E f f e c t & F u n c t i o n s - uploads-ssl.webflow.com
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Literature sources [1] Böhm, R. and Gabl, K. 1978. Die Wärmeinsel einer Großstadt in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen meteorologischen Parametern. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie 219-237 [2] www.lgl.bayern.de/gesundheit/umweltmedizin/doc/feinstaub_studien.pdf [3] Kappis, C., Gorbachevskaya, O., Schreiter, H., Endlicher, W. 2010: Das Grüne Gleis – vegetationstechnische, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte der Gleisbettbegrünung. Berliner Geographische Arbeiten, Heft 116 [4] www.hydrologie.uni-oldenburg.de/ein-bit/11990.html [5] Gehrig, R. et al. 2007. Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 41, 923–933 [6] Wolf, K.L. 2003: Public response to the urban forest in inner-city business districts. Journal of Agriculture 29 (3) GREEN TRAM TRACKS Effect & Functions Review and own Research Urban Design • Tram tracks influence the visual impression of the urban landscape. • Greening of tracks improves their appearance compared to ballasted or concrete surfaces and serves the image of the transport company and the city. • This especially applies for urban spaces with little green, particularly in highly sealed inner city districts, where almost no alternative area exists. Sound • In tracks with greening up to the top of the rail sound can be mitigated by ca. 3 dB(A) compared to the noise wise optimal ballasted track. [3] • The legally allowed sound bonus for green tracks of 2 dB supports the building of tram tracks in Germany. • Green tracks also have a psychoacoustic effect and are perceived less noisy. Urban Ecological Effects of Green Tram Tracks Grüngleisnetzwerk is funded by Air Pollution, Heat Island Effect & Noise ...are common problems in urban areas. They can cause health problems [1, 2]. Depending on local circumstances tram track greening: retains water and generates evaporative cooling, mitigates noise and binds fine dust. Track greening has the potential to revalue cities from their ecological and landscaped point of view. Water Balance • Ø water retention of the annual precipitation rate by track greening in Berlin: 50 % in sedum tracks in Berlin (measured) during summer up to 90 %, 70 % in grass tracks (assumed), [3]. Applying an average precipitation rate of 790 l/m²/a in Germany [4] all German green tracks retain > 560 000 m³ water/a . 9/13 Sept 2013, Nantes • Greening of 4 km single track creates a green space of 10 000 m². • Germany’s total of green track, 2011: ca. 425 km (380 km grass track, 45 km sedum track) [3] • Yearly increase of track greening (2009-2011): ca. 25 km single track [3] The GREEN TRACK NETWORK compiles a handbook on planning, installation and maintenance of green tracks. It gathers interdisciplinary knowledge to support the development of sustainable, ecological tram track greening . (book release 2014) Hendrikje Schreiter, Dr. Christel Kappis Institute of Agricultural and Urban Ecological Projects affiliated to Berlin Humboldt-University www.iasp.asp-berlin.de Fine Dust • Local contaminants of the air can deposit on the vegetation surface of tram track greening. The contaminants are partially bound and metabolised by the plants. PAH and heavy metals from cars and trams were found on sedum leaves and in soil from tram track greening in the city centre of Berlin [3, 5] . www.gruengleisnetzwerk.de Figure 4: Ballasted track (left) and grass track after reconstruction (right), Berlin (Photo: Dreger, BVG, Schreiter, IASP) • The quality of urban open space is an important locational factor especially regarding the exploitation of settling enterprises. Studies indicate that 12 % of the customers are willing to pay higher prices in greened business areas [6]. • The optical upvaluation of urban open spaces influences social and mental health of humans. Figure 3: Paved track (left) and grass track after reconstruction (right), Düsseldorf (Photo: Ahrens, Rheinbahn AG) • During summer ballasted tracks heat up more than the ambient air. In the green track heating up is reduced e. g. due to evaporative cooling of plants and soil and protection of the track surface from direct solar radiation [3]. Example measured in Dresden, Germany: Rail temperature in ballasted tracks reached >50 °C during summer Rail temperature in grass and sedum track < 25-30 °C [3] Thus track greening contributes to the mitigation of local heat island build-up. Figure 2: Sedum album after 1 year in a tram track: dust layer on plant surface, scale 10 μm (left), uncleaned plant (middle), plant cleaned with Chloroform (right) Key Precipitation = P Direct Evaporation = E Plant Transpiration = T Water Retention = ΔW Water run-off = R FK = Field Capacity (substrate depth/area & plant species factors: linking E 1 , T, ΔW , R) FK P E E T T E Precipitation Evapotranspiration R R R Run-off FK: Field capacity ΔW ΔW T ΔW FK Water balance Figure 1: Water balance in a green track
Transcript of E f f e c t & F u n c t i o n s - uploads-ssl.webflow.com
Literature sources
[1] Böhm, R. and Gabl, K. 1978. Die Wärmeinsel einer Großstadt in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen meteorologischen Parametern. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie 219-237
[2] www.lgl.bayern.de/gesundheit/umweltmedizin/doc/feinstaub_studien.pdf
[3] Kappis, C., Gorbachevskaya, O., Schreiter, H., Endlicher, W. 2010: Das Grüne Gleis – vegetationstechnische, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte der Gleisbettbegrünung. Berliner Geographische Arbeiten, Heft 116
[4] www.hydrologie.uni-oldenburg.de/ein-bit/11990.html
[5] Gehrig, R. et al. 2007. Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 41, 923–933
[6] Wolf, K.L. 2003: Public response to the urban forest in inner-city business districts. Journal of Agriculture 29 (3)
G R E E N T R A M T R A C K S E f f e c t & F u n c t i o n s R e v i e w a n d o w n R e s e a r c h
U r b a n D e s i g n
• Tram tracks influence the visual impression of the urban landscape.
• Greening of tracks improves their appearance compared to ballasted or
concrete surfaces and serves the image of the transport company and the
city.
• This especially applies for urban spaces with little green, particularly in highly
sealed inner city districts, where almost no alternative area exists.
S o u n d
• In tracks with greening up to the top of the rail sound can be mitigated by
ca. 3 dB(A) compared to the noise wise optimal ballasted track. [3]
• The legally allowed sound bonus for green tracks of 2 dB supports the
building of tram tracks in Germany.
• Green tracks also have a psychoacoustic effect and are perceived less noisy.
U r b a n E c o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f G r e e n T r a m T r a c k s
Grüngleisnetzwerk is funded by
A i r P o l l u t i o n , H e a t I s l a n d E f f e c t & N o i s e
...are common problems in urban areas. They can cause health problems [1, 2].
Depending on local circumstances tram track greening:
retains water and generates evaporative cooling,
mitigates noise
and binds fine dust.
Track greening has the potential to revalue cities from their ecological and
landscaped point of view.
W a t e r B a l a n c e
• Ø water retention of the annual precipitation rate by track greening in Berlin:
50 % in sedum tracks in Berlin (measured) during summer up to 90 %,
70 % in grass tracks (assumed), [3].
Applying an average precipitation rate of 790 l/m²/a in Germany [4] all German green tracks retain > 560 000 m³ water/a .
9/13 Sept 2013, Nantes
• Greening of 4 km single track creates a green space of 10 000 m².
• Germany’s total of green track, 2011: ca. 425 km (380 km grass track,
45 km sedum track) [3]
• Yearly increase of track greening (2009-2011): ca. 25 km single track [3]
The GREEN TRACK NETWORK compiles a handbook on planning, installation and
maintenance of green tracks. It gathers interdisciplinary knowledge to
support the development of sustainable, ecological tram track greening .
(book release 2014)
Hendrikje Schreiter, Dr. Christel Kappis
Institute of Agricultural and Urban Ecological Projects
affiliated to Berlin Humboldt-University
www.iasp.asp-berlin.de
F i n e D u s t
• Local contaminants of the air can deposit on the vegetation surface of tram
track greening. The contaminants are partially bound and metabolised by
the plants.
• PAH and heavy metals from cars and trams were found on sedum leaves
and in soil from tram track greening in the city centre of Berlin [3, 5] .
www.gruengleisnetzwerk.de
Figure 4: Ballasted track (left) and grass track after reconstruction (right), Berlin (Photo: Dreger, BVG, Schreiter, IASP)
• The quality of urban open space is an important locational factor especially
regarding the exploitation of settling enterprises. Studies indicate that 12 % of
the customers are willing to pay higher prices in greened business areas [6].
• The optical upvaluation of urban open spaces influences social and mental
health of humans.
Figure 3: Paved track (left) and grass track after reconstruction (right), Düsseldorf (Photo: Ahrens, Rheinbahn AG)
• During summer ballasted tracks heat up more than the ambient air. In the
green track heating up is reduced e. g. due to evaporative cooling of plants and
soil and protection of the track surface from direct solar radiation [3]. Example
measured in Dresden, Germany:
Rail temperature in ballasted tracks reached >50 °C during summer
Rail temperature in grass and sedum track < 25-30 °C [3]
Thus track greening contributes to the mitigation of local heat island build-up.
Figure 2: Sedum album after 1 year in a tram track: dust layer on plant surface, scale 10 µm (left), uncleaned plant (middle), plant cleaned with Chloroform (right)
Key Precipitation = P Direct Evaporation = E Plant Transpiration = T Water Retention = ΔW Water run-off = R FK = Field Capacity (substrate depth/area & plant species factors: linking E1, T, ΔW , R)
FK
WRETP
P
E
E
T
TE
Precipitation
Evapotranspiration
R
R RRun-off
FK: Field capacity
ΔWΔW
T
ΔW FK
Water balance
Figure 1: Water balance in a green track
