THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK

1993-94

Man hat behauptet, die Welt werde durch Zahlen regien: das aber weiss ich, dass die Zahlen uns belehren, ob sie gut oder schlecht regien werde. GOETHE

Frederick Manin Sir John Scott-Keltie Mortimer Epstein S. H. Steinberg John Paxton Brian Hunter

Editors 1864-1883 1883-1926

1911127-1946 1946-1969

1963/69-1990 1990-

THE

STATESMAN'S

YEAR-BOOK

STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL ANNUAL

OF THE STATES OF THE WORLD

FOR THE YEAR

1993-1994

EDITED BY

BRIAN HUNTER

150th YEAR

M MACMILLAN

© The Macmtllan Press Ltd, 1993

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licencing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE (as amended).

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Published annually since 1864 l30th edition first published 1993 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke

Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Statesman's year-book.-1993-1994

1. Social conditions-Serials 909.82'8'05 HNI

ISSN 0081-4601 ISBN 978-0-333-57654-0 ISBN 978-0-230-27122-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230271227

Typeset in Great Britain by A. J. LATHAM LIMITED Dunstable, Bedfordshire

PREFACE

In this edition of the YEAR-BoOK a number of new governments make their appearance. The election of a Democrat as President of the United States is recorded, with voting figures state by state. The socialist President of France now 'cohabits' with a conservative government, there have been elections in Australia, Ireland, Israel and South Korea, and renewals of government in Cuba, Indonesia and China, the latter giving constitutional sanction to market forces in the economy. And as we go to press, referendums in Russia, Italy and Brazil suggest the possibi­lity of fundamental political changes there.

Following the break-up of Czechoslovakia by mutual agreement, the Czech Republic and Slovakia now have their own places in the alphabetical sequence. The twelve members or associates of the Commonwealth of Independent States are still grouped together in the text, mainly to accommodate the corpus of data which is still common to them all, although some integrationist tendencies are discernible. Macedonia, which has only just gained admission to the United Nations under the name of 'Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', and Bosnia-Hercegovina, where inter-ethnic fighting and atrocities are continuing despite the peacekeeping efforts of the international community, follow the entry for Yugoslavia.

The editor is very grateful to his colleagues for their work in the preparation of this edition, and to the many expert correspondents throughout the world whose contributions establish its authenticity and reliability.

THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BoOK WORLD GAZETTEER, thoroughly revised for its fourth edition by the former editor, Dr John Paxton, is available for those seeking further details about towns and regions.

THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BoOK OFFICE, B.H. THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON WC2R 3LF

v

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

On l Jan. !960 following an agreement between the standards laboratories of Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA, an inter­national yard and an international pound (avoirdupois) came into existence. I yard = 91·44 centimetres; I lb.= 453·59237 grammes.

The abbreviation 'm.' signifies 'million(s)' and tonnes implies metric tons.

LENGTH

Centimetre Metre Kilometre

0·394inch 1·094 yards 0·621 mile

LIQUID MEASURE Litre I· 7 5 pints Hectolitre 22 gallons

SURFACE MEASURE

Square metre Hectare Square kilometre

10·76 sq. feet 2-47 acres 0·386 sq. mile

DRY MEASURE

Litre Hectolitre

0·91 quart 2·75 bushels

WEIGHT-AVOIRDUPOIS

Gramme Kilo gramme Quintal ( =

IOOkg) Tonne(=

1,000 kg)

15·42 grains 2·205 pounds

220·46 pounds 0·984 long ton 1·1 02 short tons

WEIGHT-TROY Gramme

Kilo gramme

15-43 grains 32·15 ounces

2·68 pounds

BRITISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

LENGTH

I foot 0·305 metre I yard 0·914 metre I mile(=

I ,760 yds) 1·609 kilometres

SURFACE MEASURE

I sq. foot I sq. yard I acre I sq. mile

9·290 sq. decimetres 0·836 sq. metre 0-405 hectare 2·590 sq. kilometres

vi

WEIGHT

I ounce(= 437·2 grains) 28·350 grammes

lib.(= 7,000 grains) 453·6 grammes

1 cwt. (= 112 lb.) 50·802 kilo-

I long ton(= 2,240 lb.)

1 short ton ( = 2,000 lb.)

grammes

1·0 16 tonnes

0·907 tonne

LIQUID MEASURE

1 pint 1 gallon 1 quarter

0·568 litre 4· 546 litres 2·909 hectolitres

vii

CONVERSION OF UNITS

To convert from To Multiply by acre hectare 0-4047 barrel (oil) cu. metre 0·159 bushel (imperial) litre 36·37 bushel (US) litre 35·24 carat gramme 0·2 cu. foot cu. metre 0·028317 cu. metre cu. foot 35·315 foot metre 0·3048 gigawatt-hour kilowatt-hour 1,000,000 hectare acre 2·471 hundredweight (long) kilogramme 50·802 hundredweight (short) kilogram me 45-359 inch millimetre 25·4 kilogramme pound 2·2046 kilometre mile (statute) 0·62137 megawatt kilowatt 1,000 metre foot 3·2808 mile (nautical) kilometre 1·852 mile (statute) kilometre 1·6093 millimetre inch 0·03937 ounce (troy) gramme 31·103 pound kilogramme 0·45359 register ton cu. metre 2·832 sq. kilometre sq. mile 0·3861 sq. mile sq. kilometre 2·590 per sq. mile per sq. kilometre 0·3861 ton (long) tonne (metric) 1·016 ton (short) tonne (metric) 0·9072 tonne barrel (oi I) 7·33

viii

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations of the names of organizations also appear in the index.

The three-letter groups in parentheses after the names of currencies are the codes of the International Standardization Organization (ISO).

ACP Adm.

b. bbls. bd Brig. bu.

Cdr CFA CFP c.i.f. C.-in-C. CIS cu. CUP cwt

D. DWT

ECOWAS EEA EEZ EMS ERM

r.o.b. ft

G7 Group GDP Gen. GNP GRT

ha

ind

K kg kl km kw kwh

Ib(s) Lieut.

African Caribbean Pacific Admiral

born barrels board Brigadier bushel

Commander Communaute Financiere Africaine Communaute Financiere Pacifique cost, insurance, freight Commander-in-Chief Commonwealth of Independent States cubic Cambridge University Press hundredweight

Democratic Party dead weight tonnes

Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area Exclusive Economic Zone European Monetary System Exchange Rate Mechanism

free on board foot/feet

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA gross domestic product General gross national product gross registered lonnes

hectare(s)

independent(s)

ki ndergarten kilogramme(s) kilolitre(s) kilometre(s) kilowatt kilowatt hours

pound(s) (weight) Lieutenant

ix

ABBREVIA TIONS-contd.

m. million Maj. Major mw megawatt

NRT net registered tonnes

OUP Oxford University Press oz. ounce(s)

PAYE Pay-As-You-Earn

R. Republican Party

SADC Southern African Development Community SDR Special Drawing Rights sq. square SSI Supplemental Security Income

TAFE technical and further education TBVC Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei TV television

Univ. University

VAT Value-added tax vfd value for duty

CONTENTS

Comparative Statistical Tables

WHEAT

RYE

BARLEY

OATS

MAIZE

XIX RICE

XX MILLET

xxi SORGHUM

xxii SUGAR

XXlll PETROLEUM

MARITIME LIMITS xxx

CHRONOLOGY xxxiv

ADDENDA xlvi

Part I: International Organizations

The United Nations

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

SECURITY COUNCIL

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

SECRET ARIAT

MEMBER STATES OF THE UN

UNITE D NATIONS SYSTEM

Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the UN

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

World Health Organization (WHO)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

International Development Association (IDA)

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

Universal Postal Union (uPu) International Telecommunication Union (lTU)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

XI

xxiv

xxv

xxvi

xxvii

XXVlll

3

4

5

5

6

7

7

9

12

12 13 14 IS 16 21 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 30 31 32

xii

Other International Organizations

THE COMMONW EA LTH

WORLD CO UNCIL OF CH URC HES

CO NTENTS

BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNIONISM

ORGANISATION FO R ECONOMIC CO-O PERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

32 35 37 37

(OECD) 39 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION ( NATO) 40 EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS

Western European Union (WEU) 43 Council of Europe 44 European Communities 46 European Free Trade Association (EFT A) 51 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) 53 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) 53

COLOMBO PLAN 54 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 55 ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) 56 LATIN AMERICAN ECON OMIC GROUPINGS 58 CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) 59 SOUTH PACIFIC FORUM 61 LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES 61 GULF CO-OPERATION COUNCIL 62 ORGANIZATION O F TH E PET ROLEUM EXPO RTING CO UNTRIES (OPEC) 63 ORGANIZATION OF AFRI CAN UNITY (OAU ) 63 DANUB E COMMISSION 64 ANTARCTIC TREATY 64

Part II: Countries o/the WorldA-Z AFGHANISTAN 69 Tasmania 151 ALBANIA 74 Victoria 155

ALGERIA 80 Western Australia 161

ANDORRA 86 AUSTRIA 169

A NGOLA 88 BAHAMAS 175

ANGUILLA 92 BAHRAIN 180

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 94 BANGLADESH 185

ARGENTINA 97 BARBADOS 191

AUSTRALIA \04 BELGIUM 195

Territories BELIZE 204

Australian Capital Territory 124 BENIN 208 Northern Territory 126 BERMUDA 212 Australian External Territories 129

215 States

BHUTAN

New South Wales 133 BOLIVIA 219

Queensland 141 BOTSWANA 224 South Australia 146 BRAZIL 229

CONTENTS

BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY 238

BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 238

BRUNEI 239 BULGARIA 243 BURKINA FASO 250 BURMA 254 BURUNDI 259 CAMBODIA 263 CAMEROON 267 CANADA 272

Provinces 297 Alberta 298 British Columbia 302 Manitoba 305 New Brunswick 308 Newfoundland and Labrador 31 I Nova Scotia 315 Ontario 319 Prince Edward Island 322 Quebec 324 Saskatchewan 327 Territories Northwest Territories 329 Yukon Territory 332

CAPE VERDE 336 CAYMAN ISLA NDS 340 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 342 CHAD 346 CHILE 349 CHINA , PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF 355

Tibet 356

TAIWAN 367 COLOMBIA 373 COMMON WEALTH OF

INDEPENDENT STATES 379 Former USSR/CIS 390 Russia 400 Ukraine 414 Belorussia 418 Armenia 421 Azerbaijan 423 Moldavia 426 Central Asia 428 Kazakhstan 429 Kirghizia 431 Tajikistan 434 Turkmenistan 436 Uzbekistan 439

GEORGIA 442 COMOROS 447

CONGO

COSTA RICA

COTE D'\VOIRE

CROATIA

CUBA

CYPRUS

'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus'

CZECH REPUBLIC

Former Czechoslovakia DENMARK

Faroe Islands Greenland

DJIBOUTI

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EGYPT

EL SALVADOR

EQUATORIAL GUIN EA

ESTONIA

ETHIOPIA

FALKLAND ISLANDS

FIJI

FI NLAND

FRANCE

Overseas Departments Guadeloupe French Guiana Martinique Reunion Territorial Collectivities Mayotte St Pierre and Miquelon Overseas Territories Antarctic Territories New Caledonia French Polynesia Wallis and Futuna

GABON

THE GAMBIA

GERMANY

Liinder Baden-W lirttemberg Bavaria Berlin Brandenburg Bremen Hamburg

xiii

450 454 458 463 467 473

479 481 485 489 499 501 504 507 509 513 518 525 530 533 537 542 545 550 560 576 576 579 581 583

585 586 588 588 589 592 594 596 600 604

618 620 621 623 624 625

xiv CONTENTS

Hessen 626 Daman and Diu 767 Lower Saxony 628 Delhi 767 Meclclenburg-West Pomerania 629 Lalcshadweep 769 North Rhine-Westphalia 630 Pondicherry 769 Rhineland-Palatinate 632 INDONESIA 771 Saarland 633 Saxony 635 IRAN 778 Saxony-Anhalt 636 IRAQ 784 Schleswig-Holstein 637 IRELAND 790 Thuringia 638

805 ISRAEL GHANA 639

813 644

ITALY GIBRALTAR

823 647

JAMAICA GREECE

828 654

JAPAN GRENADA

837 658

JORDAN GUATEMALA

842 663

KENYA GUINEA 847

666 KIRIBATI

GUINEA-BISSAU 850

669 SOUTH KOREA

GUYANA 856

673 NORTH KOREA

HAITI 861

678 KUWAIT

HONDURAS 866

683 LAOS

HONG KONG 870

690 LATVIA

HUNGARY 874

698 LEBANON

ICELAND 879

704 LESOTHO

INDIA 883

States and Territories 723 LIBERIA

Andhra Pradesh 723 LIBYA 887

Arunachal Pradesh 725 LIECHTENSTEIN 892 Assam 726 LITHUANIA 895 Bihar 728 LUXEMBOURG 899 Goa 729

MADAGASCAR 903 Gujarat 730 Haryana 732 MALAWI 908 Himachal Pradesh 734 MALAYSIA 912 Jammu and Kashmir 735 Peninsular Malaysia 918 Kamataka 737 Kerala 739 Sabah 920

Madhya Pradesh 741 Sarawak 922

Maharashtra 743 MALDIVES 926 Manipur 745 MALI 928 Megha1aya 747

MALTA 932 Mizoram 748 Nagaland 749 MARSHALL ISLANDS 938 Orissa 750 MAURITANIA 940 Punjab 752 MAURITIUS 944 Rajasthan 754

MEXICO 948 Sikkim 756 Tamil Nadu 757 MICRONESIA 956 Tripura 759 MONACO 958 Uttar Pradesh 761 MONGOLIA 961 West Bengal 762 Territories

MONTS ERRAT 966

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 765 MORO CCO 968

Chandigarh 766 MOZAMBIQUE 974 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 766 NAMIBIA 978

NAURU

NEPAL

NETHERLANDS

Aruba Netherlands Antilles

NEW ZEALAND

Territories Overseas Cook Islands Niue

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

NORWAY

Dependencies

OMAN

PAKISTAN

PANAMA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

PITCAIRN ISLAND

POLA'ID

PORTUGAL

Macao

QATAR

ROMANIA

RWANDA

ST HELENA

ST KITTS AND NEVIS

ST LCCIA

ST VINCENT

SAN MARINO

SAO TOM E

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL

SEYCHELLES

SIERRA LEO NE

SINGAPORE

SLOVAKIA

SLOVENIA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

SOMALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

Cape of Good Hope Natal Transvaal

CONTENTS

984 986 989

1000 1002

Orange Free State Bophuthatswana Transkei Venda Ciskei

SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE

xv

1199 1201 1203 1204 1206

1006

1018 1019 1021

SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS 1209

1023 1028 1031 1037 1049 1051 1056 1065 1071 1077 1083 1089 1095 1096 1105 1112 1115 1119 1127 1130 1132 1135 1138 1141 1143 1145 1151 1155 1158 1162 1169 1174 1177 1181 1184 1196 1197 1198

SPAIN

Western Sahara SRI LANKA

SUDAN

SURINAME

SWAZILAND

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

SYRIA

TANZANIA

THAILAND

TOGO

TONGA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

TUNISIA

TURKEY

TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS

TUVALU

UGANDA

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

UNITED KINGDOM

Great Britain Area and Population Climate Royal Family Constitution and Government Defence International Relations Economy Energy and Natural Resources Industry Foreign Economic Relations Communications Justice Religion Education Welfare Northern Ireland Isle of Man Channel Islands

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Area and Population Climate Constitution and Government

1210 1222 1224 1231 1235 1239 1243 1255 1264 1269 1274 1280 1284 1287 1291 1296 1304 1306 1308 1313 1317 1317 1317 1324 1324 1325 1332 1337 1337 1342 1346 1347 1352 1355 1361 1363 1371 1379 1388 1390 1395 1395 1402 1403

xvi CONTENTS

Defence 1412 Ohio 1526 International Relations 1421 Oklahoma 1529 Economy 1421 Oregon 1532 Energy and Natural Resources 1426 Pennsylvania 1536 Industry 1430 Rhode Island 1538 Foreign Economic Relations 1433 South Carolina 1541 Communications 1435 South Dakota 1543 Justice 1437 Tennessee 1545 Religion 1438 Texas 1547 Education 1439 Utah 1550 Welfare 1441 Vermont 1552 States 1445 Virginia 1554 Alabama 1445 Washington 1556 Alaska 1448 West Virginia 1558 Arizona 1451 Wisconsin 1561 Arkansas 1453 Wyoming 1564 California 1455 Outlying Territories Colorado 1458 Guam 1566 Connecticut 1461 Be1au 1568 Delaware 1463 Northern Marianas 1569 District of Columbia 1465 American Samoa 1571 Florida 1466 Other Pacific Territories 1573 Georgia 1469 Puerto Rico 1573 Hawaii 1471 Virgin Islands 1576 Idaho 1473 Illinois 1475 URUGUAY 1579

Indiana 1478 VANUATU 1584 Iowa 1480 VATICAN CITY STATE 1587 Kansas 1482

VENEZUELA 1590 Kentucky 1484 Louisiana 1487 VIETNAM 1596 Maine 1489 BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 1602 Maryland 1491

WESTERN SAMOA 1604 Massachusetts 1493 Michigan 1496 YEMEN 1607 Minnesota 1498 YUGOSLAVIA 1611 Mississippi 1500

Montenegro 1618 Missouri 1503 Montana 1505 Serbia 1619

Nebraska 1507 Kosovo 1620

Nevada 1510 Vojvodina 1621

New Hampshire 1512 BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA 1621 New Jersey 1514 MACEDONIA 1623 New Mexico 1517 ZAIRE 1625 New York 1519 North Carolina 1522 ZAMB IA 1630 North Dakota 1525 ZI MBABW E 1634

PLACE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IND EX 1643

PRODUCT IN DEX 1681

PERSON IND EX 1693

ADDENDA xlvi

COMP ARA TIVE

STATISTICAL

TABLES

WH

EA

T2

Are

a ( 1

,000

ha

) P

rodu

ctio

n (1

,000

tonn

es)

Ave

rage

A

vera

ge

Ran

k C

ount

ries

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

in

199

1 A

rgen

tina

24

5 5,

348

5,65

4*

4,30

0 I

8,06

0 10

,300

11

,014

* 9,

000

14

Aus

tral

ia

11,4

40

9,00

4 9,

236

7,91

6 14

,468

14

,214

14

,210

9,

633*

II

B

ulga

ria

986

1,13

8 1,

163

1,20

0 3,

881

5,42

5 5,

292

4,50

3 21

C

anad

a 11

,386

13

,627

14

,393

14

,515

20

,430

24

,578

32

,709

32

,822

6

Chi

na

28,9

30

29,8

42

30,7

50

30,1

51

59,1

96

90,8

10

98,2

30

95,0

03 I

I

Cze

chos

lova

kia

1,12

1 1,

239

1,23

7 1,

204

4,48

2 6,

356

6,70

7 6,

205

15

Egy

pt

577

644

821

931

1,84

4 3,

182

4,26

8 4,

483

22

Fra

nce

4,47

3 5,

013

5,14

8 5,

154

22,3

62

31,8

13

33,3

12

34,4

83

5 G

erm

any

2,34

0 2,

554

2,43

0 2,

408

11,2

29

14,5

09

15,2

42

16,6

10

8 H

unga

ry

1,18

7 1,

242

1,22

1 1,

152

4,80

0 6,

540

6,19

8 5,

954

16

Indi

a 22

,364

24

,109

23

,502

23

,977

34

,550

54

,110

49

,850

54

,500

3

Iran

5,

831

6,25

7 6,

500

I 6,

650

I 5,

874

6,01

0 8,

218

5,87

7 17

It

aly

3,37

3 2,

994

2,77

3 2,

679

8,98

9 7,

413

8,04

8 9,

539

12

Mex

ico

723

1,14

5 93

3 96

5 2,

754

4,37

4 3,

931

4,11

5 23

M

oroc

co

1,67

3 2,

630

2,71

9 2,

641

1,50

0 3,

927

3,61

4 4,

939

20

Pak

ista

n 6,

865

7,73

0 7,

845

7,87

1 10

,760

14

,419

14

,316

14

,505

9

Pol

and

1,52

5 2,

195

2,28

1 2,

437

4,18

9 8,

500

9,00

0 9

,269

13

R

oman

ia

2,15

4 2,

319

2,25

8 2,

191

5,37

1 7,

840

7,29

0 5,

442

18

Sau

di A

rabi

a 71

72

0 71

0*

740*

16

0 3,

192

3,60

0*

4,00

0*

25

Spa

in

2,62

8 2,

295

2,00

5 2,

257

4,51

0 5,

456

4,7

59

5,39

2 19

T

urke

y 9,

208

9,22

7 9,

415

9,43

0 I

17,0

58

16,2

00

20, 0

00

20,4

00

7 U

SS

R/C

IS 3

59

,463

47

,676

48

,214

45

,976

89

,859

92

,307

10

9,60

0 80

,000

I 2

UK

1,

434

2,08

3 2,

013

1,98

0 8,

116

14,0

30

14,0

33

14,3

63

10

US

A

20,8

98

25,1

67

28,0

37

23,3

47

66,2

29

55,4

28

74,4

75

53,9

15

4 Y

ugos

lavi

a 1,

475

1,47

9 1,

495

1,54

7 4

,624

5,

599

6,35

9 4

,109

24

Wor

ld to

tal

234,

834

226,

58

9

232,

250

223,

806

442,

768

542.

722

601,

723

550,

993

* Uno

ffic

ialf

igur

es.

I F

AO

est

imat

es.

2 In

clud

es s

pell

. 3

Doe

s no

t in

clud

e sp

ell.

)< x'

>< R

YE

><

Are

a (1

,000

hay

P

rodu

ctio

n (1

,000

ton

nes)

A

vera

ge

Ave

rage

R

ank

Cou

ntri

es

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

in 1

991

Arg

enti

na

199

75

101

100

1 16

9 71

96

* 90

1 15

A

ustr

ia

105

91

93

85

327

381

396

350

8 B

ulga

ria

21

25

24

25

29

52

49

45

20

Can

ada

362

501

419

192

638

873

713

354

7 C

hina

73

3 65

01

650

1 65

01

1,38

5 1,

187

900

1 90

01

4 C

zech

oslo

vaki

a 17

1 17

5 17

1 12

7 53

4 70

8 73

6 48

4 5

Den

mar

k 59

10

0 10

9 80

22

1 48

7 54

5 39

5 6

Fra

nce

121

73

65

58

368

261

236

217

13

Fin

land

44

69

81

10

88

19

6 24

4 28

23

G

erm

any

1,20

3 1,

006

1,05

6 71

1 3,

822

3,90

0 3,

988

3,32

4 3

Gre

ece

4 19

19

17

7

42

35

32

22

Hun

gary

72

97

92

92

11

7 26

7 23

2 22

1 12

It

aly

15

8 8

8 35

21

21

19

25

N

ethe

rlan

ds

10

7 9

7 39

33

36

34

21

P

olan

d 2,

970

2,27

5 2,

314

2,28

9 6,

166

6,20

0 6,

100

5,89

9 2

Port

ugal

16

6 12

7 11

1 99

12

8 10

6 86

70

18

R

oman

ia

33

40*

401

26

65

95

89

75

16

Spa

in

219

227

207

198

239

337

274

242

II

Sw

itze

rlan

d 8

4 3

4 35

21

17

22

24

S

wed

en

58

71

74

43

197

319

335

165

14

Tur

key

439

180

158

190*

55

8 19

1 24

0 25

6 9

US

SR

/CIS

1

7,55

7 10

,745

10

,371

8,

528

9,30

9 20

,057

24

,300

13

,000

1 I

UK

6

7 8

9 25

36

40

49

19

U

SA

29

5 19

6 15

2 16

0 47

4 34

7 25

9 24

8 10

Y

ugos

lavi

a 56

37

38

38

1 78

75

72

72

* 27

W

orld

tota

l 15

,042

16

,909

16

,470

13

,846

24

,951

36

,055

40

,042

26

,663

*

Uno

ffici

al fi

gur

es.

1 F

AO

est

imat

es.

BA

RL

EY

A

rea

( 1,0

00 h

ay

Pro

duct

ion

(1,0

00 to

nnes

) A

vera

ge

Ave

rage

R

ank

Cou

ntri

es

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

in 1

991

Alg

eria

87

5 1,

000

1,20

0*

1,40

0*

592

790

833

1,75

1 19

A

ustr

alia

2,

539

2,36

8 2,

510

2,82

1 3,

278

4,04

4 4,

040

4,02

5 11

A

ustr

ia

370

292

292

297

1 ,2

88

1,42

2 1,

521

1,42

7 24

B

ulga

ria

425

360

360

383

1,43

9 1,

572

1,38

7 1,

495

23

Can

ada

4,6

31

4,66

0 4,

702

4,48

0 11

,199

11

,673

13

,925

12

,463

3

Chi

na

1,29

5 96

0 I

960

I 1,

000

I 3,

133

3,00

0 I

3,00

0 I

3,00

0*

14

Cze

chos

lova

kia

972

751

745

792

3,52

4 3,

550

4,07

1 3,

793

12

Den

mar

k 1,

580

988

901

936

6,25

0 4,

959

4,98

7 5,

041

9 F

inla

nd

579

517

486

541

1,42

1 1,

630

1,72

0 1,

749

20

Fra

nce

2,67

0 1,

834

1,75

6 1,

749

10,9

97

9,84

0 10

,020

10

,651

4

Gen

nany

2,

970

2,64

1 2,

613

2,53

5 12

,158

14

,399

13

,992

14

,494

2

Hun

gary

26

5 28

3 29

7 35

4 84

8 1,

340

1,36

9 1 ,

552

22

Indi

a 1,

802

1,08

1 99

1 97

7 2,

020

1,72

2 1,

486

1,64

2 21

Ir

an

1,65

2 2,

651

2,65

0 I

2,65

0 I

1,54

8 2,

847

3,36

0 2,

636

16

Irel

and

349

263

237

193

1,64

3 1,

474

1,38

0 1,

281

25

Ital

y 32

4 47

1 46

7 46

7 91

4 1,

644

1,70

3 1,

815

18

Mor

occo

2,

190

2,39

9 2,

415

2,35

7 1,

712

2,99

9 2,

138

3,25

2 13

P

olan

d 1,

362

1,17

5 1,

174

1,23

7 3,

563

3,90

0 4,

200

4,25

7 10

R

oman

ia

833

768

749

1,01

8 2,

321

3,43

6 2,

680

2,95

1 15

S

pain

3,

520

4,25

7 4

,359

4

,372

6,

571

9,30

8 9,

410

9,14

1 6

Sw

eden

67

8 50

1 49

2 49

1 2,

323

1,87

0 2,

123

1,93

5 17

T

urke

y 2,

846

3,33

2 3,

321

3,40

0*

5,48

0 4,

500

7,30

0 7,

800

7 U

SS

R/C

IS I

33

,456

27

,611

26

,116

28

,761

42

,505

48

,509

56

,600

I 42

,000

I I

UK

2,

333

1,65

2 1,

515

1,39

3 10

,058

8,

Q70

7,

911

7,62

7 8

US

A

3,21

4 3,

364

3,04

7 3,

405

8,83

8 8,

800

9,19

2 10

,113

5

Wor

ld to

tal

81,2

05

74,9

28

72,8

25

76,1

74

156,

649

167,

5 41

181,

946

169,

385

* U

noff

icia

l fi

gure

s.

1 F

AO

est

imat

es.

)(

~.

OA

TS

><

~:

Are

a (/

,00

0 h

a)

Pro

duct

ion

(1,0

00 to

nnes

) A

vera

ge

Ave

rage

R

ank

Cou

ntri

es

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

in 1

991

Alg

eria

14

8 11

3 75

14

0 I

92

60

41

127

24

Arg

enti

na

35

445

324*

35

0*

431

668

434*

45

0*

13

Aus

tral

ia

1,20

1 1,

136

1,06

3 1,

339

I ,3

86

1,64

0 1,

568

1,615

* 6

Aus

tria

93

67

62

61

29

8 24

9 24

4 22

6 21

B

razi

l 76

20

4 18

9 24

9 77

23

6 17

30

3 17

C

anad

a 1,

501

1,70

8 1,

217

887

2,99

3 3,

546

2,85

1 1,

894

3 C

hile

84

69

78

77

15

1 16

5 20

5 20

7 22

C

hina

40

0 50

0*

560*

55

0*

600

600

I 60

0 I

600

I 10

C

zech

oslo

vaki

a 13

2 10

3 93

89

41

8 33

0 42

1 34

8 16

D

enm

ark

40

30

24

25

166

125

121

126

25

Fin

land

44

4 44

6 45

3 34

3 1,

183

1,44

4 1,

662

1,15

5 8

Fra

nce

525

266

218

177

1,85

0 1,

034

848

733

9 G

erm

any

854

562

473

380

3,34

8 2,

010

2,10

5 1,

867

5 H

unga

ry

45

45

48

48

125

149

163

136

23

Ital

y 22

3 16

9 15

7 14

8 43

3 29

6 29

8 36

5 15

N

orw

ay

108

132

126

131

424

423

601

530

II

Pola

nd

1,08

2 80

3 74

7 68

6 2,

730

2,20

0 2,

\00

1,87

3 4

Rom

ania

57

10

6 14

4 21

0 57

16

8 23

4 25

8 19

S

pain

45

3 34

5 34

9 32

3 52

7 49

4 51

9 41

0 14

S

wed

en

481

433

388

364

1,63

5 1,

455

1,58

4 1,

426

7 T

urke

y 19

9 14

0 13

7 15

2*

350

216

270

255

20

US

SR

/CIS

12

,160

10

,751

10

,691

10

,751

14

,372

16

,828

I 18

,800

I 14

,000

I I

UK

14

2 11

9 10

7 10

3 58

7 52

5 53

0 52

3 12

U

SA

3,

743

2,78

5 2,

406

1,94

1 7,

234

5,42

3 5,

189

3,52

0 2

Yug

osla

via

199

144

139

137

I 29

6 27

9 28

0 27

3*

18

Wor

ld to

tal

25,6

52

23,0

27

21,4

92

20,8

78

42,5

18

41,6

73

42,7

99

34,1

86

* U

noff

icia

l fi

gure

s. I

FAO

est

imat

es.

MA

IZE

Are

a (1

,00

0 h

al

Pro

duct

ion

(1,0

00

(ann

es)

Ave

rage

A

vera

ge

Ran

k C

ount

ries

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

in

199

1 A

rgen

tina

2,

895

1,52

0 1,

672*

1,

959

9,33

3 4,

260

5,04

9 7,

768*

II

B

razi

l 11

,430

12

,932

11

,389

11

,892

19

,265

26

,573

21

,347

23

,774

3

Bul

gari

a 60

5 56

3 42

4 56

0 2,

626

2,26

5 1,

221

2,71

8 21

C

anad

a 1,

039

1,00

3 1,

036

1,08

4 5,

901

6,37

9 7,

157

7,31

9 13

C

hina

19

,986

20

,435

21

,400

20

,490

60

,720

79

,259

96

,820

93

,350

I 2

Egy

pt

800

842

830

911*

3,

159

4,52

9 4

,799

5,

270*

16

F

ranc

e 1,

774

1,94

1 1,

561

1,76

6 9,

641

13,3

35

9,2

91

12,7

87

5 G

erm

any

122

209

214

283

752

1,57

3 1,

552

1,9'

37

25

Hun

gary

1,

270

1,10

5 1,

082

1,10

6 7,

022

6,99

6 4

,500

7,

509

12

Indi

a 5,

887

5,91

5 5,

954

5,70

0 6,

486

9,65

1 9,

073

9,10

0 7

Indo

nesi

a 2,

761

2,94

4 3,

158

3,00

9 4,

035

6,19

3 6,

734

6,40

9 14

It

aly

956

804

768

857

6,59

0 6,

360

5,86

4 6,

308

15

Ken

ya

1,27

3 1,

554

1,50

0 1

1,50

0 1

1,71

4 2,

836

2,63

0*

2,25

0*

23

Nor

th K

orea

63

3 70

5 I

710

1 71

41

3,83

3 4,

450

I 4

,400

I 4,

500

I 18

M

exic

o 6,

836

6,45

8 7,

339

7,05

1 11

,868

10

,945

14

,635

13

,527

4

Phi

lipp

ines

3,

267

3,68

9 3,

820

3,58

9 3,

174

4,52

2 4,

854

4,65

5 17

R

oman

ia

3,22

6 2,

733

2,46

1 2,

570

10,2

18

6,76

2 6,

810

10,4

93

6 S

outh

Afr

ica

4,90

0 3,

778*

3,

475*

3,

026*

11

,322

12

,061

8,

900*

8,

938

8 S

pain

45

0 51

6 47

7 48

3 2,

227

3,22

4 3,

027

3,15

1 20

T

anza

nia

1,35

0 1,

980

1,63

1 1,

848

1,76

2 3,

125

2,44

5 2,

332

22

Tha

ilan

d 1,

412

1,71

0 1,

545

1,67

7 3,

103

4,39

3 3,

722

4,15

0 19

T

urke

y 58

3 50

9 51

5 51

51

1,26

3 2,

000

2,10

0 2,

180

24

US

SR

/CIS

2

3,06

3 4

,120

4,

414

3,97

0 9,

076

15,3

05

9,9

00

8,50

0 1

9 U

SA

29,6

61

26,1

84

27,0

94

27,8

59

192,

084

191,

156

201,

508

189,

867

1 Y

ugos

lavi

a 2,

250

2,27

8 2,

229

2,30

0*

9,73

6 9,

415

6,72

4 7,

818

10

Wor

ld to

tal

126,

294

129,

514

128,

926

129,

150

422

,083

47

4,09

5 47

9,3

40

478,

775

* U

noff

icia

l fi

gure

s.

I F

AO

esli

mal

es.

2 F

or d

ry g

rain

onl

y.

)<

~.

RIC

E (

Pad

dy)

>< >< :;:-A

rea

(1,0

00 h

ay

Pro

duct

ion

(1,0

00 to

nnes

) A

vera

ge

Ave

rage

R

ank

Cou

ntri

es

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

in 1

991

Ban

glad

esh

10,3

10

9,53

4 10

,435

10

,940

20

,125

27

,324

26

,778

28

,580

4

Bra

zil

5,93

2 5,

250

3,94

5 4,

143

8,55

3 11

,044

7,

420

9,49

5 10

B

urm

a 4,

684

4,73

2 4,

760

4,83

0 12

,637

13

,803

13

,969

13

,197

7

Cam

bodi

a 1,

262

1,80

0 I

1,80

01

1,80

0 I

1,35

2 2,

555*

2,

500*

2,

400

17

Col

ombi

a 42

8 4

32

52

1 43

5 1,

831

1,88

4 2,

117

1,73

9 21

C

hina

34

,323

33

,176

33

,060

33

,100

* 14

5,66

5 18

2,46

1 18

9,33

0 18

7,54

0 I

I E

gypt

4

16

41

3 43

6 43

3*

2,37

6 2,

679

3,16

7 3,

152

16

Indi

a 40

,091

42

,167

42

,596

42

,200

* 74

,557

70

,667

74

,053

74

,600

2

Indo

nesi

a 9,

063

10,5

21

10,5

02

10,1

87

29,5

70

44,7

26

45,1

79

44,3

21

3 Ir

an

43

0

519

605

585

I 1,

448

1,85

4 2,

273

1,22

2 25

It

aly

176

206

214

205

989

1,24

6 1,

291

1,24

4 24

Ja

pan

2,38

4 2,

097

2,07

4 2,

049

13,3

20

10,3

47

10,4

99

9,60

4 9

Nor

th K

orea

63

5 67

01

670

1 68

0 4,

733

5,40

01

5,30

01

5,10

0 12

S

outh

Kor

ea

1,23

0 1,

257

1,24

4 1,

340

6,78

0 8,

100

7,73

2 5,

380

11

Lao

s 72

2 59

6 63

8 64

01

1,02

5 1,

404

1,49

1 1,

400

I 23

M

adag

a sca

r 1,

182

1,14

8 1,

160

I 1,

100

I 2,

055

2,38

0 2,

420

2,20

0 I

20

M

alay

sia

722

647

639

635*

2,

053

1,74

4 1,

655

1,55

0*

22

Nep

al

1,27

5 1,

433

1,45

5 1,

432*

2,

361

3,39

0 3,

502

3,60

0 I

14

Nig

eria

51

7 1,

770

1,28

9 1,

642

* 1,

027

3,30

3 2,

500

3,18

5*

15

Pak

ista

n 1,

981

2,10

7 2,

113

2,06

0 4,

884

4,83

0 4

,897

4,

903

13

Phi

lipp

ines

3,

513

3,49

7 3,

319

3,42

3 7,

893

9,45

9 9,

319

9,67

0 8

Sri

Lan

ka

819

890

828

860*

2,

093

2,06

3 2,

538

2,38

9 18

T

hail

and

8,98

6 9,

983

9,65

0*

10,0

00*

16,9

67

20,1

77

17,3

00*

19,5

00

5 U

SS

R/C

IS

637

656

610

605

I 2,

558

2,56

0 2,

473

2,20

0 I

19

Vie

tnam

5,

579

5,88

4 6,

028

6,29

5*

11,8

12

18,9

96

19,2

25

19,4

28*

6

Wor

ld to

tal

143,

788

148,

102

147,

927

148,

366

396,

370

517,

272

521,

703

519,

869

* U

noff

icia

l fig

ures

. I

FA

O e

stim

ates

.

MIL

LE

T

Are

a (1

,000

hay

P

rodu

ctio

n (1

,000

tonn

es)

Ave

rage

A

vera

ge

Ran

k C

ount

ries

19

79-8

1 19

89

1990

19

91

1979

-81

1989

19

90

1991

in

199

1 A

ngol

a 80

11

0 11

0 11

01

49

63

63

61

24

Arg

enti

na

203

45

55*

50*

245

50

91*

65*

20

Ban

glad

esh

61

90

90

851

40

67

63

601

25

Bur

kina

Fas

o 80

3 1,

278

1,15

01

1,13

5*

390

649

449*

75

7*

7 B

urm

a 17

9 17

5 16

8 17

7 1

80

116

126

138

1 16

C

amer

oon

130

60

61 1

60

1 98

65

* 65

1 63

* 21

C

had

360

525

488

617

182

179

172

302

II

Chi

na

3,98

1 2,

398

2,27

9 2,

230

5,79

0 3,

754

4,57

6 4,

501

1 2

Gha

na

182

244

124

209

117

180

75

112

18

Indi

a 17

,845

15

,946

15

,120

15

,000

* 9,

189

10,7

21

10,4

62

9,00

0*

I K

enya

80

96

* 10

01

100

1 84

60

* 62

1 63

22

N

orth

Kor

ea

62

50 I

501

501

66

601

601

62

23

Mal

i 84

3 1,

083

1,21

3 1,

205

1 48

1 84

2 73

7 79

2*

6 N

epal

12

2 19

3 19

9 20

01

121

225

232

220

1 13

N

iger

3,

011

3,

568

3,10

0 1

4,38

4 1,

311

1,33

5 I,

113

1,

853

5 N

iger

ia

2,36

6 4

,000

1

4,3

501

3,90

0 1

2,49

6 4,

700

5,13

6 4,

200

1 3

Pak

ista

n 12

2 19

3 19

9 20

0 1

121

225

232

220

1 14

S

eneg

al

932

953

865

872*

55

5 63

9 51

4 56

0*

9 S

udan

1,

098

1,56

0 66

2 1,

118

436

161

85

308

10

Tan

zani

a 45

0 30

01

178

1 28

61

360

300

200

1 27

01

12

Tog

o 12

1 12

6 14

3 12

01

44

97

58

70*

19

Uga

nda

297

381

376

381

473

610

564

600

1 8

US

A

89

158

1 11

7 1

125

1 10

7 19

01

140

J 15

01

15

US

SR

/CIS

2,

794

2,98

3 3,

093

3,04

4 1,

759

4,10

8 3,

647

3,60

0 1

4 Z

imba

bwe

2 35

3 29

6 23

3 28

3 15

3 14

2 14

3 12

2 17

Wor

ld to

tal

37,6

64

37,9

10

35,7

23

37,1

17

25,6

10

30,3

72

29,8

96

28,9

70

* U

noff

icia

l fig

ures

. 1

FAO

est

imat

es

2 O

n fa

rms

and

esta

tes.

>< >< <

SO

RG

HU

M

x >< S.

Are

a (/

,000

ha)

P

rodu

ctio

n (/

,00

0 to

nnes

) A

vera

ge

Ave

rage

R

ank

Cou

ntri

es

/979

-8/

/989

/9

90

/99

/ /9

79-8

/ /9

89

/9

90

/99

/ in

/9

9/

Arg

enti

na

1,86

6 59

7 68

8*

676*

5,

641

1,36

0 2,

016

2,25

1 7

Aus

tral

ia

548

625

380

402

1,08

4 1,

244

946

893

9 B

razi

l 81

16

5 13

3 18

1 17

2 24

1 22

8 27

2 22

B

urki

na F

aso

1,05

1 1,

362

1,25

0 I

1,29

5*

620

991

751*

1,

113

8 C

amer

oon

374

513*

51

3 I

500

I 30

1 34

3*

350

I 40

0*

17

Cha

d 41

4 43

3 43

9 49

6 21

0 23

7 28

0 30

5 20

C

hina

2,

828

1,65

4 1,

570

1,60

0*

7,03

4 4

,577

5,

777

5,61

5 I

3 C

olom

bia

220

239

273

257

488

695

777

738

I II

E

gypt

17

2 12

5 13

4 13

9*

641

585

630

655*

13

E

thio

pia

2 1,

048

880

I 75

0 I

800

I 1,

419

1,04

3 78

7 I

805

I 10

F

ranc

e 75

71

67

69

33

2 30

1 26

4 38

8 18

G

hana

22

3 28

4 21

5 26

3 14

0 21

5 13

6 24

1 24

In

dia

16,3

61

14,8

38

14,4

98

15,0

00*

11,3

80

12,8

98

11,8

78

10,8

00

2 M

ali

434

774

809

750

I 34

1 73

1 53

1 72

9*

12

Mex

ico

1,4 9

1 1,

620

1,82

0 1,

380

4,99

1 5,

004

5,97

8 4,

367

5 N

iger

82

2 1,

470

1,00

0 I

2,06

7 34

7 42

1 28

6 46

8 16

N

iger

ia

2,68

3 4

,954

4,

000

I 4,

600

I 3,

284

4,83

1 4,

185

4,80

0 I

4 P

akis

tan

403

440

417

440*

23

5 26

2 23

9 26

0*

23

Sou

th A

fric

a 37

7 28

1 24

7*

215*

54

0 46

8 27

5*

280

21

Sud

an

3,05

4 3,

801

2,75

9 4,

694

2,27

3 1,

536

1,18

9 2,

941

6 T

anza

nia

713

487

380

I 57

0 I

543

537

368

I 48

0 I

15

Tha

ilan

d 22

0 17

8 18

8 17

0*

237

231

237

233

25

Uga

nda

175

231

240

245

I 31

2 34

7 36

0 38

0 I

19

US

A

5,27

3 4,

493

3,67

8 3,

974

19,1

57

15,6

32

14,5

62

14,7

20

I V

enez

uela

22

7 28

9 17

6*

275*

36

5 59

5 37

6 61

6*

14

Wor

ld to

tal

45,0

7/

44,9

04

40,

5/6

44

,702

65

, 52

/ 5

9,I

I3

56,6

77

57,7

63

• U

noff

icia

l fi

gure

s.

I F

AO

est

imat

es

2 In

clud

es te

ff.

xxvii

CENTRIFUGAL RAW SUGAR (i n 1,000 tonnes)

Average Rank Countries 1979- 81 1989 1990 1991 in 1991

Argentina 1,584 1.018 1.35 1' 1.594' 19 Australi a I 3,243 3.797 3,536 2.800" I I Belgium-Luxembourg 994 1.038* 1,120* 906* 26 Brazi l 7,99 1 7.793' 7.835* 8,675" 3 China 3.809 6. 179* 5.820 7.836* 5 Colombia 1,192 1,492 1.589 1.617 18 Cuba 7.5 10 7.579 8,445* 6,900 6 Czechoslovakia 808 703 686 714 29 Dominican R epubl ic 1.142 693 590 656' 32 Egypt 666 946' 971 ' 1,064* 22 France 4.720 4.198* 4.743' 4.675* 8 Gennany 3,936 3.953 4,671 8,455 4 Guatemala 409 673 839 9 18 25 Hungary 5 11 603 595 736' 28 India 3 5,380 9. 156 11,168 12,528* I Indonesia 2 1.286 2,108 2,2 18 2,334 1 2 Iran 630 602' 625' 760' 27 Italy 1,956 1.879* 1.584' 1.640* 17 Mauritius 6 15 568 624 611 33 Mexico 2,780 3.625 3.278 3.943* 10 Morocco 364 605 638 675* 30 Netherlands 1,000 1,240* 1,337* 1.060* 23 Pakistan 3 738 2.011 * 2,01 7* 2.086' 14 Peru 57 1 628 601 550' 35 Philippines 2.342 1.645* 1,810* 1,780* 16 Poland 1.530 1,865 2, 142 1.587 20 South Africa 2.0 11 2.293 ' 2.289* 2,152* 13 Spain 934 953 1,043* 1.037* 24 Thai land 1.534 4.052' 3,056* 4,006' 9 Turkey 1.178 1,378* 1.946* 1,957" 15 USSR/CIS 7,0 17 9.565 " 9.130* 8,750' 2 UK 1.2 15 1 .377 1.349 1.292 21 USA 5,345 6.004 6.273 6 .531 7 Venezuela 344 524 499 556* 34 Yugoslavia 798 1.015 934" 663* 31

World total 88.706 105.542 110.823 112.224

" Unofficial fig ures. I 94° net titre. 2 Tel que!. 3 Includes sugar (raw value) refined from gur.

xxviii

WORLD ESTIMATED CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION (in 1,000 tonnes)

1970 1990 1991 1992

Africa Algeria* 47,253 56,673 58,454 58,065 Angola 5,066 23,553 24,751 25,569 Congo 8,064 7,596 8,303 Cote d'!voire 315 60 63 Egypt 44,933 45,790 44,991 Gabon* 5,460 13,754 14,982 14,898 Libya* 159,201 65,990 73,968 73,206 Nigeria* 53,420 90,736 96,455 96,987 Tunisia 4,151 4,536 5,222 5,353 ZaIre 1,411 1,380 1,352

Caribbean Area Colombia 11,071 22,151 21 ,503 22,326 Cuba 736 817 771 Trinidad 7,225 7,776 7,235 7,130 Venezuela* 193,209 110,550 122,545 120,819

Far East Australia 8,292 26,840 25,376 24,719 Brunei 6,916 6,554 8,049 8,850 Burma 750 728 694 670 China 20,000 137,599 138,592 141,566 India 6,809 33,309 31 ,287 29,984 Indonesia* 42,102 70,104 78,859 76,456 Japan 750 534 746 863 Malaysia 30,024 30,342 30,374 New Zealand 1,736 1,890 1,794 Pakistan 486 2,925 3,054 3,046 Thailand 1,816 2,065 2,315 Vietnam 2,482 3,900 5,401

Middle East Abu Dhabi* 33,288 79,301 95,117 91,282 Bahrain 3,834 2,084 1,975 1,895 Dubai* 20,901 20,861 19,373 !ran* 191 ,663 157,084 166,731 172,817 !raq* 76,600 100,681 14,876 20,871 Kuwait* 137,397 1 58,729 1 9,567 1 52,973 1 Oman 32,848 34,857 36,991 Qatar* 17,257 19,125 18,823 20,871 Saudi Arabia* 176,851 1 321,928 1 410,0471 420,209 1 Sharjah* 1,802 1,922 1,927 Syria 4,350 22,944 24,644 27,060 Turkey 3,461 2,904 4,562 4,314 Yemen 9,931 9,804 9,959

I Figures for Saudi Arabia and Kuwail include shares of production from the Neutral Zone, all allocated to Saudi Arabia from Aug. 199010 Jan. 1991.

*Member of OPEC.

xxix

WORLD ESTIMATED CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION

(contd.)

(in 1,000 tonnes)

1970 1990 1991 1992

North America Canada 69,954 92,239 93,181 97,262 USA 533,677 414,500 422,079 411,241

Latin America Argentina 19,969 24,959 24,783 28,588 Bolivia 1,128 973 1,034 985 Brazil 8,009 32,144 31,703 32,506 Chile 1,620 962 871 732 Ecuador* 191 14,482 14,843 15,885 Mexico 21,877 147,697 155,270 155,430 Peru 3,450 6,897 6,109 6,023

USSR/CIS and Eastern Europe Albania 1,199 1,067 1,022 985 Bulgaria 334 60 55 50 Czechoslovakia 203 125 140 133 Hungary 1,937 1,974 1,893 1,852 Poland 424 l60 158 158 Romania 13,377 7,930 6,788 6,604 USSR/CIS 352,667 569,309 515,416 450,241 Yugoslavia 2,854 3,568 2,159 1,128 I

Western Europe Austria 2,798 1,151 1,282 1,196 Denmark 5,995 7,092 7,616 France 2,308 3,023 2,950 2,927 Germany 7,536 3,595 3,404 3,224 Italy 1,408 4,753 4,353 4,613 Netherlands 1,919 3,976 3,730 3,343 Norway 49,500 81,782 92,394 106,305 Spain 156 795 1,067 1,094 UK 84 91 ,615 91,112 94,094

World total 2,336,153 3.158. 046 3,150.417 3,169.366

I Serbia and Montenegro only. * Member of OPEC.

xxx

MARITIME LIMITS (IN MILES) Jurisdiction over fisheries

(measured/rom the baseline 0/ State Territorial Sea the territorial sea)

Albania 12 (1976) Algeria 12(1963) Angola 20 (1975) 200 (1975) Antigua and Barbuda 12 (1982) 200 (1982) I

Argentina 12 (1991) 200 (1991) 1 Australia 12 (1990) 200 (1979) Bahamas 12 (1991) 200(1977) Bahrain 3 Bangladesh 12 (1974) 200 (1974) I

Barbados 12 (1977) 200 (1979) 1 Belgium 12 (1987) up to median line (1978) Belize 12 (1992) 200 (1992) 1 Benin 200 (1976) Brazil 12 (1988) 200 (1988) Brunei Darussalam 12 (1983) 200 (1983)

(or median line) Bulgaria 12 (1951) 200 (1987) 1 Burma 12 (1988) 200 (1977) I

Cambodia 12 (1969) 200 (1979) I

Cameroon 50 (1974) Canada 12 (1970) 200 (1977) Cape Verde 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I

Chile 12(1986) 200 (1986) I China 12 (1958) 200 (1992) I

Colombia 12 (1978) 200 (1978) I

Comoros 12(1976) 200 (1982) I

Congo 200 (1977) Costa Rica 12(1982) 200 (1975) 1 Cote d'Ivoire 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I

Cuba 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I

Cyprus 12(1964) Denmark (including Faroe

Islands and Greenland) 3 (1966) 200 (1977) Djibouti 12(1979) 200 (1979) I

Dominica 12 (1981) 200 (1981) 1 Dominican Republic 6 (1967) 200 (1977) I Ecuador 200 (1966) Egypt 12 (1958) 200 (1983) I

EI Salvador 200 (1983) Equatorial Guinea 12 (1984) 200 (1984) I Ethiopia 12(1953) Fiji 12 (1977) 200 (1981) 1 Finland 4 (1956) 12 (1975)

France 12 (1971) (or agreed boundary)

200 (1977) I

Gabon 12 (1986) (except Mediterranean)

200 (1986) I

Gambia 12(1969) 200 (1978) Germany 3 2 200 (1977) Ghana 12 (1986) 200 (1986) I

Greece 6 (1936) 200 (1986) I Grenada 12 (1978)3 200 (1978) I Guatemala 12 (1976) 200 (1976) I

Guinea 12 (1980) 200 (1980) 1 Guinea-Bissau 12 (1978) 200 (1978) I

1 Exclusive Economic Zone. 2 In the Baltic Sea; off the former GDR, 12 miles; in the German Bight, at least 12 miles: area defined by coordinates. 3 10 miles for aviation purposes.

xxxi

MARITIME LIMITS (IN MILES)-contd. Jurisdiction over fisheries

(measuredfrom the baseline of State Territorial Sea the territorial sea)

Guyana 12 (1977) 200 (1977) Haiti 12 (1972) 200 (1977) I

Honduras 12 (1965) 200(1951)1 Iceland 12 (1979) 200 (1979) I

India 12 (1967) 200 (1977) I

Indonesia 12 (1957) 2 200 (1980) 1.7 Iran 12 (1959) 8

Iraq 12(1958) Ireland 12(1988) 200 (1977) Israel 12 (1990) Italy 12(1974) Jamaica 12 (1971) Japan 12 (1977) 200 (1977) Jordan 3 (1943) Kenya 12 (1971) 200 (1979) I

Kiribati 12(1983) 200 (1983) I Korea (North) 12 (1967) 200 (1977) I

Korea (South) 12(1978) 12 Kuwait 12 (1967) Lebanon 12 (1983) Liberia 200 (1976) Libya 12 (1959) Madagascar 12(1985) 200 (1985) I

Malaysia 12 (1969) 200 (1984) I Maldive, Republic of 12(1975) (1976) 1. 3 Malta 12 (1978) 25 (1978) Mauritania 12(1988) 200 (1988) I Mauritius 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I

Mexico 12 (1972) 200 (1976) I

Monaco 12 (1973) (1985) 9 Morocco 12(1973)4 200 (1981) 1,4 Mozambique 12 (1976) 200 (1976) I Namibia 12 (1990) 200 (1990) Nauru 12 (1971) 200 (1978) Netherlands 12(1985) 200 (1977) New Zealand 12 (1977) 200 (1978) I

Nicaragua (1979) 5 200 (1979) 5 Nigeria 30 (1971) 200 (1978) I

Norway 4 (1812) 200 ( 1977) I

Oman 12 (1977) 200 (1981) I

Pakistan 12 (1976) 200 (1976) I

Panama 200 (1967) Papua New Guinea 12 (1977) 200 (1978)

(offshore waters) Peru (1947) 5 200 (1947) 5 Philippines 6 200 (1978) 1

1 Exclusive Economic Zone. 2 The territorial sea of Indonesia is measured by straight lines surrounding the archipelago. 3 Territorial limits and economic zone defined by geographical co-ordinates. 4 Limits with opposite or adjacent states to be fixed by agreement, failing which median line

principle to apply. 5 Sovereignty and jurisdiction over the sea, its soil and subsoil up to 200 miles. 6 The territorial sea of the Philippines is determined by straight base-lines joining appropriate

points of the outermost islands forming the Philippine archipelago in accordance with Treaties of 1898. 1900 and 1930 (1961).

7 200 mile exclusive fisheries zone established 1985. 8 Outer limits of the superjacent waters of the continental shelf. 50-mile fishing zone in the

Sea of Oman (J 973). 9 Half way to Corsica.

xxxii

MARITIME LIMITS (IN MILES)-contd. Jurisdiction over fisheries

(measuredfrom the baseline of Slale Territorial Sea the territorial sea)

Poland 12 (1978) to be determined by inter-national agreement (1978)

Portugal 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Qatar 12 I

Romania 12 (1956) 200 (1986) 2 Russia 9 12(1982) 200 (1982) 2 St Kitts and Nevis 12 (1984) 200 (1984) 2 StLucia 12(1984) 200 (1984) 2 St Vincent and the Grenadines 12 (1983) 200 (1983) 2 Sao Tome and Principe 12 (1978) 200 (1978) 2 Saudi Arabia 12 (1958) 6

Senegal 12 (1985) 200 (1985) 2 Seychelles 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Sierra Leone 200 (1971) Singapore 3 (1878) Solomon Islands 12 (1978) 200 (1986) Somalia 200 (1972) South Africa 12 (1977) 200 (1977) Spain 12 (1977) 200 (1978) 2

(except Mediterranean) Sri Lanka 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Sudan 12 (1987) Suriname 12 (1978) 200 (1978) 2 Sweden 12 (1980) up to equidistance line

with neighbouring states Syria 35 (1981) Tanzania 12 (1989) 200 (1989) 1

Thailand 12(1966) 200 (1980) 2 Togo 30 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Tonga 12(1978)3 200 (1978) Trinidad and Tobago 12 (1969) 200 (1986) 2 Tunisia 12 (1973) Turkey 7 200 (1986) I Tuvalu 12 (1984) 200 (1984) 2 Ukraine 9 1~~1982) 200 (1984) 2 United Arab Emirates 5

UK 12 (1987) 200 (1977) USA 12 (1988) 200 (1983) 2 Uruguay 200 (1969) Vanuatu 12 (1978-82) 200 (1978-82) 2 Venezuela 12 (1956) 200 (1978) 2 Vietnam 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Western Samoa 12 (1971) 200 (1980) 2 Yemen 8 Yugoslavia 12 (1979) Zaire 12(1974) 200 (1992)

1 Limited by agreement by the outer limits of the superjacent waters of the continental shelf or by a median line (1974).

2 Exclusive Economic Zone. 3 1978 legislation not yet in force. 4 Sharjah, 12 miles. 5 Limits to be defined by agreement, failing which median line to apply (1980). 6 Outer limits of the superjacent waters of the continental shelf. 76 Aegean (1964),12 Black Sea and Mediterranean. 8 Situation under review following unification. 9 Limits as determined for the former USSR.

The table above is reproduced from a survey prepared by the FAO.

Further Reading Allard. D. 1.. The Exclusive Economic Zone in International Law. Oxford. 1987 Booth. K .• Law. Force and Diplomacy at Sea. London. 1985 Buzan. 8.. Seabed Politics. New York. 1976 Churchill . R. R. and Lowe. A. V .• The Lawo/theSea. Manchester. 1988 Janis. M. W .• Sea Power and the Lawo/the Sea. Lexington. 1977 Luard. E .• The Control o/the Sea-Bed. London. 1974

xxxiii

Moore. G .• Coastal State Requirements/or Foreign Fishing. FAO Legislative Study No. 21. 3rd revision. Rome. 1988

Sangar. C. Ordering the Oceans: The Makillg 0/ the Law 0/ the Sea. Univ. of Toronto Press. 1987

UN. Law o/tlle Sea: a Select Bibliography. 1991

xxxiv

1992 April 2

CHRONOLOGY

Burundi President Pierre Buyoya announces cabinet reshuffle and gives up defence portfolio.

France Pierre Beregovoy appointed Prime Minister.

3 Albania Sali Berisha, leader of Democratic Party, elected Presi-dent by People's Assembly.

5 Germany Extreme right-wing parties make significant gains in state elections in Baden-Wiirttemberg and Schleswig-Holstein.

Peru President Alberto Fujimoro suspends constitution and dis­solves parliament.

5-6 Italy Inconclusive general election leads to resignation of Presi-dent Francesco Cossiga.

6 Yugoslavia EC recognises independent Bosnia-Hercegovina, fol-lowed by USA on 7 April.

Zai"re National conference suspended on 19 Jan. resumed, adopts sovereign status on 17 April.

7 EC European Parliament passes resolution effectively approving Maastricht Treaty.

Thailand Supreme Commander of armed forces General Suchinda Kraprayoon appointed Prime Minister

Yugoslavia UN Security Council recommends full deployment of UN protection force in Yugoslavia.

9 UK Conservative Party led by John Major wins fourth consecutive term of office in general election.

10 Iran First round of voting to elect new parliament.

II Australia Ruling Australian Labor Party humiliatingly defeated in by-election.

13 Brazil Major cabinet reshuffle by President Fernando Collor de Mello in response to corruption scandals.

14 Czechoslovakia President Vaclav Havel announces intention to seek further presidential term.

15 Afghanistan President Najibullah removed from power. Ethiopia Ceasefire signed by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary

Democratic Front and Oromo Liberation Front. Libya Mandatory UN sanctions come into force. Vietnam National Assembly unanimously approves new constitu­

tion.

16 Malawi President Hastings Banda dissolves National Assembly and announces legislative elections.

24 Afghanistan Majority of mujahideen groups agree three-stage plan for transfer of power following fall of Najibullah.

26 Mali Alpha Oumar Konare, leader of Alliance for Democracy, elected President in second-round voting.

27 St Lucia United Workers ' Party led by Prime Minister John Compton wins third five-year term in general election.

Yugoslavia Federal Assembly adopts constitution of new Yugoslav state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the two republics of Serbia and Montenegro only.

28 Yugoslavia UN agrees in principle to extend involvement in Yugoslavia to Bosnia.

1992 April

May

June

30

2

S

7

9

II

17

18

21 23-30

24

2S

26

27

2

xxxv

CHRONOLOG Y-contd.

Sierra Leone President Joseph Momoh displaced in coup.

Sierra Leone Captain Valentine Strasser named chairman of new National Provincial Ruling Counci l.

EFTAIEC Agreement on European Economic Area signed by members of both EFT A and EC.

Pakistan Fundamentalist 1lP party announces withdrawal from ruling Islamic Democratic Alliance.

Suriname Suspension of guerilla hostilities announced.

Russia President Boris Yeltsin announces establishment of Russian Federation armed forces.

Azerbaijan Armenians take control of Shusha, last Azerbaijani stronghold in disputed area of Nagorno-Karabakh.

The Gambia President Dawda Jawara sworn in for fifth term. Philippines Fidel Ramos e lected President.

Haiti OAS agrees to tighten trade sanctions against military­backed provisional government.

Turkmenistan New constitution adopted unanimously by Supreme Soviet.

EC Radical reform of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) agreed.

Fiji Fijian P olitical Party led by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka wins general election.

Thailand Prime Minister Suchinda Kraprayoon resigns after violent protests against military clampdown and intervention of King.

Italy Christian Democrat Speaker of Chamber of Deputies Oscar Luigi Scalfaro elected President.

CIS Commander-in-Chief of CIS armed forces announces removal of Black Sea fleet from CIS command.

Brazil Congress approves special commission of enquiry into cor­ruption allegations against President Fernando Coli or de Mello.

ECiDenmark Referendum result opposes by small margin ratifica­tion of Maastricht Treaty.

Kazakhstan New constitution adopted by Supreme Soviet. USA Final round of primary elections gives President George

Bush and Governor Bill Clinton Republican and Democrat nominations respectively.

3-14 UN UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (,Earth Summit') held.

4- 5 Poland Vote of no confidence in government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski.

5 Sudan Government and two factions of rebel Sudanese People's Liberation Army agree to peaceful negotiations.

5- 6 Czechoslovakia Elections to Czechoslovak Federal Assembly and Czech and Slovak parliaments.

6 Somalia Eleven factions agree to implement UN-backed ceasefi re.

8 Mali Alpha Oumar Konare sworn in as President.

xxxvi

1992 June

July

9

12

13

15

16

17

18

CHRONOLOG Y-contd.

Indonesia President Suharto's ruling Golkar party retains power in parliamentary elections.

Hong Kong First forcible repatriations of 'boat people' to Vietnam under new UKNietnamese accord.

Canada Inter-provincial talks on constitutional reform collapse without agreement.

Russia Yegor Gaidar named Prime Minister by President Boris Yeltsin.

Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaore appoints Youssouf Ouedraogo Prime Minister.

Lebanon Release of two German relief workers held hostage since May 1989.

Chad Military government pre-empts coup. Czechoslovakia VacIav Klaus of dominant Czech Civil Demo­

cratic Party anounces intention to stand as Czech rather than fed­eral Prime Minister.

ECllreland Referendum in favour of ratification of Maastricht Treaty.

Italy Giuliano Amato of Socialist Unity Party appointed Prime Minister.

23 Czechoslovakia Slovak National Council elects Ivan GasparoviC as chairman.

Israel Labour Party under ltzhak Rabin win elections to Knesset (parliament), ending 15 years of Likud domination.

South Africa African National Congress withdraws from constitu­tional talks after Boipatong massacre.

25 Black Sea states Conference of heads of II Black Sea countries sign economic co-operation pact.

26--27 EC Lisbon summit of heads of state and government aims to maintain momentum towards integration.

Malawi Single-party elections to National Assembly. Mercosur Meeting of Presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay

and Uruguay, members of planned Latin American common market, due to begin operations on 31 Dec. 1994.

28 EC Resignation of Carlo Ripa de Meana, EC Commissioner for the Environment, to serve in Italian government.

Estonia Referendum endorses draft constitution providing for par­liamentary system with strong presidency.

29 Algeria Assassination of Mohammed Boudiaf, president of High Committee of State.

Thailand House of Representatives dissolved by royal decree.

30 Philippines General Fidel Ramos sworn in as President.

3

5

6

Poland Hanna Suchocka approved as Prime Minister.

Ecuador Sixto Duran Ballen, leader of right-wing United Repub­lican Party, wins run-off presidential elections.

CIS Meeting of heads of state in Moscow agrees to establish joint peace-keeping force.

Northern Ireland First meeting of all main parties and Irish gov­ernment ministers since 1922.

1992 July

Aug.

6-8

7

9

9- 10

14

16

17

18

20

23-26

2

3

7

10

12

xxxvii

CHRONOLOGY-contd.

G7 18th annual summit of group of seven industrialised countries.

Canada Compromise agreement on constitutional reform an­nounced.

Bolivia Eight political parties agree package of constitutional, judicial and educational changes.

CSCE Leaders of 52 member countries agree to transform the CSCE into an effective body capable of preventing wars and promoting political stabi lity.

Yugoslavia Milan Panic elected Prime Minister.

Macedonia Government falls after failing to gain international recognition for an independent Macedonia following Greek objections to its using the name 'Macedonia' .

Czechoslovakia Slovak National Council approves declaration of sovereignty; resignation of federal President Vaclav Havel.

UK John Smith elected leader of Labour Pany to replace Neil Kinnock.

Yugoslavia EC states that new Yugoslav federation of Serbia and Montenegro is unacceptable as successor state to the former Yugoslavia.

Seychelles President France-Albert Rene's ruling Seychelles People's Progressive Party wins majority in multi-party elec­tions.

Suriname Peace accord signed by government and two largest guerilla groups.

Croatia President Franco Tudjman and ruling Croatian Demo­cratic Union win overwhelming victory in first Croatian presi­dential and legislative elections.

CIS Russian and Ukrainian Presidents sign agreement on division of Black Sea fleet.

Mozambique President Joachim Chissano and Alfonso Dhlakama, leader of rebel Mozambique National Resistance, sign peace accord to end civil war by Oct. 1992.

Northern Ireland Ulster Defence Association banned.

North America USA, Canada and Mexico agree terms of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFf A).

Somalia UN representative Mohammed Sahnoun signs agreement with rebel leader Gen. Farah Aidid for deployment of 500 Un guards to protect food supplies.

12-14 Cyprus Inconclusive direct talks between George Vassiliou, Presi-dent of Cyprus, and Rauf Denktash, president of the self­proclaimed Turkish Republic of North Cyprus.

13-14 Bosnia Extraordinary session of UN Human Rights Commission unanimously condemns Serbs' policy of forced expUlsions ('ethnic cleansing').

16 Congo Pascal Lissouba, leader of Pan-African Union for Social Democracy, wins second and final round of presidential elec­tions.

xxxviii

1992 Aug.

Sept.

18

19

20

22-26

26

26-27

27

28

31

3

4

CHRONOLOG Y-contd.

Canada Constitutional conference opens to discuss Pearson accord, draft agreement negotiated by nine English-speaking provinces in July.

Bahamas Opposition Free National Movement under Hubert Ingraham wins general election after 25 years of rule by Prime Minister Sir Lynden Pindling's Progressive Liberal Party.

Madagascar New constitution approved in referendum.

Central America Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Mexico agree to create joint regional free trade market by 1996.

Germany Demonstrations and acts of violence against foreign workers and immigrants bring calls to restrict asylum provi­sions.

Iraq Air exclusion zone announced by France, Russia, UK and USA to protect Shia and Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq.

Yugoslavia Resignation at London Conference of Lord Carrington as chairman of EC-sponsored peace process; succeeded by Lord Owen.

Angola Constitutional changes agreed by National People's Assembly, including new official name of Republic of Angola.

Czechoslovakia Formal split into two independent states agreed for 1st Jan. 1993.

Japan Economic rescue package announced.

ECIGreece Greek parliament votes to ratify Maastricht Treaty.

Canada Referendum announced on issue of constitutional reform.

Djibouti New draft constitution overwhelmingly approved in referendum.

Morocco Referendum overwhelmingly approves constitutional changes.

Macedonia National Assembly elects new government.

6 Lebanon Final round of voting in first general election since 1972.

8 Lithuania Agreement signed with Russia for withdrawal of former Soviet troops.

10-11 Council of Europe Extraordinary meeting agrees to extend mem-bership to states of eastern Europe as soon as possible.

II Honduras Border dispute with EI Salvador ended by ruling of International Court of Justice.

13 EC Devaluation of Italian lira within Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) starts European currency crisis.

Thailand General election to House of Representatives; Democrat-led coalition formed on 20 Sept.

15 UN Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) excluded from 47th session of UN General Assembly.

16 EC Sterling and lira temporarily withdrawn from ERM and peseta devalued by 5%.

16-17 North/South Korea Eighth round of Prime Ministers' talks.

17 Sweden Co-operation pact between opposition and government in face of economic crisis.

1992 Sept.

Oct.

19

20

xxxix

CHRONOLOG Y--contd.

New Zealand Referendum vote in favour of some form of propor­tional representation.

Estonia Right-wing parties gain strong position in first post­independence elections.

21 Malawi Formation of Alliance for Democracy represents first organized internal opposition for 30 years.

23 France Referendum shows 51·04% in favour of ratification of Maastricht Treaty.

Croatia/Bosnia Establishment of CroatianIBosnian Joint Defence Committee.

24 Middle East End of sixth round of bilateral peace negotiations in Washington.

26 South Africa African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela and President F. W. de Klerk agree to resume constitutional negotiations.

29 Belgium Constitutional changes agreed to devolve more power to regions.

Brazil President Fernando Collor de Mello stripped of power when Chamber of Deputies votes to impeach him for abuse of authority.

29-30 Angola At presidential and parliamentary elections President Dos

2

Santos (MPLA) was re-elected, but his opponent Jonas Savimbi (UNITA) refused to accept the result and renewed military action .

Iraq UN Security Council votes to impound oil-related Iraqi assets frozen since Aug. 1991 to fund humanitarian relief and Gulf War compensation.

4 Mozambique Formal signature of peace treaty ending civil war.

5 Estonia Former Foreign Minister Lennart Meri elected President by parliament.

Guyana Narrow victory for People's Progressive Party in general election.

Kuwait Election to reconstituted National Assembly.

7 Hong Kong New Governor Chris Patten announces constitutional, social and economic reform package.

9 Swaziland King Mswati III dissolves parliament.

10 China Comprehensive trade agreement signed with USA.

II Cameroon President Paul Biya wins first multi-party presidential elections.

Georgia Chairman of State Council Eduard Shevardnadze elected parliamentary Speaker and de/acto head of state.

Romania President I1iescu wins further four-year term.

12-18 China 14th congress of Chinese Communist Party held.

13 Cambodia UN Security Council establishes 15 Nov. 1992 as dead-line for Khmer Rouge to co-operate under the terms of the 1991 UN peace plan.

16 EC Heads of states and governments meeting in Birmingham con-firm support for early ratification of Maastricht Treaty.

xl

1992 OCI.

Nov.

CHRONOLOG Y-contd.

22 Togo Troops occupy National Assembly building.

26 Canada Referendum rejects Charlouetown agreement constitu-tional reform package by 54·4% to 46·6%.

28 Central African Republic Multi-party presidential and legislative elections begun on 25 Oct. cancelled.

31 Rwanda Partial prolocol signed by transitional government and

3

rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front to end two-year civil war.

ECIGATT Impasse in GATT talks in Chicago between US and Europe on agricultural trade.

USA Bill Clinton (Democrat) elected President against former President George Bush and Ross Perot (ind).

Ghana Re-election of President Jerry Rawlings.

4 UK John Major's Conservative government wins 3-vote majority in Commons vote on legislation to ratify Maastricht Treaty.

8 Angola Ceasefire agreed after hostilities in capital Luanda be-tween government and rebel UNIT A forces.

Colombia State of emergency against guerilla activities declared by President Cesar Gaviria.

Germany Massive rally in Berlin against racism disrupted by agitators.

9 UK/Russia Co-operation agreement signed by Boris Yeltsin and Prime Minister John Major.

10 ECiGATTEC Agriculture Commissioner Ray McSharry agrees to resume EC negotiating role in stalled GATT talks.

12-13 Peru Unsuccessful coup attempt against absolute power wielded by President Alberto Fujimori since dissolution of Congress in April 1992.

13 ECINetheriands Dutch parliament votes to ratify Maastricht Treaty.

15 Russia Kremlin cathedrals returned to Orthodox Church by state. Russia and Chechen Republic agree to withdraw troops from dis­

puted frontier.

16 Germany Social Democrats (SPD) abandon opposition to any change in asylum laws.

Lithuania Ex-Communist Democratic Labour Party (DLP) defeats President Landsbergis's nationalist Sajudis Party in first post­Soviet parliamentary elections.

Seychelles New constitution drawn up by Socialist President Albert Rene rejected in referendum.

17 Poland Constitutional amendments removing key parts of the Communist constitution and increasing presidential power be­come law.

19 Bosnia First convoy carrying UN aid reaches besieged town of Tuzla.

Norway Parliament votes to apply for EC membership. South Africa President de Klerk appoints internal enquiry into

allegations of 'dirty tricks' operations by Military Intelligence. Swedell Government abandons attempt to maintain value of krone

against other European currencies.

1992 Nov.

Dec.

20

21

22

23

25

27

30

2

4

6

8

II

xli

CHRONOLOGY-contd.

EC/GA7TUS-EC agricultural trade deal announced.

Liberia UN Security Council resolution imposes arms embargo in civil war.

Peru New Majority Alliance, supporting President Alberto Fujimori, wins congressional election to restore constitutional rule.

Spain and Portugal Joint decision to devalue peseto and escudo by 6% further shakes ERM.

Germany Neo-Nazi fire bombing in Moln kills three Turkish women.

Czechoslovakia Federal parliament approves by three votes forma­tion of independent Czech and Slovak states from I st Jan. 1993.

EC/Spain Spain formally ratifies Maastricht Treaty. Russia Conservati ve opponents of President Boris Y eltsi n force

resignation of Information Minister Mikhail Poltoranin. USA Growth rate for third quarter gives 3·9% annualized rate, a

four-year high.

EFTA Free trade agreement with Romania. Ireland Labour Party makes gains at general election. Venezuela President Carlos Andres Perez declares state of emer­

gency in response to attempted coup.

EC New immigration rules adopted to speed repatriation of asylum-seekers.

Russia President Boris Yeltsin demands more power to safeguard free market reforms.

Germany Parliament endorses Maastricht Treaty but reserves veto on final stage of European monetary union.

Somalia USA launches international aid mission under UN auspices to victims of drought and civil war.

South Africa Government and African National Congress renew joint commitment to democratic settlement.

Germany All-party agreement on constitutional change to tighten regulations covering applications for asylum.

India Hindu militants destroy mosque in northern town of Ayodhya.

Slovenia Ex-Communist President Milan Kuean and ruling Lib­eral Democratic Party win elections.

Bosnia Serb forces close roads to capital Sarajevo. EC Special session of foreign ministers to find legal solution to

Danish rejection of Maastricht. UK Announcement of separation of Prince and Princess of Wales;

it is stated that the succession to the throne is unaffected.

EC Summit in Edinburgh to discuss British proposals on Denmark's status within Maastricht Treaty and EC's future fin­ancing arrangements.

Macedonia UN peacekeeping force deployed to prevent hostilities spreading to Macedonia.

Russia Congress blocks President Boris Yeltsin ' s plans for referendum on the attribution of powers.

xlii

1992 Dec.

1993 Jan.

II

CHRONOLOG Y--contd.

Somalia Two of the principal factional leaders agree immediate ceasefire.

14 India Prime Minister Narasimha Rao dismisses state governments of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Himachel Pradesh and declares direct rule.

Italy Local elections give major gains to Northern League and other parties campaigning for change to political system.

Russia Congress of People's Deputies removes Yegor Gaidar as Prime Minister and replaces him with conservative Viktor Chernomyrdin.

17 Israel Deportation of 417 Palestinians threatens Middle East peace talks.

18 South Korea Kim Young Sam (DLP) elected President.

20 Qatar Settlement of border dispute with Saudi Arabia announced.

21 Gulf Meeting of six states of Gulf Co-operation Council to discuss common defence policy.

Serbia Siobodan Milesovic, standing against Prime Minister Milan PaniC, wins presidential election.

UK British Coal's proposed pit closures, announced in September, ruled illegal in High Court.

29 Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello resigns as president as his

2

impeachment begins in the Senate.

Afghanistan Interim president Burhanuddin Rabbani chosen head of state.

Czech RepubliC/Slovakia Formal division of former Czechoslovak state into independent Czech and Slovak republics.

EC Single market comes into force with abolition of internal customs barriers.

US/Russia Presidents Bush and Yeltsin sign Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-2) to reduce nuclear arsenals by two­thirds.

3 Kenya Three opposition parties form alliance to prevent President Daniel arap Moi from taking power after his victory in first multi-party elections for 20 years.

4 Bosnia Geneva peace conference breaks off without agreement.

5 Angola Civil war continues with refusal of UNIT A leader Jonas Savimbi to accept scrutiny of election results.

Poland Government announces intention to seek special powers to by-pass parliament on major reforms.

Russia Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin reimposes price con­trols on essential goods.

Georgia UN asked to intervene to quell fighting in breakaway Black Sea republic of Abkhazia.

6 Iraq France, Russia, UK and USA issue 48-hour ultimatum to Iraq to withdraw anti-aircraft missiles from no-fly zone in south of country.

7 Ghana Fourth Republic announced, ending II years of military rule.

1993 Jan.

Feb.

8

JO

II

13

xliii

CHRONOLOG Y-contd.

Bosnia Deputy Prime Minister H akija Turajl iC killed b y Serbian gunmen.

Burma National convention meets to begin process of drafting a constitution.

India Fifth day of Hindu-Moslem violence in Bombay.

Angola Rebel UNIT A forces driven out of central town of Huambo.

Italy Three trade union f ederations announce removal of trade union appointees from state and publ ic bodies.

Malawi First legal opposition r ally held. Pakistan Opposition leader Benazir Bhullo nominated chief of

parliamentary fore ign r elations committee by government.

Iraq Allies launch air strike o n t argets in southern Iraq.

14 Denm ark Resignation of Prime Minister Poul SchWter.

15 Somalia Ceasefire agreed by fourteen factions. Zai"re Opposition p arties in interim parliament accuses President

Mobutu of high treason and undermining moves towards demo­cracy.

19 Israel Ban ended on contacts between I sraeli c itizens and Palestinian Liberation Front.

Malaysia Parliament approves constitutional amendment lifting hereditary rulers' immunity f rom prosecution.

20 USA Bill Clinton sworn in as 42nd president. World Health Organization Dr Hiroshi Nakajima re-elected t o

second term as Director-General.

22 CIS At a summit meeting member s tates reached some agreement on economic, legal and military collaboration.

25 Denm ark Social D emocrat coalition government takes office

26

28

29

31

2

4

5

7

under Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen. Croatia Croatian offensive into Serb-held Krajina condemned b y

UN Security Council.

Austria Coalition government agrees to seek EC membership as neutral state.

Czech Republic Vaclav Havel elected President by parliament.

Israel Supreme Court upholds deportation o f 41 3 o f the original 4 /7 Palestinians.

Zai"re French troops sent to capital Kinshasa to contain rioting.

ECilreland Devaluation of Irish punt threatens ERM.

Cambodia Phnom P enh government ' s offensive treatment against Khmer R ouge threatens UN peace plan.

Andorra Parliament approves democratic constitution.

EC Bundesbank cuts key interest r ates to ease pressure o n ERM .

Belgium First stage towards federal state introduced in parliament. Iraq UN troops sent to patrol Iraq-Kuwait frontier. Zai're President Mobutu sacks Prime Minister Etienne Tshisekedi .

Liechtenstein At elections for the Diet F atherland Union loses majority to Progressive Citi zens' Party.

xliv

1993 Feb.

March

9

10

14

15

20

23

24

25

28

4

CHRONOLOGY-contd.

Rwanda French troops sent to contain Hutu-Tutsi hostilities.

Italy Resignation of Justice Minister Claudio Martelli in corrup­tion scandal.

South Africa Government and African National Congress announce agreement on proposals for an elected coalition.

Lithuania Former leader of Communist party Algirdas Brazauskas wins first presidential election since independence.

Madagascar Opposition leader Albert Zafy defeats incumbent Didier Ratsiraka in presidential election.

Cyprus Glafcos Clerides defeats incumbent George Vassiliou in presidential election. .

Slovakia Parliament elects Michal Kovac President.

UK Unemployment reaches three million. Italy Prime Minister Giuliano Amato reshuffles cabinet.

Cuba President Castro re-elected at single-candidate presidential and parliamentary elections.

Canada Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announces resignation.

USA Bomb extensively damages World Trade Centre, New York.

Bosnia First US food air drops to besieged communities. Peace talks between Serb, Croat and Moslem leaders resume at

UN.

Angola UN-backed peace talks collapse when UNIT A delegation fails to attend.

GA1TChina and USA resume talks suspended in 1989. Romania Prime Minister Nicolae Vacariou presents tough reform

programme to parliament designed to halve inflation. South Africa Resumption of multi-party talks after nine-month

break. Zambia President Frederick Chiluba declares state of emergency.

5 Italy Cabinet agrees package of measures intended to solve legal problems caused by corruption scandal.

7 Germany Significant far-right gains in local elections in Hessen.

8 Afghanis/an Mujahideen leaders sign peace accord on appoint-ment of ministers.

9 Russia Chairman of Congress of People's Deputies Ruslan Khasbulatov rejects President Boris Yeltsin 's latest proposal for allocation of powers.

IO Indonesia President Suharto re-elected for five-year term.

12 GA1TUS pulls out of trade talks with EC. India Bombs kill more than 200 in Bombay. North Korea Withdraws from Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

13 Australia Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister Paul Keating re-elected to office.

14 Andorra Referendum vote in favour of new democratic constitu-tion.

Germany All-party agreement on package of financial measures.

17 Hong Kong China announces intention of establishing new admin-istration when Hong Kong reverts to Chinese rule in 1997.

1993 March 18

xlv

CHRONOLOGY-contd.

Poland Parliament rejects key bill for privatization of state indus­try.

19 Bosnia UN aid convoy reaches Moslem-held town of Srebrenica besieged by Bosnian Serbs.

USA Congress approves President Clinton's four-year deficit reduction plan.

20 Russia President Boris Yeltsin demands powers to rule by presi-dential decree until referendum scheduled for 25 April ; this is subsequently judged unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court.

Somalia UN conference on future of Somalia opens in Addis Ababa.

Sudan Government declares ceasefire in ten-year-old civil war ahead of peace talks.

UK Irish Republican Army bombs in Warrington (UK) kill two children.

21 France RPR-UDF coalition wins overwhelming victory in first round of parliamentary elections.

Turkey Kurdish guerrillas announce ceasefire.

23 Belgium Government of Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene fails to agree austerity package and offers to resign.

Kenya Rejects IMF condition and abandons economic reform pro­gramme.

24 Israel Ezer Weizman elected President.

25 Bosnia Moslems and Croats sign peace agreement but Bosnian Serbs reject 10-canton partition proposal.

Somalia UN Security Council votes to take over peace-keeping role from US-led force.

28 France Final round of parliamentary elections gives RPR-UDF coalition over 75% of National Assembly seats.

Lesotho Victory for Basutholand Congress Party in first elections for 23 years.

Russia Motion to impeach President Yeltsin fails to be carried in the Congress of People's Deputies.

30 Belgium Government continues in office after agreement on budget.

ADDENDA

All dates are 1993

ALBANIA. 6 ministers (for Agriculture, Economic Reform, Education, the Interior, Local Government and Tourism) were replaced in a cabinet reshuffle on 7 April.

BOSNIA. On 31 March by 14' votes with I abstention (China) the UN Security Coun­cil approved a NATO aerial enforcement of the no-fly zone.

CANADA. On 3 Feb. the Ontario Premier Bob Rae formed a new 20-member Cabi­net.

CHAD. In April the Sovereign National Conference promulgated a Transitional Charter to regulate the political 'regime for 12 months. A Transitional Superior Council was set up headed by Lol Mahamat Choua (Rally for Democracy and Pro­gress, RDP); the Prime Minister is Dr Fidele Moungar (b. 1948).

CHINA. A new constitution was adopted in March embodying the principles of the 'socialist market economy'. Jiang Zemin was elected President on 27 March: Vice­President, Rong Yiren. A new government formed included Li Peng (Prime Minis­ter), Zhu Rongji (Senior Deputy Prime Minister), Qian Qichen (Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister), Li Lanqing and Zou Jiahua (Deputy Prime Minis­ters), Wu Yi (Trade), Gen. Chi Haotian (Defence), Li Tieying (Restructure of the Economy), Song Jian (Science and Technology), Li Guixian (Governor of the Bank of China), Ismail Amat (Ethnic Minorities), Peng Peiyun (Family Planning).

CROATIA. In April Nikica Valentic (b. 1952; Croat Democratic Union) became Prime Minister.

CUBA. Roberto Robaina became Minister of Foreign Affairs in March; Ricardo Alarcon de Quesada became Speaker of the National Assembly.

DENMARK. Erling Olsen (SO) became Minister of Justice on 29 March.

JAMAICA. At the elections in March the People' s National Party gained 55 seats and the Jamaica Labour Party 5; Percival Patterson was sworn in for a second term as Prime Minister.

JAPAN. Kabun Muto (LOP) became Minister of Foreign Affairs on 6 April.

NORTH KOREA. Kim Jong II was appointed Chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April.

LATVIA. Juris Kaksitis became Minister of Justice on II March.

LESUfHO. At the elections on 28 March the Basutholand Congress Party won all 65 constituencies; Ntsu Mokhele became Prime Minister.

MACEDONIA. On 8 April Macedonia was admitted to the United Nations under the temporary name of 'Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', a decision accept­able to Greece.

MALI. Abdoulaye Sekou Sow (b. 1931 ; ind) became Prime Minister on 12 April.

NEW ZEALAND. In March Maurice McTigue became Minister for Labour, Immigra­

xlvi

ADDENDA-contd. xlvii

tion, State services and Employment. Wyatt Creech, Minister for Revenue, added State-Owned Enterprises, Railways, Works and Development to his portfolio.

NORWA Y. lohan lS'lrgen Holst became Minister of Foreign Affairs and lS'lrgen Kosmo Minister of Defence on 2 April.

RUSSIA. Following a confrontation with the Congress of People's Deputies, on 21 March President Yeltsin announced that he would assume the powers to rule tempo­rarily by decree and hold a national referendum on 25 April. The Constitutional Court found these proposals unconstitutional, but a move to impeach President Yeltsin was defeated in the Congress on 28 March. The Congress voted to hold the referendum with the following 4 questions: I) Do you trust the President of the Russian Federation? 2) Do you approve of the socio-economic policy carried out by the President and Government of the Russian Federation since 1992? 3) Do you consider it is necessary to hold early presidential elections? 4) Do you consider it is necessary to hold early elections for People's Deputies? Andrei Shapovaliants became Minister of the Economy in March, and Boris Fedorov became Minister of Finance.

SLOV AKIA. On 19 April lozef MoravCik became Foreign Minister and laroslav Kubecka Minister for the Economy.

SOMALIA. At the end of March the 15 warring factions agreed to disarm and form a 74-member Transitional National Council.

TURKEY. President Ozal died on 17 April.

UKRAINE. Ihor Yukhnovsky resigned from the position of First Deputy Prime Min­ister on 17 March.

ZAIRE. President Mobutu announced the appoiontment of Faustin Birindwa as Prime Minister on 17 March, but the incumbent, Etienne Tshisekedi, refused to resign.