9 Kniga Na English Primenenie Hladona 23 v Sistemah Pozharotusheniya

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Clean Agents Fire

Extinguishing Systems

FE-13(HFC-23, R23, Trifluoromethane)



1

CERTIFICATEThe TÜV CERT Certification Body

of TUV Rheinland

Sicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH

hereby certifies in accordance with TUV CERTproc edu r es that

has established and applies a quality system for

An audit was performe d ,

Report No. 67063

Proof has been furnished that the requeriments according to

DIN ENISO 9001

The certificate in valid until October 1999

Certificate Registration No. 09 100 67063

Engineering, de sing, pr oduction and trading of industrialsystems for f ir e protection of assets and people

LPG TECNICAS EN EXTINCION DE INCENDIOS,S. A.

Mestr e Joan Corrales 107 - 109

E-08950 ESPLUGUES DE LLOBREGAT

Colonia, 15.01.1997

Entidad Certificadora TUV CERT

de TUV RheinlandSicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH



2

Amongst the most innovating techniques for fire fighting

we find the methods which allow us to take immediate

action, preferably by automatic operation, to fight a fire as

soon as it starts and avoid flames spreading..The spreading

of flames abolishes atmosphere oxidizing effect in theenvironment affected.We are referring to “Total Flooding

Systems”.In this field the media used are: carbon dioxide,

inert gases and halogenated hydrocarbons.

Among the latter, we distiguish trifluoromethane or FE-13

(chemical formula CHF3) which at present may be used for

the protection of persons and property. Specific advantages

are:

• Low toxicity , which makes it acceptable for use while

proceeding with the evacuation of persons from the

hazard area (contrary to C02).

• Great efficacy — it is able to inhibit most of the

combustion in a 14,6% air concentration.

• No physical effects on most fragile equipment.

• Minimum environmental impact.

• Zero - Ozone Depletion Potential - (ODP = 0).

Characteristics

FE-13 is a colorless substance,with an ether-like odour.

FE-13 has low toxicity and a zero ODP (ODP = 0). FE-13

contains no chloride nor bromine and is electrically non

conductive.Therefore,it can be used in electrical equipment

without shortcircuits risk.It doesn't affect metals at normal

temperatures (-20 to +50 C).°

FE-13 Trifluoromethane: a new clean fire extinguishing agent.

Max Water Content ppm by weight 10

Max.Quantity Inert Gases (gaseous phase) % by volume 1,5

Max.Variation of Boiling Point °C 0,5

HCL or Chloride Content ( tested with plated nitrate) ppm by weight 0

Evaporated Residue,max. % 10-2

Guaranteed Purity,min. % 99,7

Color colorless

Odour ether-like

FE-13 Specifications



3

Ozone Depletion Potential 0

NOAEL — No observed adverse effect level — % 50

LOAEL -— Lowest observed adverse effect level — % >50

LC 50 — Lethal concentration — PPM 650000

Time Allowed to Evacuate Personnel After Discharge seconds 30 - 60

Max.concentration allowed in hazard area without personnel preventive evacuation (EPA) 30%

“Cup burner”extinguishing concentration 13%

Design concentration (% by volume) 14,6%

Required quantity (kg/m3) 0,559 x 1,2

Cylinder Filling Density kg/l.(min./max.) 0,5 - 0,85

Duration of Liquid Discharge 10 s.

Applicable Legislation (Law 549/93 of CEE 3093/94 regulation) Allowed

Certificates,Approvals,Homologations EPA - NFPA - TESI -

UL - FM

Hazard min.and max.working temperature from -56 C.to +88 C.° °

O2 residual concentration after discharge 17%

Hydraulic calculation for pipes and nozzles (Computer programmed) NFPA

Maintenance D.P.R.5547

FE-13 Important Data

UNITS FE-13

Chemical Formula CHF3

Chemical Name Trifluoromethane

Molecular Weight g/mol 70.01

Fusion Temperature °C -155.2

Boiling Point at 1.013 millibar °C -82.1

Liquid Density at 25 C.° kg dm-3 0.67

Saturated Vapor Density at Boiling Point kg m-3 4.67

Vapor Tension at 25 C° . bar 47.29

Critical Temperature °C 25.9

Critical Absolute Pressure bar 48.3

Critical Volume cm3/mol 133

Critical Density kg dm-3 0.525

Specific Heat,liquid at 25 C°.

kJ.kg-1. C-1° 1.549

Specific Heat,vapor at 1.013 millibar / 25 C°

.

kJ.kg-1. C-1° 0.737

Specific Heats Relation Cp/Cv 1.191

Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point kJ.kg-1 239.6

Thermal Conductivity at 25 C liquid/vapor ° watt1. C-1° 0.0779 / 0.0012

Superficial Tension at 25 C°

.

dynn.cm-1 9.5

Viscosity at 25 C liquid/vapor at 1.013 millibar ° centipoise 0.083 / 0.015

Solubility:FE-13 at 1.013 millibar % by weight 0.10

Water in FE-13 at 10 C.° ppm 500Relative Non conductive Resistance at 1 atm - mmHg at 25 C.° ( N 2 = 1 . 0 ) 1,04

Guaranteed purity >99

FE-13 Physical Properties

.

Physical PROPERTIES



4

FE-13 Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems.

LPG FE-13 Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems are

designed for special hazards.T he combination of FE-13, a

new agent from DuPont, and cylinders and associated

Hardware from LPG brings another tool on the problem of

fire protection in sensitive facilities.

Agent

• Clean.

• Effective.

• Efficient.

• Safe

• Environmentally Acceptable

• Low Boiling Point.

FE-13 is a high-pressure clean agent manufactured by

DuPont. It leaves no residue when discharged in a fire or

non-fire situation. FE-13 suppresses fires by the process of

physiochemical thermal transfer.The presence of the FE-13

molecule at the flame front absorbs heat from the fire as a

sponge absorbs liquid. FE-13 is safe for use in occupied

spaces with no exposure restictions up to its NOAEL

concentration of 50%. It does not deplete stratospheric

ozone,and is ruled "Acceptable" by the US EPA. FE-13's

low boiling point and its high vapor pressure makes it useful

for those applications requiring agent storage below -17

degrees C to a low of -40 degrees C.

Applications

• Low Temperature Agent Storage

• High Concentration Inerting

• Occupied Areas

• High Ceilings

• Valuable electronic equipment

LPG FE-13 systems are suitable for hazards requiring a

clean agent.The systems can also be used for those hazards

requiring low temperature agent storage , because of FE-

13's unique combination of high vapor pressure and low

boiling point. FE-13 has a high NOAEL .

Therefore, it is especially adequate for inerting protection of

occupied spaces which require both a high agent concentration

and safety por personnel occupying the area. Furthermore, FE-

13's physical properties make protection of high- ceilinged

spaces possible with a minimum number of nozzles.

FE-13 P/T Diagram

Temperature C°

150

100

50

0

-20 0 20 40 60 80



Volume Max. Agent Min. Agent Max.

Quantity Quantity Protection

(l ) (0,85 kg/l.) (0,5 kg/l.) (m3)

75 l. 63 kg 38 kg 105

67 l. 56 kg 34 kg 93

40 l. 34 kg 17 kg 56

26 l. 22 kg 13 kg 36

13 l. 11 kg 7 kg 18

5

FE-13's Typical Applications:

• Off-shore Oil Platforms

• Oil Processing Industries

• Gas Processing Industries.

• Turbine Enclosures.

• Refinery Control Areas.• Industrial High-Ceiling Spaces.

• Spaces requiring low temperatures storage;agent storage

in cold climate

• Computer rooms.

• Equipment rooms in telephone exchanges.

Hardware

• Developed Specifically for FE-13.

• Based on Proven C02 and Halon 1301 Technology.

• Several cylinder sizes.

• Complete Range of Associated Hardware

• Nozzles Specifically Developed for and Tested With FE-13.

Because of FE-13's high vapor pressure, the agent must be

stored at room temperature in high pressure cylinders.LPG

has developed a new set of FE-13 hardware based on

proven high pressure C02 and high pressure Halon 1301

tecnology used worldwide. This Hardware meets all

requirements of storage,release and distribution of FE-13

in the most effective and efficient way at low cost. LPG

FE-13 systems do not require superpressurization with

Nitrogen as the agent own pressure is sufficient for

distribution through piping and dispersion from specially-

developed FE-13 discharge nozzles.

Design.

• Centralized and Modular Fire Suppression Systems .

• Easy and flexible.

FE-13 systems make use of modular design concepts for

flexibility and because they are easy to use and install.

Available in several cylinder sizes.

• Max.nozzle area coverage: 9 m x 9 m.

• Full range of cylinders from 5 to 60 kg.• Agent Storage temperature range -40 degrees C up to 54 C.°

• A vailable Nozzles: 360 .°

Approvals.

FE-13 is listed as "Acceptable" without use restrictions in

the lists of US EPA SNAP. Listed and approved by FM.UL

listing is pending . LPG FE-13 storage cylinders are built

complying with MIE AP.7 and approved by European

regulations.

Availability

LPG is already delivering FE-13 Fire Suppression Systems.

Summary of design specifications.

FE-13 extinguishing systems and Hardware shall be

manufactured by LPG,C/.Mestre Joan Corrales,107/109 -

08950 Esplugues de Llobregat (Barcelona).The agent is to

be manufactured by DuPont,USA,and filled into cylinders

by LPG,S.A.The agent shall be stored into high pressure

seamless steel cylinders. Design concentration shall be

sufficient for the hazard,per NFPA 2001 and LPG ,but in

no case shall exceed the safe level for occupants of the

space.Agent storage may be designed as a maximum at -

40ºC.

.

Design, piping and installation shall comply with

specifications of NFPA 2001 and LPG FE-13 design

manual requirements.Cylinder volume and

quantity of agent:

100 l.

120 l.

142

170

85 kg

102 kg

50 kg

60 kg



6

Toxicity

The FE-13's high level of NOAEL gives a great margin of

safety to its application in relation to the reduction of

volume and /or temperature changes in the hazard without

any problems of cardiotoxicity.

Safety of PersonnelThe volume of the usual use concentration is 14.6%.

The normal oxigen content at this concentration is 21%

which decreases until 17% is achieved.Therefore , inhalation

is posssible as indicated in article 1.5.1.2.2 of NFPA 2001.

There is no risk of toxicity at these concentrations . Fire

suppression may be initiated prior to evacuating the

personnel - in case of accidental discharge.

However the same regulation requires evacuation of

personnel prior to discharge for safety purposes.

Effect of Agent on materials

FE-13 is stable .Common materials such as steel, copper,

bronze,aluminum etc.,are unaffected by exposure to FE-13.

However, magnesium-alloys are affected by exposure to

FE-13.

Ventilation

The enclosure shall always be well ventilated after a fire to expel

the extingushing agent and decompostion products formed.

Reduction of oxygen concentration produced

by FE-13's amount discharged in the hazard. As indicated by the diagram below, the variation of oxygen

content inside an enclosure where FE-13 has been

discharged at a design concentration of 18% to 17.5% does

not affect the performance of a normal activity.

As an example,we can point out that Carbon Dioxide (C02)

used in a normal concentration of 34,9% makes oxygen

content change from 21 to 12.5% . Thus, obstucting

activities and breathing.

“Firenet” software program developed by LPG for piping and nozzles

networks hydraulic calculation.

Total Flooding Centralized Systems.

These are fire fighting systems arranged to discharge

extinguisher into an enclosure to achieve the appropriate

design concentration.

Total flooding systems provide protection of hazardlocated in an enclosed space and free of leakages unless

specifically considered in the project.

These systems may be used for the protection of areas

usually occupied by personnel.Discharge warnings shall be

provided.

Fires which may be extinguished by means of total flooding

are divided into three categories:

• Produced with flamable liquids or gases.

• Produced with flamable solids.• Electrical hazards.

Centralized systems allow high quantities of agent to be

stored. More than one hazard may be protected with a use

of selector valves . In many cases the project provides a

centralized system with a stand-by system,which

eliminates unprotected time after discharge..

CENTRALIZED SYSTEM



Residualconcentration of oxygen,%

Concentration of the agentsin protected volume, %

Pic.1. Residual concentration of oxygen at other extinguishing agents

10

11

12

15

16

17

20

21

0 10 20 30 40 50

3 9 ,

0

3 6 ,

5

3 4 ,

9

AsphyxiaThe death by suffocation

Life threshold (NASA)

1 4 ,

6

7 ,

2

9 ,

8

12,3%

Ñ Î 2

I n e r g e n

A r g o n

F E - 1 3

N A F S

- I I I

F M - 2 0 0

HypoxiaThe complicated breath

Life theatening

Free breath

Safely for health

14

13

18

19

7

COMPARISON WITH OTHER EXTINGUISHING

AGENTS

Inert extinguishing agents are not toxic at tolerated

concentrations but could be dangerous when official limits

are exceeded. For all gases including FE-13, the volume

occupied by objects and combustible elements is notdeductable from the protected volume.

C02 is one of the best extinguishing agents because its

discharge actuates under two parameters,oxygen reduction

and cooling.It also integrates condensation particles (water

vapor).

The new European Regulation, to be adopted, takes this

hazard into consideration and accepts installations of

extinguishing neutralization systems , foreseeable for the

execution of jobs in situ.

FM 200 is a new clean agent which extinguishes fire

thourgh phisically cooling the fire like Halons and then

chemically, inhibiting the chain reaction of combustion.

Concentrations of 8% at 20 C are not considered to pose°

any risk to personnel. NOAEL of 9% and LOAEL of

10.8%.

The hazard to be protected occupied with equipment

requires to increase the effective concentration when the

extinguishing agent is discharged, in this way exposing

personnel to a dangerous atmosphere as safety margin

between required design concentration of 8% and

NOAEL of 9% is too small. In order not to create toxic

areas as described above, it would not be advisable to

protect an enclosure with a fictitious occupied volume of

23% for example,since the concentration could reach 11%,

exceeding foreseen threshold of 9%.

ARGONITE, ARGON, INERGEN are similar fire

fighting agents which extinguish fires by fire suppression,

like C02. There are lots of studies giving a perfect

description of inerting mechanism and fire extinguishing

thresholds required.

There are monographs which perfectly recall the quality of

Nitrogen and Argon as extinguishing agents. On the other

hand , there are many definitions of extinguishing

thresholds based on the percentage of oxygen, inhibiting

combustion of combustible products (C.F."Environmental

Inhibitory and Gas Inerting Fire Extinguishing Agents",

edition C.N.P.P.)

These gases may be dangerous for the body due to partial

reduction of oxigen in the lungs,actuating as asphyxiant.

When using these substitutes and due to all above

mentioned,there should be concerned the balance between

health and fire extinguishing requirenments when the fire

protection should allow reduction of fire spreading within

survival limits which are to be watched and supervised.

From this point of view , it will be necessary to check the

percentage of an enclosure occupied,for the same reasons

as those mentioned in regard to FM 200. Concentration

limits for inerting agents, within Safety Margin indicated in

NFPA 2001, are near NOAEL level. Furthermore , as

cylinders have a typical and a constant weight, it will be

necessary to check the suitability of the charge to the hazard

protected and not to exceed permitted limits for small

volumes.NOAEL for these gases is similar , 43% and 52%

for LOAEL.

It is advisable to add an odour to gas in order to warnpersonnel of discharge or leakage . This should allow to

arrange and ensure safety for personnel.

FE-13 is an extingishing agent which does not require

nitrogen presurization and should not be considered as a

substitute gas. Fire suppression is achieved mainly in a

physical way (endothermic reaction). It's provided with

Safety Margin without any risk for life at a very highconcentration of <50% .

CONCLUSION

In every case and no matter which extinguishing agent is in

use, we recommend the application of safety regulations

pertaining to evacuation described within gas protection

regulations.

To carry out a good protection,it will be necessary to clearly

determine the general conditions of the hazard and together

with LPG find out the best solution in order to design the

most adequate system to be most effective, reliably and

easily usable.



8

Effects of Agent

The results of different studies show the low toxicity of

trifluoromethane.

Decomposition Products.

When FE-13 is exposed to fire,decomposition products are

generated especially by HF.The amount produced depends

on the fire and time FE-13 is in contact with the fire

(discharge time) and concentration applied. Therefore it is

recommended that extinguishing concentrations be those

required, as well as pipework hydraulic calculation be

carried out by means of a reliable computer program in

such a way that discharge time shall not exceed 10 seconds.

Anyway,note the following:

• Toxic gases produced in big quantities during a fire,are

much more toxic than small amounts of decomposition

products which may be produced through FE-13's

discharge.

• In an installation with this type of agent, detection

systems shall be homologated and the installation well

designed.Thus, the fire suppression will start at an

initial state of the fire,with discharge time not exceeding

10 seconds, and so decomposition products will be

reduced to a minimum.

FE-13 Ozone Depletion Potential

Fe-13 contains no bromine nor

chloride - the two products that

deplete ozone - thus, the

environmental impact on theozone layer is zero.

Applications

When valuable materials are to

be protected from fire , FE-13's

Total Flooding systems are

especially suitable. Furthermore,

if the protected area is occupied,

this is the most suitable agent

because of its low toxicity.

FE-13 shall comply with specific

official standards and regulations

(EPA or NFPA) when it's used in fixed or explosion prevention

systems.

Use of FE-13's fire fighting fixed systems should include

the following:

• Determine FE-13's percentage in relation to actual

fuels,which depending on each case,shall at least have

an alarm device available. Extinguishing concentration

shall not ,in any case,be below 14,6% volume.

• Assure the amount of product be sufficient to reach

such concentration.

• Determine the piping system design (Sch. 40/80 Pipes

and 3000 lb.Fittings) as well as number of nozzles

required - max.discharge capacity 4.5 - 5.5 kg/s.-

• Calculate discharge time within 10 seconds to achieve

required fire suppression concentration as quick as

possible by means of computerized hydraulic

calculation of pipes and nozzles..

• Assure a quality product , and norms for refilling and

assembling of cylinders.



9

Advantages and disadvantages of

centralized systems.

This method should be chosen because its advantages

compared with modular systems,except of those enclosures

where volume is reduced,or there are certain characteristics

which prevent protection by means of this system.

a) System always accessible and operating from the ouside

of the hazard,so that in case of fire , operation may be

carried out without any risk.

b) Manual release system , mechanical type on pilot

cylinder valve which allows a simple actuation to

produce discharge.

c) Simple supervision and maintenance.

d) Extinguishing agent gaseous distribution is much more

homogenous.

e) Low current consumption.

As disadvantages we may mention apart from the price (a

little more expensive) the installation of a piping system

which must cover all enclosures to be protected.

Storage

The interconnection of several cylinders for the storage of a

determined agent quantity is called Centralized System.

The extinguishing agent is stored in liquid form at room

temperature. Cylinders shall be charged with a fillingdensity of 0,8 kg / l, when modular cylinders will have the

filling density up to 0,85 kg/lt.

The enclosure temperature where cylinders are stored,shall

not exceed 30 C nor -40 C° ° .

Cylinders shall be provided with a syphon tube on the main

valve reaching the bottom of the cylinder to allow

discharge of FE-13 liquid phase.

Distribution/Pipe System.

Pipes shall be seamless steel Sch.40 up to 3/4" and Sch.80

from 1" onwards .F ittings up to 1 1/2" shall be welded or threaded, from 2" onwards welded. Weldings as well as

threads shall comply with ANSI B.16.11.

Typical distribution of a centralized system.

Centralized system is basically composed of three different

parts:

• Extinguishing agent container

• Piping system up to protected hazard.

• Nozzles

No. Description1 Pilot cylinder

2 Slave cylinder

3 Discharge button

4 Fire detection & extintion central

5 Warning “Do Not Enter”

6 Warning “ I m mediate evacuation”

7 Evacuation sirene

8 Fire detector, zone 1

9 Fire detector, zone 2

10 Pipework

11 Nozzle

12 Gas flow pressure switch

13 Connecting tube

14 Non return valve

10

11

11

11

11

12

1314

9

9

9

8

8

8

7

6

5

4

32

11



10

Pipe system shall be throughly cleaned with nitrogen after

assembly and before nozzles are installed to ensure that

there are no obstractions.

Pipes shall be designed to provide required agent flow .

Orifice diameter shall be adequate to provide required rateof agent flow to maintain design pressure at the nozzles.

Discharge nozzles

The type of nozzle chosen,its number and location shall be

suitable to achieve a homogenous distribution anywhere in

the enclosure,without leakages.

Modular system

installation

Modular system is

a modular cylinder with the possibility

of electric,

pneumatic and/or

manual operation.

Cylinders are distributed inside the hazard to be protected

inside false floors , false ceilings and/or on walls . Main

advantage of modular systems, is the reduction of

installation cost and elimation of pipework calculations ,as

there is no need for extinguishing agent conductive piping.

This characteristic makes them the right solution for

computer rooms,telephone exchange rooms and in general

anywhere installation works cause serious disturbances to

the activity being carried out or make interruption

necessary.

Another advantage is short discharge intervals ,because

there is no pipe system (no loss of charge because of

friction).

We can mention the following as disadvantages:

• Difficult maintenance: especially cylinder's weighing

• Difficult manual actuation in case of current failure

• Esthetic and space problems

• Equipment must be stored inside the hazard area,

contrary to the criteria of some insurance companies .

They prefer to locate equipment outside the protected

area.

• Extinguishing agent homogeneity is not easily achieved.

Small balls of different concentrations may be formed.

• If several cylinders are to be released in a single hazard,

current consumption may be high and an additional

power source may be required.



11

FIRE PROTECTION FOR INERTING APPLICA TIONS .

The Challange:

In zones where flamable liquids or gases are processed or

stored, dangerous vapour levels may be reached. Any

ignition — spark, friction or flame — may cause acatastrophic fire . In such cases, a fire fighting system is

required which shall combine a clean and fast fire

suppression with maximum safety for personnel.

The Solution:

A LPG FE-13 Fire Suppression System as the clean

agent.W hen dangerous gas levels are detected,the LPG

FE-13 System discharges and,within seconds,the protected

area is inerted against the threat of fire.

FE-13 is safe for use in occuppied spaces and there is noagent residue to clean up.

FIRE PROTECTION FOR LOW TEMPERATURE.

Applications:

Many facilities, particularly in the oil and gas processing

industry, require storage of fire suppression cylinders in

environments where the temperature can get as low as -

40 C° . Whereas Halon 1301 could be stored at this low

temperature, many halon replacements due to their chemical

and physical properties,cannot .

The solution:

A LPG FE-13 Fire Suppression System is the only

extinguishing agent approved for the storage of very low

tempeatures of -40 C° without special environmental

conditioning . This feature enables system designers to

minimize the space requirenments of FE-13 systems by

positioning.

FIRE PROTECTION FOR HIGH CEILING

HEIGHT APPLICATIONS.

The Challenge:

En areas with high ceilings heights — such as industrial

warehouses — pose a difficult design and installation

challenge for most clean agent systems.In order to provide

the required agent coverage, some systems require

installations of several rows of nozzles, which means more

cost to the installation and maintenance of the system and

complexity of its design.

The Solution:

Use FE-13 in Fire Protection systems for high ceiling height

applications.Due to the unique charactiristics of the agent

and our high-pressure system technology LPG, FE-13

Advantages:

• FE-13 is a clean and people-safe agent. It is a halon

replacement and meets all provisions of NFPA 2001.

• Lower design, installation and maintenance costs

• Clean fire suppression with no residue and no after -

event clean-up.

• Complete discharge within 10 seconds.

• FM Approved, UL Listed



de Incendios, S.A.

LPG

LPG RUSSIA

LPG around the world

Barcelona, Madrid, Lisbon, Shanghai, Paris, Bangkok, Munchen, Bilbao, Sevilla, Malaga,

Valencia, Zaragoza, Milano, Brussels, Ankara, Istanbul, Cairo, Budapest, Prague, Amman,

Riyadh, Jeddah, Taipei, Seoul, Bogota, Sao Paolo, Moscow, Saint Petersburg.

LPG RUSSIA

LPG Técnicas en Extinción

ISTA-Complete, Ltd

St.PetersburgTel.: +7 812 324 41 36

E-mail: [email protected]

9 Kniga Na English Primenenie Hladona 23 v Sistemah Pozharotusheniya

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