TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320032

33333

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba

politkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba da

Semoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorc

adamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebi

samoqalaqosamoqalaqosamoqalaqosamoqalaqosamoqalaqo

daumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba da

araZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebi

evTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyaleba

Tu mkvlelobaTu mkvlelobaTu mkvlelobaTu mkvlelobaTu mkvleloba

giorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxaria

N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003

88888

3030303030

3939393939sasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanuli

444446presa presis qveSpresa presis qveSpresa presis qveSpresa presis qveSpresa presis qveS

fridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZe

nugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvili

sityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisis

sapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiis

kurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zeda

1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa 4343434343

gabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposi

4747474747Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~

gqvia saxeladgqvia saxeladgqvia saxeladgqvia saxeladgqvia saxelad

4949494949`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~

3TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

giorgi

gvaxaria

politkoreqtuloba

(rogorc adamianis)

1988 wlis dasawyisSi, Tbilissa da erevanSi sergo

farajanovis ukanaskneli filmis, `aSuR yaribis~

premiera gaimarTa. Tbilisis kinos saxlSi gamosvlisas

farajanovma, am namdvilma `saiaTnovam kinoSi~,

romelsac `kavkasiuri kulturebis Semrigebelsac~

uwodebdnen, ganacxada: Tbilisuri kultura somxebma

Seqmnes, qarTvelebma mxolod miiTviseT yvelaferio...

ori kviris Semdeg farajanovi erevanSi Cavida, `aSuR

yaribis~ pirveli Cvenebis win scenaze avida da brZana:

somxebi uniWo xalxi xarT, kavkasiaSi WeSmarit

kulturas mxolod qarTvelebi qmniano.

orive saRamos, ZiriTadad, farajanovis Semoqmedebis

Tayvanismcemlebi eswrebodnen. amitom Tbilissa da

erevanSi darbazma karga magrad moilxina didi

reJisoris am morig oinbazobaze. yvelam icoda, rom

`aSuR yaribis~ avtors uyvarda publikumis

provocireba, gaRizianeba, misi farisevlobis

`gaSiSvleba~. kinematografiuli sazogadoeba

`ar avarda~ Tbiliseli somexis qilikze. Tumca, Zneli

warmosadgeni araa, rogori iqneboda xalxis reaqcia,

farajanovs es sityvebi TbilisSi, an erevanSi

romelime xalxmraval mitingze rom eTqva.

daSemoqmedis

uflebebi

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320034

sxvaTa Soris, `aSuR yaribis~ gadaReba

sul ramdenime TviT rom

gaWianurebuliyo, somxeTsa da

azerbaijanSi sergo farajanovi xalxis

risxvas ver gadaurCeboda. `aSuR yaribis~

ramdenime scena xom baqoSia gadaRebuli,

yarabaxis konfliqtis dawyebamde

ramdenime TviT adre, moxetiale aSuRisa

da mdidari feodalis uiRblo

siyvarulis ambavi, Turqulenovan xalxTa

folkloria, romlis ekranizacias omis

pacifistebis xalxmraval demonstra-

ciebs evropaSi. frangi kinematografis-

tebis absoluturi umravlesoba omis

winaaRmdegi iyo. `Satles~ TeatrSi

`sezarebiT~ dajildoveba daemsgavsa

jorj buSis politikis winaaRmdeg

mimarTul aqcias, romelSic frangebma

holivudis sagangebod mowveuli

varskvlavebic CarTes _ magaliTad,

meril stripi. man bevri ilaparaka omis

saSinelebaze, `mSvidobi-ani dialogis”

`xulignoba~

Semoqmedis stiqiaa.

igi hgavs Carlis

mawanwalas,

romelsac yovelTvis

ori mteri hyavs _

policieli

da umravlesoba.

dawyebis Semdeg somxeTis mosaxleoba

uTuod gaaprotestebda, azerbaijanSi ki

veRar gamarTavdnen somexi reJisoris

filmis premieras.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom did reJisors

gulma ugrZno, rom am regionSi sazareli

omi mzaddeboda. amitom misi gamosvlebi

TbilisSi, baqosa da erevanSi, iyo ara

oinbazoba, aramed ukanaskneli cda,

SeeCerebina sisxlisRvra kavkasiaSi... es

iyo `mesiji~, romelsac igi SemoqmedebiT

sazogadoebas ugzavnida, TiTqos sTxovda:

gaaCereT es brbo, gaaCereT

umravlesoba, Tqven mainc nu

SegeSindebaT arapopularuli

lozungebis.

`aSuR yaribis~ kavkasiuri premierebi am

zamTars gamaxsenda, roca parizSi

franguli kinoakademiis premiebis,

`sezarebis~ gadacema moewyo. `sezaris

saRamo~ daemTxva eraySi dawyebul oms da

aucileblobaze da Sesabamisad, frangebis

aRfrTovaneba da ovaciebi daimsaxura.

ramdenime kviris Semdeg, roca eraySi omi

daiwyo, imave meril strips los-anJelesSi,

`oskariT~ dajildovebis ceremonialze

mouxda gamosvla. bunebrivia, yvela

eloda, rom amerikeli varskvlavi aqac

Seutevda omis momxreebs... magram ara.

meril stripi ostaturad `Caewera~

ceremonialis organizatorTa mier

mogonil formatSi. omis winaaRmdeg erTi

sityvac ar dacdenia.

es ori magaliTi garkveulwilad

adasturebs, rom `yofiereba yovelTvis

ar qmnis cnobierebas~ da rom Tavisufali

xelovanisTvis ar unda hqondes

mniSvneloba, Tu sad, romel garemoSi, an,

Tu gnebavT, romel sistemaSi uxdeba mas

moRvaweoba. xelovani, Tuki mas

Tavisuflebaze aqvs pretenzia,

umravlesobis diqtats ar unda

damorCildes. piriqiT, umravlesobasTan

~

`

5TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

konfliqti garkveuli TvalsazrisiT

`siamovnebasac~ unda aniWebdes da

rogorc pazolini ityoda,

sistematiurad,

yoveldRe unda

dgamdes Tavis sikvdils,

sakuTar jvarcmas.

es ki imas niSnavs, rom `xulignoba~

Semoqmedis stiqiaa. igi hgavs Carlis

mawanwalas, romelsac yovelTvis ori

mteri hyavs _ policili da umravlesoba.

kanoni, rogorc wesi, umravlesobis

xelSia. amitom sityva `kanonmorCili~

didi SemoqmedisTvis yvelgan da

yovelTvis nonsensia, fiziologiurad

autanelia. es ukve tradiciaa, romelic

xelovans uqmnis `giJis~, `paTologis~,

`damnaSavis~, `maniakis~ imijs... romelmac

araerTi didi mwerali, mxatvari

gamoamwyvdia cixeSi da suliT

avadmyofTa dawesebulebebSi, romelmac

Seqmna ufskruli Semoqmedsa da

sazogadoebas Soris.

niSnavs Tu ara es, rom didi

xelovanisTvis miuRebelia samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis faseulobebi?

rusi kinematografistebi ganuwyvetliv

qilikoben berlinis saerTaSoriso

kinofestivalze, romelic Tavis

memarcxene orientacias arasdros

malavda. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi sakmaod

gavrcelebulia azri, rom Tu

kinoreJisori gadaiRebs films

holokostze, erovnuli da religiuri

umciresobebis Cagvraze, seqsualur

diskriminaciaze, misi suraTi

aucileblad moxvdeba `berlinales~

konkursSi maSinac ki, Tu films

araviTari mxatvruli Rirebuleba ara

aqvs. rusma politikosebma bevri

imxiarules arizonas Statis

gubernatoris TanaSemwis, joana raitis

cnobil werilze, romelSic es qalbatoni

kategoriulad sTxovda xelisuflebas,

aekrZalaT saskolo programebSi jon

tolkienis nawarmoebebis CarTva. raiti

miiCnevs, rom tolkienis wignebSi

SeimCneva `nacionaluri, rasobrivi,

seqsualuri da religiuri

arasrulfasovnebis propaganda...

mis dadebiT personaJebs evropuli

garegnoba aqvT, uaryofiT gmirebs ki _

monRoloiduri da afro-amerikuli...~,

rom `qalebs mxolod aTi procenti

eTmobaT tolkienis nawarmoebebSi~.

cxadia, joana raitis `kalkulacia~

marTlac rom Rimilis momgvrelia, iseve

rogorc Rimilismomgvrelia, magaliTad,

`tolerantobis testi~, romelsac

amsterdamSi, ana frankis muzeumSi

utareben damTvalierebels.

sazogadoebis `gamosworeba~ aRzrdiT

(romelic jer kidev platonma daiwyo),

mosaxleobis zombirebis es ZvelTaZveli

forma, romelic ase Zalian uyvarT

dasavlel memarcxeneebs, politkoreqtu-

loba – isev da isev doqtrinaa, romelic

aiZulebs cocxal arsebas, jer kidev

skolaSi daizepiros ukve Camoyalibebu-

li sqemebi da axali stereotipebiT

SeizRudos azrovnebis sivrce.

politkoreqtuloba – pirovnuli,

individualuri Tvisebebis dakargviT

emuqreba adamians, faqtobrivad

avtoritaruli azrovnebis axali formaa,

radgan akviatebuli azri, raoden

sazizRaric, raoden miuRebelic ar unda

iyos, yovelTvis moicavs pirovnuls.

adamiani, rogori sazizRaric ar unda

iyos igi CemTvis, cocxali arsebaa.

amitom yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom

masac SeiZleba hqondes safuZveli,

aRmiqvas me `sazizRrobad~. sqemebiTa da

doqtrinebiT akviatebuli azris

daTrgunva ki arafers mogvcems agresiis

da, rac mTavaria, `humanuri sqemebis~

diskreditaciis garda.

erTxelac imave berlinis festivalze,

sadac xSirad, seqsualuri umciresobebis

Temaze gadaRebul usaSvelod primitiul

films didi zar-zeimiT uCveneben da

asaReben rogorc `movlenas~, kinodar-

bazSi viRac wamoxteba da ityvis: `ratom

gviburRavT tvins, ra gagviWireT saqme

Tqveni pederastebiT?”

~

`

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320036

da es `viRac~ marTali iqneba; radgan

primitiuli, mxatvrulad ususuri filmi

Tu wigni yovelTvis tovebs `propagandis~

STabeWdilebas; radgan Semoqmedi

arasdros araa iq, sadac umravlesobaa.

jerjerobiT am `viRacis~ rols

`berlinaleze~ da ara marto berlinis

kinoforumze, presaSi, nair-nair

internet-saitebze, specialur kvleviT

institutebSi, rusi kulturologebi,

politikosebi, sociologebi asruleben.

bolo dros ruseTSi dasavlur

faseulobebTan brZolisTvis axali

taqtika airCies _ dasavlur liberalizms

Tavad liberalizmis poziciidan uteven.

Tu demokratia `saukeTeso wyoba~ ar

aris, ratom ar SeiZleba, SevutioT mas da

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba _ farisevlobaSi,

siyalbeSi, aragulwrfelobaSi vamxiloT?

rusebs mxari aubes qarTvelma

qsenofobebmac, romlebic adamianis

uflebebisTvis brZolas kulturul Tu

religiur TviTmyofadobaze agresiad

naTlaven. maTi umravlesoba fariTa da

maxviliT icavs kulturul Tu religiur

mravalferovnebas am planetaze, sZuls

globalizacia, duJmoreuli laparakobs

masonur SeTqmulebebze, magram imis

gagonebac ki ar unda, rom kulturuli

Tu religiuri mravalferovneba SeiZleba

arsebobdes (da unda arsebobdes) erTi

kulturis, an erTi qveynis `SigniTac~,

rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebam Tavad

unda Seuwyos xeli azris, poziciis

mravalferovnebas, rom igive joana

raitis werili amerikis sazogadoebas

diskusiis, da e.i ganviTarebis sababs

aZlevs... da rom tolkienis wignebs iq

aravin wvavs.

ra Tqma unda, Rimilis momgvrelia, roca

rusi politikosi, romelic CeCneTSi,

mTeli xalxis genocids uWers mxars,

amerikis administracias militarizmSi

amxels erayis omis dawyebis pirvelive

dReebSi. ra Tqma unda, is xalxi, vinc

zamTarSi, mravalaTasian pacifistur

demonstraciebSi monawileobda parizsa

Tu berlinSi, ar aris is xalxi, romelmac

moskovSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos

win antisaomari mitingi gamarTa sabWoTa

kavSiris droSebiTa da stalinis

portretebiT xelSi.

sergo farajanovisnamuSevari`romuli da remi~.fragmenti

7TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi, sadac

sazogadoeba qsenofoburi

doqtrinebisgan ver gaTavisuflebula,

sadac is xalxi, vinc adamianis

uflebebisTvis ibrZvis, jer kidev

umciresobaSia, `politkoreqtuloba~

ar aris `dasavluri

politkoreqtulobis~ identuri.

amitom joana raiti, romelmac

mxatvruli nawarmoebis `kalkulacias~

mimarTa, mere ki misi akrZalva moiTxova

da qarTveli qsenofobebi, romlebic

wignebis (maT Soris, ukve `hari poteris~)

dawvisken mogviwodeben, erTnairad

iqcevian, magram sazogadoebisTvis maT

qcevas ara aqvs erTnairi mniSvneloba.

adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi yofil

komunistur sivrceSi garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT unda hgavdnen im

adamianebs, romlebic dasavleTSi

adamianis uflebebis `doqtrinad~

gadaqcevas ewinaaRmdegebian... radgan

adamianis uflebebis damcveli _

adamianis, rogorc Semoqmedis uflebis

damcvelia, igi sazogadoebis

ganviTare-bisTvis, maT Soris kanonis

ganviTarebisa da daxvewisTvis iRwvis.

igi ufro Carlis mawanwalaa,

vidre policieli... igi ar uyvars

umravlesobas, amitom igi ar SeiZleba

iyos `eris sindisi~, e.i. is,

rac SemoqmedebiT inteligencias

daarqves CvenSi.

qarTulma inteligenciam

cnobil Sexvedraze parlamentis

TavmjdomaresTan, nino burjanaZesTan,

siamovnebiT `SeiTvisa~ es termini,

Semdeg ki, Cveni Semoqmedebis

umravlesobam arc mwvadi dawva da

arc Samfuri, verc prezidenti

moixsenia augad da verc parlamentis

Tavmjdomare. sainteresoa, ra

moxdeboda am Sexvedraze, mas sergo

farajanovi, an dasavluri kulturis

romelime saxelganTqmuli `xuligani~

rom daswreboda?

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320038

samoqalaqodaumorCilebloba

daaraZaladobrivi

aqciebi

winaaRmdegoba Zaladobis

gareSe... emyareba rwmenas,

rom samyaro

samarTlianobis mxaresaa.

aqedan gamomdinare,

araZaladobrivi meTodebis

momxreebs momavlis Rrma

rwmena aqvT.

es rwmena kidev erTi

safuZvelia imisa, rom

aramoZalade

mowinaaRmdegem aitanos

tkivili da tanjva

SurisZiebis survilis

gareSe, radganac icis,

rom samarTlianobisaTvis

brZolaSi mas kosmiuri

Zalebi uWeren mxars.

martin luTer kingi

am statiaSi mahaTma gandis, martin

luTer kingis, henri torosa da

sxvaTa gamocdilebas gagiziarebT

da istoriuli magaliTebis

moSveliebiT SevecdebiT, avxsnaT

araZaladobrivi aqciebis arsi.

visaubrebT moqmedebis iseT

formaze, romlis meSveobiTac

SesaZloa, opozicia Sinaganad

gardaiqmnas, Tuki Tqven Tavadve

SeicvlebiT. Tqven unda moaxdinoT

zewola opoziciaze sakuTar Tavze

zewolis meSveobiT.

qvemoTmoyvanili citatebis

gacnobisas, vfiqrob, gagaocebT

yvela is problema, romelTac

zemoTxsenebuli liderebi TavianTi

ideebis adamianebamde mitanis

procesSi awydebodnen. gagakvirvebT

isic, Tu ramdenad exmaureba maTi

ideebi da midgomebi dRevandelobas!~

`

istoria

9TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

konferenciaze, romelic araZaladobrivi

aqciebis mokle prezentacias mieZRvna da

sadac gandisa da ieso qristes magaliTebi

moiyvanes, erT-erTma oratorma

aucileblad CaTvala, eTqva: `gijobT,

moeSvaT iesosaviT qadagebas da ufro

adamianurad dagvelaparakoT!~. am

sityvebze dafiqreba uTuod Rirs.

bibliis axleburi xedva

Tu Tqven `rwmenaSi daeWvebuli~

qristiani xarT, gamonaxeT dro imisaTvis,

raTa xelaxla aRmoaCinoT Tqveni rwmenis

Zala. sxvas Tu arafers moimoqmedebT,

scadeT, waikiTxoT iobis wigni. ueWvelia,

yvelas SeaZrwunebs is tanjva, romelic

man gamoiara da gauCndeba

sasowarkveTili SekiTxva: `ratom?~

`araZaladoba,

rogorc meTodi,

mCagvrelis guls

umalve ar Secvlis.

Tavdapirvelad is

Tavad ideis erTgulTa

gulebsa da sulze

axdes gavlenas.

is sakuTari Tavisadmi

pativiscemiT

ganawyobs maT,

mobilizacias ukeTebs

adamianebis im Zlier

da mamac resursebs,

romelTa arsebobis

Sesaxeb maT SesaZloa,

arc ki icodnen.

da bolos, igi aRwevs

oponentamde da ise

aRviZebs mis sindiss,

rom Tanxmoba realuri

xdeba~.martin luTer kingi

ieso nazareveli

wminda francisk asizeli

henri devid toro

mahaTma gandi

doqtori martin luTer kingi

konstanca litoni qalTa uflebebisaTvismoZraobis aqtivisti

siuzan b. entoni da elizabet qeidi stentoni

araZaladobrivi aqciebi _

filosofia

btcjyfpfhtdtkb

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200310

CaxedeT biblias (an sxva romelime

religiur literaturas). es aris

istoria, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen

sxvadasxva xalxebi TavianT RmerTs

kacobriobasTan mimarTebaSi. yvela

TaobisaTvis mniSvnelovania es

gakveTilebi: ganmeorebadi Temebi,

romlebic Semoqmedis Zaxilia, krebuli

monaTxrobebisa, Tu rogor reagirebdnen

adamianebi am Zaxilze...

davubrundeT rwmenis moTxovnilebis

sakiTxs. ifiqreT Zveli bibliuri

moTxrobebis Sesaxeb: patara daviTze,

romelic Zlieri goliaTis gasanadgu-

reblad miemarTeba; dabrmavebul

samsonze; ebrael xalxze, romelic

iZulebulia 40 weli udabnoSi ixetialos

imis gamo, rom ar irwmuna, RmerTis mier

aRTqmul miwaze cxovrebas Tu SeZlebda...

SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani ideebi

wminda werilSia, sadac naTqvamia: vidre

uflis nebis Zalas davinaxavdeT, jer

Tavad am Zalis Sesabamisad unda vimoq-

medoT. vidre mTeli israelis mama

gaxdeboda, abraami mzad unda yofiliyo

Tavisi mxolodSobili Ze Seewira

msxverplad.

cxovreba rwmeniT, siyvaruliTa

da msxverplSewirviT

gaixseneT iesos yvelaze Zlieri sityvebi,

romliTac cnobili locva `mamao Cveno~

iwyeba. es sityvaa `abba~ (ebraulad _ mama,

rogorc bavSvebi eZaxian sakuTar mamebs).

am sityvebiT israelis yovlisSemZle

RmerTi mosiyvarule mSoblad iqca

(amaze ufro adamianurad rogorRa unda

miemarTa misTvis iesos!).

SegviZlia ki, SevcvaloT qveyanaSi

arsebuli saojaxo samarTlis saocrad

korumpirebuli da fesvgadgmuli

sistema? naklebad savaraudoa. magram

Cven ubralod unda gvaxsovdes, rom

mamas, RmerTs, marTlac SeuZlia,

dagvexmaros da gagvamarjvebinos. Cven

mxolod pirveli nabijebi unda

iyo Tu ara is

RmerTis

erTaderTi Ze?

aRsdga ki igi

mkvdreTiT?

es piradi rwmenis

sakiTxebia. magram iyo ki igi

realuri pirovneba? ueWvelia,

iyo. gasaocaria, ramdeni

adamiani fiqrobs, rom ieso

nazareveli mxolod miTia.

is realuri istoriuli

pirovnebaa, romelic

moxseniebulia ara mxolod

imdroindeli ebraeli

istorikosebis, aramed

romaelebis naSromebSic.

es naSromebi ar moicavs bevr

cnobebs nazarevelis Sesaxeb

garda imisa, rom is iyo

religiuri lideri, romelic

jvars acves. realobas

Seesabameba misi

gamonaTqvamebi `kontr-

kulturis~ Sesaxebac. kargiT,

erTi wuTiT davuSvaT, rom is

mxolod xorcieli arsebaa..

magram gana misi cxovreba da

ideebi mxolod adamianur

ganzomilebaSi gamoixateba?

30 wlis asakSi is uars ambobs

Cveulebriv cxovrebaze da

gadis xalxSi, raTa

daarwmunos isini, rom:

`RmerTs vuyvarvarT,

rogorc Tavisi Svilebi,

Cven erTmaneTi da-

ZmaniviT unda gviyvardes.”

aseTia Zala kacisa, romelsac

marTla swams.

11TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

gadavdgaT, adgilidan daviZraT da

virwmunoT, rom is gvixsnis.

ieso mzad iyo, yvelaferi ukan

moetovebina, radganac mas marTlac

swamda. es cxadi xdeboda masTan

urTierTobisas an misi namoqmedaris

xilvisas. zogs afrTxobs erTi ram _

nazarevels unda scodnoda, rom

`xelisufleba~ apirebda mosvlas da mis

ganadgurebas. mas xom SeeZlo,

gaqceuliyo da kidev ebrZola...

magram qriste ewama, gaborotebisa da

SurisZiebis gareSe. ratom aris ukvdavi

is 2000 wlis Semdegac. `is cxovrobda

imave principebiT, romelTac qadagebda.”

yuri ugdeT mTaze warmoTqmul qadagebas,

romelic, albaT, adrec gsmeniaT:

Tu vinmem marjvena loyaSi

gagawnas, meore loyac miuSvire;

vinc moisurvebs Sens gankiTxvas

da Seni mosasxamis waRebas,

samoselic Tan gaatane mas;

vinc erT milze wayola

gaiZulos, orze gahyevi.

maTes saxareba 5:39-41

ras gvaswavlis ieso: rogor unda

vimoqmedoT, roca saqme

usamarTlobasTan gvaqvs?

bevri adamiani qristes ideebs ubralod

`morCilebisaken~ mowodebad aRiqvams,

Tumca, es sulac ar aris ase. mTavaria

ara imdenad miteveba, aramed moqmedeba.

Cven unda davupirispirdeT Cvens

mowinaaRmdegeebs. magram mogviwodebs ki

ieso, umowyalod moviTxovdeT dasjas?

cxadia, ara.

`...da Tu vinme Tqveni Svilis wayvanas

ganizraxavs, maSin...~ ra?

iqneb pasuxi aseTia: `maSin sakuTari

Tavisuflebac SesTavazeT maT.~

es daexmareba Tqvens `mCagvrels~,

dainaxos sakuTari Secdoma. is

iZulebuli gaxdeba, sakuTar Tavs

hkiTxos, `ratom moiqca es adamiani

amgvarad?~. SesaZloa, Tqvenma

mowinaaRmdegem umalve ara, magram mainc

gaanalizos rogorc sakuTari qmedeba,

aseve Cveni reaqcia. `mCagvrelisadmi~

siyvarulisa da Tanadgomis gamovleniT,

Cven met tanjvas viRebT sakuTar Tavze.

giyvardeT Tqveni mtrebi,

daloceT Tqveni mawyevrebi,

raTa iyveT Tqveni zeciuri mamis

Zeni, visac Tavisi mze amohyavs

borotTa da keTilTa Tavze da

wvimas ugzavnis marTlebsa da

usamarTloebs.

maTes saxareba, 5:44,45

~

`

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven davaSaveT _ da

SesaZloa, loyaSi gartymac davimsaxureT

_ Cven ubralod maT Sansi miveciT, kidev

erTxel gagvartyan da ziani aravis

miadges, Cvens garda.

sxva meTodebi

reformebis gasatareblad didi samuSaos

gaweva mogvixdeba. zogierTi

TqvenganisTvis misaRebia iseTi

tradiciuli meTodebi, rogoricaa

lobireba da mSvidi aqciebi, muSaoba

sistemis SigniT, sasamarTlosa da

sazogadoebaSi. yvelaferi es kargia.

magram Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven

saTanadod daafasebT im pozitiursac,

rasac nebismier samoqalaqo moZraobas

araZaladobrivi aqciebi SesZens.

Tqven udaod karg kampaniaSi

igrZnobT Tavs!

bevri adamiani qristes

ideebs ubralod

`morCilebisaken~

mowodebad aRiqvams,

Tumca, es sulac ar aris

ase. mTavaria ara

imdenad miteveba,

aramed moqmedeba.

~

`

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200312

Tanamedrove adamianebis umetesobisTvis

wmnida franciskis saxeli `cxovelTa

moyvarulTan~ asocirdeba (mas

yovelTvis mxarze mjdomi CitiT

gamosaxaven). is, rac toros Sesaxeb iTqva,

kidev ufro metad Seefereba wminda

francisks –

Rirseuli adamianis nimuSi,

tradiciebis mqone pirovneba,

romelsac aqvs unari,

gamoafxizlos mTvlemare

Tanamemamuleni da moraluri

principebiT cxovreba

aswavlos maT.

is mudam gvaxsenebs, rom vinc

araZaladobriv qmedebebze amyarebs

imeds, mosiyvarule RmerTisadmi rwmeniT

unda ganimsWvalos.

iloceT mudmivad, sityvebi ki

maSin warmoTqviT, roca es

aucilebelia.

wminda franciski

man sakuTar Tavze itvirTa adamianebSi

qristianuli ideebis gamoRviZebis

urTulesi misia. is Seecada am misiis

ganxorcielebas ara sxvaTa qcevis

gakontrolebis, aramed sakuTari Tavis

gardaqmnis gziT. bevri adamiani, romelic

reformebisaken iswrafvis, xSirad

problemis masStaburobis gamo vardeba

depresiaSi. `ras Secvlis Cems mier

gaRebuli mciredi msxverpli?~

franciski gvaxsenebs, rom siyvaruliTa

da rwmeniT ganmsWvalul moqmedebas

CvenTvis yovelTvis kargi Sedegi moaqvs.

magram sakmarisia ki es sxvebisaTvis da

mTlianad samyarosaTvis? amis marTva

Cvens Zalebs aRemateba. gandic im azrzea,

rom rodesac zedmetad did aqcents

vakeTebT Sedegebze, Cven vkargavT unars,

vimoqmedoT sakuTari mrwamsis mixedviT.

wminda franciskma mogvca morCilebisa da

siduxWireSi cxovrebis magaliTi. uari

Tqva yvelaferze, rac gaaCnda. mzad iyo

etanja imisaTvis, rom Tavisi mrevli

moeqcia. qvemoT moyvanilia nawyveti

ovbylfahfywbcr

fcbptkb

francisk asizeli adreul

Sua saukuneebSi, sakmaod

SeZlebul ojaxSi daibada.

es iyo Zaladobis epoqa,

roca adgilobrivi

qalaqebi erTmaneTs

`Rirsebis~ dasacavad

eomebodnen, TiTqos yvela

simdidresa da

Zalauflebaze nadirobda.

~`

~

`

13TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

romanidan, romelic ar aris

biografiuli, Tumca asizelis

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas efuZneba

(`sakuTar cxovrebaze sqolastikuri

muSaobisaTvis~). aq moTxrobili

SesaZloa, fantastikadac ki mogeCvenoT,

magram es SemTxvevebi sruliad

Seesabameba wmindanis realur cxovrebasa

da miseul meTodebs _ is marTlac

unikaluri iyo. RvTis es patara

`masxara~ gaxda mizezi imisa, rom

realur cxovrebiseul siameTa Ziebis

procesSi, araerTma `mcodne~ da

`mdidarma~ adamianma, uari Tqva

yvelaferze, rac gaaCnda.

nawyveti `berZeni zorba~-s

avtoris, nikolas kazanZakisis

Sesavlidan

adrec damiweria, rom am wmindanis

uxilav arsebobas yvelgan

vgrZnobdi. radganac CemTvis

wminda franciski nimuSia

adamianisa, romelsac aqvs

pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba;

adamianisa, romelmac SesZlo,

moexada Cveni upirvelesi vali,

romelic gacilebiT aRmatebulia,

vidre zneoba, WeSmariteba Tu

mSveniereba: esaa valdebuleba,

RvTis mier boZebuli xorcieli

sxeuli gardavqmnaT sulier

sxeulad.

`axali sigiJis~ qadageba

francisks mosasxami aekeca,

moednis napiras xtoda da cekvavda.

`modiT, modiT yvelani,~_

gahyviroda is, _ `modiT, Zmano,

moismineT axali sigiJe!~

ukan adevnebuli bavSvebi siciliT

uSendnen mas qvebs... mSvidi da

momRimari drodadro ukan

brundeboda, bavSvebisken xels

iwvdida da gahyviroda: `vinc erT

qvas mesvris, RmerTma dalocos

erTxel mainc; vinc or qvas

mesvris, RmerTma orjer dalocos;

vinc sams mesvris, RmerTma samjer

dalocos,~ – amis Tqmaze misken

qvebis mTeli jeri midioda.

Sublidan da nikapidan ukve sisxli

gadmodioda... sisxlSi gasvrili

aRfrTovanebuli xtunavda da

cekvavda. `ismineT, Zmano~, _

mReroda is, _ `ismineT axali

sigiJe!~...

`gviTxari, gviTxari, gviTxari!~ _

ismoda yoveli mxridan xalxis

xarxari.

franciski taZris kibeebze adioda,

damcinavi brbos winaSe

xelebgaSlili gahyviroda:

siyvaruli!

siyvaruli!

siyvaruli!

Semdeg is moednis erTi bolodan

meorisken garboda, xtunavda,

cekvavda da gahyviroda... `mSvidoba

Tqvenda!~ _ eubneboda saTiTaod

masTan misul adamianebs. rodesac

bevri adamiani Sejgufdeboda da

skveric gaivseboda, is xelebs

aRapyrobda da gahyviroda _

`mSvidoba~, `mSvidoba Tqvens

gulebSi, Tqvens saxlebSi, mSvidoba

Tqvens mtrebs. mSvidoba qveyanasa

zeda! samoTxe sul axlosaa!~

is mudam gvaxsenebs, rom

vinc araZaladobriv

qmedebebze amyarebs

imeds, mosiyvarule

RmerTisadmi rwmeniT

unda ganimsWvalos.

~`

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200314

SegiZlia simdidris gaReba?

...erTxel franciskTan mivida

vaWari, saxelad bernard

kanitavaleli, romelic

franciskos mamis, sinior

bernardinos msgavsad qsoviliT

vaWrobda... mas smenoda franciskis

Sesaxeb da Tavdapirvelad Rimilis

momgvrelad eCveneboda

bernardinos ganebivrebuli

vaJiSvilis iseTi gamoxtomebi,

rogoricaa keTrovanTa kocna,

sajarod gaxda da sakuTari

mamisaTvis Tavisi tansacmlis

dabruneba. bernards ar SeeZlo

zustad aReqva, Tu raSi

mdgomareobda franciskis es

`axali sigiJe~... marTla RmerTi

xom ar aZlevda mas Zalas, aetana

SimSili, siSiSvle da damcireba?..

`erTi azri mtanjavs~, _ mimarTa

bernardma franciskos, _

`Semiwyale da gaanaTle Cemi suli.~

franciskom bernards xeli

mouWira da wamoayena is.

`gismen, Zmao bernard. Sens suls

me ki ara, RmerTi gaanaTlebs.

miambe Seni gasaWiri.”

`erTma keTilSobilma didi ganZi

momabara Sesanaxad. am ganZs me

mravali weli vicavdi, magram axla

xangrZliv da saxifaTo

mogzaurobaSi vapireb wasvlas.

ra unda vuyo am ganZs?~

`unda daubruno im kacs, vinc

mogabara. vin aris is keTilSobili?~

`qriste. mTeli Cemi simdidre mas

ekuTvnis. rogor davubruno is

mas?~

...rogorc ki wminda jorjos

moedans mivaRwieT, bernardma

Tavisi maRazia gaaRo da zRurblze

mdgarma daiyvira: `vinc ki Raribi

da Caucmelia, modiT CemTan!

qristes saxeliT me gavcem mTels

Cems saqonels.~

...rogor morboda xalxi! qalebi,

gogonebi, moxuci kacebi,

maTxovrebi: rogori

gabrwyinebuli iyo maTi Tvalebi,

rogor xarbad epotinebodnen

yvelafers am kvira dRes! bernardi

RimiliTa da kmayofilebiT xan

erTs eoxunjeboda, xan _ meores,

didi makratliT Wrida qsovils da

arigebda Tavis simdidres.

drodadro bernardi francisks

eubneboda: `ra sixarulia Zmao

francisk! ra Svebaa!~

am dros gzad mama silvesterma

Caiara. imis xilvaze, Tu rogor

aniavebda bernardi Tavis qonebas,

mRvdels guli gauskda.

`ra sircxvilia aseTi simdidris

gaflangva!~ CaiCurCula

TavisTvis... franciski miuxvda,

ras fiqrobda is.

`mama silvester, gaxsovT, ras

ambobs ieso qriste? bodiSs

gixdiT, rom gaxsenebT:

`Tu ginda, rom srulyofili iyo,

wadi, Seni qoneba gayide da mieci

Raribebs da geqneba saunje

zecaSi~. (maTe, 19:20)

maS, raRatomRa aqnevT Tavs?~

mama silvesterma Caaxvela,

wamowiTlda da Tavisi gza

ganagrZo. franciskma Zlier

ganicada, rom mas tkivili miayena.

`mama silvester, mama silvester!~ _

daiyvira man. mRvdeli Semobrunda.

`me Tqven qristes sityvebi

SegaxseneT. momiteveT. Tqven,

rogorc RvTismsaxurma, es

sityvebi xom Cemnair codvilze

ukeT uwyiT.~

franciski mama silvesteris

gverdiT rom mdgariyo, mis

Tvalebze or did cremls

SeamCnevda.

15TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

SegiZliaT inteleqtis gaReba?

sinior pietro boloniis universitetis

samarTlis fakultetis saxelovani

profesori iyo... Tavisi sayvareli

studentis sikvdilis gamo man bolonia

ramodenime dRis win datova. is ver

moeria wuxils, mamiseul saxlSi

gamoiketa da aravis naxva ar surda...

SuaRamemde kiTxvis gamo mas loyebi

Caucvivda, saxe gamouSra da iseTi

yviTeli gauxda, rogorc is ZviradRire-

buli pergamentia, romelsac qristes

vnebaTa Casawerad iyenebdnen berebi.

`mapatieT~, _ Tqva man, _ `Tavidan rom

viwyeb. me myavda studenti saxelad

gvido, romelic sakuTari vaJiSviliviT

miyvarda... oci wlis asakSi mas ukve

xandazmuli kacis cnobiereba da

erudicia hqonda. ramodenime dRis win

is gardaicvala.~

qviTinis Sesakaveblad man tuCebi

moikvnita.... `bolos, roca is agoniaSi

iyo, mis baliSTan daviCoqe da vuTxari:

`gvido, Svilo Cemo, Tu RmerTi TavisTan

mogixmobs... msurs, rom erT Rames sizmrad

mewvio da miambo, ra xdeba im qveynad.~

`...is movida. dRes gamTeniisas... ucnauri

mosasxami emosa. ara, es ar iyo mantia, es

iyo aseulobiT qaRaldis furceli,

romelic misi sxeulis garSemo erTad iyo

akinZuli, es iyo yvela misi

swavlisdroindeli xelnaweri. aq iyo

yvela problema, SekiTxva, filosofiuri

da iuridiuli dilemebi, Teologiuri

sakiTxebi... is imdenad iyo damZimebuli am

qaRaldebiT, rom miuxedavad didi

survilisa, siaruli ar SeeZlo. `gvido,

Svilo Cemo~, _ davuyvire mas, _ `ra aris

es... ra giSlis xels, rom iaro?~

`me axlaxan movbrundi jojoxeTidan~, _

mipasuxa man, _ `da viRwvi, rom mivaRwio

salxineblamde, magram amaod. qaRaldebis

es grova mabrkolebs...~

sinior pietro wamodga. `axla yvelaferi

dasrulebulia~, Tqva man. `aq mosvlamde

yvela Cemi xelnaweri, yvela Cemi wigni

cecxls miveci da davwvi. me gadavrCi...

CemTvis axali cxovreba iwyeba, dideba,

ufalo!~

SegiZliaT, uari TqvaT

Zaladobaze?

`Cemi saxelia francisk asizeli. me RvTis

patara sayvarel glaxasac meZaxian da mis

masxarasac...~

`me var beri espaneTidan. cxra mTa

imisTvis gadmoviare, rom papis nebarTva

miviRo iseTi ordenis dafuZnebaze,

romelic eretikosebisa da urwmunoebis

winaaRmdeg gailaSqrebs. Cemi saxelia

domeniki~.1

`mec viTxove papisagan nebarTva, Semeqmna

ordeni da meqadaga.~

`ra unda geqadaga, Zmao francisk?~

`srulyofili siduxWire da WeSmariti

siyvaruli.~

`Tqven ar apirebT eretikosebis,

codvilebisa da urwmunoebis dasawvavad

yvela sofelSi koconis danTebas?~

`ara, ara~, _ SekrTa franciski, _

1 wm. domeniki, dominikanelTa ordenis da wminda

inkviziciis damaarsebeli. avtoriseul teqstSi

wm. domenikis Sexedulebebi sakmaod

hiperbolizirebuladaa warmodgenili da

gaigivebulia inkviziciis sisastikesTan.

sinamdvileSi, wm. domeniks inkviziciis funqcia sul

sxvanairad hqonda warmodgenili sulac ar iyo

adamianebis koconze dawvis momxre (red. SeniSvna).

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200316

me ar vapireb codvilebis

mokvliT codvis mospobas, me ar

vapireb omis gaCaRebas

borotebisa da urwmunoebis

winaaRmdeg. me siyvaruli unda

viqadago da amavdroulad me unda

miyvardes; me Tanxmoba unda

viqadago da am qveyanad yvela

ZmasaviT unda miyvardes...

`adamiani bunebiT borotia _ boroti,

cbieri da demonuri,~ _ braziT wamoiZaxa

TeTri mantiiT Semosilma domenikma.

`sikeTe, romelzec Sen saubrob, sakmarisi

ar aris; aq iZulebaa saWiro. Tu sxeuli

xels giSlis, is unda ganadgurdes sulis

gadasarCenad. me espaneTSi SeSas cecxli

unda wavukido, sulebi sxeulebs miwas

miabareben, ferflad aqceven da Tavad

zecas miswvdebian.~

siyvaruli!

Zala!

miteveba!

`Zmao, francisk, cxovreba ar aris

adgili, sadac xelgayrili wyvilebi

siyvarulze RiRineben da daseirnoben.

cxovreba omi, mZime Sroma da

Zaladobaa!... wylis daleva Tu gsurs,

Wa amoTxare; Tu borotebis damarcxeba

gsurs, Tavs daesxi borotebas...

nu miyureb SeSinebuli, sacodao,

Zvirfaso bero. Tavad bibliac igives

ambobs: `moZaladem sasufevelSic

ZaliT SeaRwia.~

franciskma amoioxra. `me ar vicodi,

Zaladobac Tu RmerTis Seqmnili iyo.

Sen gaafarTove Cemi Tvalsawieri,

magram Cemi guli sxvas ambobs da

mosTqvams: `siyvaruli! siyvaruli!~

magram vin icis, iqneb Cveni gzebi erT

dRes Seiyreba da erTmaneTs uflisken

mimaval gzaze SevxvdebiT.~

`hqmeni ese, ufalo~, _ upasuxa ucnobma, _

`magram vSiSob, rom Sen kacTa Soris

dacemuli kravi xar _ mgelTa Soris

dacemuli kravi. isini manam SegWamen,

vidre Sens mizans miaRwev. momiteve, Tu

gulwrfelad geubnebi imas, rasac

vfiqrob: Sen yvelaferi ici siyvarulis

Sesaxeb, magram es ar aris sakmarisi. Sen

isic unda icode, rom siZulvilic

RmerTisagan modis da isic RmerTis

samsaxurSia. da aseT droebaSi, maSin

rodesac es qveyana dacemulia, RmerTs

siZulvili ufro emsaxureba, vidre

siyvaruli.~ is adga, raTa wasuliyo.

`mSvidobiT, Zmao domenik. minda icode,

rom lomebi da kravebi, siyvaruli da

Zala, sinaTle da cecxli, keTili da

boroti _ yvelani RvTisaken iltvian,

Tumca, amis Sesaxeb ara uwyian.

siZulvilma es ar icis, ueWvelia,

magram siyvarulma es namdvilad icis...

me Sen erT sasixarulo saidumlos

gagandob: erT dRes yvela erTad

Seiyreba iq, sadac ufali dgas

gamowvdili xelebiT.~

~

`

~`

~`

~`

17TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

henri devid toros esse _ `samoqalaqo

daumorCilebloba~ _ swored msgavsi

gamocdilebis Sedegad daiwera.

`monoba da omi miuRebelia aTasobiT

adamianis SexedulebisTvis ... Tumca,

arafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom yovelive

amas bolo moeRos .... isini meryeoben,

wuxils gamoTqvamen, zogjer peticiebsac

adgenen, magram suliT da guliT arafers

akeTeben da arc raime Sedegi moaqvs maT

aqtivobas. isini mSvidad daelodebian,

rom sxvam aRmofxvras es boroteba da

aRar mouxdeT amaze wuxili...

erT Rirseul adamianze 999 Rirsebis

qomagi modis.

maSinac ki, roca xmas aZlevT

samarTlianobas, bevrs arafers akeTebT

misi damkvidrebisaTvis. Tqven mxolod

mokrZalebiT gamoxatavT Tqvens survils,

rom samarTlianobam unda gaimarjvos.

keTilgonieri adamiani samarTals marto

bedis anabara ar miatovebs da arc

umravlesobas gadaulocavs mis

aRsrulebas. masebis qmedebaSi arc Rirs

raime saTnoebis Zieba...~

im qveyanaSi, sadac xelisufleba

adamians usamarTlod apatimrebs,

patiosani adamianis adgili

mxolod cixeSia.

...magram mdidrebi... maT yovelTvis

moisyidis is dawesebuleba, romelic maT

amdidrebs. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, rac

metia fuli, miT ufro naklebia Rirseba,

radganac fuli adamiansa da mis miznebs

Soris dgas... ase, rom moraluri

safuZveli mas fexqveS ecleba...

Cems erTob Tavisuflebismoyvare

mezoblebs rom vesaubrebi, CemTvis

naTeli xdeba, ramdenic ar unda

ilaparakon sakiTxis mniSvnelobasa da

sirTuleze... mTavari mainc isaa, rom...

maT aSfoTebT imaze fiqric ki, Tu ra

bedi ewevaT maT ojaxebsa da qonebas

daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi... Tu me

ugulvebelvyof saxelmwifos moTxovnas,

rodesac gadasaxadis qviTars

warmomidgens, is dauyovnebliv

/tyhbltdblnjhj

henri devid toro

daibada 1816 wels

masaCusetsSi,

SeZlebul ojaxSi.

man harvardis

koleji daamTavra,

ris Semdegac

adgilobriv sko-

laSi daiwyo

maswavleblad muSaoba. Tumca,

skolaSi torom mxolod

2 kvira dahyo, radganac

adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan

uTanxmoeba mouvida. amis

Semdeg man garkveuli periodi

kerZo maswavleblad da

daqiravebul muSad imuSava,

Semdeg ki weras Seudga. is

uaRresad SeaSfoTa iman, rom

misma erma dasaSvebad miiCnia

monoba da meqsika-amerikis omi.

1845 wlis 4 ivliss Tavisi

xelmokle sacxovreblidan is

gadasaxlda qoxSi, romelic

uoldenis gubis maxlobel

tyeSi aaSena. axdenda ra mTav-

robisagan sakuTari damouki-

deblobis demonstrirebas, ori

weli is iq cxovrobda.

swored aq daapatimres toro

adgilobrivi suladobrivi

gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis

gamo. am nabijiT torom imis

demonstrireba moaxdina, rom

is ar aRiarebda mTavrobas,

`romelic rogorc saqonels,

ise yidulobs da hyidis

qalebs, kacebsa da bavSvebs...~

man cixeSi mxolod erTi Rame

dahyo, radganac es gadasaxadi

misi ojaxis wevrma gadaixada.

~

`

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200318

CamomarTmevs mTels qonebas da amis

Semdegac mosvenebas ar mogvcems arc

me da arc Cems Svilebs.

es Zneli gadasatania...

ase rom, saxelmwifo ganzrax arasdros

ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis cnobierebas,

inteleqtualursa Tu moralurs, aramed

mxolod mis sxeuls ebrZvis. igi

aRWurvilia ara gansakuTrebuli

sibrZniTa da patiosnebiT, aramed

aRmatebuli fizikuri ZaliT.

mahaTma gandi 1869 wels indoeTSi,

SeZlebul ojaxSi daibada. mamamiss

adgilobriv provinciaSi maRali

Tanamdeboba ekava. is principul

adamianad iyo cnobili. gandi misi

meoTxe vaJi gaxldaT, romelic

meoTxe colisagan SeeZina (pirvel

sami gardaecvala). yvelaze Tbili

grZnobebi mas dedasTan akavSirebda,

romelsac im `uwmindess~ da

`Rrmad religiur pirovnebad~

moixseniebda, romelic daTqmul

sityvas ar gadavidoda.

mozardobis periodSi igi qurdobda,

rasac sakuTar ojaxs ar umxelda,

Tumca sakuTari rwmenis karnaxiT, is

yovelTvis aRiarebda danaSauls da

patiebas iTxovda. mas axsovs, mamis

pativiscema da siyvaruli, romelic

man ara SiSis, aramed siyvarulis

karnaxiT, gulwrfeli aRiarebisa da

sinanulis gamo daimsaxura.

inglisSi samarTlis skolaSi

swavlisas man bhagavatgitas kiTxva

daiwyo. es iyo hindus enaze dawerili

teqsti, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT

musulmanuri yuranisa da qristianuli

bibliis analogiuria. orTodoqsi

indoelebi gitas im istoriuli

brZolis aRmwer nawarmoebad aRiqvamdnen,

romelSic moTxrobilia, Tu rogor

Seecada lideri sisxlisRvris

Tavidan acilebas, magram rodesac

RmerTma mas sakuTari movaleoba

Seaxsena, igi daTanxmda, Zaladobrivi

qmedebebisTvis miemarTa. gandim,

romelic araZaladobrivi meTodebis

momxre iyo, am `brZolaSi~ im duelis

alegoria dainaxa, romelic mudmivad

mimdinareobs adamianis sulSi. ase Tu

ise, is eTanxmeboda umoqmedobis

`gita~-seul dagmobas da amavdroulad

Tavad aridebda Tavs im borotebas,

romelic qmedebebs sdevs Tan.

vf/fsvfufylb

19TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

is, vinc Sedegebze fiqrobs, xSirad

sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebis unars

kargavs. is sulswrafi xdeba da brazs

anTxevs ... erTi saqmidan meoreze

gadaerTveba da arcerTis erTguli ar

aris... vinc Sedegebze zedmetad fiqrobs

...yuradReba efanteba, sindisze xels

iRebs, misi SefasebiT, yvelaferi

marTebulia da amitomac, miznis

miRwevas is yvela patiosani da

amoraluri saSualebiT cdilobs.

saboloo miznis misaRwevad saWiro

Sinagani simSvidis mopoveba

SesaZlebelia ara `Sedegebze~

orientirebiT, aramed TviTuaryofiT...

qristianuli `Zveli aRTqmis~ pirveli

wignebi mas mosawyeni eCvena, magram

`axali aRTqma~, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs,

“pirdapir gulSi Caswvda”. iseTma ideebma,

rogoricaa `meore loyac miuSvire... da

giyvardeT Tqveni mtrebi~, suliT

xorcamde SeZra.

24 wlis asakSi, axalbeda iuristi samxreT

afrikaSi gaemgzavra. sazogadoebaSi,

romelic mkveTrad iyo dayofili kanis

feris, mrwamsisa da profesiis mixedviT,

calkeul jgufebs Soris Surisa da

undoblobis atmosfero mefobda. gandim

matarebelze pirveli klasis bileTi

SeiZina. miuxedavad imisa, rom

konduqtorma gaafrTxila, yvela

indoeli mesame klasiT mgzavrobso _

man vagonis datovebaze uari ganacxada.

incidentis aRsakveTad policiels

mouxmes da igi bargTan erTad

matareblidan gadmoagdes. mTeli Rame is

eklebze ijda da fiqrobda, Tu rogor

moqceuliyo: indoeTSi dabrunebuliyo

Tu... gadawyvita, ebrZola. is gaxda

araformaluri lideri, romelic

mouwodebda indoelebs, nebismier saqmeSi

(biznesis CaTvliT) ar daekargaT

TavianTi Rirseba, daeviwyebinaT

gansxvavebuli mrwamsi da eswavlaT

inglisuri. man rkinigzas werilobiT

mimarTa da `kargad Cacmuli~

indoelebisaTvis pirveli klasiT

mgzavrobis organizeba moiTxova.

am incidentma didi gavlena moaxdina

mis Semdgom cxovrebaze.

araZaladobrivi aqciebi

_ satiagraha

gandis ar moswonda arc Tavad termini

`pasiuri winaaRmdegoba~, arc amgvari

winaaRmdegobis idea. termini satiagraha,

ori sityvis – satias (simarTlis

siyvaruli) da agrahas (simtkice, Zala)

kombinacias warmoadgens.

simarTlis dacva tanjvis

miyenebiT ara

mowinaaRmdegisaTvis, aramed

sakuTari TavisaTvis.

satiagraha mSvidobiani meTodia,

romelic iTvaliswinebs mowinaaRmdegeTa

moqcevas siwmindis, Tavmdablobisa da

patiosnebis demonstrirebis gziT.

es aris gardaqmna da ara ganadgureba.

Zaladoba da agresia msxverplSi _ mware

grZnobebs, xolo moZaladeSi

daundoblobas aRviZebs.

mTavari iyo, moexmoT mowinaaRmdegis

saRi azrisa da zneobisaTvis. `CemTvis

yovelTvis warmoudgeneli iyo, rogor

SeuZlia adamianma Tavi igrZnos

Rirseulad, sxvaTa damcirebiT.~

mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris saboloo

Serigebis misaRwevad satiagraha

dasaSvebad miiCnevs mudmiv dialogs.

Seuracxyofa, daSineba da propaganda am

miznis miRwevas mxolod xels uSlis.

cixe

SemoTavazebuli kanoniT, indoelebs

sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi xmis

micema ekrZalebodaT. igive kanoni maT

registraciis gavlasa da piradobis

damadasturebeli mowmobebis tarebasac

avaldebulebda. vinc kanonis moTxovnebs

ar daemorCileboda, patimroba da

SesaZlo deportacia eloda. kanonma

indoelTa sazogadoeba aRaSfoTa, erT-

erT Sekrebaze bevrma RmerTs Sehfica,

rom arasdros daemorCileboda am kanons.

gandim maT mimarTa:

~

`

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200320

mTavrobam Rirsebis yovlgvari

grZnoba dakarga. Tu Cven ar

gavriskavT, mxolod sakuTar

ususurobasa da silaCres

gamovavlenT.

gandim uTxra xalxs, Tu risi tolfasi

iyo es riski: SesaZloa, isini cixeSi

CaesvaT, ecemaT, Seuracxyofac ki

mieyenebinaT maTTvis, daekargaT samuSao

da sakuTari qoneba. `magram me

danamdvilebiT SemiZlia giTxraT~, _

warmosTqva man, _

rom vidre sakuTari sityvis

erTguli Tundac erTi muWa

adamiani iarsebebs, am saqmes

mxolod erTi dasasruli

eqneba da es dasasruli

gamarjvebaa.

es ar iyo martivi gza. mTavrobis

sadamsjelo RonisZiebebma moZraobas

bevri adamiani CamoaSora. zogierT

aqtivists CamoarTves qoneba da

moaxdines maTi indoeTidan deportireba.

transvaalSi mcxovrebi 13 aTasi

indoelidan erTdroulad 2500 cixeSi

ijda, xolo 6 aTasi provinciidan iyo

gaqceuli. winaaRmdegobis moZraobis

zogierTi aqtivisti cixeSi zedized

xuTjer ijda da sasjelis moxdis

momentisTvis sasamarTlos axali

ganaCenebis molodinSi iyo. xelisufleba

zogierT aqtivists sastikad epyroboda,

zogs fizikuradac ki anadgurebda.

cnobebi am movlenebis Sesaxeb indoeTsa

da inglisSi gavrcelda, rasac

sayovelTao aRSfoTeba mohyva.

xelisufleba SiSma moicva. masobrivi

demonstracia maSin daigegma, rodesac

TeTri rkinigzis TanamSromlebi sul sxva

mizeziT gaificnen. gandim dauyovnebliv

moiTxova demonstraciis gadadeba.

satiagraha xom ar iyo mowodebuli

mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebis, ngrevisa

da damcirebisaken. winaaRmdegobis

moZraobis monawileebi imedovnebdnen,

rom gulwrfelobiT, raindobiTa da

TviTgvemiT mowinaaRmdegis cnobierebasa

da sulze moaxdendnen gavlenas.

maT arasdros usargebliaT mTavrobis

problemebiT da arc arabunebrivi

aliansebi daumyarebiaT. amgvari

Jesti bevrma daafasa.

mTavrobam TandaTan Secvala Tavisi

damokidebuleba. `Tqven ar SegiZliaT,

20 aTasi indoeli cixeSi

gamoamwyvdioT~, _ am sityvebiT

generalma smatma Tavisi axali,

Semrigebluri damokidebulebis

deklarireba moaxdina. kanonebi

Seicvala. ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg smati

ixsenebda:

bedma marguna, vyofiliyavi

iseTi kacis mowinaaRmdege,

romelsac adrec udides pativs

vcemdi... mas arasodes daviwyebia

adamianuri mxare, ar gamosula

wyobilebidan da arc siZulvils

damorCilebia. iumoris daxvewili

grZnoba ki yvelaze eqstremalur

situaciaSic ki SeinarCuna. misi

qmedebaTa xasiaTi da sulieri

Tvisebebi maSinac da Semdgomac

absoluturad gansxvavdeboda im

sisastikisa da Zaladobisagan,

romelic dRes ase moduria...

misi meTodi iyo, kanonis ganzrax

darRveva, mimdevarTa

mxardaWeris masobriv

moZraobaSi gadazrda...

kanondaumorCileblobis gamo

didi odenobiT indoelebis

sapatimroSi aRmoCena...

oqsfordis universitetis profesori

jilbert mari ase afasebs mas:

ufrTxildiT adamians, romelic

ar iRwvis materialuri

keTildReobis, komfortis,

aRiarebis Tu dawinaurebisaTvis,

aramed ubralod akeTebs imas,

rasac sworad miiCnevs.

is saSiSi da mouxelTebeli

mowinaaRmdegea, radganac

misi sxeuli, romlis daTrgunvac

Tqven yovelTvis SegiZliaT,

mis sulTan SedarebiT naklebad

Rirebulia.

~

`

~

`

~

`

~

`

21TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

reidi marilis sawarmoSi

problemis aRwera

indoeTi britaneTis kolonia iyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisi indoeTss

mravali TvalsazrisiT keTilganwyo-

bilad marTavda, es mainc erTi qveynis

mier meores marTva iyo. indoel xalxs

damoukidebloba surda. damoukideblo-

bisTvis saxalxo moZraobis egidiT

araerTi aqcia ganxorcielda. erT-erTi

maTganis Sesaxeb qvemoT giambobT.

gegma

erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelzec gandim

fokusireba moaxdina, iyo britanuli

`marilis aqtebi~. am dokumentis

Tanaxmad, danaSaulad gamocxadda

indoeTSi, britaneTis mTavrobis garda,

vinmesgan marilis Sesyidva. es ki niSnavda

monopoliis gamocxadebas iseT

nivTierebaze, romelic cxel klimatur

pirobebSi gadasarCenad adamianebsa da

cxovelebs erTnairad esaWiroebodaT.

marilis damzadeba kanonsawinaaRmdego

qmedebad iTvleboda. britanelebze

zewolis moxdenis mizniT, gandim am

kanonis ganzrax darRveva dagegma.

dasawyisi

aqciis dawyebamde gandim weriliT

mimarTa britanel mefisnacvals.

`Zvirfaso megobaro, vidre

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas

gamovacxadebde da im riskze

wavidode, romlis gawevac mTeli am

wlebis ganmavlobaSi SiSs mgvrida,

iZulebuli var, mogmarToT Tqven da

veZio gamosavali. Cemi piradi mrwamsi

absoluturad naTelia. ar SemiZlia

ganzrax mivayeno ziani sulier

arsebas... miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor

momeqcevian isini me da Cemianebs...

wyeulad vacxadeb britanul wess...

eqspluataciis gaZlierebiTa da

damangrevelad ZviradRirebuli

samxedro da samoqalaqo adminis-

traciis SeqmniT, romlis Senaxvis

fufunebac qveyanas ara aqvs,

milionobiT adamiani gaRatakda. man

Cven politikurad dagvamona. Ziri

Seuryia Cveni kulturis safuZvlebs...

man Cven sulierad dagvaknina...

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba

araZaladobriv aqciebSi gamoixateba...

Cemi ambiciaa, araZaladobrivi

meTodebiT gardavqmna britaneli

xalxi da davanaxo maT is

usamarTloba, rac maT indoeTs

damarTes. me ar vapireb, Tqveni

xalxisaTvis zianis miyenebas. me msurs,

vemsaxuro maT iseve, rogorc sakuTar

xalxs...

da Tu indoeli xalxi me gamomyveba,

vfiqrob, rom is asec moiqceva,

tanjva, romelsac isini gaivlian...

sakmarisi iqneba yvelaze gulqva

gulebis mosalbobadac ki~.

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200322

mefisnacvalma gandis mxolod mokled

upasuxa: `misi udidebulesoba... wuxils

gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom Tqven airCieT

kursi, romelic kanonis darRvevas da

sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis safrTxis

Seqmnas isaxavs miznad.~ razec Tavis

mxriv, gandim upasuxa:

muxlmodrekilma gTxoveT puri

da sanacvlod miviRe qva.

ra moxda

gandim da misma 75 mimdevarma msvleloba

moawyves 250 miliT daSorebuli zRvisken

da es manZili 24 dReSi gaiares. aqciis

monawileebs sixaruliT xvdebodnen

soflebSi, sadac gandi xalxs mimarTavda.

1930 wlis 5 aprils maT zRvamde miaRwies.

gandim aiRo wylisgan gamoxdili marili

da amiT kanoni daarRvia. ase daiwyo

ajanyeba iaraRis gareSe. sxvadasxva

mxaris soflis macxovreblebi tafebiT

xelSi zRvisken miemarTebodnen da

marils amzadebdnen. erT TveSi 60 aTasi

adamiani gisosebs miRma aRmoCnda _

indoelebs winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT.

daapatimres gandic.

moZraobam dharasanas marilis sawarmoSi

specialuri `reidi~ ganaxorciela.

demonstrantebis rigi dadga 400

mcveliTa da ekliani mavTulebiT dacul

marilis sabadoebis misadgomebTan.

isini Cumad miuaxlovdnen Robes.

ubrZanes ukan daexiaT. policia Tavs

daesxa demonstrantebs da xelketebiT

cema isini _ miuxedavad amisa, aqciis

arc erT monawiles xeli ar aRumarTavs,

Tundac Tavdacvis mizniT. Tavis qalaze

dartymis xmebsac ki gaigonebdiT.

300-ze meti demonstranti, romelmac

dazianeba miiRo, saavadmyofoSi

gadaiyvanes. ori adamiani gardaicvala.

britanelebi indoelebs xelketebiTa da

iaraRis kondaxiT scemdnen. es incidenti

britaneTis administraciisaTvis did

sircxvilad iqca, isini sindisma Seawuxa.

indoelebs qedi ar mouxriaT da arc ukan

dauxeviaT. inglisi dauZlurda, xolo

indoeTi uZleveli gaxda.

~`

ljmnjhvfhnby

kesthrbyub

kingi 1929 wels `Sav~ atlantaSi

jorjiis Statis dedaqalaqSi

daibada, saSualo fenis ojaxSi.

mamamisi Zlieri nebisyofis

adamiani iyo, romelmac

damoukideblad gaikvlia

cxovrebaSi gza da baptistTa

cnobili sasuliero piri gaxda.

dedamisi mSvidi da

windaxeduli adamiani iyo,

romelic wonasworobas

iSviaTad kargavda. samxreTuli

cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb man

5 wlis asakSi Seityo, rodesac

TeTrkanian megobars mxolod

imitom daaSores, rom am

ukanasknels TeTrebisaTvis

gankuTvnil skolaSi calke

unda eswavla. maSin dedam mas

uTxra: `sxvaze naklebad Tavi

arasodes igrZno. yovelTvis

unda gqondes imis SegrZneba,

rom pirovneba xar.~

23TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

Tu gvsurs, ar gavimeoroT warsulis

Secdomebi da sxvaTa `warmoudgeneli~

warmatebebi Cvenive STagonebis wyarod

vaqcioT – gavecnoT doqtor martin

luTer kingis cxovrebas da mis brZolas

samxreTSi segregaciis (rasobrivi

dayofis) winaaRmdeg. Znelia moiZebnos

kingis ukeTesi biografia, vidre stiven

b. outsis bestseleri `dae, igugunon

dafdafebma~.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa imis xilva,

Tu rogor icvleboda politikuri

fortuna, da rogor iqca erT dros

warmoudgenlad miCneuli `samoqalaqo

uflebaTa aqti~ kanonad. waikiTxeT

prezident kenedis mimarTva xalxisadmi,

romelic Cven, rogorc mSoblebs, dResac

bevrs gveubneba.

erTxel kingi Tavis maswavlebelTan

erTad avtobusiT Sin brundeboda. roca

avtobusi TeTrkanianiebiT gaivso,

mZRolma maT ukan gadajdoma mosTxova.

Tavdapirvelad is uarze iyo, Tumca

bolos mainc gadavida ukan. mogvianebiT

am epizods kingi ase ixsenebda:

is Rame arasdros waiSleba Cemi

mexsierebidan. cxovrebaSi ase

Zlier arasdros

gavbrazebulvar.

kingma swavla murhauzis kolejSi

gaagrZela da ZiriTad sagnad sociolo-

gia airCia. zafxulSi is Sav muSad

muSaobda, raTa adamianebTan urTierToba

daemyarebina, `gaego maTi mdgomareoba da

ganecada maTi gasaWiri.~ man daiwyo imis

gacnobiereba, rom kapitalizmi eqsplu-

atacias uwevda Savebs da rasizms

aRvivebda. Tavisi agresia kingma TeTrka-

nianebis nacvlad sistemis winaaRmdeg

mimarTa. koleji 1948 wels sociologiis

bakalavris xarisxiT daamTavra.

Semdeg swavla pensilvaniaSi, qveyanaSi

erT-erT saukeTeso krozeris seminariaSi

gaagrZela. miuxedavad imisa, rom

RvTismetyvelebis doqtoris kurss

gadioda, mas surda, daufleboda

socialuri usamarTlobis aRmofxvris

sakiTxebs. 90-iani wlebis Teologis,

uolter rauSenbaxis Sromebidan man

gaacnobiera aqtiuri qristianuli

rwmenis mniSvneloba, romelic vrceldeba

rogorc amqveynad, aseve imqveynadac.

man uaryo karl marqsis Sromebi,

romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda mis rwmenas

imis Sesaxeb, rom: `realobis centrSi

guli Zevs, cocxali mama, romelic mTeli

sicocxle Tavisi Svilebis gadarCeni-

saTvis iRwvis.~ marqsi am sulier sawyiss

uaryofda. is arc im midgomas eTanxme-

boda, romlis Tanaxmadac `mizani

amarTlebs saSualebas~. Tumca,

kapitalizmis sisastikis marqsiseul

kritikas isic iziarebda.

buker t. vaSingtoni Savkanianebs

mouwodebda, daeviwyebinaT segregaciis

winaaRmdeg brZola, romelsac aSS-s

uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmeSi `plesi

fergiusonis winaaRmdeg~ (1896) mxari

dauWira. vaSingtoni urCevda Savkanianebs,

ezrunaT sakuTari Tavis srulyofasa da

TeTrebis pativiscemis moxveWaze,

romlebic maT, rogorc Zmebs, ise

moepyrobodnen. am gziT ki rasobrivi

simSvide daisadgurebda. nebayoflobiT

segregacias sxvebic emxrobodnen. bevri

Savkaniani sasuliero piri mouwodebda

Tavis mrevls, Segueboda arsebul

status qvos im imediT, rom aRTqmul

miwaze yvelani Tanaswori iqnebodnen.

kingma amgvari midgomis winaaRmdeg

gailaSqra: `SavkanianTa goneba da suli

damonebulia.~ rogor SeiZleba,

Savkanianebma raime ufleba moipovon im

qveyanaSi, romelsac TeTrkaniani

umravlesoba marTavs. man waikiTxa

henri devid toro, da aRfrTovanda

im ideiT, rom:

erT patiosan adamians

SeuZlia, moraluri

revolucia aagoros!

seminariaSi swavlobda erTi samxreTeli

studenti, romelic saSinlad ver itanda

Savkanianebs. erTxel is kings oTaxSi

~

`

~`

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Seuvarda da datenili pistoletiT

daemuqra. kingma situacia mSvidi saubriT

ganmuxta. saerTo sacxovrebelSi am

ambavs didi aJiotaJi mohyva, magram

kingma am kacis winaaRmdeg sarCelis

Setanaze uari Tqva. Tavdamsxmelma kings

bodiSi mouxada, ris Semdegac isini

damegobrdnen. am SemTxvevam kings aswavla,

Tu rogor unda aqcio mteri megobrad.

kingi arc ise gulubryvilo adamiani iyo,

eWvis Setana rom ar daewyo qristianuli

siyvarulis SesaZleblobaSi _ gamoewvia

realuri socialuri gardaqmnebi.

istoriam mas daanaxa, Tu rogori uZluri

SeiZleba iyos zogjer siyvaruli.

siyvarulma ver SesZlo samxreTSi

monobis aRmofxvra, verc meore msoflio

omis SeCereba. is daafiqra sakuTari

Tavis pacifistad warmodgenis SesaZleb-

lobam. nicSes Sromebis gacnobisas, misi

rwmena Searyia gamonaTqvamma, rom RmerTi

mokvda da adamians mxolod umdablesi

emocia _ gadarCenisaTvis brZola

amoZravebda. `giyvardes moyvasi Seni~

SesaZloa, amarTlebdes kerZo

SemTxvevebSi, magram ara erebsa da

adamianTa jgufebs Soris urTierTobaSi.

is eswreboda seminarebs mahaTma gandis

moZRvrebis Sesaxeb da ecnoboda, Tu

rogor iyenebda gandi socialuri

cvlilebebis misaRwevad WeSmaritebisa

da siyvarulis Zalas. gandim daanaxa mas,

rom SesaZlebeli iyo agresiis pozitiuri

mimarTulebiT gardaqmna. araZaladoba

borotebasTan TanamSromlobaze uaris

Tqmas niSnavs. gandis istoriam kings

daanaxa, Tu rogor SeiZleboda

gaficvebisa da saprotesto aqciebis

Catareba mowinaaRmdegis siZulvilis

gareSe – RvTiuri samarTlis Rrma

rwmeniT. termini satiagraha Tavis TavSi

swored siyvarulisa da Zalis erTianobas

moicavda. es sulac ar niSnavda borote-

bisaTvis winaaRmdegobis argawevas,

aramed borotebis winaaRmdeg pozitiur

araZaladobriv aqciebs warmoadgenda.

indoeTSi gandis warmateba kingisaTvis

iyo stimuli da cocxali magaliTi imisa,

Tu ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos

siyvarulis Zalam radikalur socialur

cvlilebebze iseT garemoSi, sadac

zangebi iseve itanjebian, rogorc

samxreTSi. qristianuli siyvarulis,

`agapes~ meSveobiT kingma dainaxa, rom

cxovrebaSi yvelaferi

urTierTkavSirSia, yvela adamiani

erTmaneTis Zmaa da rom kacobrioba

saerTo procesSia CarTuli.

avtobusis ukana adgilebi,

montgomeri, alabama (1955 weli)

problemis aRwera

qveynis Savkaniani mosaxleobisTvis

avtobusi gadaadgilebis ZiriTad

saSualebas warmoadgenda. zogierTi

TeTrkaniani mZRoli Seuracxyofas

ayenebda zangebs da maT `nigerebs~,

`maimunebsa~ da `Sav Zroxebs~ uwodebda.

zangebs ar hqondaT pirvel oTx rigSi

jdomis ufleba (molod TeTrebisaTvis

aseTi warwera iyo gamokruli am

adgilebze). Tu avtobusSi gacilebiT

meti TeTrkaniani amovidoda, vidre

maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli adgili iyo,

Savkanianebi unda amdgariyvnen da

maTTvis sakuTari adgili

SeeTavazebinaT. Tu TeTrkaniani

Savkanianis gverdiT dajdeboda,

Savkaniani unda amdgariyo. Tu avtobusSi

SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili nawili

gaivseboda, magram TeTrkanianTa

adgilebi carieli darCeboda –

Savkanianebs iq dajdomis ufleba mainc

ar hqondaT. es politika qalaqis

xelisuflebis brZanebiT iyo

damkvidrebuli da am wesebis darRveva

patimrobiT isjeboda.

dasawyisi (1955 weli)

mkeravis zangi asistenti, q-ni roza

parksi avtobusiT saxlSi brundeboda.

mas SavebisTvis gankuTvnili adgili

ekava. avtobusi gaivso da

TeTrkanianebisTvis adgili aRar darCa,

amitomac misis parks uTxres, amdgariyo

da TeTrkanianisTvis adgili daeTmo,

magram Savkaniani qalbatoni daRlili iyo

25TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

da am sityvebs ar daemorCila. mZRoli

mas policiaSi darekviT daemuqra.

`wadi da dareke,~ – upasuxa qalma. am

incidentis gamo misis parks brali

kanonis darRvevaSi dasdes da patimroba

miusajes. amis Sesaxeb satelefono

zarebis saSualebiT Seityves SavkanianTa

liderebma da samoqmedo gegmac dasaxes.

gegma

40-50 RvTismsaxuri da sxva samoqalaqo

lideri erTad Seikriba. maT organizeba

gaukeTes qalaqis avtobusebSi Savkaniani

mosaxleobis boikots, magram amave dros

akrZales Zaladobrivi mogeriebis

yovelgvari SesaZlebloba, radganac

ramodenime Savkaniani imuqreboda, rom

TeTrkanian mZRolebs Tavs gautexavda.

ra moxda

`sandi feiferma~ (kviris gazeTi)

Savkanianebi problemebis SeqmnaSi

daadanaSaula. gazeTi werda, rom misis

parksi ganzrax dasves im avtobusSi da

rom zangebs apirebdnen miemarTaT imave

taqtikisTvis, romelsac `TeTri

sabWoebi~ Savi biznesebis boikotirebisas

iyenebdnen. kingi daibna, xom ar iyo es

araswori gadawyvetileba? xom ar iyo

boikoti araeTikuri? bevri gansjis

Semdeg kingi mixvda, rom sinamdvileSi es

`boikots~ ki ara, im sistemis

ugulvebelyofas niSnavda, romelic maT

uflebebs bRalavda. isini sulac ar

isaxavdnen miznad saavtomobilo

kompaniebisaTvis zianis miyenebas.

kingi toros sityvebze fiqrobda:

vinc borotebas protestis

gareSe iRebs,

sinamdvileSi borotebasTan

TanamSromlobs.

Savkanianebi TanamSromlobdnen am

borotebasTan.

boikotis wina RamiT kingi SiSma da

dardma aitana – vai Tu xalxi Zalzed

daSindeba an aqciis mimarT gulgrilobas

gamoavlens? isini imedovnebdnen, rom

aqciaSi SavkanianTa 60% mainc miiRebda

monawileobas, magram ra moxdeboda maSin,

Tu boikotSi naklebi xalxi CaerTveboda

– maT dascinebdnen da es moZraobisTvis

didi dartyma iqneboda? gamTeniisas is

Zalzed gaakvirva im faqtma, rom

Savkaniani mosaxleobis TiTqmis 100%

aqciis monawile gaxda!

amis Semdeg araerTi Sekreba gaimarTa,

romlebzec kings iwvevdnen da

gamosvlebs Txovdnen:

Cven amerikis moqalaqeebi varT da

gvsurs, movipovoT moqalaqeoba

am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT...

Cven aq imitom SevikribeT, rom gvsurs

situacia gamoswordes.... dadga dro,

roca adamianebi daiRalnen. am saRamos

Cven aq imisTvis SevikribeT, raTa

vuTxraT Cvens mCagvrelebs, rom

Cven daviRaleT – segregaciiTa da

damcirebiT, fexqveS gaTelviT.

protestis garda Cven sxva gza ar

dagvrCenia... Cven am RamiT imisaTvis

SevikribeT, raTa gadavrCeT, davZlioT

is Tmenis unari, romelic gvaiZulebs,

SeveguoT yvelafers, SeveguoT

usamarTlobasa da Tavisuflebis arqonas

...minda vTqva, rom nebismieri qmedebis

dros Cven erTad unda vidgeT. Cven

kanonisa da samarTlianobis umaRlesi

principebiT unda vimoqmedoT. erTianoba

dRevandelobis udidesi moTxovnaa, da

Tu Cven erTad vidgebiT, Cven ara

mxolod sasurvelis, aramed imis

miRwevasac SevZlebT, rasac

samarTlianad vimsaxurebT.

Tu Cven ara varT marTalni, maSin qveynis

uzenaesi sasamarTloc usamarTlo

yofila. Tu Cveni qmedeba arasworia,

maSin aSS-s konstituciac usamarTlo

yofila... Tu Cven ara varT marTalni,

maSin ieso nazarevelic ubralo

utopisti meocnebe yofila, romelic

dedamiwaze arasdros mosula.

Tu Cven ara varT marTalni, maSin

samarTali tyuili yofila.

Cveni protesti... muqarisa da daSinebis

~

`

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gareSe. Cven kanonisa da samarTlianobis

umaRlesi principebiT

vixelmZRvanelebT... Cven qmedebebs

mxolod qristianuli rwmenis yvelaze

Rrma principebi gansazRvravs...

giyvardeT mteri Tqveni, daloceT

Tqveni mawyevrebi, da iloceT maTTvis,

vinc Tqven giyenebT. Tu Cven amas ver

SevZlebT, Cveni winaaRmdegoba

dasruldeba, rogorc istoriis

umniSvnelo drama da misi xsovna

samarcxvino saburveliT daifareba...

istoriaSi daiwereba... cxovrobda

adamianTa rasa, SavkanianTa rasa,

xalxi, romelsac gaaCnda moraluri

Zala, sakuTari uflebebi daecva.

da maT axali furceli Caweres istoriisa

da civilizaciis labirinTebSi.

intrigebi

isini mersa da iuristebs Sexvdnen,

romelTac ramodenime miuRebeli

winadadeba SesTavazes. maTi interesi iyo

mxolod erTi ramis – rasobrivi status

kvos SenarCuneba. kingi mixvda, Tu

ramdenad rTuli iyo privilegirebulTa

gadarwmuneba, uari eTqvaT sakuTar

privilegiebze. isini unda iaZulo,

ase moiqcnen. unda gaagrZelo

winaaRmdegobis gaweva manam, vidre isini

Tavadve ar daTmoben. Savkanianebi

ganagrZobdnen masobrivi mitingebis

Catarebas, rac maT udrekobas da

mizandasaxulobas aZlierebda.

am moZraobas zogierTi TeTrkaniani

TanaugrZnobda da mxars uWerda,

rogorc Riad, aseve farulad.

erT-erT molaparakebaze meri Seecada,

moZraoba gaexliCa, xolo kingisTvis

iseTi adamianis iarliyi miekra, romelsac

`didi mada~ aqvs da SeTanxmebis

miuRwevloba swored misTvis daebralebina.

meri Seecada, moZraobis sxvadasxva

liderebis siamayis grZnobaze eTamaSa.

ianvarSi kingi muqaris zarebsa da

siZulviliT aRsavse werilebsac ki

iRebda. misi meuRle da mcirewlovani

Svili daSinebulni iyvnen, magram mas

brZola ar Seuwyvetia. 30 ianvris Sekrebaze

man Seityo, rom misi saxli aafeTqes!

garkveuli periodi mis saxls SeiaraRe-

buli megobrebi darajobdnen, ris gamoc

kingi Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda da male

aseTi samsaxuris gawevaze uari uTxra.

nebismier Zaladobas kingi mxolod

RmerTis rwmeniTa da siyvarulis ZaliT

upirispirdeboda.

sasamarTlo, sajarooba

da gadawyvetileba

martSi is daapatimres da boikotisaTvis

gaasamarTles. miuxedavad imisa, rom

moZraobas sasamarTloSi kargi advokati

warmoadgenda, kingi mainc damnaSaved

cnes. man ganaCeni gaasaCivra. es saqme

yvela axali ambisa da gazeTis mTavar

Temad iqca. moZraobis saqmianoba Zalzed

farTod gaSuqda televiziiTa da presiT.

saqmem uzenaes sasamarTlosac miaRwia.

1956 wlis noemberSi uzenaesma sasamarT-

lom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac,

avtobusebze dawesebuli segregaciuli

kanonmdebloba arakonstituciurad cnes.

erTi wlis Semdeg, 1956 wlis dekemberSi

TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs avtobu-

sebSi erTad jdomis ufleba hqondaT.

samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqti

(1961 weli)

montgomeriSi miRweuli warmatebis

Semdeg moZarobis politikuri gavlena

kidev ufro gaizarda. Tumca, moZraobis

wevrebs arwmunebdnen, rom jer kidev ar

iyo `Sesaferisi dro~ samoqalaqo

uflebaTa aqtis kongresSi gasatanad.

kingsa da prezident jon kenedis Soris

situacia daiZaba, radganac kingi

`moralis kiTxvis toniT saubrobda, rac

miuRebeli iyo kenedisaTvis~.

prezidentma ganacxada, rom is ar

apirebda kongresSi samoqalaqo

uflebaTa aqtis gatanas, rogorc es

kings surda, radganac es aqti

kapitoliumis mimarT gavleniani

samxreTelebis gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda

da safrTxes Seuqmnida sxva aucilebel

socialur kanonmdeblobas.

27TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

olbani, jorjia _

warumatebloba (1961-1962 wlebi)

problemis aRwera

olbaniSi (jorjiis Stati) Zalian mkacri

segregaciuli kanonebi moqmedebda.

xalxma kings qalaqSi Casvla da maTTan

saubari sTxova. zogierTi olbaniSi

kingis Casvlis winaaRmdegi iyo, radganac

isini adgilobrivi moZraobis adgilze

gakontrolebis momxreebi iyvnen.

ra gegma iyo da ra moxda

xalxi nebayoflobiT arRvevda

segregaciul kanonmdeblobas,

daapatimres aseulobiT adamiani.

saprotesto moZraobas kingic SeuerTda

da Canda, rom 1961 wlis dekemberisTvis

maT gamarjvebisTvis unda mieRwiaT.

kingma uari ganacxada Tavdebis Tanxis

sanacvlod cixidan gamosvlaze da

patimrobaSi darCa. iseTi STabeWdileba

Seiqmna, TiTqos qalaqis xelisufleba

mzad iyo cvlilebebis gasatareblad,

magram dapirebebi dapirebad darCa _

kingi cixidan gamovida, magram realurad

araferi Secvlila... 1962 wlis

gazafxulze moZraoba kvlav Seecada,

gaaqtiurebuliyo. kingma fici dado, rom

sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas

araZaladobrivi kampaniis meSveobiT

SeZlebda. am moZraobaSi bevri adamiani

aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli, magram Sedegi

kvlav ar Canda. adgilobrivi policiis

ufrosi priCeti aqtivistebs Tavazianad

istumrebda satusaRoSi. rodesac

demonstrantebi policiis Senobis win

muxlebze daCoqili loculobdnen,

policiis ufrosic maTTan erTad

loculobda. Tumca am movlenebis

gaSuqeba Zalzed rTuli iyo.

1962 wlis 20 ivliss federalurma sasa-

marTlom qalaqSi saprotesto aqciebis

Catareba akrZala. kingi da sxva liderebi

orWofobdnen. ar icodnen, ra moemoqmedaT,

daerRviaT sasamarTlos brZaneba (manamde

federaluri sasamarTlo adamianis

uflebebis mimarT kargad iyo ganwyobili)

Tu brZola gaegrZelebinaT. gadawyda,

droebiT SeCerebuliyvnen da brZanebis

gauqmebisaTvis mieRwiaT.

warumatebloba

liderTa gadawyvetilebam moqmedebebis

gaWianurebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

gaamZafra da Zaladoba gaaRviva.

sabolood sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

gaauqmes, magram ukve Zalzed gvian iyo.

kingma mogvianebiT aRiara, rom

moqmedebis dayovneba Secdoma iyo, ramac

mTeli Zalisxmeva xerxemalSi gadatexa.

birmingemi, alabama – warmateba

(Tebervali, 1963 weli)

problemis aRwera

es iyo siZulviliT damuxtuli da

rasobrivad Zalzed dapirispirebuli

qalaqi. policiis ufross, `buRa~ konors,

Savkaniani demonstrantebis mimarT

uxeSobis demonstrirebis sulac ar

eSinoda.

ra gegma iyo da ra moxda

gaimarTa mSvidobiani marSi. kingi da

bevri sxva aqtivisti daapatimres da

cixeSi Casves. swored aq dawera kingma

Tavisi cnobili `werili birmingemis

cixidan~, romliTac man im sasuliero

pirebs mimarTa, vinc samoqalaqo

uflebebis moTxovnas ar SeuerTdnen. es

werili mTels qveyanaSi farTod

gavrcelda da klasikad iqca.

mogvianebiT kingi cixidan gamouSves,

magram rogorc Canda, moZraoba sakmaod

dasustebuli iyo. gaCnda axali idea _

moZraobaSi moswavleebi CaebaT. bavSvebis

quCaSi gasvlisaken mowodeba sakmaod

rTuli gadawyvetileba iyo, radganac

oponentTa mxridan mwvave kritikas

gamoiwvevda, magram aqtivistebs ukan ar

dauxeviaT.

meore dRes 1000-ze meti mozardi,

romelTagan zogierTi mxolod 6 wlis

iyo, quCaSi gamovida. im dRes policiam

900 demonstranti daapatimra da cixeSi

maT gadasayvanad saskolo avtobusebi

gamoiyena. am scenam policiis erT-erTi

kapitani SeZra:

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200328

29TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003

10-15 wlis Semdeg, roca ukan

movixedavT da yvelafers

axleburad SevxedavT, albaT

vityviT, ra suleli SeiZleba

iyos adamiani?

meore dRes moZraoba kidev ufro

gaZlierda. am movlenebs Jurnalistebi

farTod aSuqebdnen. policia bavSvebs

wylis WavliTa da germanuli nagazebiT

daupirispirda. sami bavSvi mZimed iyo

dakbenili. meore dRes nacionalurma

gazeTebma gamoaqveynes aqciis amsaxveli

fotoebi _ qveyana SeZrwunebuli iyo

momxdariT. ramodenime dRis Semdeg kidev

erTi demonstracia Catarda.

demonstrantebi policiis kordons

miuaxlovdnen, konorma policielebs

ubrZana, `Slangebi CaerToT.~

policielebma brZaneba ar Seasrules.

xalxi policias Seeria.

ityodiT, rom demonstraciaSi

RmerTis xeli eria.

xalxi policiis kordonSi

ise gadioda, rom maT

aravin cemda.

kingma isic ki Tqva, rom

cxovrebaSi pirvelad swored

aq vigrZeni araZaladobrivi

moqmedebiT mogvrili

siamayis Zala.

warmateba

adgilobrivma mewarmeebma mTavrobisagan

cvlilebebis gatareba moiTxoves da

sasadilo daxlebis, sapirfareSoebisa da

sasmeli wylis Sadrevnebis segregacia

SeaCeres.

samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis

statusi (1963 wlis ivnisi)

birmingemSi mimdinare movlenebisadmi

sazogadoebis udidesma mxardaWeram

ganapiroba is, rom prezidentma kenedim

mizanSewonilad CaTvala sazogadoebriv

obieqtebze segregaciis kanonis gauqmeba.

11 ivniss prezidentis mier samoqalaqo

uflebebis Sesaxeb warmoTqmuli sityva

mTels qveyanaSi televiziiT gadaica:

Cven, upirveles yovlisa,

moraluri sakiTxis winaSe

vdgavarT. es sakiTxi iseTive

Zvelia, rogorc biblia da

iseTive Zvirfasi, rogorc

amerikis konstitucia. sakiTxis

arsi aris is, unda mieniWos Tu

ara yvela amerikels Tanaswori

uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi...

vis surs Cven Soris, Seicvalos

kanis feri da maT adgilze

aRmoCndes? romeli Cvengani

iqneboda kmayofili, Tu aseT

SemTxvevaSi mas moTminebasa da

lodinisaken mouwodebdnen?

me minda amerikis kongress

vTxovo, Seasrulos is dapireba,

romelic am saukuneSi mas

bolomde ar miuyvania da romlis

Tanaxmadac, amerikis cxovrebasa

da kanonmdeblobaSi rasobrivi

dayofis adgili ar aris.

kanonproeqti kongresSi 1963 wlis

19 ivniss Sevida. qveda palataSi misi

miReba uproblemod moxda, Tumca,

1964 wels senatSi gadawyvetilebis

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