AGROECOLOGY,*NUTRITION,*HEALTH*!!

Cristina Tirado von der Pahlen, DVM, MS, PhD

Chair of the IUNS Climate and Nutrition Task Force UN Standing Committee for Nutrition WG on Climate Change

cristinatirado@ucla.edu

© Samuel Hauenstein Swan

“Agro%ecology*prac-ces,*including*organic**agriculture*and*agroforestry,*are*ways*to**

answer*the*combined*crisis*of*natural*resource**degrada-on,*climate*change*and*food*and*

nutri-on*security”***

(FAO,!2014)!

!

!

Adapted from WHO

Global*Climate*and*Environmental*Change**

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Water quantity

and safety

Diverse pathways

Altered precipitation

Decline in ecosystem services

Conflict

UV exposure Agro-ecosystem Productivity

Summary*of*DirecDon,*Magnitude,*and*Certainty*of*

Projected*Climate*impacts*on*Health!(IPCC,*2007)*

Negative Impact Positive Impact

Very High Confidence Effects on geographic range & incidence of malaria

High Confidence Undernutrition & consequent children developmental disorders Injuries, deaths, disease - Extreme events (heatwaves, floods, droughts, fires, etc) Cardio-respiratory diseases - poor air quality Cold-related deaths

Medium Confidence Diarrheal diseases

Pathways*through*which*climate*change*affects*nutriDon*(Tirado*et*al.*2013*adapted*from*Black*and*UNICEF)*

By#2080#1#(#3#billion#people#will#experience#water#scarcity#and#200#to#600#million,#hunger#(IPCC 2007; 2014)!

Undernurished*children*will*increase*in*a*20%*

Number*of*Malnourished*Children*in*SubOSaharan*Africa*(millions)!!

Calorie*availability*in*2050*likely*decline*throughout*

the*developing*world*

*

!

!

Severe*stunDng*es/mated!to!increase!by*23%*(central**

subO*Saharan*Africa)*to*62%*(South*Asia)*in*2050**

compared#to#a#future#without#climate#change.*(Lloyd*et*al.*2011)!!

*

*

Climate*Change*and*StunDng*!

Effects*of*Carbon*Dioxide*on*Protein*and*Minerals* US Global Climate Change Research Program- Climate and Health Assessment 2015

doubling of CO2 concentration from preindustrial levels

2100

Meinshausen et al. 2013

Average effect on 125 plant species and cultivars

Ziska et al. 2004, Taub et al. 2008, and Loladze 2014.)

about 805 million people are chronically undernourished 1 billion adults and 20 million children are estimated to be overweight. Diets low fruit and vegetable intake – high in meat & saturated fats

Double*burden*of*malnutriDon**

•  Integrated!family!farming!(synergies!of!agro?forestry!hor/culture,!

aquaculture!and!!livestock!systems)!

•  Mangrove!repopula/on:!Aqua?silviculture!–!Disaster#risk#reducBon*•  Extension!services!?!food!diversity!promo/on!!?!Good!Agriculture!

Prac/ces!?!food!safety!(e.g.!aflatoxins,!FBD)!

•  Educa/on!?!local!food!systems,!!

biodiversity!!&!micronutrient?rich!foods!

!

!

!

NutriDonOsensiDve*climate*adaptaDon**

*

*

#

Agro?ecology!

•  Agro?forestry/Silvi?culture!•  Conserva/on!Agriculture!•  Rice!Intensifica/on/fish!farming!!

•  Integrated!farming!systems!

•  Integrated!food/energy!systems!

NutriDonOsensiDve*miDgaDon**

*!

increase!diet!diversity!while*reducing*GHG*

CoObenefits*of*Sustainable*diets*

•  Healthy!–!diet*rich*in*fruits*&*vegetables*(400gr/day)!can*save*2.7*million*lives**(WHO,!2008)!

•  Environmentally!sustainable!(e.g.!legumes!?!soil!N!fixing)!

•  Biodiversity/!tradi/onal!crops/!indigenous!peoples!/socio?cultural!values!

•  Socially!equitable!!

Nutri/on!Indicators!–!SDGs!(UNSCN,!2015)!

Minimum*Dietary*Diversity*–Women**

Global**Dietary*Diversity*Indicator*for*Women***

*

EU, FAO, FANTA III, USAID, 2014

!

Key!messages!!!*

• Agro?ecology!and!agroforestry!preserve!biodiversity!and,!therefore,!directly!facilitate!the!diversity!of!diets,!with!usually!a!posi/ve!effect!on!nutri/on.!!

!

• Women!are!vital!to!achieve!food!and!nutri/on!security!through!agro?ecology!in!

their!role!as!both!the!primary!producers!of!food!in!many!parts!of!the!world!and!

the!primary!caretakers!of!children.!!

!

• Indigenous!knowledge!and!tradi/ons!are!an!important!part!of!agro?ecology!and!

can!be!key!to!address!chronic!health!issues!due!to!loss!of!tradi/onal!diets!and!

farming!prac/ces.!!

!

• The!promo/on!of!agro?ecology!needs!to!be!supported!through!a!mul/?sectoral!

approach!through!applied!research,!integrated!monitoring!and!evalua/on,!good!

governance!and!public!policies.!

!

Key!messages!!!*

•  Nutri/on?sensi/ve!adapta/on!and!mi/ga/on!!bring!coO

benefits*to*health*and*the*environment***

•  Need!to!include!nutriDon*indicators!in!climate!

adapta/on!and!mi/ga/on!planning!and!programming*

(e.g.*Women*Minimum*Dietary*Diversity)*

•  Policy*coherence*–**climate*and*2030*development*

agenda:*Climate,!environmental,!agriculture,!health,!

nutri/on!policies!

“opportuni-es*to*achieve*co(benefits#from#acBons#that#reduce#emissions#and#at#the#same#Bme#improve#health#by#shiEing#consumpBon#away#from#animal#products,#especially#from#ruminant#sources,#in#high(meat#consumpBon#socieBes,#toward#less#emission#intensive#healthy#diets”*!!!(IPCC!AR5!WGII!chapter!11,!

2014)!

IPCC*2014**

CoObenefits*of**changing*diets**

Gender*equality*O*access*to*resources*

and*extension*services****!!!!

*Equal*access*to*agriculture*land,*training,*credit,*informa-on*

will*increase#farm#producBvity#by#20(30%##and*100%150*million*fewer*people*would*be*hungry*

*! ! ! ! ! ! !*

*

FAO,!2011!

Values Establish a culture of healthy living

Embrace equitable solutions Support universal food security

Encourage to steward natural resources Transparency in the work

Supply-Chain Participants Conserve natural resources

Use capital and labor responsibly

Innovate in R&D Enhance Biodiversity

Sustainable Diets

Consumers Sustainability & healthy diets

Healthy dietary patterns Increased demand for

sustainable food Minimize food waste

Policies Informed by best evidence

Engage multiple sector stakeholders Local, regional, national, global

Monitoring & accountability systems Align polices to promote health &

sustainability

US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015

Health*Indicators*for**

sustainable*agriculture,**food*security*and*nutriDon*!**

NutriDon*and*Health*outcomes:**

• anemia!in!women!of!reproduc/ve!age;!!

• stun/ng!in!children!under!5!years;!!• obesity!in!children!under!5!and!in!adults;*Food*access,*dietary*quality*and*sustainable*food*producDon:!!

• adequate!access!to!protein!supply;!!!• excessive!adult!saturated!fat!consump/on;!!

• household!dietary!diversity?!Minimum!Dietary!Diversity!for!Women!

Food*market/trade*policies*supporDng*health*and*sustainability:!!

• countries!that!have!phased!out!use!of!an/bio/cs!as!growth!promoters;!!

• health!impact!assessment!in!agricultural!policies,!trade!plans. • compliance!with!food!safety!standards!(addi/ves,!residues,!etc)!!

USDA!dietary!guidelines!2015!

• decrease meat intake by increase seafood intake

• chapter on sustainability - promote health of the population through sustainable diets

Effect*of*diets*on*annual*per*capita*GHG*emissions*

Tilman & Clark , Nature 2014

Global*diets*link*environmental*sustainability**

and*human*health*

per!capita!reduc/ons!

being!30%,!45%!and!55%!for!

the!Mediterranean!and,!

pescetarian!and!vegetarian!

diets,!respec/vely.!

ReducDon*of*in*relaDve*risk*of*health*condiDons*

relaDve*to*convenDonalOomnivorous*diets*

(Tilman & Clark , Nature 2014)

FoodSECuRE will:

i)  trigger action based on climate forecasts, to reinforce community resilience before shocks occur; and

ii) provide multi-year financing to deliver high-quality resilience- building activities are undertaken during post-disaster recovery operations.

47 percent of WFP’s emergency and recovery operations included response to climate-related events with a combined budget of US$23 billion.

Climate!Risk!Management!

Dietary Recommendations Swedish National Food Administration (2009)

Meat (beef, lamb, pork)

Eat less, reduce portion size. Eat locally produced and grass fed animals

Fish and shellfish choose seafood with sustainable eco-labels

Fruits, vegetables Seasonal and locally produced Pesticide free

Potatoes, cereals Locally grown – reduce rice intake

Cooking fat Choose rape seed and olive oil– reduce palm

Water Choose tap water Locally produced/packed

Mainstreaming*nutriDon*at*the*UNFCCC**

!

Biofuel!expansion!

Page 3INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 3

Changes in number of malnourished pre-school children by 2020 under two scenarios compared to the baseline levels (%)

Source: IFPRI IMPACT projections

Risk!management!Finance!&!Insurance!!

Weather*insurance*powerful*tool*to*help*people*to*manage*climate*risk,**

providing!insurance!protec/on!to!help!become!more!resilient!and!food!secure.!!

R4*Rural*Resilience*IniDaDve:**building*resilience*to*climate*change*for*long*term*food*security**

!Combina-on*of*4*risk*management*strategies**

Improved resource management through asset creation

Savings

Insurance

Livelihoods diversification

*

~*74*million*

fewer**

children*

stunted**

in*2025**

*

*

NutriDonOspecific*

intervenDons*

*#Includes#per#capita#GDP,#food#availability#and#diversity,#and#women’s#educaBon,#health#and#empowerment##

Child*StunDng:*Trends*and*Targets!

Underlying*determinants*

of*stunDng**

162m*stunted*

$1*invested*in*

stunDng*=*~**$18*

economic*returns*

~100m*stunted*! by 40% by 2025 !

30

Total*$49.6*billion*over*ten*years**

Source: World Bank and R4D, 2016 (forthcoming)

A!changing!climate!towards!responsible!!

consump/on!and!produc/on!

SOURCE OF DATA – EUROBAROMETER 2010

Base all respondents % EU 27

Should be a label indicating a product’s carbon footprint mandatory?

Environmental*Impacts*of*ConsumpDon*and*

ProducDon*(UNEP,#2010)*

“As*the*global*popula-on*surges*towards*a*predicted*9.1#billion#people#by#2050,*western#tastes#for#diets#rich#in#meat#and#dairy#products#are##unsustainable”*“global*shiS*towards*a*vegan*diet*is*vital*to*save*the*world*from*hunger,*fuel*poverty*and**the*worst*impacts*of*climate*change”*

(Weber and Mathews, 2009)

*

Green*House*Gas*emissions*by*supply*Der*in*the*

associated*by*household*food*consumpDon*USA***

*

! Aflatoxins*!

Summary!of!projected!changes!in!crop!yields!due!to!

climate!change!over!the!21st!century! !!*

Why invest in nutrition?

SCHOOLING*

Early*nutriDon*

programs*can*

increase*school*

compleDon*by*

one*year*

EARNINGS*

Early*

nutriDon*

programs*can*

raise*adult*

wages*by*

5O50%*

POVERTY*

Children*who*

escape*stunDng*

are*33%*more*

likely*to*escape*

poverty*as*

adults*

!

ECONOMY*

ReducDons*in*

stunDng*can*

increase*GDP**

by*4O11%*

*in*Asia*&**

Africa*

Defini/ons!!

Food*security!exists!when!all!people,!at!all!!

/mes,!have!physical,!social!and!economic!access!!

to!sufficient,!safe!and!nutri/ous!food!that!meets!!

their!dietary!needs!and!food!preferences!for!an!!

ac/ve!and!healthy!life(FAO,!2002;!FAO,!2009;!!

UNSCN,!2010).!!

NutriDon*security*exists!when!food!security!is!coupled!!

with!a!sanitary!environment,!adequate!health!services,!!

and!proper!care!and!feeding!prac/ces!to!ensure!a!!

healthy!life!for!all!household!members!(WB!2009;!!

UNSCN,!2010;!SUN,!2010).!

Biofuel!expansion!

Page 3INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 3

Changes in number of malnourished pre-school children by 2020 under two scenarios compared to the baseline levels (%)

Source: IFPRI IMPACT projections

!

Biofuel!expansion!and!undernutri/on!!*

-50% -15% 0%

+35% +15% 200

39

Climate*change*changes*in*Food*ProducDon**

2003O2080*Increasing*Temperature*and*CO2**