Die Rolle von Wassersstoff im Erneuerbaren Energiesystem · © Fraunhofer Die Rolle von...

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Die Rolle von Wassersstoff im Erneuerbaren Energiesystem Hochschule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft Seminar Erneuerbare Energien, 22. März 2017

Dr. Christopher Hebling Bereichsleiter Wasserstofftechnologien H2T Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg [email protected]

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Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Research for the Energy Transformation

1160 scientists, engineers, students, administrators

€ 81.1 M€ budget in 2016

12 % basic financing, 88 % contract research

Largest European Solar Energy Research Institute

Business Areas Photovoltaics

Solar Thermal Technology

Energy Efficient Buildings

Energy System Technology

Hydrogen Technologies

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Invention of voltaic pile (1799) enabled investigations of electrolytic approaches

Main principle demonstrated around 1800 by J. W. Ritter, William Nicholson and Anthony Carlise

Today 3 technologies available:

Alkaline electrolysis (AEL)

Electrolysis in acid environment (PEM electrolysis - PEMEL)

Steam electrolysis (High temperature HTEL or SOEL)

Hydrogen Production by Electrolytical Water Splitting Known for more than 200 years.

Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-1810)

First quantitative water electrolsis by Ritter in 1800

Picture credits: all www.wikipedia.org

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Stack and System Design of Water Electrolysis Systems Typical features

Alkaline Electrolysis Membrane Electrolysis

Solid Oxide Electrolysis

Electrolyte Liquid alkaline KOH Solid acid polymer Ceramic metal compound

Charge carrier OH- H+ O2-

Electrodes Ni/Fe electrodes (Raney) Noble metals (Pt, Ir, ..) Ni doped ceramic

Temperature 50 - 90 °C RT - 80 °C 700 - 1,000 °C

Pressure < 30 bar < 350 bar Atm

Modul size Max. 760 Nm³ H2/h ~ 3.2 MWel

Max. 230 Nm³ H2/h ~ 1.25 MWel

~ 1 Nm³ H2/h kW range

O2-

½ O2H2

H2/H2O

H2O - +

HT

Cathode

Anode

AEL

PEMEL HTEL

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Source and picture credits: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_la_Cou http://www.poullacour.dk/engelsk/menu.htm

Poul la Cour (1846 - 1908)

Danish inventor and teacher at Askov folk high school

First wind mill in 1891 for rural electrification

Hydrogen storage system

Alkaline tubular electrolysis cells

H2 / O2 tanks

Gas lamps for school building (1895 - 1902)

(Autogenous gas welding)

Hydrogen Production by Electrolytical Water Splitting 1890s: Hydrogen production by wind power

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Alkaline Water Electrolysis Plants Since 1920s

Picture credits: Fell – StatoilHydro,2008, NOW-Workshop

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Hydrogen Storage Systems High pressure and low temperature are prefered

Capacity

CGH2 (70 MPa) LH2 (20.4 K)

stati

on

ary

CGH2 (20 MPa) CGH2 (45 MPa) LH2 (20.4 K) CGH2 (< 20 MPa) CGH2 (35 MPa) CGH2 (< 3 MPa)

Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden.

CGH2 (35 MPa) LH2 (20.4 K) LH2 (20.4 K)

Picture Credits: Top: Dynetek, Quantum, Linde, Magna Steyr, NASA Bottom: Westfalen Gas, Wystrach, Dynetek, Hyfleet, NASA, KBB UT

mo

bil

e

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Hydrogen Storage Systems Underground storage in salt caverns

© EWE AG

Up to 1.000.000 m³

Echometric cavern survey

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In the past: Storage of town gas in Germany

Today: Natural gas reserve in Germany

Hydrogen salt caverns in UK and US

© …

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Hydrogen Storage Systems Hydrogen salt caverns in UK and US

Well head of a salt cavern

Teeside (GB): Sabic Petrochemicals

V = 3x 70,000 m3

p = 4.5 MPa (const)

W = 25.4 GWh (761 t H2)

depth ~ 370 m

operation > 30 years

Clemens Dome, Lake Jackson, Texas (USA)

ConocoPhillips

V = 1x 580,000 m³

p = 7 - 13.5 MPa

W = 83.3 GWh (~2,500 t H2)

depth ~ 850 - 1150 m

Since 1986

Landinger, Crotogino: The role of large-scale hydrogen storage for future renewable energy utilisation, IRES II conference, 2007

Schematic comparison of the 2 caverns

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Hydrogen as Future Energy Carrier Today's industrial hydrogen production.

Picture credits: http://www.making-hydrogen.com/steam-reforming-hydrogen.html (last access 2016-11-08) https://www.engineering-airliquide.com/project-delivery-services-references/steam-methane-reforming-plant-germany

Global hydrogen production: 600 bn. Nm³/yr

Mostly steam methane reforming

H2O (g) + CH4 (g) 3 H2 (g) + CO (g)

Required in the petrochemical industry, cracking-reforming process of crude oil

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Which are Today‘s Drivers for Hydrogen Technologies ? International Partnership for Hydrogen Energy IPHE

Energy security- Independency from fossil fuels

Zero emission mobility

CO2 Reduction - Decarbonization of the Energy System

Securing the economy - new markets and new jobs through innovations

Integration of intermittant renewable energy into the energy system

Power-to-X

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Global Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions 2010 data

Source: http://hpcg.purdue.edu/FFDAS/index.phpl

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Current CO2 Emissions in Millions of Metric Tons Fourteen nations and Europe account for about 80 percent of world greenhouse gas emissions

Source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

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Current CO2 Emissions in Millions of Metric Tons per Millions of Dollars of GDP


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Cumulative CO2 Emissions in Metric Tons Since 1850


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Energy Concept of the German Government Decarbonization of Germany’s future energy system

Ambitious goals by the German government:

Green house gas reduction by

- 40% in 2020

- 80/95% in 2050

Reduction of primary energy consumption

- 50% in 2050

Transition towards decarbonization of the energy system

Development of German GHG emissions 1990 - 2013 and target values until 2050 (The Energy Concept of Germany)

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Year 2016 Total 32,3% El.-gen Installed Capacity PV 41,2 GW Bio 4.1 GW Wind 45,1 GW Hydro 5.6 GW

Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources 191,4 TWh electricity were produced from renewable energy sources in 2016

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Regional Distribution of Power Capacities in Germany

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Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation in Germany 2016

~90% ~80%

~46%

~77% ~62%

~21% ~29%

~37%

~20%

~23%

~11%

~12%

~7%

Share of renewable power generation in the various states

* Source: AGEE-Stat, LAK, extrapolated

27.270 wind power plants => 45 GWmax

1.550.000 solar power plants => 41 GWmax

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Power Generation by Solar and Wind in June 2016

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Power Generation by Solar and Wind in December 2016

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Power Generation in December 2016 from both Renewables and Fossile Energy Carriers

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Electricity Production and Spot Prices in December 2016

7.5 TWh were exported in Dec. 2016

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Transformation of the German Energy System

Electrical Grid

Heating Cooling

Conversion to DME/OME

Industrial

Mobility

Residential

Power Generation

Trailer

Natural Gas Grid

Natural GasLH2

CGH2

Hydrogen Pipeline

Hydrogen

Biomass

Industry

CO2

Air

Wind

PV

Hydro

Solar

Biomass

Natural Gas

H2 O2

+-

Heat Storage

H2

CGH2

LH2

Gas Storage

Electric Energy

Storage Systems

EESS

Nuclear

Fossil

Hydrogen Natural Gas

Synth. Methanol

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The Power to Liquid Concept Hydrogenation of CO2 to MeOH/DME/OME Motivation: Promising perspective

for MeOH

Important bulk chemical/ fuel (additive)

Increasing demand

Existing infrastructure

Liquid: easy storage/high energy density 19.5 MJ/kg

Easy conversion to DME, etc.

Source: D. Johnson (2012) Global Methanol Market Review

MeOH: Methanol - CH3OH DME : Dimethylether = CH3OCH3 = Methoxymethane OME: Oxymethylenether (in German)

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The Power to Liquid Concept What are poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers, OMEs

DME n = 0

Methylal, DMM, OME1 n = 1

OME2 n = 2

. . .

Ethers of the formula H3CO-(CH2O)n-CH3, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,…

OMEs do not contain C-C-bonds and are excellent solvents

MeOH: Methanol - CH3OH DME : Dimethylether = CH3OCH3 = Methoxymethane OME: Chemicals with methoxy group

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German GHG Emissions Since 1990 and Target Values 2050 The Energy Concept of Germany

- 40 %

- 55 %

- 70 %

- 80 %

- 95 % Gre

enh

ou

seg

as E

mis

sio

ns,

Mio

t C

O2,

Eq

u.

Others Agriculture Mobility Industry CC Gas Turbines Households Energy Economy

Sectors

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(c) Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH

The Course of CO2-Reductions in the Various Sectors

Graphs: G. Rosenkranz, Agora Energiewende, 20.09.2016

Energy (Target: -92,5%) Industry (Target: -81%) Homes (Target: -92,5%)

Transport (Target: -92,5%) Agriculture (Target: -60%)

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Energy System Modelling at Fraunhofer ISE What will the Energy Transformation Cost ?

What is the cost-optimized transformation pathway including all end-use sectors?

The goals of reducing green house

gas emissions are fulfilled each year

Further boundary conditions

Fade-out of nuclear energy until 2022

No implementation of CCS technology

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Optimization of Germany’s Future Energy System

Electricity generation, storage and end-use

Fuels (including biomass and synthetic

fuels from RE)

Mobility (battery-electric,

hydrogen, conv. fuel mix)

Processes in industry and

tertiary sector

Heat (buildings,

incl. storage and heating networks)

Mimimize total annual cost (operation, invest, maintenance, …)

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Fluctuating Renewable Energies: Solar and Wind

Installed capacity in 2050

Offshore wind 33 GW

Onshore wind 168 GW (∼4*today)

Solar PV 166 GW (∼4.5*today)

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Introduction of Energy Storage Systems

Picture credits: Thermacon; Storage Battery Systems; NEL Hydrogen

Battery storage Electrolysis plant

Heat storage

REMod-D results

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Power to Gas Installations in Germany in 2016 Overview

Several PtG installations in Germany since 2011 for different applications

Direct H2 injection in NG pipeline

Methanisation and SNG injection

Secondary control reserve

Power balancing

Hybrid power plant

Hydrogen for FCEV mobility (on-site hydrogen refuelling stations and trailer distribution)

Industrial use and PtX

Demonstration stage with public support by funded projects

Source: DENA Potenzialatlas Power-to-Gas (2016-06)

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Power to Gas Installations in Germany Hybrid power plant ENERTRAG Prenzlau

Technical features

1x alkaline 600 kW NDE electrolyzer from Enertrag HyTec/McPhy

H2 production rate: 120 Nm³/h @ atmospheric

Mech. compression units

Commissioning: 10/2011

Application

Re-electrification via CHP

H2 for Hydrogen Refueling Stations

Partners

Enertrag

Vattenfall Europe

Total & DB

Source: https://www.enertrag.com/90_hybridkraftwerk.html

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Power to Gas Installations in Germany Pilot plant WindGas Falkenhagen

Technical features

Alkaline technology

6x HySTAT-A 60 from Hydrogenics

Power input: 2.0 MW (system)

H2 prod. rate: 360 Nm³/h @ 10 bar

Mechanical compression unit


Application

H2 injection in NG grid (ONTRAS)

Fulfills requirements for German secondary balancing market

Partners

E.On/Uniper Energy storage (owner)

Swissgas AG

15 min <------->

15 min <------->

15 min <------->

Rene Schoof: „First experience with advanced power to gas concepts“, OTTI Power to Gas Conference, Duesseldorf, March 16, 2016

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Power to Gas Installations in Germany Project Windgas Hamburg Reitbrook

Technical features

1x 1500E from Hydrogenics

Ultra compact PEM stack: L900 x W500 x H700 mm

Power input: 1.5 MW (stack)

H2 prod. rate: 290 Nm³/h @ 25 bar

No compression stage

Application

H2 fed into local NG grid (HanseW.)


Partners:

Uniper Energy Storage, HanseWerk

Hydrogenics, Greenerity

DLR, Fraunhofer ISE

Rene Schoof: „First experience with advanced power to gas concepts“, OTTI Power to Gas Conference, Duesseldorf, March 16, 2016

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Power-to-Gas Installations in Germany Energiepark Mainz

Technical features

PEM techn. SILYZER 200 / Siemens

3x stacks à 1.25 MW / 2.0 MW

H2 prod rate@35 barg ~ 700 Nm³/h

1000 kg H2 storage (8 MPa)


Application

Injection in local gas grid

Multi-use trailer-filling (22.5 MPa)

Grid service (balancing power, SCR)

Partners

Stadtwerke Mainz

Linde & Siemens

RheinMain University

Katharina Beumelburg: „Status report “Energiepark Mainz” – efficient electrolyzes for green hydrogen“, Energy Storage Europe 2016, Duesseldorf, March 17, 2016

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Power to Gas Installations in Germany e-gas plant Werlte/Emsland

Technical features:

Alkaline technology from Enertrag

3x stacks à 2.1 MW, NDE series

H2 prod. rate @ atmospheric: 1.300 Nm³/h at rated power

Fixed bed methanisation with CO2 from on-site biogas plant: 300 Nm³/h

Opening 06/2013

Applications

SNG injection in local gas grid

Grid service (SCR)

Partners

EWE & ETOGAS

ZSW & Fraunhofer IWES

Audi

Stephan Rieke: „Power-To-Gas-Anlage: Bau und Betrieb einer 6-MW-Anlage in Werlte“,, München, March 17, 2016

Fixed bed methanisation Alkaline electrolysis units

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The Power to Liquid Concept Demonstration project in Lünen ‘MefCO2‘

MeOH Production capacity: 1t /day

CO2 capture capacity per ton of MeOH: 1.5 t/d

Exhaust gas from coal fired power plant

1 MW alkaline electrolyser

Flexible load operation for MeOH reactor

Scale up by factor 200 possible?

Partners

Hydrogenics & Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems (MSHP)

Carbon Recycling International

© obs/Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Europe GmbH/MHPSE

Source: http://www.presseportal.de/pm/81168/2930631

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Local Storage of Natural Gas in Switzerland (Volketswil)

22 tubes

L = 250 m length

Ø = 1.5m

V = 10,000 m3

p = 70 bar

~ 710.000 Nm3 NG

Storage capacity ~ 2 GWh if filled with hydrogen

Picture credits: http://www.gaznat.ch/en/natural-gas/storage/

Construction of the pipe storage facility in Volketswil (2003)

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Local Storage of Natural Gas in Switzerland (Volketswil) 22 tubes of 250m length (1.5m), 10.000 m3 vol., 70 bar pressure, 714.000 Nm3 If filled with hydrogen under 70 bar: 1.5 – 2 GWh Storage Capacity (Hydrogen)

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Local Hydrogen Storage in Gas Tube Fields Covered With PV

Good for 25.000 cars - Assumptions: - 0,3 kWh/km, - 14.000 km/a, - 269 km/week

Or 280 buses - Assumptions: - 4 kWh/km - 250 km/d - 1750 km/week

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Conclusions

Hydrogen (and fuel cell) technologies will play an important role in a renewable energy system as an energy storage media, as a fuel for mobility and as a chemical feedstock for synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals

A stable policy and regulatory framework (carbon pricing, feed-in-tarifs, fuel economy standards, zero-emission vehicle mandates) is required for market certainty for investors and create a self-sustaining market

The global energy transformation from fossil and nuclear energy carriers towards renewable energy is the challenge of our generation to overcome poverty and to reduce the climate change.

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Conclusions

Hydrogen (and fuel cell) technologies will play an important role in a renewable energy system as an energy storage media, as a fuel for mobility and as a chemical feedstock for synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals

The electric light did not come from the continuous improvement of candles Oren Harari

A stable policy and regulatory framework (carbon pricing, feed-in-tarifs, fuel economy standards, zero-emission vehicle mandates) is required for market certainty for investors and create a self-sustaining market

The global energy transformation from fossil and nuclear energy carriers towards renewable energy is the challenge of our generation to overcome poverty and to reduce the climate change.

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Thank you

Christopher Hebling, Director Division Hydrogen Technologies www.ise.fraunhofer.de Email: [email protected] Cell: +49 175 2966752

Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

mailto:[email protected]

Die Rolle von Wassersstoff im Erneuerbaren Energiesystem · © Fraunhofer Die Rolle von...

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