02 Petroleum System Bw[1]
Transcript of 02 Petroleum System Bw[1]
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Diese Powerpoint-Folien wurden fr Lehrveranstaltungen am Institut fr GeologischeWissenschaften der FU Berlin erstellt.
Das Urheberrecht fr Texte und Bildmaterial sowie fr die graphische Gestaltung aller Seitenliegt bei C. Heubeck, soweit nicht anders benannt.
Der Download sowie der Ausdruck von Texten, Bildern und graphischen Elementen isterwnscht, aber nur zum persnlichen, privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch gestattet.
Vervielfltigung und Verbreitung ist nur fr an der FU Berlin eingeschriebene Studierende zumZweck der Kursvor- und nachbereitung gestattet.
Trotz meiner sorgfltigen Bemhungen bernehme ich keine Gewhr fr die Richtigkeit,Vollstndigkeit und Aktualitt des dargestellten Materials.
Prof. Christoph HeubeckInstitut fr Geologische Wissenschaften
Freie Universitt BerlinMalteserstr. 74-100
12249 BerlinGERMANY
ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695 fax: ++49-(0)30-83870734
[email protected] http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/
The Petroleum System
Todays Lecture
What is a system ? What are the elements of the petroleum system ?Why is it important ?
Elements:Source rock
Reservoir Seal Trap Maturation and Migration Timing Product
Example: Bolivian Subandean SystemLinks and Literature
Todays Lecture: The Petroleum System
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What is a Petroleum System ?
Product
Reservoir
Timing
TrapMaturation
and Migration
Seal
Source Rock
What is a Petroleum System ?
Actually averyinteresting,creativeandstimulating
task
In geology,the mostintegrativefields of all
Own data (observational /deductive), and data from nearlyall other sciences
Source Rock
Seal
Elements of the Petroleum System
TrapTiming: Source rock -Reservoir Trap/Seal
- Migration
Product: Oil, Gas,CO2
Migration
Maturation Reservoir
Source rock
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Source rocks
O2
Source rocks
Petroleum,Gas
Organic-richshale
Diatomite
Petroleum,Gas
Phyto- and Zooplankton
Coal Gas
Plants
Properties of source rocks
Fine-grained (usually shale):Low grade of oxidation, low
permeability
Laminated: low oxygen, nobioturbation, no banthos
Sedimentation in deep water:
lack of oxygen, no water
mixing
Low-oxygen depositionalenvironment: organic material
(Corg) does not become oxidized
Sapropel black anoxic shale
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Fundamental Reservoir Properties
Porosity (; to store) Permeability (k; to flow)
high ;high k
low ;high k
low ;low k
high ;low k
Reservoir
Engineers
Reservoir
Geologists
Reservoir
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/coorong.htm
What kind of reservoirs ? Fractured reservoirs
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1-100
0.1-10
mm
1-10cm
0.1-1m
min
max
Kmin ?Kmax ?
Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity
0.1-10
km
1- 100
m
Trap
Trap
Traps form where the ability of migratinghydrocarbons to move is somehow arrested or
slowed down.
Stratigraphictraps
Structuraltraps
Stuctural Traps
Normal fault
Diapir
Anticline
above a thrust
ramp
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Structural Traps
Chabot Anticline in SE Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, US. Dag Nummedal
Structural Traps
Saudi Aramco Publication
Structural Traps
AAPG Explorer ads, 2004, Gulf of Mexico
Structural Traps
AAPG Explorer ads, 2004
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Structural Traps
Deepwater GOM, Green Canyon; AAPG Explorer ad, 20 03
Salz
Structural Traps
Structural Traps
Deepwater GOM, Alaminos Canyon; Fulgro Multiclient Services, AAPG Explorer ad, 2003
Stratigraphic Traps
Angular unconformity
Lateralpinchout
Paleohigh,e.g. reef ormound
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Stratigraphic Traps
Jurassic lagoonal washoverfans,Moose Mountain, Front Reage,
Canada; May 2000
Stratigraphic Traps
Saudi Aramcobrochure
Seal
low permeability high capillary entry pressure
Capillary seals
0.9 g/cm31.1 g/cm3
0.3 g/cm3
Reservoir
Seal
F
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Timing
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Trap Formation
Maturation /Migration
Timing: The Petroleum System Chart
Trap
Source Rock
Seal
Elements of the Petroleum System
Migration
Timing: Source rock -Reservoir Trap/Seal
- Migration
Product: Oil, Gas,CO2
Maturation Reservoir
Source Rock
Migration
Maturation
Migrationbefore TrapFormation
Reservoir
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Seal
TrapDeformation
after Migration:Seal failure,Trap breaching
Source Rock
Migration
Maturation Reservoir
Product
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
80-200C
Porosity (%)
Depth(km)
Water, oil, CH4, CO2
Oilgeneration
gasgeneration
CO2generation
Example
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BrazilianShield
IzozogArch
Basin
Suba
ndea
n
Cha
co
Belt
Chaco Basin: Geologic setting
Pipelineto SaoPaulo
Pipelineto Arica
4089 MMBOEUltimate Recovery:
8% Oil
77% Gas
15% Cond
Hydrocarbon significance
modified after Linquiat (1998)
Source rock: Los Monos Fm., Late Devonian Traps: Thrust-related anticlines
Devonian
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Triassic
Carboniferous
7 600 000
7 700 000
400 000
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00
1.01.0
2.02.0
3.03.0
4.04.0Two-waytraveltime(TWT)
W E8km
Top Guandacay Top Tar iquia Top Yecua
UnconformityTop CretaceousTop PetacaFault
Traps: Thrust-related anticlines Reservoir and Seal
Source: -4 km thickmarine shales
Iquiri Fm., shelf, Dev.-Carb.
Reservoir: Fluvial, shoreline, turbiditesandstone
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Trap Formation
Maturation /Migration
C
Los Monosetc.
Andean
Timing: The Chaco System
K T
Los Monosetc.
C
Anticl/ThRift
Rifting
Timing: The Chaco System
Depth(km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Los MonosFm.
110C80C
140C
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Timing: The Chaco System
Depth(km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Los MonosFm.110C
Erosion
170C
Summary: What is a Petroleum System ?
Product
Reservoir
Timing
TrapMigration
Seal
Source Rock
Seal
Elements of the Petroleum System
Source Rock
Migration
Trap
Reservoir
Quantity Quality Temperature history
Maturation
When ? Where? How fast? T history?
Where from ? Size of drainage
area ?
Efficiency ?
Lithology, Mineralogy Porosity, permeability Internal heterogeneity Water saturation Hydrocarbon characteristics Thickness, geometry,
facies, extent Faulting / fracturing
Geometry Age
Quality Thickness Composition