstoffzelle, Cr-N-C-Film Yi, Peiyun; Peng, Linfa; Zhou, Tao; Huang, Jiaqiang; Lai, Xinmin State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System & Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN Composition optimization of multilayered chromium-nitride-carbon film on 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz The composition of multilayered chromium-nitride-carbon (Cr-N-C) film has great influence on the per-formance of coated 316L stainless steel (SS316L) as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, five films with different composition are deposited by closed field unbal-anced magnetron sputter ion plating (CFUBMSIP) and the influence of nitrogen content adjusted by a closed-loop optical emission monitor (OEM) is evaluated. The phase structure and chemical composition of the films are characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interfacial contact resistance (ICR) between coated samples and gas diffusion layer (GDL) is measured. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests are conducted to evaluate the corrosion resistance of coated samples. Experimental results show that Cr-N-C film with OEM setting of 60% presents the best perform-ance, i.e. the ICR reduces to 2.11 m Ohm cm(exp 2) under a compaction pressure of 1.4 MPa, and the corrosion current density reaches 0.308 micro A cm(exp -2) in the PEMFCs cathodic environment (0.5 M H(ind 2)SO(ind 4) + 5 ppm HF solution at 70 deg C, 0.6 V vs. SCE). Therefore, this study indicates that Cr-N-C film with OEM setting of 60% achieves optimal film composition and may be practically applied for commercialization of PEMFCs technology. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Composition optimization of multilayered chromium-nitride-carbon film on 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells / Yi, Peiyun; Peng, Linfa; Zhou, Tao; Huang, Jiaqiang; Lai, Xinmin In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.47-53 (7 Seiten, 39 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.034 _____________________________________________________ - 161 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator, Siliciumcarbonitrid Reinold, Lukas Mirko; Graczyk-Zajac, Magdalena; Gao, Yan; Mera, Gabriela; Riedel, Ralf TU Darmstadt, DE Carbon-rich SiCN ceramics as high capacity/high stability anode material for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Two classes of preceramic polymers, namely polysilazane and polysilylcarbodiimide, with branched and linear molecular structure were pyrolyzed at 1100 deg C under argon atmosphere. The resulting nanos-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


tructured polymer-derived SiCN ceramics were characterized by means of elemental analysis, X-ray dif-fraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. All investigated ceramics are amor-phous and contain a disordered free carbon phase of 2-2.5 nm in size. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the polysilazane-derived electrodes demonstrate higher capacity and stability during subse-quent lithium insertion/extraction with different currents than those of the polysilylcarbodiimide-based electrodes. The highest lithium extraction capacity of 724 mA h g(exp -1) is recovered for the sample derived from branched polysilazane whereas the best polysilylcarbodiimide-derived sample recovers 612 mA h g(exp -1). Moreover, the polysilazane-derived samples deliver a higher fraction of capacity recov-ered below 1.5 V. The electrochemical performance is found to be dependent on the molecular structure (silazane vs. silylcarbodiimide) of the preceramic polymer, while there is no effect associated with the amount of branching (silsesquiazane vs. silazane and silsesquicarbodiimide vs. silylcarbodiimide). The influence of "micropore activity" and oxygen content on the electrochemical performance of polymer-derived silicon carbonitrides is addressed. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Carbon-rich SiCN ceramics as high capacity/high stability anode material for lithium-ion batteries / Rei-nold, Lukas Mirko; Graczyk-Zajac, Magdalena; Gao, Yan; Mera, Gabriela; Riedel, Ralf In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.224-229 (6 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.046 _____________________________________________________ - 162 - Anodenmaterial, Lithiumionenbatterie Xu, Wu; Chen, Xilin; Wang, Wei; Choi, Daiwon; Ding, Fei; Zheng, Jianming; Nie, Zimin; Choi, Young-Joon; Zhang, Ji-Guang; Yang, Z.Gary Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, US; Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, CN Simply AlF(ind 3)-treated Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) composite anode materials for stable and ul-trahigh power lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz The commercial Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) (LTO) is successfully modified by AlF(ind 3) via a low tem-perature process. After being calcined at 400 deg C for 5 h, AlF(ind 3) reacts with LTO to form a com-posite material which mainly consists of Al(exp 3+) and F(exp -) co-doped LTO with small amounts of anatase TiO(ind 2). Al(exp 3+) and F(exp -) co-doped LTO demonstrates ultrahigh rate capability compar-ing to the pristine LTO. Since the amount of the byproduct TiO(ind 2) is relatively small, the modified LTO electrodes retain the main voltage characteristics of LTO with a minor feature similar to those of anatase TiO(ind 2). The doped LTO anodes deliver slightly higher discharge capacity and maintain the excellent long-term cycling stability when compared to the pristine LTO anode. Therefore, Al(exp 3+) and F(exp -) co-doped LTO composite material synthesized at low temperature is an excellent anode for stable and ultra-high power lithium-ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Simply AlF(ind 3)-treated Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) composite anode materials for stable and ultrahigh power lithium-ion batteries / Xu, Wu; Chen, Xilin; Wang, Wei; Choi, Daiwon; Ding, Fei; Zheng, Jianming; Nie, Zimin; Choi, Young-Joon; Zhang, Ji-Guang; Yang, Z.Gary In: Journal of Power Sources 236 (2013) S.169-174 (6 Seiten, 40 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.055 _____________________________________________________ - 163 - Lithium-Schwefel-Batterie, Graphenbeschichtung Wang, Li; He, Xiangming; Li, Jianjun; Gao, Jian; Fang, Mou; Tian, Guangyu; Wang, Jianlong; Fan, Shou-shan Tsinghua University, Beijing, CN; State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety & Energy, Tsinghua Univer-sity, Beijing, CN; Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CN Graphene-coated plastic film as current collector for lithium/sulfur batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz A metal-free battery is of great practical significance in terms of high energy density, low cost, high safety, eco-friendly and sustainability. Here a metal-free cathode, using graphene-coated polyethylene terephthalate (G-PET) film (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) as current collector and sulfurized polyacrylonitrile ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


(SPAN) as active material, is aiming at low cost and high energy density battery. 110 mAh prototype lith-ium sulfur cells are assembled using SPAN/G-PET cathode, showing energy density of 452 Wh kg(exp -1) excluding the weight of package and capacity retention of 96.8% after 30 cycles at 100% depth of dis-charge. The self-discharge characteristics of prototype cells are tested. After 30 days of storage at room temperature, the discharge capacity has decreased less than 1%, indicative of low self-discharge of the SPAN-based Li/S batteries. This paper shows that G-PET can be a potential promising current collector for lithium ion batteries. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Graphene-coated plastic film as current collector for lithium/sulfur batteries / Wang, Li; He, Xiangming; Li, Jianjun; Gao, Jian; Fang, Mou; Tian, Guangyu; Wang, Jianlong; Fan, Shoushan In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.623-627 (5 Seiten, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.008 _____________________________________________________ - 164 - Anodenwerkstoff, Kohlenstoffbeschichtung, Lithiumtitanat Zhang, Haiquan; Deng, Qijiu; Mou, Chengxu; Huang, Zongling; Wang, Ying; Zhou, Aijun; Li, Jingze University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, CN Surface structure and high-rate performance of spinel Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) coated with N-doped carbon as anode material for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz We have reported a straightforward strategy to fabricate Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) composites coated with N-doped carbon layer by using NH(ind 3) as N source and sugar as C source, which is a benefit for optimizing carbon layer thickness and tuning atomic ratio of N/C. The composite was synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction with ball milled mixture of TiO(ind 2), Li(ind 2)CO(ind 3), and sugar as the precursor, then followed by a high temperature annealing in the atmosphere of Ar and NH(ind 3). The choice of titanium source has an impact on the Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) surface morphology as well as electrochemical properties. N-doped TiO(ind 2) can lead to the generation of uniform N-doped C-coating layer, resulting in improved electrochemical performances at high current rate. The N-doped C-coating Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) obtained by using Anatase TiO(ind 2) produces a serrated thin carbon layer, showing the best electrochemical behaviors with the discharge capacity of 100 mAh g(exp -1) at high rate of 24 C and 92.2% of initial capacity after 800 cycles at 12 C, which should be one of the promising anode materials for hybrid electric vehicles. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Surface structure and high-rate performance of spinel Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) coated with N-doped carbon as anode material for lithium-ion batteries / Zhang, Haiquan; Deng, Qijiu; Mou, Chengxu; Huang, Zongling; Wang, Ying; Zhou, Aijun; Li, Jingze In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.538-545 (8 Seiten, 31 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.013 _____________________________________________________ - 165 - Anodenwerkstoff, Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator Wu, Qiong; Jiao, Lifang; Du, Juan; Yang, Jiaqin; Guo, Lijing; Liu, Yongchang; Wang, Yijing; Yuan, Hua-tang Nankai University, Tianjin, CN One-pot synthesis of three-dimensional SnS(ind 2) hierarchitectures as anode material for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Three-dimensional SnS(ind 2) hierarchitectures have been fabricated via a facile solvothermal method. A possible growth mechanism has been propounded based on the time-dependent experiments. As anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the SnS(ind 2) hierarchitectures display long-term cycle stability and ex-cellent high-rate performance. A high specific capacity of 549.5 mA h g(exp -1) is achieved at a current density of 100 mA g(exp -1) after 100 discharge/charge cycles. The superior electrochemical perform-ances of SnS(ind 2) as lithium-ion batteries anode material can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the specific porous structure and the thin nanosheets. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


One-pot synthesis of three-dimensional SnS(ind 2) hierarchitectures as anode material for lithium-ion bat-teries / Wu, Qiong; Jiao, Lifang; Du, Juan; Yang, Jiaqin; Guo, Lijing; Liu, Yongchang; Wang, Yijing; Yuan, Huatang In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.89-93 (5 Seiten, 45 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.062 _____________________________________________________ - 166 - SOFC-Brennstoffzelle, mechanische Prüfung, Kathodenwerkstoff Tucker, Michael C.; DeJonghe, Lutgard C.; Garcia-Negron, Valerie; Trejo, Rosa; Lara-Curzio, Edgar Environmental Energy Technology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, US; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, US; Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, US Mechanical and electrochemical performance of composite cathode contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz The feasibility of adding glass or inorganic binder to conventional SOFC cathode contact materials (CCM) in order to improve bonding to adjacent materials in the cell stack is assessed. Two glasses (SEM-COM SCZ-8 and Schott GM31107) and one inorganic binder (Aremco 644A) are mixed with LSM particles to produce composite CCM pastes. These are used to bond Mn(ind 1.5)Co(ind 1.5)O(ind 4)-coated stainless steel mesh current collectors to anode-supported button cells. The cells are operated at 800 deg C for about 1000 h. The cell with SCZ-8 addition to the CCM displays quite stable operation (3.9%/1000 h degradation), whereas the other additives lead to somewhat higher degradation rate. Bonding of the CCM to coated stainless steel coupons is also assessed. Interfacial fracture toughness is determined using a four-point bend test. The fracture toughness for LSM-Schott glass (12.3 N mm(exp -1)), LSM-SCZ-8 glass (6.8 N mm(exp -1)) and LSM-644A binder (5.4 N mm(exp -1)) are significantly improved relative to pure LSM (1.7 N mm(exp -1)). Indeed, addition of binder or glass is found to improve bonding of the CCM layer without sacrificing cell performance. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Mechanical and electrochemical performance of composite cathode contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells / Tucker, Michael C.; DeJonghe, Lutgard C.; Garcia-Negron, Valerie; Trejo, Rosa; Lara-Curzio, Ed-gar In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.315-320 (6 Seiten, 8 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.130 _____________________________________________________ - 167 - Lithiumtitanat, Festelektrolyt, Lithiumionenbatterie He, Yan-Bing; Liu, Ming; Huang, Zhen-Dong; Zhang, Biao; Yu, Yang; Li, Baohua; Kang, Feiyu; Kim, Jang-Kyo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, CN; Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, CN Effect of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on cyclic performance of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) anodes for Li ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Understanding the formation of SEI films on Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) (LTO) anodes offers a major bene-fit to large-scale applications of lithium ion batteries made therefrom. This paper reveals that an SEI film is formed above 1 V due to the interfacial reaction between the electrode and electrolyte: LTO anodes are previously considered free from SEI films when cycled between 1 and 3 V. The reactivity and the formation of SEI films are much affected by the morphology and surface area of the electrode. To study the above, LTO powders with different morphologies are synthesized using lithium acetate (LA) and lith-ium hydroxide (LH) as the lithium sources. LTO-LH consisting of agglomerates of primary small particles with a large surface area has higher reactivity than LTO-LA with a cubic structure and small surface area. As a result, the LTO-LH anode with a smooth SEI film offers better cyclic performance than the LTO-LA anode with a porous SEI film. The addition of vinylene carbonate to the electrolyte facilitates rapid forma-tion of a protective SEI film on LTO-LA, greatly improving the rate and cyclic performance: stable specific



capacity of 155.6 mAh g(exp -1) and remarkable 135.2 mAh g(exp -1) after 500 cycles at 10 C are re-corded. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Effect of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on cyclic performance of Li(ind 4)Ti(ind 5)O(ind 12) anodes for Li ion batteries / He, Yan-Bing; Liu, Ming; Huang, Zhen-Dong; Zhang, Biao; Yu, Yang; Li, Baohua; Kang, Feiyu; Kim, Jang-Kyo In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.269-276 (8 Seiten, 53 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.141 _____________________________________________________ - 168 - Doppelschichtkondensator, chemische Reduktion Kim, Myeongjin; Hwang, Yongseon; Kim, Jooheon Chung-Ang University, Seoul, KR Graphene/MnO(ind 2)-based composites reduced via different chemical agents for supercapaci-tors Zeitschriftenaufsatz Graphene/MnO(ind 2) composites are synthesized by the chemical reduction of GO/MnO(ind 2) using both hydrazine hydrate (H-RGO/MnO(ind 2)) and sodium borohydride (S-RGO/MnO(ind 2)) as reducing agents. The morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared composites are characterized by X-ray diffractometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Characterizations indicate that MnO(ind 2) is successfully formed on the GO surface and GO is reduced successfully by using both hydrazine hydrate and sodium borohydride as reducing agents. H-RGO/MnO(ind 2) shows higher electrical conductivity than that of S-RGO/MnO(ind 2) since it has a lower concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups. The capaci-tive properties of the H-RGO/MnO(ind 2) and S-RGO/MnO(ind 2) electrodes are measured using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a three-electrode experimental setup using a 1 M Na(ind 2)SO(ind 4) aqueous solution as the electrolyte. The H-RGO/MnO(ind 2) electrode displays a specific capacitance as high as 327.5 F g(exp -1) at 10 mV s(exp -1), which is higher than that of the S-RGO/MnO(ind 2) electrode (278.6 F g(exp -1)). It is an-ticipate that the formation of nanoneedle structures of MnO(ind 2) on graphene oxide surfaces after the hydrazine reduction procedure is a promising fabrication method for supercapacitor electrodes. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Graphene/MnO(ind 2)-based composites reduced via different chemical agents for supercapacitors / Kim, Myeongjin; Hwang, Yongseon; Kim, Jooheon In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.225-233 (9 Seiten, 49 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.146 _____________________________________________________ - 169 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, Kathodenwerkstoff, Impedanz Wang, Rui; Cheng, Jigui; Jiang, Qiumei; Yang, Junfang; Wang, Yifang; Xie, Kui Hefei University of Technology, CN Electrochemical investigation of Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7)-Ce(ind 0.8)Sm(ind 0.2)O(ind 2) composite cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells Zeitschriftenaufsatz This paper investigates Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7)-Ce(ind 0.8)Sm(ind 0.2)O(ind 2) (SDC) composite cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The effects of Zn contents in Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7) materials on the electrical conductivity, electrochemical performances and thermal expansion have been systemically studied. It is found that the Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7) materials have good electrical conduc-tivity. Sintered Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 3)ZnO(ind 7) samples show a lowest thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of about 9.3 x 10(exp -6) K(exp -1). This makes the cathode materials well thermally compatible with SDC electrolytes. XRD results show that the Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7) materials are chemically stable to SDC electrolyte. Furthermore, Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7)-SDC composite cathodes have small area specific resistance (ASR) ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


with SDC electrolyte. The ASR value is 0.05 Ohm cm(exp 2) at 800 deg C and 0.11 Ohm cm(exp 2) at 750 deg C, respectively. Single solid oxide fuel cells based on the Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 3)ZnO(ind 7)-SDC (50:50) composite cathode with SDC as electrolyte and Ni/SDC as anode show maxi-mum power density of 320 mW cm(exp -2), 260 mW cm(exp -2) and 200 mW cm(exp -2) at 700 deg C, 650 deg C and 600 deg C, respectively. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electrochemical investigation of Y(ind 0.5)Ca(ind 0.5)BaCo(ind 4-x)Zn(ind x)O(ind 7)-Ce(ind 0.8)Sm(ind 0.2)O(ind 2) composite cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells / Wang, Rui; Cheng, Jigui; Jiang, Qiumei; Yang, Junfang; Wang, Yifang; Xie, Kui In: Journal of Power Sources 239 (2013) S.443-448 (6 Seiten, 20 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.148 _____________________________________________________ - 170 - makroporöse Polyvinylidenfluoridmembran, Phaseninversion Huang, Xiaosong General Motors Global R&D Center, Warren, MI, US Cellular porous polyvinylidene fluoride composite membranes for lithium-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz Macroporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) membranes were prepared by a phase inversion method and evaluated as battery separators. Two totally different morphologies (cellular and finger-like) were obtained by coagulating PVdF solutions with two different solvents. The cellular membranes were formed immedi-ately by precipitating the PVdF solution with a latent solvent (acetone) in water, while the finger-like membranes were precipitated from the PVdF solution with a true solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). The incorporation of a silica filler decreased the ionic resistance of the PVdF membranes of both morpholo-gies. However, the cellular membranes showed better mechanical properties and enabled higher ionic conductivities than the finger-like ones, especially when the silica loading was low. Compared with a con-ventional untreated polyolefin separator, the porous PVdF membranes showed good wettability by a liq-uid electrolyte. After being activated with a commercial LiPF(ind 6)-ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbon-ate electrolyte, the PVdF membranes were tested for their applications in lithium-ion batteries. Coin cells with these PVdF membranes exhibited stable cycling performance and good rate capability at room tem-perature. However, the cellular membranes are preferred over the fingerlike ones because they offer higher mechanical performance, and can be processed into flat membranes more easily. (Publika-tionssprache: Englisch) Cellular porous polyvinylidene fluoride composite membranes for lithium-ion batteries / Huang, Xiaosong In: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 17 (2013) 3, S.591-597 (7 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 21 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1891-4 _____________________________________________________ - 171 - Kathodenwerkstoff, Lithiumionenbatterie, Nickelmanganoxid Dou, Shumei Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, CN Review and prospect of layered lithium nickel manganese oxide as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz

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Layered structural lithium metal oxides with rhombohedral alpha -NaFeO(ind 2) crystal structure have been proven to be particularly suitable for application as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Com-pared with LiCoO(ind 2), lithium nickel manganese oxides are promising, inexpensive, nontoxic, and have high thermal stability; thus, they are extensively studied as alternative cathode electrode materials to the commercial LiCoO(ind 2) electrode. However, a lot of work needs to be done to reduce cost and extend the effective lifetime. In this paper, the development of the layered lithium nickel manganese oxide cath-ode materials is reviewed from synthesis method, coating, doping to modification, lithium-rich materials, nanostructured materials, and so on, which can make electrochemical performance better. The prospects of lithium nickel manganese oxides as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries are also looked forward to. (Publikationssprache: Englisch)



Review and prospect of layered lithium nickel manganese oxide as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries / Dou, Shumei In: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 17 (2013) 4, S.911-926 (16 Seiten, 15 Bilder, 148 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1977-z _____________________________________________________ - 172 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Lithiumeisenhydroxysulfat, Elektrolyt Subban, Chinmayee V.; Ati, Mohamed; Rousse, Gwenaelle; Abakumov, Artem M.; Tendeloo, Gustaaf van; Janot, Raphael; Tarascon, Jean-Marie CNRS UMR 7314, Laboratoire Reactivite et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, FR; ALISTORE - European Research Institut, Amiens, FR; CNRS UMR 7590, Institut de Mineralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condenses (IMPMC), IPGP, Universites Paris 6 et 7, FR; Univer-siteit Antwerpen, BE; CNRS FR 3459, Reseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), Uni-versite de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, FR Preparation, structure, and electrochemistry of layered polyanionic hydroxysulfates: LiMSO(ind 4)OH (M = Fe, Co, Mn) electrodes for Li-ion batteries Zeitschriftenaufsatz The Li-ion rechargeable battery, due to its high energy density, has driven remarkable advances in port-able electronics. Moving toward more sustainable electrodes could make this technology even more at-tractive to large-volume applications. We present here a new family of 3d-metal hydroxysulfates of gen-eral formula LiMSO(ind 4)OH (M = Fe, Co, and Mn) among which (i) LiFeSO(ind 4)OH reversibly releases 0.7 Li(exp +) at an average potential of 3.6 V vs Li(exp +)/Li(exo 0), slightly higher than the potential of currently lauded LiFePO(ind 4) (3.45 V) electrode material, and Li(exp +)/Li(exp 0). Besides, these com-pounds can be easily made at temperatures near 200 deg C via a synthesis process that enlists a new intermediate phase of composition M(ind 3)(SO(ind 4))(ind 2)(OH)(ind 2) (M = Fe, Co, Mn, and Ni), re-lated to the mineral caminite. Structurally, we found that LiFeSO(ind 4)OH is a layered phase unlike the previously reported 3,2 V tavorite LiFeSO(ind 4)OH. This work should provide an impetus to experimen-talists for designing better electrolytes to fully tap the capacity of high-voltage Co-based hydroxysulfates, and to theorists for providing a means to predict the electrochemical redox activity of two polymorphs. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Preparation, structure, and electrochemistry of layered polyanionic hydroxysulfates: LiMSO(ind 4)OH (M = Fe, Co, Mn) electrodes for Li-ion batteries / Subban, Chinmayee V.; Ati, Mohamed; Rousse, Gwenaelle; Abakumov, Artem M.; Tendeloo, Gustaaf van; Janot, Raphael; Tarascon, Jean-Marie In: Journal of the American Chemical Society 135 (2013) 9, S.3653-3661 (9 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 4 Tabellen, 32 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja3125492 _____________________________________________________ - 173 - Polyanilin, MnO2, Graphit, Elektrode He, Mingping; Zheng, Yuying; Du, Qifeng Fuzhou University, CN Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline/MnO(ind 2)/graphite felt as free-standing, flexible elec-trode for supercapacitors Zeitschriftenaufsatz Polyaniline/MnO(ind 2)/graphite felt (PMGF) composite, which can be used as a novel free-standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors, was fabricated via a facile electrochemical method. Polyani-line/graphite felt (PANI/GF) electrode was prepared by electropolymerization of PANI onto the GF. Sub-sequently, manganese dioxide (MnO(ind 2)) was electrodeposited on the surface of the PANI/GF elec-trode to prepare PMGF electrode. The microstructure and morphology of the as-prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Specific surface area was examined using N(ind 2) adsorp-tion/desorption test. Cyclic voltammogram, chronopotentiometry techniques and electrochemical imped-ance spectroscopy were introduced to investigate the electrochemical performance of the composites. The PMGF electrode exhibited specific capacitance as high as about 630 F g(exp -1) at the current den-____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


sity of 0.5 A g(exp -1), which is much higher than that of PANI/MnO(ind 2) composites reported previ-ously. The high specific capacitance of PMGF may be attributed to the fact that the porous GF is a good conductive matrix for the dispersion of PANI/MnO(ind 2) and it can facilitate easy access of electrolytes to the electrode, which results in enhancement of the electrochemical performance of the composite. More-over, the specific capacitance of PMGF is much larger than that of MnO(ind 2)/GF (MGF), which may be ascribed to the participant of PANI, which contributes additional pseudocapacitance and electron trans-port path. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline/MnO(ind 2)/graphite felt as free-standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors / He, Mingping; Zheng, Yuying; Du, Qifeng In: Polymer Composites 34 (2013) 6, S.819-824 (6 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22481 _____________________________________________________ - 174 - Kompositmembran, Brownmillerit, Calcium-Ferrit Shaula, Aliaksandr L.; Kolotygin, Vladislav A.; Naumovich, Eugene N.; Pivak, Yevheniy V.; Kharton, Vla-dislav V. Universidade de Aveiro, PT; Centro de Investigacao em Materiais Ceramicos e Compositos (CICECO), Universidade de Aveiro, PT Oxygen Ionic Transport in Brownmillerite-Type Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ) and Calcium Fer-rite-Based Composite Membranes Konferenz-Einzelbericht; Online-Publikation (Internet) Oxygen ionic transport in mixed-conducting Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ) brownmillerite was analyzed in light of potential applications in the composite materials for oxygen separation membranes and solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. The lattice defect formation and oxygen diffusion mechanisms were assessed by the computer simulations employing molecular dynamics and static lattice modeling. The most energeti-cally favorable oxygen-vacancy location is in the octahedral layers of the brownmillerite structure, which provide a maximum contribution to the ionic migration in comparison with the structural blocks comprising iron-oxygen tetrahedra. The activation energies for the vacancy and interstitial diffusion in the tetrahedral layers, and also between the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets, are several times higher. The calculated values were found comparable to the experimental activation energy for ionic conduction in Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ), 147 kJ/mol, determined by the steady-state oxygen permeation measure-ments. The dense membranes of model composite Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ) - Ce(ind 0.9)Gd(ind 0.1)O(ind 2-delta ) with equal weight fractions of the components (CGCF5) were sintered and character-ized. No critical interdiffusion of the composite constituents, leading to their decomposition, was found by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic analyses. The electrical conductivity of this composite, with an activation energy of 37 kJ/mol, is intermediate between two parent compounds and is dominantly p-type electronic as for Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ). Since the ion- and electron-conducting phases are well percolated in the composite ceramics, the oxygen permeation fluxes through CGCF5 are considerably higher than those of both constituents. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Oxygen Ionic Transport in Brownmillerite-Type Ca(ind 2)Fe(ind 2)O(ind 5-delta ) and Calcium Ferrite-Based Composite Membranes / Shaula, Aliaksandr L.; Kolotygin, Vladislav A.; Naumovich, Eugene N.; Pivak, Yevheniy V.; Kharton, Vladislav V. In: OMEE 2012, International Scientific Conference Oxide Materials for Electronic Engineering - Fabrica-tion, Properties and Applications, Selected, peer reviewed papers, Lviv, UA, Sep 3-7, 2012 in: Solid State Phenomena 200 (2013) S.286-292, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications (http://www.ttp.net) (7 Seiten) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.200.286 http://www.scientific.net/SSP.200.286 _____________________________________________________



- 175 - Brennstoffzelle, Anionenaustauschmembran Zhou, Tianchi; Zhang, Jing; Jingfu, Jingfu; Jiang, Gaopeng; Zhang, Jian; Qiao, Jinli Donghua University, Shanghai, CN; Yancheng Institute of Technology, CN; Zhejiang University of Tech-nology, Hangzhou, CN Poly(ethylene glycol) plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as alkaline anion-exchange membrane for potential fuel cell applications Zeitschriftenaufsatz This study reports a novel alkaline anion-exchange membrane from poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) by incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) as a plasticizer and modified by chemical cross-linking method (PVA/PAADDA/PEG). The membranes are characterized by infrared spectra (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The conduc-tivity, water uptake, ion exchange capacity (IEC), and chemical stability of membranes are determined to evaluate their applicability in alkaline direct methanol alkaline fuel cells (DMAFC). The anionic conductiv-ity (OH(exp -)-conductivity) is found to be greatly dependent on the content of PAADDA and PEG in the PVA matrix. The conductivities of up to 1.53 x 10(exp -3) S cm(exp -1) at 25 deg C and 8.5 x 10(exp -3) S cm(exp -1) at 80 deg C are achieved for PVA/PAADDA/PEG in a mass ratio of 1:0.25:0.25. The membranes also show good alkali and oxidative stability. An open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V and an initial power density of 15.4 mW cm(exp -2) of ADMFC with the membrane (=1:0.25:0.25 by mass), 2 M methanol, 2 M KOH, and humidified oxygen are achieved at room temperature. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Poly(ethylene glycol) plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as alkaline anion-exchange membrane for potential fuel cell applications / Zhou, Tianchi; Zhang, Jing; Jingfu, Jingfu; Jiang, Gaopeng; Zhang, Jian; Qiao, Jinli In: Synthetic Metals 167 (2013) S.43-50 (8 Seiten, 43 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.02.008 _____________________________________________________ - 176 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Elektrofahrzeug, Demontage Weyrich, M.; Natkunarajah, N. Universität Siegen, DE Konzeption einer automatischen Demontageanlage für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Die Demontage von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien ist bedeutend für die Rückgewinnung wertvoller Materialien. Heutzutage wird die Demontage, das Zerlegen in Komponenten, manuell oder durch Schredder durchge-führt. Aufgrund der steigenden Stückzahlen von Elektrobatterien, durch die Verbreitung von Elektrofahr-zeugen, wird die Automatisierung der Demontage unumgänglich. Die Variantenvielfalt der Batterien, die Ungewissheit über ihren Zustand und die gefährlichen Materialien sind Herausforderungen bei der Auto-matisierung des Demontageprozesses. Mit dem Ansatz der flexiblen Demontagezelle für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien wird in diesem Beitrag ein teil- und ein vollautomatisches Konzept vorgestellt. (Publikations-sprache: Deutsch) Konzeption einer automatischen Demontageanlage für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien / Weyrich, M.; Natkunara-jah, N. In: Buch; Automation 2013, 14. Branchentreff der Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik, VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik (GMA), + CD-ROM, Baden-Baden, DE, 25.-26. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2209 (2013) S.381-385 (11 S. Langfassung CD-ROM), D:P13_2209_Natjunarajah.pdf, 978-3-18-092209-6 (11 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 13 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



- 177 - Leichtbau, Nutzfahrzeug, faserverstärkter Kunststoff Häberle, Hartmut MAN Truck & Bus, München, DE Plastics-based lightweight construction in commercial vehicles Buchkapitel; Konferenz-Einzelbericht Due to the pressure to cut costs and reduce weight, plastics are gaining in importance - slowly but surely. Thermoplastic materials will replace metals for component dimensions below 400 millimetres - an edge length that, over time, will surely increase thanks to the use of organic sheets. High-performance struc-tural components in the running gear will be put under pressure by fibre-reinforced plastic, as shown by the leaf spring and four-point link from ZF. 'Locking parts' in the cab bodyshell such as the system carrier will continue to be made from sheet metal for the foreseeable future thanks to the considerably quicker manufacturing processes. This is because plastic composites do not (yet) represent a commercially vi-able alternative, despite the fact that it would be possible from a technical standpoint to make these com-ponents from plastic. The shifting of the system limits means the following in this case: the plastic no longer functions as a painted surface, but as a load-bearing structural component (metal frame omitted) with a high surface quality that integrates all the connection points for the hinges, gas-filled spring devices and locks in the plastic. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Plastics-based lightweight construction in commercial vehicles / Häberle, Hartmut In: Buch; 12. Internationale Fachtagung Nutzfahrzeuge 2013, Truck, Bus, Van, Trailer, VDI-Gesellschaft Fahrzeug- und Verkehrstechnik, Celle, DE, 5.-6. Jun, 2013 in: VDI-Berichte 2186 (2013) S.165-178, Düs-seldorf: VDI-Verlag (http://www.vdi-verlag.de), 978-3-18-092186-0 (14 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 7 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.vdi-literatur.de/schriftenreihen/berichte.asp _____________________________________________________ - 178 - Elektrofahrzeug, Leichtbau Trechow, Peter Leichtbaukompetenz aus Dresden soll Elektromobile voranbringen Light construction competence from Dresden for pushing up the electric vehicles Zeitschriftenkurzaufsatz Der Leichtbau wurde nunmehr neben Hochvoltbatterien durch die Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität als Schlüsseltechnologie für den Erfolg der Elektromobilität festgelegt. Ein mit 20,3 Mio. Euro finanziertes Leuchtturmprojekt in Dresden soll die Leichtbau-Forschung koordinieren und den Know-how-Transfer von Wissenschaft zu Industrie beschleunigen. Das Instituts für Leichtbau und Kunststofftechnik (ILK) an der TU Dresden wird mit der Finanzierung ein neues Forschungs- und Demonstrationszentrum für ressour-ceneffiziente Leichtbaustrukturen in der Elektromobilität (FOREL) koordinieren. "FOREL" soll als national übergreifende, offene Plattform neue Erkenntnisse rund um den Leichtbau für Elektrofahrzeuge bündeln und in die industrielle Praxis überführen. Das ILK fungiert dabei als übergreifende Organisations- und Steuerungsschnittstelle. Man will den Ansatz des "funktionsintegrativen Systemleichtbaus im Multi-Material-Design" vorantreiben, die dabei gewonnenen neuen Erkenntnisse validieren und aus neu entwi-ckelten Prozessketten ein umfassendes Prozessnetzwerk knüpfen. Es soll der Automobilindustrie mittel-fristig den Weg zu wirtschaftlichen Leichtbaulösungen im Serienmaßstab ebnen. ILK, Leichtbau-Zentrum Sachsen und Thyssen-Krupp zeigen am Demonstrator "InEco", was funktionsintegrativer Leichtbau im Fahrzeugbau bewirken kann. Das Elektroauto - ein fahrtüchtiger Viersitzer in CFK- und Stahl-Mischbauweise - wiegt unter 900 kg. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Leichtbaukompetenz aus Dresden soll Elektromobile voranbringen / Trechow, Peter In: VDI-Nachrichten 67 (2013) 25, S.8 (1 Seite, 1 Bild) _____________________________________________________



- 179 - Automobilbau, Leichtbau, Aluminiumlegierung, Tailored Blanks Brecht, Jörg; Song, Jia Mubea Tailor Rolled Blanks, Attendorn, DE; Muhr und Bender, Attendorn, DE Flexibles Walzen von Aluminium - ein innovativer Beitrag für den automobilen Leichtbau Flexible rolling of aluminium - an innovative contribution to automotive lightweight-design Konferenz-Einzelbericht Aufgrund des zunehmenden Bedarfes an Leichtbaukomponenten für Karosserie, Fahrwerk und Interieur wird konsequent an der Erweiterung des Werkstoffportfolios für Tailor Rolled Blanks gearbeitet. Für na-turharte Aluminiumlegierungen wurde eine komplette Prozesskette entwickelt und durch zahlreiche Mus-terfertigungen validiert. Sowohl das Kaltwalzen als auch die Wärmebehandlung erwiesen sich dabei für 5000-Legierungen als serientauglich. Je nach Bauteil konnten Gewichtsreduzierungen von bis zu 30 % im Vergleich zu konventionellen, d.h. konstant dicken Bauteilen, erzielt werden. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass in allen Blechdickenbereichen homogene mechanische Eigenschaften und eine spezifikati-onsgerechte Gefügestruktur erreicht werden. Für die 5000-Legierungen konnte festgehalten werden, dass die entwickelten Prozessrouten und die damit erreichten Ergebnisse für einen Serieneinsatz geeig-net sind. Für die aushärtbaren Aluminiumlegierungen sind diese Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres über-tragbar, da zur Einstellung der Werkstoffeigenschaften nach dem Kaltwalzen eine kontinuierliche Glüh-behandlung erforderlich ist. Die Prozessroute für diese Werkstoffgruppe befindet sich gegenwärtig im Entwicklungsstadium. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Flexibles Walzen von Aluminium - ein innovativer Beitrag für den automobilen Leichtbau / Brecht, Jörg; Song, Jia In: ASK 2013, 28. Aachener Stahlkolloquium, Umformtechnik., Stahl und NE-Metalle. Vom Werkstoff zum Produkt, Tagungsband, Aachen, DE, 7.-8. Mar, 2013 (2013) S.167-174 (8 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 8 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 180 - Automobilbau, Leichtbau, Stahleinsatz, Entwicklungsstand Eckstein, Lutz; Hamacher, Michael RWTH Aachen, DE; Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen (fka), Aachen, DE Stahl als Rückgrat des Automobilleichtbaus Steel as backbone of automative lightweight-design Konferenz-Einzelbericht Aufgrund gesetzlicher Vorgaben zur Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen und der Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung alternativer Antriebskonzepte kommt dem automobilen Leichtbau in Zukunft eine ent-scheidende Bedeutung zu. Neben der erzielbaren Gewichtsreduzierung spielen auch Aspekte wie Stück-zahl, Fertigung, Kosten und vor allem die Nachhaltigkeit eine wesentliche Rolle. Stahl bietet diesbezüg-lich nennenswerte Vorteile und findet deshalb breite Anwendung in der Automobilindustrie. Den größten Gewichtsanteil im Fahrzeug stellt mit ca. 40 % die Karosserie. Entsprechend erfolgt für diese eine ge-nauere Betrachtung des gegenwärtigen Materialeinsatzes. Dabei werden die Anwendungsbereiche Ener-gieabsorptionszonen, Fahrgastzelle und Außenhaut unterschieden. Am Beispiel einer modernen Stahlka-rosserie werden die im Automobilbau verwendeten Stahlgüten und entsprechende Auslegungsstrategien erläutert. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick auf die Werkstoffverteilung im Automobil für das Jahr 2030 ge-geben. Anhand von drei Leichtbauszenarien für ein Fahrzeug der Mittelklasse kann die zukünftige Rele-vanz von Stahl im automobilen Leichtbau aufgezeigt werden. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Stahl als Rückgrat des Automobilleichtbaus / Eckstein, Lutz; Hamacher, Michael In: ASK 2013, 28. Aachener Stahlkolloquium, Umformtechnik., Stahl und NE-Metalle. Vom Werkstoff zum Produkt, Tagungsband, Aachen, DE, 7.-8. Mar, 2013 (2013) S.157-166 (10 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 7 Quellen) _____________________________________________________



- 181 - Komposit, Glasfaser, Leichtbau, Fahrzeug Jung, M.; Sandler, J.; Schnorr, J.; Geiger, O.; Radtke, A.; Wollny, A. BASF, Ludwigshafen, DE Thermoplastic matrix systems for automotive applications Konferenz-Einzelbericht Continuous fiber reinforced composites allow the automotive industry to achieve weight savings that were previously not possible. Especially thermoplastic composites have a significant potential for automotive light weight construction. BASF offers a comprehensive portfolio of thermoplastic composites ranging from short glass fibre reinforced composites over long glass fibre reinforced polyamides to continuous fibre reinforced composites. This new materials include glass and carbon fibre reinforced tapes, glass fibre reinforced laminates and steel cord composites. Thermoplastic RTM systems are under develop-ment for automotive series production. With light but sophisticated high performance fiber composite components and the associated composite raw materials it is possible to replace even more metal, save weight and thus, independent of the vehicle drive system, reduce energy consumption and CO(ind 2) emissions still further. In regard of cost-benefit considerations thermoplastic matrix materials, fiber types, reinforcing techniques, joining technologies, predictive simulation and processing technologies are cur-rently being researched and developed in parallel and rigorously investigated for their suitability for mass production. Depending on the customer requirement profile one or the other of these system solutions will be used so that it is likely that several technologies will establish themselves in the marketplace side by side. Raw material manufacturers, part suppliers, subcontractors and OEMs will have to work together to establish the necessary competence required to fully exploit the potential they offer. Without such multiple material systems the next leap in automotive lightweight construction will however not be possible. (Pub-likationssprache: Englisch) Thermoplastic matrix systems for automotive applications / Jung, M.; Sandler, J.; Schnorr, J.; Geiger, O.; Radtke, A.; Wollny, A. In: ITHEC 2012, 1st International Conference & Exhibition on Thermoplastic Composites, Conference Proceedings, Bremen, DE, Oct 29-30, 2012 (2012) S.15-17, Bremen: WFB Wirtschaftsförderung Bremen (3 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 1 Quelle) _____________________________________________________



Sicherheit - 182 - Leichtbau, Aufprallenergieaufnahmevermögen Zhu, Ping; Pan, Feng; Chen, Wei; Viana, Felipe A.C. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, CN; Shanghai Hengstar Technology, CN; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, US; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, US Lightweight design of vehicle parameters under crashworthiness using conservative surrogates Zeitschriftenaufsatz Lightweight design of vehicle structures parameters under crashworthiness is hard to accomplish be-cause of the complexity of simulations required in crash analysis. To reduce the computation demand, surrogates (metamodels) are often used in place of the actual simulation models in design optimization to fit the mathematical relationship between design variables and responses. Each optimization cycle con-sists of analyzing a number of designs, fitting surrogates for the responses, performing optimization based on the surrogates for a candidate optimum, and finally analyzing that candidate. Even so, optimiza-tion using crash analysis codes is often allowed to run only for very few cycles. While traditional surrogate is unbiased which means prediction values at half region is lower than actual values, predicted candidate optimum usually is not feasible after validating by crash simulation. This paper explores the use of con-servative surrogates for safe estimations of crashworthiness responses (e.g., intrusion and peak accel-eration). We use safety margins to conservatively compensate for fitting errors associated with surro-gates. Conservative surrogates minimize the risks associated with underestimation of the responses, which helps push optimization toward the feasible region of the design. We also propose an approach for sequential relaxation of the safety margins allowing for further weight minimization. The approach was tested on the lightweight design of a vehicle subjected to the full-overlap frontal crash. We compare this approach with the traditional use of unbiased surrogates (that is, without adding any safety margin). We find that conservative surrogates successfully drive optimization toward the feasible region of a design space, while that is not always the case with unbiased surrogates. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Lightweight design of vehicle parameters under crashworthiness using conservative surrogates / Zhu, Ping; Pan, Feng; Chen, Wei; Viana, Felipe A.C. In: Computers in Industry 64 (2013) 3, S.280-289 (10 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 9 Tabellen, 26 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012.11.004 _____________________________________________________ - 183 - Elektrofahrzeug, Geräuschemission, Messverfahren, Sicherheit Cottrell, Nicholas D.; Barton, Benjamin K. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, US The impact of artificial vehicle sounds for pedestrians on driver stress Zeitschriftenaufsatz Electrically based vehicles have produced some concern over their lack of sound, but the impact of artifi-cial sounds now being implemented have not been examined in respect to their effects upon the driver. The impact of two different implementations of vehicle sound on driver stress in electric vehicles was ex-amined. A Nissan HEV running in electric vehicle mode was driven by participants in an area of conges-tion using three sound implementations: (1) no artificial sounds, (2) manually engaged sounds and (3) automatically engaged sounds. Physiological and self-report questionnaire measures were collected to determine stress and acceptance of the automated sound protocol. Driver stress was significantly higher in the manually activated warning condition, compared to both no artificial sounds and automatically en-gaged sounds. Implications for automation usage and measurement methods are discussed and future research directions suggested. / Practitioner Summary: The advent of hybrid- and all-electric vehicles has created a need for artificial warning signals for pedestrian safety that place task demands on drivers. We investigated drivers' stress differences in response to varying conditions of warning signals for pedestri-ans. Driver stress was lower when noises were automated. (Publikationssprache: Englisch) The impact of artificial vehicle sounds for pedestrians on driver stress / Cottrell, Nicholas D.; Barton, Ben-jamin K. In: Ergonomics 55 (2012) 12, S.1476-1486 (11 Seiten)



Verfügbarkeit: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.724452 _____________________________________________________ - 184 - Hybridfahrzeug, Hochvoltbatterie, Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Schmidt, Torsten Spannung garantiert. Ausblick: Technologie von Hochvoltbatterien und notwendiges Know-how für den fachgerechten Umgang damit Zeitschriftenaufsatz Bisher müssen nur wenige Mechaniker, auf Grund der geringen Verkaufszahlen von Hybridfahrzeugen, an einer Hochvoltanlage arbeiten. Der Trend geht aber deutlich zu einer Zunahme solcher Arbeiten, so dass jeder Fachmann über den Umgang Bescheid wissen sollte. Grund dafür ist vor allem die Ansiede-lung von Hybridantrieben in der Mittel- und Kompaktklasse und deren akzeptable Preise. Auch verbesser-te Batterien mit größeren Reichweiten tragen zur Absatzsteigerung bei. Hochvoltbatterien altern genauso, wie Blei-Säure-Batterien, so dass sich viele Kfz-Betriebe auf einen fachgerechten Umgang mit Hochvolt-batterien einstellen müssen. Die Zellspannung von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien liegt bei 3,6 bis 4 V und damit deutlich höher als bei NiMh-Batterien mit 1,2 V und Blei-Säure-Batterien mit 2 V. Um hohe Lebensdauer und gefahrlose Nutzung einer Hochvoltbatterie zu gewährleisten muss neben dem Ladezustand auch die Zelltemperatur überwacht werden. Die Zelltemperatur ist besonders bei Lithium-Ionen-Batterien zu be-achten, weil diese empfindlich auf Über- bzw. Tiefentladung reagieren. Der Arbeitsbereich von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien von -10 deg C bis zu 40 deg C ist unbedingt einzuhalten, weil sonst der Lade- bzw. Ent-ladewirkungsgrad und die Lebensdauer deutlich abnimmt. Deshalb sind Lithium-Ionen-Batterien mit meh-reren Temperatursensoren und einem effektiven Kühlsystem ausgerüstet. Um den Arbeitstemperaturbe-reich einzuhalten kann man die Batterie mit klimatisierter Luft aus dem Fahrzeuginnenraum beaufschla-gen, sie in einen Kühlkreislauf einzubinden oder einen Verdampfer der Klimaanlage in die Batterie zu in-tegrieren. Die Fahrzeughersteller geben für die Behandlung ihrer jeweils eingesetzten Batterien Parame-ter vor. Im Allgemeinen gilt: die Batterien sollten die gleiche Lebensdauer wie das Fahrzeug aufweisen in dem sie verbaut sind. Sollte trotzdem der Wechsel einer Hochvoltbatterie notwendig sein, sind die Vorga-ben des Herstellers für Lagerung und Rücktransport zu beachten. Beschädigte Lithium-Ionen-Batterien sind als kritische Masse zu betrachten und nach Sondervorschrift 661 ADR Kap 3.3 zu behandeln. Be-schädigte Hochvoltbatterien sollten umgehend aus dem Fahrzeug ausgebaut werden, um einen Fahr-zeugbrand zu vermeiden. Für den Transport sind Hochvoltbatterien zu entladen. Dazu sollte das Batte-riewartungsgerät GRX-5100 von Midtrinics verwendet werden. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Spannung garantiert. Ausblick: Technologie von Hochvoltbatterien und notwendiges Know-how für den fachgerechten Umgang damit / Schmidt, Torsten In: Krafthand 86 (2013) 10, S.12-17 (6 Seiten, 7 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 185 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Brandgefahr Sonnenberg, Victoria Wo viel Energie komprimiert wird, steigt auch das Gefahrenrisiko Increased danger risk by high comprimized energy Zeitschriftenaufsatz Lithium-Ionen-Batterien haben sich in tragbaren Geräten und in der Elektromobilität bewährt. Mit den wachsenden Speicherkapazitäten steigt auch die Brandgefahr, da eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Brandlast und Zündquelle zugleich ist. Deshalb wird bei Defekten oder unsachgemäßer Handhabung die gespei-cherte chemische Energie nicht als elektrische, sondern als thermische Energie freigesetzt. Zu den Ge-fahren zählen die Selbstentzündung durch technische Defekte. Die Folgen sind heftige Brandereignisse in Verbindung mit einer schnellen Brandausbreitung. Eine interdisziplinär zusammengesetzte Projekt-gruppe hat ein Merkblatt zur Schadensverhütung bei Lithium-Batterien erarbeitet. Eine aktuelle Versuchs-reihe der Dekra konnte klären, dass Elektro- und Hybridautos mit Lithium-Ionen-Antriebsbatterien im Brandfall mindestens genauso sicher sind wie Fahrzeuge mit konventionellem Antrieb. Ein spezielles Si-cherheitssystem fährt die überwachte Batterie herunter, sobald die Temperatur zu hoch wird. (Publikati-onssprache: Deutsch)



Wo viel Energie komprimiert wird, steigt auch das Gefahrenrisiko / Sonnenberg, Victoria In: MM - Maschinenmarkt. Das IndustrieMagazin (2013) 28/29, S.118-119 (2 Seiten, 3 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 186 - hohe Crashanforderung, Nachtsichtassistent Seidenstücker, Thomas "S" wie Sicherheit (MB S-Klasse) "S" for safety Zeitschriftenaufsatz Das neue Modell (Baureihe W 222) der Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse wird in bisher nicht gekannter Dimensi-on mit technischen Systemen ausgestattet, die einen Maßstab in vielen Bereichen setzen sollen. Beson-ders deutlich wird dies u. a. bei den Sicherheitssystemen. Im Vergleich zum Vorgängermodell wurde roh-bauseitig bei der nunmehr zehnten Generation der S-Klasse insbesondere in den Bereichen Leichtbau, Steifigkeit, Fahrwerk sowie Geräuschkomfort angesetzt. Das neue Auto, welches ab Juli 2013verkauft wird, verfügt über einen Aluminium-Stahl-Hybrid-Rohbau und weist eine um 50% höhere Torsionsteifig-keit als das Vorgängermodell auf. Die komplette Außenhaut der S-Klasse (Kotflügel, Motorhaube, Heck-deckel) einschließlich des Dachs sowie der Karosserievorbau bestehen aus Aluminium. Die Fahrgastzelle ist dagegen weitgehend aus hochfesten Stählen aufgebaut. Die Bauteile werden bei der kathodischen Tauchlackierung (KTL) vollständig beschichtet und vor Korrosion geschützt. Durch den Einsatz von höhe-ren Stahlgüten konnte das Gewicht gegenüber der Vorgänger-S-Klasse konstant gehalten werden, ob-wohl höhere Crashanforderungen erfüllt werden. Alle relevanten Bauteile wurden hinsichtlich der Materi-algüte um eine Güteklasse erhöht. Seit rund zehn Jahren gibt es bei Mercedes-Benz das präventive In-sassenschutzsystem Pre-Safe. In der neuen S-Klasse wurde es weiterentwickelt und um neue Funktio-nen ergänzt. Damit es gar nicht erst zu einem Unfall kommt, lässt sich das Auto mit zahlreichen Fahrer-assistenzsystemen ausrüsten, die Komfort und Sicherheit im Zusammenspiel erhöhen. Der Nachtsichtas-sistent Plus wurde weiterentwickelt und um eine Ferninfrarot-Wärmebildkamera ergänzt. Bei Gefahr durch Fußgänger oder Tiere in unbeleuchteter Umgebung vor dem Fahrzeug wird der Tacho auf ein Nachsichtbild umgeschaltet und die Gefahrenquelle markiert. Der adaptiver Fernlichtassistent Plus ist kamerabasiert und erkennt den Gegen- oder vorausfahrenden Verkehr. Der Attention Assist (Müdigkeits-assistent) hat bisher weniger gut funktioniert, und kann nun besser in der Empfindlichkeit eingestellt wer-den. Bei Auslösung der Warnung wird im Navigationssystem auf Raststätten hingewiesen. Die Distronic-Plus-Funktion (Abstandregeltempomat), ist nun um einen Lenkassistenten und Stop-&-Go-Pilot erweitert. Das System BAS Plus mit Kreuzungsassistent ist im Geschwindigkeitsbereich bis etwa 70 km/h wirksam und warnt bei Gefahr durch Querverkehr. Der aktive Spurhalteassistent greift nun auch bei unbeabsich-tigtem Überfahren einer unterbrochenen Linie im Bereich von 60 bis 200 km/h ein, wenn die Nachbarspur belegt ist und dadurch beim Spurwechsel Kollisionsgefahr entsteht. Der aktive Totwinkelassistent warnt den Autofahrer beim Spurwechsel, wenn es im Bereich des toten Winkels ein anderes Fahrzeug erkennt. Der Verkehrszeichenassistent erkennt neben Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen neuerdings auch Überhol-verbote und kann vor Einfahrverboten warnen. Der aktive Parkassistent ermöglicht automatisches Ein-parken mit aktiven Lenk- und Bremseingrifen in Längs- und Querparklücken. Die Mehrzahl der beschrie-benen Komfort- und Sicherheitsfeatures basieren auf einer intelligenten Vernetzung und Auswertung von Sensor- und Bildinformationen. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Einführung der Stereo Multi Purpose Camera (SMPC). Einige dieser Systeme sind für sich genommen bereits wegweisend, stellen aber nur einen Teil der möglichen Ausstattungsvielfalt der aktuellen S-Klasse dar. Viele Innovationen stecken nicht zuletzt im Fahrwerk, welches z. B. die Dämpfung und Federung anhand eines Straßenscans variieren kann. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) "S" wie Sicherheit (MB S-Klasse) / Seidenstücker, Thomas In: Verkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik - VKU 51 (2013) 7/8, S.248-253 (6 Seiten, 8 Bilder) _____________________________________________________ - 187 - Leichtbau, Karosserie, lokale Laserverfestigung Wagner, Markus Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik (IWS), Dresden, DE Laserverfestigte Fahrzeugcrashstrukturen. Wie die Fahrzeugmasse gesenkt und gleichzeitig die Crashsicherheit gesteigert werden kann Zeitschriftenaufsatz ____________________________________________________________________________________WTI-Frankfurt eG Elektromobilität


Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS in Dresden hat für Karosseriestrukturen nun eine besonders effektive Leichtbautechnologie entwickelt. Dabei wird grundsätzlich auf die Verwendung niedrigfester, möglichst dünnwandiger Bauteile abgezielt. Diese werden lediglich in lokal hoch bean-spruchten Bereichen mittels Laserstrahls stark verfestigt. Im Ergebnis lassen sich die Herstellungskosten sowie der Kraftstoffverbrauch senken - bei gleichzeitiger Verbesserung der Fahrzeugcrashsicherheit. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Laserverfestigte Fahrzeugcrashstrukturen. Wie die Fahrzeugmasse gesenkt und gleichzeitig die Crashsi-cherheit gesteigert werden kann / Wagner, Markus In: wt Werkstattstechnik online 103 (2013) 6, S.485-487 (3 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 3 Quellen) Verfügbarkeit: http://www.technikwissen.de/wt/ _____________________________________________________ - 188 - Elektrofahrzeug, Kosteneffizienz, Crashsicherheit Kurtenbach, Stefan; Li, Jie; Fang, Xiangfan Universität Siegen, DE Entwicklung einer anforderungsgerechten und kosteneffizienten Karosserie für ein Elektro-Fahrzeug im Purpose-Design Development of a purpose-design electric vehicle's body structure with high regard to costefficiency and preformance demands Konferenz-Einzelbericht Im Zuge der Entwicklung einer Karosseriestruktur für ein Elektrostadtfahrzeug wurde besonderes Au-genmerk auf die Integration und den Schutz der Batteriemodule des Antriebsstrangs gelegt. Bei der Ent-wicklung des Purpose-Design-Fahrzeugs wurden dabei die Package-Anforderungen des Gesamtfahr-zeugs sowie die Deformationszonen zum Erreichen der Crashanforderungen berücksichtigt. Die wichtigs-ten Lastfälle waren der Frontal-, der Seiten- sowie der Pfahlanprall. Aktuelle Fertigungstechnologien des Karosserierohbaus wurden durch Verfahren wie das Rollprofilieren ergänzt, um eine kostengünstige so-wie hinsichtlich Produktionsvolumina flexible Fahrzeugstruktur zu erhalten. Mit Hilfe der FEM wurden die einzelnen Bauteile und Baugruppen derartig ausgelegt, dass die unterschiedlichen Lastfälle sowohl eine möglichst geringe Insassenbelastung zur Folge haben als auch eine Sicherstellung des Batterieraums gegeben sind. Dieses wurde durch die Integration und individuelle Anpassung von Stützblechen und -knoten erreicht. Die finalen plastischen Deformationen des Batterieraums liegen bei Größenordnungen, die eine problemlose Demontage nach einem Crash erlauben. Die Karosserie weist globale Torsions- und Biegesteifigkeiten auf, die eine ausreichende Betriebsfestigkeit sowie zufriedenstellenden Fahrkom-fort ermöglichen. Da die zentrale Bodengruppe bedingt durch ihre Sandwich-Bauweise bereits eine hohe Steifigkeit aufwies, wurde der Schwerpunkt der Verbesserungsmaßnahmen auf den Hinterwagen und dessen Anbindung an die Bodenstruktur gelegt. Durch lokale Maßnahmen konnte die Performance des Bodys hinsichtlich Steifigkeit wesentlich verbessert werden. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch) Entwicklung einer anforderungsgerechten und kosteneffizienten Karosserie für ein Elektro-Fahrzeug im Purpose-Design / Kurtenbach, Stefan; Li, Jie; Fang, Xiangfan In: DVM-Tag 2013, Elektromobilität - Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Elektrofahrzeugs, Berlin, DE, 24.-26. Apr, 2013 (2013) S.23-31 (9 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 4 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 189 - Elektrofahrzeug, Crashauslegung Jankowski, U.; Marx, B.; Kalka, D. TECOSIM, Rüsselsheim, DE Herausforderungen in der Crashauslegung von Elektrofahrzeugen Challenges in improving crashworthiness of electric vehicles Konferenz-Einzelbericht

____________________________________________________________________________________

Dieser Vortrag beleuchtet die aktuellen Herausforderungen, vor der die Fahrzeugindustrie steht. um mit zukünftigen Generationen an batteriegetriebenen Fahrzeugen die Gesetze und Verbraucherschutzziele genauso, wie mit konventionellen Fahrzeugen erfüllen zu können. Dabei wird sowohl auf die crashsichere Unterbringung der Hochvoltkomponenten eingegangen, als auch auf die Herausforderungen in Bezug auf Fahrzeugstruktur- und Rückhaltesystemauslegung. (Publikationssprache: Deutsch)



Herausforderungen in der Crashauslegung von Elektrofahrzeugen / Jankowski, U.; Marx, B.; Kalka, D. In: DVM-Tag 2013, Elektromobilität - Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Elektrofahrzeugs, Berlin, DE, 24.-26. Apr, 2013 (2013) S.33-36 (4 Seiten, 5 Quellen) _____________________________________________________ - 190 - Lithiumionenbatterie, Entflammbarkeit Ditch, Benjamin; Vries, Jaap de FM Global, Norwood, MA, US Flammability Characterization of Lithium-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage Online-Publikation (Internet); Report A project was initiated to provide a flammability characterization of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in bulk storage. This report describes a comparison of cartoned Li-ion batteries and FM Global standard com-modities in a rack storage configuration. Subsequent large-scale fire tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of ceiling-level sprinkler protection. The results provide the basis for the long-term project goal to establish protection options specific to the unique hazards associated with Li-ion batteries in stor-age occupancies. Li-ion battery commodities, used in the project, were selected to represent a wide range of commercially available battery formats including Li-ion battery-containing devices. The selected Li-ion battery types were: 18650 format cylindrical cells, power tool packs (comprised of 18650 format cells), and polymer cells. The selected comparison commodities were FM Global standard class 2 and cartoned unexpanded plastic (CUP). (Publikationssprache: Englisch) Flammability Characterization of Lithium-ion Batteries in Bulk Storage / Ditch, Benjamin; Vries, Jaap de In: (2013) S.I-XVI, 1-155 (+ 3.S. Einleitung) (174 Seiten, Bilder, 14 Tabellen) _____________________________________________________



Autorenregister A Budde-Meiwes, Heide 099 Abakumov, Artem M. 172 Bukvic-Schäfer, Aleksandra-Sasa 128 Afshar, S. 084 Burges, Karsten 126 Al-Youbi, Abdulrahman O. 068 Alamry, Khalid Ahmad 068 C Alberico, Elisabetta 098 Cai, Lu 071 Amine, Khalil 070 Cai, Shaobo 081 An, Ke 071 Cao, Chunan 136 Andre, D. 079 Cao, Gaoping 134 Angermaier, Anton 108 Cha, Seung-Tae 114 anonym 018, 113 Chamaillard, Yann 051 Ansean, D. 118 Chang, Hao-Ming 104 Armbruster, Nils 073 Chang, Min-Hsing 104 Asiri, Abdullah M. 068 Chang, T. 101 Ati, Mohamed 172 Chen, Chaochao 091 Augenstein, Isabel 120 Chen, Jing 150 Chen, Jixin 062 B Chen, Lian 134 Bach, S. 143 Chen, Lie 154 Bai, Jinbo 081 Chen, Min 158 Bai, Jintao 081 Chen, Ping 153 Baik, Kyung-Don 100 Chen, Qun 085 Bain, Euan J. 089 Chen, Wei 182 Baker, Andrew 146 Chen, Xilin 162 Bao, Hua 054 Chen, Yiwang 154 Baringo, L. 121 Chen, Yu 134 Barnhart, Charles J. 057 Cheng, Jigui 169 Barrois, Björn 046 Cheng, Xinqun 137 Barton, Benjamin K. 183 Chew, K.W. 037 Battistelli, C. 121 Chi, Bo 150 Baumann, Michael 001 Chi, Ting-yu 054 Baumann, Wolfgang 098 Chick, Larry A. 066 Baunach, Michael 050 Cho, Sungwoo 064 Becker, Gerd 120 Choi, Daiwon 162 Beller, Matthias 098 Choi, Young-Joon 162 Benson, Sally M. 057 Chu, Qingxin 068 Bergmann, Dominik 032 Cleemann, Lars N. 129 Bertram, Torsten 107 Colin, Guillaume 051 Bessler, Wolfgang G. 059 Conejo, A.J. 121 Bicek, M. 034 Cottrell, Nicholas D. 183 Birss, Viola 158 Coyle, Chris A. 066 Bjerrum, Niels J. 129 Croguennec, Laurence 072 Blanco, C. 118 Cui, Guanglei 133 Bloch, Gerard 051 Cui, Hengjuan 093 Bloch, P. 016 Blum, Ludger 151 D Bodenes, Lucille 072 Dang, Feng 132 Boemer, Jens 126 Danner, Timo 059 Böhme, Thomas 045 Danzer, Michael A. 078 Brandon, N.P. 149 Debert, Maxime 051 Brecht, Jörg 179 Dedryvere, Remi 072 Brehmer, Udo 025 Deja, Robert 151 Bremes, H.G. 079 DeJonghe, Lutgard C. 166 Brooker, Aaron 116 Delboni, L.F.N. 122 Brunnsteiner, Bernhard 108 Deng, Qijiu 164 Buchholz, Michael 074, 075 Denholm, Paul 117 Buchner, Thiemo 024 Deshpande, Ashok 009



Deter, Matthias 030 G Diegelmann, Christian 077 Gaberscek, Miran 065 Dietmayer, Klaus 074, 075 Gagneur, L. 095 Ding, Fei 162 Gan, Y.H. 037 Ding, Steven X. 042 Gao, Jian 163 Ding, Xin-Long 144 Gao, Yan 161 Ding, Yi 114 Garcia, V.M. 118 Ding, Yuan-Li 069 Garcia-Negron, Valerie 166 Ditch, Benjamin 190 Gasco, Manuel 127 Doll, Claus 011 Gauthier, Magali 082 Dominko, Robert 065 Gehring, Ottmar 106 Dong, Zimin 052 Geiger, O. 181 Dou, Shumei 171 Gerlich, Matthias 032 Drexler, Hans-Joachim 098 Geyer, D. 109 Driemeyer-Franco, A.L. 095 Ghihsio, Guido 012 Drillkens, Julia 099 Gladiali, Serafino 098 Du, Gaohui 052 Gnann, Till 112 Du, Juan 056, 165 Goh, Bee-Min 069 Du, Qifeng 173 Gollob, P. 109 Gonzalez, M. 118 E Goodenough, John B. 087 Ebbes, Alexander 124 Gotovac, G. 034 Eckelman, Matthew J. 006 Götz, Manuel 025 Eckstein, Lutz 023, 180 Graczyk-Zajac, Magdalena 161 Eghtessad, Marjam 022 Greil, Wolfgang 029 Eiser, Axel 014 Griessnig, G. 109 Emery, N. 143 Gu, C.D. 156 Engelhard, Carsten 047 Guenther, Clemens 078 Engstle, Armin 108 Gunawardhana, Nanda 157 Guo, Hui 125 F Guo, Lijing 056, 165 Fan, Cheng 112 Guyomard, Dominique 082 Fan, Shoushan 163 Fan, Yu 049 H Fan, Yuqian 136 Häberle, Hartmut 177 Fang, Mou 163 Haendschke, Stefan 017 Fang, Wei 137 Hafner, Kim 024 Fang, Xiangfan 188 Hakala, Tuomas 151 Farshizadeh, Emad 043 Hamacher, Michael 180 Fellberg, Elisabeth Maria 111 Han, Chonghun 064 Feng, Zhili 071 Han, Kefei 138 Fillip, Zoran S. 028 Han, Ling 153 Fischer, Bernhard 032 Han, Pengxian 133 Fischer, Florent 072 Harris, Stephen J. 071 Fodorean, Daniel 019 Hartnig, Christoph 076 Forgez, C. 095 Hasche, Bernhard 126 Fowler, M. 084 He, Dannong 155 Fraidl, Günter 015 He, Mingping 173 Frank, Benjamin 045 He, Mingyang 085 Fraser, R. 084 He, Ronghuan 129 Freitag, Gunter 032 He, Wei 091 Friedrich, G. 095 He, Xiangming 163 Friedrichsen, Nele 112 He, Yan-Bing 167 Heinrichfreise, Hermann 043 Held, Michael 001 Hennige, V. 109 Hennige, Volker 108



Hennings, Wilfried 078 Kang, Feiyu 167 Hettesheimer, Tim 010 Katrasnik, T. 067 Hines, Paul D. 115 Kauffmann, Felix 106 Hofmann, Maximilian 035 Kawakami, Akira 142 Holderbaum, William 103 Kaymaksiz, Serife 076 Holzmann, Frederic 044 Kehl, Johannes 073 Hong, Bo-Ki 100 Kemper, James 005 Horstmann, Birger 059 Kever, Felix 128 Hosono, Eiji 132 Khang Zhun Yeap 040 Hu, Libo 070 Kharat, Vilas 009 Hu, Xiaosong 119 Kharton, Vladislav V. 174 Hu, Yi 105 Kiefer, Johannes 089 Huang, Huajie 085 Kim, Jang-Kyo 167 Huang, Jiaqiang 160 Kim, Jooheon 168 Huang, Kai 049 Kim, Min-Soo 100 Huang, Xiaosong 170 Kim, Myeongjin 168 Huang, Zhen-Dong 167 Kim, Tae-Hyun 148 Huang, Zongling 164 Kinkel, Steffen 010 Hüttemann, Philipp 112 Kiviaho, Jari 151 Hwang, Yongseon 168 Kley, Fabian 011 Klimentew, Lars 026 I Knoll, Keith 005 Imai, Hiroaki 132 Knote, Thoralf 002 Inoishi, Atsushi 142 Kokalj, Gerhard 029 Ishihara, Tatsumi 142 Kokubu, Takao 132 Iuchi, Kazutaka 025 Koller, Stefan 088 Kolotygin, Vladislav A. 174 J Kong, Qingshan 133 Jaeger, Lukas 025 Könings, Tim 042 Jäger, Angela 010 Konrad, Marcus 046 Jankowski, U. 189 Korte, Matthias 044 Janot, Raphael 172 Koskue, Mikko 007 Janssen, P. 079 Kovacic, Sebastijan 088 Javier Antonio Oliva Alonso 107 Kowal, Julia 099 Jensen, Jens Oluf 129 Kozinda, A. 101 Jeong, Hyeonseok 064 Krajnc, Peter 088 Jian, Li 150 Kren, Harald 088 Jian, X.M. 156 Krüger, Jan 026 Jiang, Gaopeng 175 Krüger, M. 016 Jiang, Lin 094 Krutzger, Christian 145 Jiang, Qiumei 169 Kühn, Andre 010 Jiang, Wen 133 Kumar, Amod 130 Jiang, Y. 101 Küpper, Klaus 015 Jiao, Lifang 056, 165 Kurtenbach, Stefan 188 Jin, Shanshan 064 Kuss, Michael 117 Jingfu, Jingfu 175 Kuwahata, Rena 126 Jung, M. 181 Junge, Henrik 098 L Junges, Pascal 050 Lai, Xinmin 063, 160 Lara-Curzio, Edgar 166 K Laschinski, Joachim 128 Kabza, Herbert 077 Lawler, Benjamin J. 028 Kaiser, Gerd 044 Lebeau, Kenneth 008 Kalinowska, Dominika 017 Lebeau, Philippe 008 Kalka, D. 189 Lee, Chang-Sik 061 Kaltenegger, Bernhard 108 Lee, Cho-Yu 027 Kandler, Christoph 042 Lee, Chulho 157



Lee, Sang-Min 157 Ma, Tom 027 Lee, Yun-Sung 157 Ma, Yulin 137 Leong, C.K. 037 Macharis, Cathy 008 Lestriez, Bernard 082 Maier, Rudolf 016 Lewandowski, Andrzej 053 Mairesse, Olivier 008 Li, Baohua 167 Margolis, Robert M. 117 Li, Fujun 058 Marina, Olga A. 066 Li, Geng 131 Marshall, Jeffrey S. 115 Li, Guangda 159 Martinez, Herve 072 Li, Han 054 Martis, Claudia 020 Li, Jianjun 163 Marx, B. 189 Li, Jianping 134 Mastali, M. 084 Li, Jianqi 152 Matar, Saif 105 Li, Jie 188 Mathe, Mkhulu K. 147 Li, Jingze 164 Mazouzi, Driss 082 Li, Qingfeng 129 McCormick, Robert L. 005 Li, Shengbo 119 Meier, Torben 022 Li, Shouli 159 Menetrier, Michel 072 Li, Wei-Min 036 Mera, Gabriela 161 Li, Xing-wei 054 Meyer, Henning J. 026 Liang, Chengdu 071 Miao, Qiang 083, 093 Liang, Fengli 150 Michalka, Andreas 041 Liang, Wei 093 Mierlo, Joeri Van 008 Liang, Zhiyong 135 Miljavec, D. 034 Liao, Lixia 137 Minervini, Francesca 115 Lim, Jae Hwan 064 Modibedi, Remegia M. 147 Lin, Chih-Hong 038 Moreau, Philippe 082 Lin, Chih-Peng 038 Morello, Eugenio 012 Lin, L. 101 Mou, Chengxu 164 Liu, Datong 096 Muennix, Jens 099 Liu, Dong 140 Müller, Johannes 046 Liu, Ming 167 Müller, Mathias 120 Liu, Nianping 140 Müller, Steffen 031, 040 Liu, Qiubo 138 Liu, Xingbo 146 N Liu, Yihui 150 Natkunarajah, N. 176 Liu, Yongchang 056, 165 Naturel, Romain 072 Liu, Zhen 094 Naumovich, Eugene N. 174 Liu, Zhihong 133 Neubauer, Jeremy 116 Loh, Kian-Ping 069 Ni, Meng 060 Long, Bing 094 Nie, Zimin 162 Lowery, Natalie L.H. 103 Niederl, Ditmar 108 Lu, Chun 153 Nielsen, Arne Hejde 114 Lu, Deng-Ke 036 Nielsen, Martin 098 Lu, Li 069 Nonjola, Patrick T. 147 Lu, Tianhong 134 Novotny, Radomir 048 Lu, Y. 156 Nowak, Sascha 047 Lu, Yun 131 Nuhic, Adnan 075 Luecke, Jon 005 Nüssle, Denise 021 Lunz, Benedikt 099 Luo, Weilin 090 O Lyu, Chao 090 O'Connell, Niamh 114 Oaki, Yuya 132 M Oestergaard, Jacob 114 Ma, Chao 152 Oh, Jeonkeun 064 Ma, Eden W.M. 092 Oliveira, D.Q. 122 Ma, Fi-Feng 144 Ooe, Toshiharu 142



Oprea, Claudiu 020 Rösmann, A. 079 P Roth, Hubert 044 Pais, Guillaume 032 Rothert, Martin 128 Pan, Chao 129 Rothgang, Susanne 099 Pan, Feng 182 Roue, Lionel 082 Panabiere, E. 143 Rousse, Gwenaelle 172 Pang, Jingyue 096 Rousselot, Steeve 082 Park, Gumjae 157 Rumpke, Christian A. 017 Park, HeeSung 080 Park, Kyu-Sung 087 S Passerini, S. 079 Sandler, J. 181 Paul, Sebastian 077 Sauer, Andreas 011, 112 Paulson, Scott 158 Sauer, D.U. 079 Pecht, Michael 083, 091, 092, 093, 096, Sauer, Dirk Uwe 099 Peng, Huei 119 Sawodny, Oliver 106 Peng, Linfa 063, 160 Schabel, Wilhelm 050 Peng, Yu 096 Schade, Wolfgang 010, 011 Pennanen, Jari 151 Scharf, Stefan 145 Pereira-Ramos, J.P. 143 Scharfer, Philip 050 Peres, Jean-Paul 072 Schauer, J. 109 Peters, Anja 011 Scheuch, Volker 044 Peters, Katharina 050 Schmall, Thomas 010 Peters, Roland 151 Schmidt, Torsten 184 Pichlmaier, Benno 024 Schmitt, Marcel 050 Pirnat, Klemen 065 Schmitt, Matthias 012 Pivak, Yevheniy V. 174 Schnorr, J. 181 Plöger, Markus 030 Schöffmann, Wolfgang 015 Plötz, Patrick 011 Schori, Markus 045 Potthast, Roland W.E. 103 Schott, Benjamin 078 Pu, Jian 150 Schubert, Jan 002 Puschmann, Frank 030 Schultalbers, Matthias 042, 045 Schulte-Cörne, Claus 023 Q Schwunk, Simon 073 Qi, Wen 153 Seidenstücker, Thomas 186 Qi, Zhan 056 Seo, Sang-Hern 061 Qiao, Jinli 175 Shao, Haibo 136 Qiao, Y.Q. 156 Shao, Zongping 055 Qiu, Diankai 063 Shapiro, I.P. 149 Shaula, Aliaksandr L. 174 R Shen, Jun 140 Radtke, A. 181 Shigefuji, Hiroshi 142 Ramani, Vijay K. 130 Siegel, Jason B. 062 Rao, Singiresu S. 105 Silva, Carla 004 Rauh, Jochen 040 Slugovc, Christian 088 Rehse, Chris 145 Soczka-Guth, Thomas 074, 075 Reichert, M. 079 Soffel, Christian 003 Reifenhäuser, Bernd 124 Somalu, M.R. 149 Reinold, Lukas Mirko 161 Song, Jia 179 Remmlinger, Jürgen 074 Song, Xuefeng 097 Ren, Xinbang 068 Sonnenberg, Victoria 185 Ren, Zhaoyu 081 Sonntag, Marcus 106 Reyter, David 082 Sorger, Helfried 015 Riedel, Ralf 161 Stäbler, D. 016 Rinjitham, Simtha 115 Stefanopoulou, Anna G. 062 Rios, Alberto 127 Steinmann, David 043 Rivas-Zöller, Claudio 046 Stevens, M. 084 Roppenecker, Günter 041 Straub, Sebastian 073



Strauch, Micro 022 Waliszewski, Lukasz 053 Stütz, Harald 108 Wallerang, Lars 013 Su, Qingmei 052 Walter, Matthias 128 Subban, Chinmayee V. 172 Wang, Chao-Yang 144 Sun, Chunwen 152 Wang, Dan 155 Sun, Fengchun 119 Wang, Dong 083 Sun, Guoping 139 Wang, Gang 081 Sun, Xiaoqiang 085 Wang, Geng-chao 054 Sun, Xuping 068 Wang, Hui 081 Sunden, Bengt 102 Wang, Jianlong 163 Swiderska-Mocek, Agnieszka 053 Wang, Jianming 136 Szabo, Lorand 019, 020 Wang, Jie 055 Wang, Jin 155 T Wang, Jing 131 Talke, Martin 110 Wang, Li 163 Tang, Xiaolin 039 Wang, Lixin 090 Tang, Yawen 134 Wang, Meng 159 Tarascon, Jean-Marie 172 Wang, Rui 169 Tavcar, G. 067 Wang, Wei 162 Tendeloo, Gustaaf van 172 Wang, X.L. 156 Terzimehic, Tarik 075 Wang, Xin 085 Tessier, Cecile 072 Wang, Xinghui 049 Thangadurai, Venkataraman 158 Wang, Xuejiang 133 Thankamony, Roshni Lilly 148 Wang, Yifang 169 Thielmann, Axel 011, 112 Wang, Yijing 056, 165 Thomas, Uwe 120 Wang, Ying 086, 164 Thomsen, Ed C. 066 Wang, Zhongming 138 Tian, Guangyu 163 Watanabe, Naoki 142 Tian, Jingqi 068 Weihrauch, Christoph 107 Tillmetz, Werner 077 Weinhold, Nick 042 Trechow, Peter 178 Weirum, G. 109 Trejo, Rosa 166 Weißbäck, Michael 015 Tschernych, Irina 076 Weiskircher, Thomas 031 Tsui, Kwok-Leung 092 Wengeler, Lukas 050 Tu, J.P. 156 Weyrich, M. 176 Tucker, Michael C. 166 Wiedemann, U. 109 Wiedemann, Uwe 108 U Wießner, G. 033 Uhrner, Till Erik 023 Wietelmann, Ulrich 076 Umland, Andreas 128 Wietschel, Martin 011, 112 Wilhelm, Florian 076 V Williard, Nicholas 091 Vahdati, Maria M. 103 Willmann, P. 143 Valledor, M. 118 Winter, M. 079 Vazquez-Arenas, J. 084 Wizemann, Ingo 120 Vetter, Matthias 073 Wobbe, Frank 042 Viana, Felipe A.C. 182 Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Margret 076 Viera, J.C. 118 Wollny, A. 181 Vortmann, Britta 047 Won, Mihee 148 Vries, Jaap de 190 Wood, Eric 116 Wu, Junwei 146 W Wu, Ping 134 Wachtler, Mario 076 Wu, Qiong 056, 165 Wagner, Markus 187 Wu, Qiuwei 114 Wagner, Sebastian 002 Wu, Rui 139 Waldecker, James R. 062 Wüst, M. 016 Waldowski, Paul 078



X Zhang, Chuanjian 133 Xia, Yongyao 155 Zhang, Chunming 155 Xian, Weiming 094 Zhang, Haiquan 164 Xiao, P. 149 Zhang, Han 069 Xiao, Qizhen 049 Zhang, Hui 146 Xiao, Shuqin 154 Zhang, Ji-Guang 162 Xie, Dong 052 Zhang, Jian 175 Xie, Kongwei 134 Zhang, Jianqing 136 Xie, Kui 169 Zhang, Jianwu 039 Xie, Lei 093 Zhang, Jiarui D. 115 Xing, Yinjiao 092 Zhang, Jing 175 Xing, Zhicai 068 Zhang, Jun 052 Xiong, YuePing 152 Zhang, Liqiang 090 Xu, Bin 134 Zhang, Liying 136 Xu, Hongxia 133 Zhang, Na 136 Xu, Hui-Feng 036 Zhang, Qing 049 Xu, Jialong 153 Zhang, Sheng S. 141 Xu, Liqiang 159 Zhang, Tao 058 Xu, Riqin 153 Zhang, Tong 039 Xu, Wu 162 Zhang, Yaoyao 155 Zhang, Zhengcheng 070 Y Zhao, Erqing 152 Yadav, Jyoti 009 Zhao, Hua 027 Yang, Guoyang 102 Zhao, Jianqing 086 Yang, Jiaqin 165 Zhao, Yanming 135 Yang, Jingshuai 129 Zhao, Yujuan 139 Yang, Junfang 169 Zheng, Jianming 162 Yang, Wei 152 Zheng, Yuying 173 Yang, Wensheng 138 Zhou, Aijun 164 Yang, Yusheng 134 Zhou, Haoshen 058, 132 Yang, Z.Gary 162 Zhou, Hui 131 Yanowitz, Janet 005 Zhou, Jianbao 096 Yao, Jianhua 133 Zhou, Mei-Lan 036 Yao, Wei 131 Zhou, Tao 160 Yi, Peiyun 063, 160 Zhou, Tianchi 175 Yin, Geping 137 Zhou, Yiming 134 Ying, Shaoqing 123 Zhou, Yingke 055 Yoshio, Masaki 157 Zhu, Hong 138 Yu, Haisheng 039 Zhu, Ping 182 Yu, Qi 153 Zuo, Pengjian 137 Yu, Shuping 138 Zupan, S. 034 Yu, Yang 167 Yuan, Huatang 056, 165 Yuan, Jinliang 102 Yuan, Weiwei 052 Yuan, Xianxia 144 Yufit, V. 149 Z Zach, Christoph 029 Zambroni de Souza, A.C. 122 Zanker, Christoph 010, 011 Zech, Matthias 120 Zehentbauer, Florian M. 089 Zeng, Rong 154 Zhai, Yanjun 159 Zhang, Biao 167



Schlagwortregister A Diffusionsmodell 095 Abgasemission 005 digitalisiertes Stromverteilungsnetz 124 ALD 086 Dimethylether 061 Alterung 051, 077 Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle 061, 085, Alterungsprozess 072 089, 138, 148, 154 Alterungstest 111 Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen 105 Aluminiumlegierung 179 Doppelschichtkondensator 168 Anforderung 017 Drehschwingungsregelung 040 Anionenaustauschmembran 175 Drive-by-wire 031 Anode 053, 062, 097 Druckeinfluss 066 Anodenmaterial 162 Anodenrecycling 151 E Anodenwerkstoff 058, 132, 155, 164, Einkristall 069 165 Eisenoxid 081, 140 Anschaffungskosten 018 Elektrifizierung 024, 025 Antriebsstrang 029 elektrischer Antrieb 026, 030 Antriebsstrangkonfiguration 022 Elektroantrieb 022, 032, 035 Antriebsstrangsteuerung 041 Elektroauto 008, 021 Atemwegserkrankung 009 Elektrobus 003 Aufprallenergieaufnahmevermögen 182 elektrochemische Leistung 070 Auslegungsmethodik 023 elektrochemische Stabilität 076 Autobatterie 051 Elektrode 050, 101, 173 Automobilbau 179, 180 Elektrodenwerkstoff 143, 158 Automobilindunstrie 010 Elektrofahrzeug 004, 007, 011, 018, 020, 036, 037, 040, 043, 044, 078, 091, 107, B 113, 114, 119, 120, 122, 176, 178, 183, Batteriekapazität 037, 092 188, 189 Batterieladung 117 elektrohydraulisches Bremssystem 043 Batteriemanagement 075, 106 Elektrolyt 047, 090, 172 Batterietechnologie 057 Elektrolytfilm 142 Batteriezustand 074 Elektromobilität 001, 007, 013, 112 Belgien 008 Elektroroller 019, 038 Betriebsparameter 100 eLi-Ionen-Batterie 110 Brandgefahr 185 Emission 004 Brennstoffspeicher 089 Energieeffizienz 046 Brennstoffzelle 062, 104, 175 Energiekapazität 064 Brennstoffzellenüberwachung 103 Energiemanagement 045, 121, 127 Brownmillerit 174 Energiespeicher 101, 157 Energiespeicher-Entwicklungsstand 112 C Energiespeicherung 048, 057 Calcium-Ferrit 174 Energieverbrauch 004 Cerdioxid 138 Energiewende 011, 017 CFD-Simulation 067 Entflammbarkeit 190 chemische Reduktion 168 Entwicklungsstand 180 Chloromethyl-Polysulfon 129 Entwicklungstrends 010 CO2 060 Erdkabel 115 CO2-Emission 016 Erneuerbare Energie 126 Copolymer-Dicyclopentadien-Norbornen 088 F Cr-N-C-Film 160 Fahrerassistenzsystem 107 Crashauslegung 189 Fahrstabilität 044 Crashsicherheit 188 Fahrwerksteuerung 031 Fahrzeug 005, 181 D Fahrzeug ans Netz 078 Dachanlage 123 Fahrzeugantriebsart 014 Demontage 176 Fahrzeugbatterieentwicklung 109 Dieselmotor 027 Fahrzeugbau 145



faserverstärkter Kunststoff 177 K Fehlererkennung 103 Kalibrierung 029 FEM-Simulation 020 Kalman-Filter 084, 091 FePO4-Nanopartikel 134 Karosserie 187 Fernverkehr 106 Katalysator 144 Ferrit 158 Katalysatorkorrosion 130 Festelektrolyt 087, 167 Kathode 068, 134 Festoxidbrennstoffzelle 060, 066, 102, Kathodenmaterial 139 142, 146, 149, 152, 158, 169 Kathodenwerkstoff 135, 150, 152, 157, Feststoffelektrolyt 132 166, 169, 171 Finnland 007 Kaufentscheidung 018 Flüssigkeitselektrolyt 141 Kohlenstoffaerogel 140 Förderprogramm 003 Kohlenstoffbeschichtung 164 Freiflächenanlage 123 Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 101 Freikolbenlineargenerator 021 Kohlenstoffnanoröhre 049 funktionale Sicherheit 109 Komposit 054, 136, 137, 181 Funktionserprobung 033 Kompositmembran 174 Fuzzy-Neuronalnetz 038 Kosteneffizienz 188 Fuzzy-Regelung 036 Kraftfahrzeugantrieb 015 Kraftfahrzeugbatterie 099 G Kraftstoffflexibilität 005 Gauß-Prozess 096 Kugelmühlenmahlung 143 Gelenkomnibus 002 genetischer Algorithmus 036 L Geräuschemission 183 Lademanagement 114 Gießtechnik 145 Ladestation 120 Glasfaser 181 Ladevorgang 113 Graphen 085 Ladezustand 083, 091 Graphenbeschichtung 163 Ladungsoptimierung 119 Graphene 131 Ladungsstrategie 116 Graphit 157, 173 Landwirtschaft 026 Lebensdauer 034, 075, 079 H Lebensdauerprognose 110 HIL-Simulation 030 Lebensdauervorhersage 093 Hochvoltbatterie 184 Lebenszyklusbewertung 006 hohe Crashanforderung 186 Leerlaufregelung 042 homogene Selbstzündung 028 Leichtbau 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, Hybridantrieb 002, 003, 012, 015, 023, 187 024, 027, 035 Leistung 061, 108 Hybridantriebsstrang 042 Leistungselektronik 035 hybridelektrisches Fahrzeug 016 Leistungsfluss 024 Hybridelektrofahrzeug 039 Leitfähigkeit 131 Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug 029, 045, 106 Lenksteuerung 002 Hybridfahrzeug 011, 184 LiFePO4 095 Hybridtechnologie 025 Literaturübersicht 145 Hydrogel 131 Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator 073, 118 I Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator 048, 052, 054, Impedanz 169 065, 069, 072, 076, 079, 080, 081, 083, Inhomogenität 077 090, 092, 094, 096, 099, 133, 135, 137, Integration 126 139, 159, 161, 165 intelligentes Lastmanagement 113 Lithium-Ionen-Batterie 001, 070, 078, Ionenaustauschmembran 147 156, 184 Lithium-Sauerstoff-Batterie 059 Lithium-Schwefel-Batterie 141, 163 Lithiumbatterie 064, 091 Lithiumbatterieentwicklung 087



Lithiumeisenhydroxysulfat 172 O Lithiumionen-Batterie 108 Oberflächenreaktion 102 Lithiumionenbatterie 047, 049, 050, 051, Ökobilanz 001 053, 055, 056, 058, 068, 071, 074, 075, Omnibus 046 077, 082, 086, 093, 095, 097, 107, 111, Online-Überwachung 064 119, 132, 134, 140, 153, 155, 162, 167, Optimierung 062 171, 172, 176, 185, 190 Lithiummangannitrid 143 P Lithiumtitanat 137, 164, 167 Parallelhybridfahrzeug 041 LiVO3-Kathodenmaterial 156 Partikelfilter 073 lokale Energiespeicherung 128 Partikelschwarmoptimierung 094 lokale Laserverfestigung 187 PEFC 130 Luftkühlung 080 PEM-Brennstoffzelle 063, 100, 160 Luftverschmutzung 009 Permanentmagnet -Synchronmaschine 019 M Personenkraftwagen 031, 032 makroporöse Polyvinylidenfluoridmembran Phaseninversion 170 170 photochemische Abscheidung 136 Manganoxid 085 Photovoltaik 048, 117, 123, 128 Markteinführung 013 Pkw 027, 035 Materialverbrauch 057 Planung 125 mechanische Eigenschaft 131 Platinkatalysator 138 mechanische Prüfung 166 plug-in electric vehicle 115 Mehrphasen-Lineargenerator 020 Plug-in Hybridfahrzeug 116, 117, 121, Membran 088 122 mesoporöse LiFePO4-Mikrokugeln 056 Plug-in-Hybridfahrzeug 084 Messverfahren 183 Politik 017 metallische Bipolarplatte 063 Polyanilin 054, 173 Metalloxid 086 Polybenzimidazol-Membran 129 Methan 060 Polymerelektrolyt 053, 133, 148 Methanoldehydrieren 098 Polymerelektrolytmembran 104 Mikrohohlkugel 052 Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle Mikrostruktur 055 067 MnO2 173 Polypyrrol 144 mobile Arbeitsmaschine 025 poröses Material 055 Mobilitätswandel 014 PPESK/PVDF/PPESK 153 Modell-basierte Analyse 059 Protonenaustauschmembran 154 Morphologie 049 R N Radantrieb 040 Nachhaltigkeit 006 Radnabenantriebentwicklung 033 Nachtsichtassistent 186 Radnabenmotor 034 Nafion-Membran 100 Reformierung 060 Nanokugel 068 Regelung 039, 045, 089 Nanoröhrchen 069 Reibungsbremse 032 Nanoröhre 136 Reichweite 021, 037 Nb2O5-Anode 157 Reinigung 062 Netzintegration 123 Ru-Katalysator 098 Neutronenbeugunguntersuchung 071 Ruhezeit 079 Nickelmanganoxid 171 RuO2 130 Nickeloxid 052 Niedrigtemperaturbrennstoffzelle 144 S Nutzfahrzeug 177 Schlickerbeschichtung 050 Schnellaufladung 118 Schutzüberzug 146 Separator (Batterie) 153 Sicherheit 183




Siebdruck-Anode 149 Zwischenverbindung 146 Siebdruckfarbe 149 Zyklusleistung 082 Siliciumcarbonitrid 161 Simulation 023 SiO2 130 Smart Grid 125, 127 SOFC-Brennstoffzelle 150, 151, 166 Sol-Gel-Verfahren 155 Solarenergie 127 Speichersystem 127 Sportwagen 108 Stahleinsatz 180 Standalone System 120 Statorkühlung 108 Steuerungssystem 038 Straßenverkehr 017 Stromabnehmer 082 Stromnetz 122, 125 Stromverteilungsnetz 126 Synthese 139 T Tailored Blanks 179 Tansportverkehr 006 Technik 017 Temperatur 051 Temperatureinfluss 066 Tetramethoxybenzol 065 TiO2 136 TiO2-Nanopartikel 147 Torque Vectoring 044 Traktionsantrieb 026 Traktor 024 Transporter 012 Triebstrangregelung 046 U Umfrage 008 V vehicle-to-grid 121 Verbraucherverhalten 008 Verbrauchseinsparung 027 Verbrennungsmotor 014, 015, 028 Verbundwerkstoff 159 Vergleich 004 W Wärmeübertragung 115 Wasserstoffproduktion 098 Wertschöpfung 010 Wirtschaftlichkeit 116 Z Zusammenhang 009 Zustandsüberwachung 074 Zustandsvorhersage 096

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