1 EPITHALAMUS 2 THALAMUS 3 SUBTHALAMUS 4 HYPOTHALAMUS

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DIENCEPHALON 1 EPITHALAMUS 2 THALAMUS 3 SUBTHALAMUS 4 HYPOTHALAMUS III. ventricle

Transcript of 1 EPITHALAMUS 2 THALAMUS 3 SUBTHALAMUS 4 HYPOTHALAMUS

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DIENCEPHALON

• 1 EPITHALAMUS

• 2 THALAMUS

• 3 SUBTHALAMUS

• 4 HYPOTHALAMUS

III. ventricle

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AMPHIBIANS

MAMMALS

increased

sensory inputs

pineal gland and

habenular nuclei

great

development

zona incerta and

subthalamic nucleus

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Diencephalon - vývoj

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DIENCEPHALON – mediální strana

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1-fornix

2-anterior commissure

3-cavity of III. ventricle

4-choroid plexus

5-corpus callosum

6-habenula

7-hypothalamus

8-interthalamic adhesion

9-interventricular foramen

10 mamillary body

11-optic chiasma

12- pineal body

13-posterior commissure

14-septum pellucidum

15-superior colliculus

16-thalamus

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Pohled na dorsální stranu thalamu po

částečném snesení hemisféry

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Senzitivní dráhy

Přehled drah

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Funkční dělení jader thalamu

1) Nespecifická – ncll. Intralaminares, mediani

2) Specifická sensorická

ventralis posteromedialis

ventralis posterolateralis

CGM

CGL

3) Specifická nesensorická

ventralis anterior

ventralis lateralis

ncll. anteriores

ncll. mediales

4) Asociační – Ncll. laterales

Ncll. posteriores

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NFP,MS,

ncll.V.n

Mozeček

Basální

gangliaggl. opticumCI

Hippocampus, amygdala,

hypothalamus

Retikulární

formace

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Limbický

systém

Motorická a

premotorická

kůra

Široké oblasti kůry

(aktivační systém)

Asociační kůra

Senzitivní kůra

Zraková kůra

Sluchová kůra

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Limbický

systém

Motorická a

premotorická

kůra

Široké oblasti kůry

(aktivační systém)

Asociační kůra

Senzitivní kůra

NFP,MS,

ncll.V.n

Mozeček

Basální

ganglia

Retikulární

formace

ggl. opticumCI

Hippocampus, amygdala,

hypothalamus

Zraková kůra

Sluchová kůra

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Limbický

systém

Motorická a

premotorická

kůra

Široké oblasti kůry

(aktivační systém)

Asociační kůra

Senzitivní kůra

NFP,MS,

ncll.V.n

Mozeček

Basální

ganglia

Retikulární

formace

ggl. opticumCI

Hippocampus, amygdala,

hypothalamus

Zraková kůra

Sluchová kůra

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Hypothalamus

optic chiasma

terminal lamina

mammilary body

hypothalamic sulcus

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Hypothalamus

Topografická anatomie

Jádra a spoje

Autonomické, neuroendokrinnní a limbické funkce

Spoje se hypofýzou

(hypothalamohypofyzální trakt a portální systém)

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mammilary body

optic chiasma

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Hypothalamus - cévní zásobení

anteromedial group

posteromedial group

Central arteries of Willis circuit

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rostrální část

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střední část

lateral hypothalamus

medial hypothalamus

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Nissl staining

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kaudální část

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1-fornix

2-anterior commissure

3-cavity of III. ventricle

4-choroid plexus

5-corpus callosum

6-habenula

7-hypothalamus

8-interthalamic adhesion

9-interventricular foramen

10 mamillary body

11-optic chiasma

12- pineal body

13-posterior commissure

14-septum pellucidum

15-superior colliculus

16-thalamus

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MEDIALNÍ

HYPOTHALAMUSFornix

Anterior hypothalamus

medial preoptic area

anterior hypothalamic area (ncl.)

supraoptic ncl.

paraventricular ncl.

suprachiasmatic ncl.

dorsal hypothalamic area

Middle hypothalamus (tuberal)

central tuberal area

(ventromedial ncl

dorsomedial ncl.)

tuberal ncll.

infundibular (arcuate) ncl

dorsal hypothalamic area

Posterior hypothalamus (mamillar)

posterior hypothalamic nucl

mammilary nucll.

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MEDIALNÍ

HYPOTHALAMUS

Anterior hypothalamus

medial preoptic area (APM)

anterior hypothalamic area (ncl.) (AHA)

supraoptic ncl.(SO)

paraventricular ncl (PV)

suprachiasmatic ncl. .(SCH)

dorsal hypothalamic area (AHD)

Posterior hypothalalmus

posterior hypothalamic nucl (NHP)

mammilary nucll.

Sagittal section through

the medial hypothalamus

-scheme

Middle hypothalamus (tuberal)

central tuberal area (ATC)

(ventromedial ncl-HVM

dorsomedial ncl.-HDM)

tuberal ncll.(magnocellular-Tmag, medial – TM)

infundibular (arcuate) ncl (inf)

dorsal hypothalamic area (AHD)

TM

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Sagittal section through

the lateral hypothalamus -

scheme

LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS

lateral preoptic area (APL)

lateral hypothalamic area (AHL)

dorsal hypothalamic area AHD)

lateral tuberal ncl (TL)

medial tuberal ncl. (TM)

supraoptic ncl.

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parasympathetic

system

sympathetic

system

limbic system

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suprachiasmatic ncl

„body clock“

preoptic area

termoregulation, sex behavior, sleep

anterior commissure

oxytocin, releasing hormones

lateral ncll.

increase food and

water intake

„hunger and thirst

center“

fornix

median eminence

arcuate nucleus

releasing hormones

infundibulum reduce food intake

„satiety center“

tuberomammilary ncll.

mammilary body

Hypothalamická jádra - hlavní funkce

response to

cold

supraoptic ncl –

antidiuretic hormone

Sleep

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Hypothalamus

• circadiánní rytmus (suprachiasmatic ncl.)

• rytmus spánku a bdění (VL preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area)

• termoregulace (preoptic area, posterior nuclei)

• příjem tekutin (supraoptic nucleus)

• příjem potravy (? ventromedial ncl., lateral nucleus ?)

• růst

• rychlost látkové přeměny

• reprodukce

• immunita (sympathetic fibers close to lymphatetic tissues)

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Schema hlavních aferentů a eferentů

hypothalamu

Hypothalamus

baroreceptors

chemoreceptors

solitary ncl

RF

photoreceptors

Limbic structures

Amy, Hipp, septum

prefrontal cortex

spinal

cord

olfactory tract

olfactory cortex

CSF

blood

Limbic structures

Amy, Hipp, septum

prefrontal cortex

Sympathetic ncll.

parasympathetic ncll.RF

Thalamus (MD)

Cortex

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Hypothalamus a limbický system

Cingulate gyrus

Hippocampal formation Amygdala Septum

Hypothalamus

fornixstria

terminalis

ventral

amygdalofugal

pathway

medial forebrain bundle

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Hypothalamus afferents

Prefrontal cortex

Bulbus olfactorius

Gyrus cinguli

Retina

Amygdala

Olfactory

cortex

Hippocampus

solitary tract ncl.

raphe ncll.

locus coeruleus

central gray matter

stria terminalis

fornix

Septal nucll.

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Hypothalamus afferents

Prefrontal cortex

Thalamus (MD)

Amygdala

Reticular

formation

Hippocampus

posterior vagal nucleus

central gray matter

stria terminalis

fornix

Septal

nucll.

Spinal cord

preganglion

sympathetic

neurons

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SCHRetina

Epiphysis

melatonin

SPVZ DMHyp

VLPOVLPO

extAHLat

TM

Cortex

Thalamus

GABA Glu

TRH

Basální telencephalon

PePo

LD

vSGC

Coe

RD

ACh

Glu

DA

NA

5-HT

Hist

GABA, galanin

--

-

-

-

orexin

-

ACh

-adenosin

- +

+

+ + + + +

+

+

+

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LDT/PPT

Th

acetylcholinvSGC

RD

Coe

AHL TMBasal

telencephalon

Cortex

Hypothalamus

histamin

dopamin

serotonin

orexin

noradrenalin

glutamate

acetylcholin

Části a mediátory

ascendentního

systému RF

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Suppression of the

arousal system by the

GABA from VLPO

(ventrolateral preoptic

area)

Lesion of VLPO - insomnia

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Vývoj

hypofýzy

4,5weeks6weeks

8 weeks

anterior lobe from Rathkes pouch (stomodeum) - epithelial cells

posterior lobe from diencephalon – glial cells

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corpus

mammilare

chiasma opticum

Fornix

Thalamus

PV

SO

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

POSTERIOR LOBE

ANTERIOR LOBE

melanocyte stimulating hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone

follicle stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormonegrowth

hormone

prolactin

Hypothalamo

hypophyseal axis

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Části hypofýzy

chiasma opticum

neurohypophysisadenohypophysis

tuberal part of anterior lobe

tuber cinereum

eminentia mediana

mammilary body

infundibulum

SOPV

pars intermedia

MSHcavities

(from Rathkes pouch)

Epithelial cells:

chromophils:

acidophils (80%): STH, prolactin

basophils FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, MSH

chromophobs

Pituicytes – glial cells

hypothalamohypophyseal

tract ADH, oxytocin

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Hypophysial portal system

sinuses sinuses

inferior hypophysial artery

superior hypophysial

artery

trabecular arterysupraopticohypophyseal tract

tuberoinfundibular tract

tuberal nucleiarcuate

nucleussupraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

A P

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Paraventricular nucleus – magnocelular (mc) and parvocelular (pc) part

supraoptic nucleus

vasopressin (ADH)

corticotropin

releasing hormon

vasopressin

oxytocin