Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen · 2020. 9. 23. · alloy components, as well...

Cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels

Sales + Customer Services

For cold-work tool steelTel. +49 2331 - 398 52 38Fax +49 2331 - 398 53 20e-mail: [email protected]

For high-speed steelTel. +49 2302 - 294 256Fax +49 2302 - 294 909e-mail: [email protected]

Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen

Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke SüdwestfalenContacts

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld [email protected] www.ewk-stahl.comEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen [email protected] www.ews-stahl.de

Contents

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Supreme quality requires outstanding steel

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen the cold-work tool steel and high-speed steel experts

Process reliability from consultation to the final product

Precision for the tool manufacturer

Economic benefits for the user

Areas of application

Our technology and experience your guarantee for premium quality

Custom remelting

Individually variable heat treatment

Overview of cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels

Cutting, punching and shearing

Coining, pressing and bending

Rolling

Comminuting

Guiding and folding

Machining

Tool holders

Hand and power tools

Material data sheets

Notes on processing

Overview of tool steel weights

02 03

Cutter blades

Today tools made of cold-workand high-speed steels need tofulfil ever-increasing requirements.On the one hand this is the consequence of more modernproduction facilities and optimized manufacturing processes. On the other thesestem from constantly increasingdemands made on the qualityof the products to be manufactured.

As a consequence the use of precisely the correct steel with the best performance characteristics for the toolapplication is decisive. Onlywhen these considerations areborne in mind can the length of a tool's service life be guaranteed and at the sametime, ensure an economic production with reduced unitcosts.

The correct alloy composition isof utmost importance in orderto attain a steel's material properties which will be mostappropriate for the applicationrequired. These properties canbe fine-tuned through calculating the varying quantities of the elements usedin an alloy, such as chromium,molybdenum, tungsten andvanadium. Besides overseeingthe optimal proportioning of the main elements, close attention is paid to keepingundesirable accompanyingcomponents to an absoluteminimum.This approach enables the supplyof cold-work tool steels andhigh-speed steels for virtuallyevery need and application.Cold-work tool steels are employed at operating

Supreme quality requires outstanding steel

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenthe cold-work tool steel and high-speed steel experts

temperatures reaching around200 °C and are characterized byhigh levels of wear resistance.They also show good toughnessproperties depending on theintended application.

High-speed steels consistentirely of high-alloy tool steels,which retain necessary high working hardness of approximately 60 to 67 HRC atoperating temperatures ofnearly 600 °C. Their operationalcharacteristics partly stem from a high carbide contentresulting in very high wear resistance.

The combined Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen companies nowbelong to the world's top-ranking manufacturers of cold-work tool steels and high-speedsteels.

This advantageous position isbased on both enterprisesexperience in steel productionspanning more than 150 years,their continuous lead in casting technology and an exceptionallywide range of products and services offered, comprisingseveral thousands of sizes andshapes.

The diversity of materials rangesfrom ordinary shell-hardenablesteel to extremely high-alloymaraging cold-work tool steel.And for every type of applicationwe deliver tailor-made steelgrades, which excel themselvesthrough the following properties:

• very good wear resistance• high compression strength • excellent toughness

So as to offer tool manufacturersand industrial users optimalconditions, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen have extendedtheir services into customer andapplication-specific consultation,as well as advice on productdevelopment.Deciding on the perfect toolsteel with us starts with consulting our cold-work toolsteels and high-speed steelspecialists.

Together with the toolmaker,the demands on the final

product and on the requiredsteel grade are defined.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen’scommitments to ongoingimprovements and the refiningof present steels, as well as the development of new steel grades are the result of the symbiotic relationship withtool-makers and users. It is theperfect incentive to engineerand test newly developedmaterials, alloying concepts and production methods.

Our clients are offered the possibility to be integrated inthe decision-making processfrom the extent to which customer-specific pre-machiningshould take place right throughto the manufacture of components, such as cold rolls.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalendeliver individual sizes ex-warehouse.

04 05

Pre-machining a tool’s shape Milling cutters made from high-speed steel

Process reliability from consultation to the final product

Precision for the tool manufacturer

Economic benefits for the user

Areas of application

Competent advice for our clientsranges from the choice of themost suitable steel gradethrough to the developmentof specific tool steel grades.Not is there a the choice between the various forms deliverable from our extensivestock and product range, butclients also determine whetherthe tool is to be supplied in a pre-machined or ready-to-install state.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenthen rapidly and reliably deliverthe chosen steel grade, in anyquantity desired – always inconsistent quality.This applies to all importantmarkets worldwide. Our globalsupply network ensures dependable delivery and thefinest on-site quality.

We guarantee our clients customized precision from thesteel production stage rightthrough to machining – andthis tool for tool.

The benefits for tool manufacturers are:

• individual material solutions• consistently high quality• reproducible material

properties such as microstructure and purity

• good machinability• low-distortion heat treatment• very short delivery times• competent consultancy• development of new steel

grades

Cost efficiency is achievedthrough three main criteria:through constantly high quality,long tool lives with reducedcosts and a minimization of downtimes together with minimal tool breakage andedge roughness.

Thanks to the outstanding performance features of ourcold-work tool steel and high-speed steel grades, these criteria are met and at the specified degree.

Innovative material technologycoupled with decades of experience in the production ofhigh-grade steel long productsand our practice-oriented technical consultancy meanproduction dependability fromthe very start. This places us ina reliable position to producesteel grades which are precisely tailored to the respectivedemand profile. From the client's perspective, this createsthe chance to reduce unit costby a more efficient control oftheir production processes.

The resulting benefits for theuser are:

• high wear resistance• good hardenability• balanced toughness• high compression strength• dimensional stability• profitable machinability• long service lives• low tool costs• less machine downtime• higher profitability

The special advantages ofEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen'scold-work tool steel and high-speed steel grades make themthe first choice for numerousindustrial tool applications,especially in the areas of:

• cutting, punching and shearing

• coining, pressing and bending (cold solid forming, cold extrusion and deep drawing)

• rolling(for cold, straightening and bending rolls)

• comminuting(granulating, chipping and shredding)

• folding and guiding• machining

(drilling, sawing and milling)• tool holders• hand and power tools

06 07

The requirements made of cold-work tool steels are exceptionallydiverse. This is why appropriateadjustments of the differentalloy components, as well as arelevant treatment during steelproduction are imperative so asto produce a steel grade whichis in perfect accord with the envisaged application.

So as to ensure that the client'sdemands are met, we rely on ahighly experienced group of specialists in the cold-work toolsteel and high-speed steel area. Together with the toolmanufacturers, the specialistsconstitute a perfectly coordinatedteam to determine which steelgrade and quality is mostappropriate to each individualdemand profile.

To complement our steel specialists' extensive knowledge,we are in a position to rely onvery modern production facilities backed up by decadesof experience in every area dealing with heat treatment.In addition to this, our activeand certified quality assurancesystem (DIN EN 14001, DIN ENISO 9001, QS 9000,VDA 6.1 TS16949 and KTA 1401) guaranteesthe production of an individuallydefined steel grade with continuous quality consistency.

Should problems occur in a tool'sservice life, our technicians arehappy to provide necessary support and advice. Throughassessment and materialtesting, they are in the positionto produce findings that lead to rapid repairs enabling long-term trouble-free operation.

Saw blades

The purity and homogeneity ofour cold-work tool steels andhigh-speed steels stem fromproducing them in our modernsteelworks at Witten and Siegen.We fulfil our clients' predefineddemands by means of precisionalloying and using process specifications for melting,shaping and heat treatment.

The tool steels produced byEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenare melted in 130-ton electricarc furnaces. A subsequentanalytical fine-tuning is carriedout in a ladle furnace, followedby vacuum degassing of thesteel just before casting.

In order to cast the metallurgically treated moltenmetal, two processes can beapplied depending on therequired size of the final product. Usually an optimizedvertical continuous castingmethod is used, but for largeforging sizes, ingot casting isemployed.

Our technology and experience your guarantee for premium quality

Individually variable heat treatmentCustom remelting

For tool steel grades having tosatisfy especially high levels of toughness, homogeneity and purity standards, EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave five electroslag remeltingfurnaces (ESRs) and one vacuum-arc remelting furnace(VAR) at their disposal.

The decision as to which process and furnace to use ispredetermined by the desiredquality the remelted steelshould have. Electroslag remelting (ESR) produces noticeably refined sulfidic purityin comparison to non-remeltedsteel. To improve oxidic purity,vacuum-arc remelting (VAR) isapplied.

process flows, the reproducibilityof heat treatment is guaranteedat any time – from the initialinspection of incoming shipments through to the finalheat-treated product.

A bonus for our clientsThrough the use of a precision-hardening process – an EdelstahlWitten Krefeld development –we are in the position to reducethe deformation of thin components to a minimum (e.g. with guide strips).

08 09

ESR furnace at our Krefeld factory Plasma nitriding

The integration of the previousThyssen hardening shops into the Edelstahl Witten Krefeldand Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalen group has enabledus to build on decades of tradition in all fields of heattreatment. From a practicalpoint of view, we are now ableto manufacture products usingthe complete production chain –starting with steel production,via pre-machining to refiningthrough to heat treatment. Ourone-stop solution is invaluablefor the world's most importantmarkets and facilitates fulfilmentof the most discerning toolquality prerequisites.

In our hardening shops acrossthe continents, we have vacuum-tempering furnaces, inert gasplants and plasma-nitridingplants for thermo-chemical treatments at our disposal.Thanks to computer-controlled

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Cuttingpunchingshearing

Coiningpressingbending

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Rolling Comminuting Foldingguiding

Machining Tool holders

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Hand andpower tools

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THYRODUR® 2709

THYROTHERM® 2714

THYRODUR® 2721

THYRODUR® 2743

THYRODUR® 2746

THYROPLAST® 2764

THYRODUR® 2766

THYRODUR® 2767

THYRODUR® 2826

THYRODUR® 2833

THYRODUR® 2842

THYRODUR® 2990

THYRAPID® 3202

THYRAPID® 3207

THYRAPID® 3243

THYRAPID® 3247

THYRAPID® 3333

THYRAPID® 3343

THYRAPID® 3344

Overview of cold-work tool steels and high-speed steels

Cuttingpunchingshearing

Coiningpressingbending

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Rolling Comminuting Foldingguiding

Machining Tool holders

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Hand andpower tools

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THYRODUR® 1520

THYRODUR® 1730

THYRODUR® 2002

THYRODUR® 2008

THYRODUR® 2067

THYRODUR® 2080

THYRODUR® 2101

THYRODUR® 2201

THYRODUR® 2210

THYRODUR® 2235

THYRODUR® 2242

THYRODUR® 2243

THYRODUR® 2249

THYROPLAST® 2312

THYROLL® 2327

THYRODUR® 2328

THYROTHERM® 2343

THYROTHERM® 2344

THYRODUR® 2357

THYRODUR® 2360

THYROLL® 2362

THYRODUR® 2363

THYRODUR® 2379

THYRODUR® 2381

THYRODUR® 2436

THYRODUR® 2510

THYRODUR® 2516

THYRODUR® 2550

1 also suitable for thermal stress

The cutting, punching andshearing of metallic and non-metallic materials belong to themost demanding tasks cold-worktool steel tools are subjected to.Besides cutting and shearing,there are virtually no other applications where the tool's properties have such an influenceon the process.

The design of cutting, punchingor shearing tools is generallydetermined by three variables –the precision that will be required of it, the nature of the material to be cut and theintended batch volumes in production. Apart from thetool's functional design, anoptimal choice of steel as wellas heat treatment and wherenecessary, surface coating willdetermine the tool's service life.

Specific stresses which, forexample, punches and dies areexposed to, are largely dependent on blade clearance.With decreasing clearance, theforces acting on the bladesincrease significantly resultingin the cutting edges chipping orblunting prematurely. So as toavoid such eventualities, theuse of more highly alloyed ledeburitic cold-work tool steelsand high-speed steels arerecommended.

Where blade clearance increases,the material is drawn into theinterstices leading to majorbursting and bending stresseson the tools. To prevent thisoccurence, the materials haveto possess a very high toughnesspotential.

Cutting, punching and shearing High-performance steels forcutting, punching and shearing

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Cutlery made from cold-work tools Progressive die

This is where THYRODUR®2709, THYRODUR® 2746 and THYRODUR® 2767 come intoplay. For the highest demandson wear resistance we recommend our high-speedsteels.

In addition to a wide range of globally established high-quality standard steel grades,Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenprovide further steels with specific qualities for cutting,punching and shearing.We have highlighted the following steel grades as mostrepresentative of our completerange.

THYRODUR® 2379 is a 12 % ledeburitic chromium steel featuring high wear resistanceand toughness. During vacuumheat treatment in particular, itdisplays its highly developedthrough-hardening properties.Precision cutting tools areamong typical operational applications made of this high-carbon steel for cutting dies.

THYRODUR® 2516, a special steelwith maximum dimensionalstability and outstanding wearresistance combined with akeen cutting edge, is preferredfor use in high-performance cutting during thin sheet andstrip processing with cuttingmaterial thicknesses of up toapproximately 3 mm.

THYRODUR® 2550 is an oil-hardening, impact-resistant,tungsten-alloyed high-performance steel for cuttingdies. Due to its very good toughness and high hardenability,it is employed to cut sheet ofmedium thicknesses.

THYRODUR® 2990 is characterizedby particularly high hardness,strength and adhesive wear resistance. Through improving

High-performance steels forcutting, punching and shearing

Property comparisons and applications

the toughness compared toTHYRODUR® 2379, enhanced fracture strength has been achieved resulting in a prolongingof service life. THYRODUR® 2990features good EDM properties,smooth surface treatment andtrouble-free inductive hardening.We recommend this grade for rotary cutters, rotary shearblades, punches, dies andprogressive dies applications.

THYRAPID® 3343 is a standardhigh-speed steel grade with multiple applications. Its balanced alloy compositionforms the basis of its high toughness, wear resistance andgood cutting edge retention.

GradeTHYRODUR® 2067THYRODUR® 2080THYRODUR® 2101 modTHYRODUR® 2243 modTHYRODUR® 2360THYRODUR® 2363THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2516THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2746THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2842THYRODUR® 2990THYRAPID® 3343

Tensile strength++

++++++

++++

+++++++++++++

++++++++

Through hardening0

+++++

++++++

+++++0

+++0

++++++

0++++++

Toughness+0+

+++++++0++

++++++++

++++

Wear resistance++

++++++

++++

+++++++++++++

++++

+++

Group-specific property comparisons

Material to processSheet steel, strip steel, aluminiumand aluminium alloys, copperand copper alloys

Transformer and dynamo sheet,dynamo stripAustenitic steel grades

Metallic sheet and strip

Plastics, wood, rubber, leather,textiles and paper

Thicknessup to 4 mm

up to 6 mm

up to 12 mm

over 12 mm

up to 2 mmup to 6 mmup to 4 mm

up to 6 mm

up to 12 mmover 12 mmup to 4 mm

up to 6 mm

up to 12 mm

Working hardness in HRC58 – 6258 – 6259 – 6356 – 6056 – 6056 – 6056 – 6054 – 5848 – 5252 – 5950 – 5860 – 6358 – 6260 – 6260 – 6458 – 6258 – 6254 – 5850 – 5460 – 6259 – 6360 – 6458 – 6258 – 6256 – 6056 – 6052 – 5950 – 5858 – 6358 – 6258 – 6357 – 6154 – 5858 – 63

GradeTHYRODUR® 2080THYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2516THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2363THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2842THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2243 modTHYRODUR® 2101 modTHYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2516THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343THYRODUR 2379THYRAPID 3343THYRODUR® 2243 modTHYRODUR® 2101 modTHYRODUR® 2080THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2436THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2842

Grades for cutting, punching and shearing

54

58

56

60

62

64

66

1 2 3 40 5 6 7 8 9 10

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C

Sheet thickness in mm

Effective working hardness dependent onsheet thickness.(Above complements adjacent table on'Grades for cutting, punching and shearing')Rotary shear blades

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dimensional stability, toleranceand surface quality.

Cold extrusion – in particularthe production of cold-extrudedsteel components – places enormous strains on toolswhen it comes to toughnessand wear resistance. This is dueto the forces required for thistype of cold forming, whichlead to immense compressionand tensile stresses. This scenario can lead to permanentdeformation or even cracking.To reduce these two types ofstress, material-related preloadsare utilized in the form of reinforcement rings. Our nickel-alloyed THYRODUR® 2721 in particular is recommended forsuch rings.

The pelleting process, whichnecessitates a uniform highdimensional accuracy, morethan any other characteristic,requires a fine, non-porous surface. The latter is achievedthrough the homogeneous microstructure of the pelleter,which enables absolutely perfect micro-engraving.So as to facilitate an uncomplicated removal ofthe pelletized material withoutsticking, pelleters may be coatedusing various methods.

Coining, pressing and bending High-performance steels forcoining, pressing and bending

Besides their established high-quality standard steels featuring a diversity of alloys,Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply steel grades with specialqualities for coining, pressingand bending tools. The steels in question excel themselvesthrough high toughness andwear resistance. We have chosenfive steel grades representativeof a larger selection.

THYRODUR® 2357 is an air-hardening cold-work tool steelwith very good toughness even at high strengths. It is preferentially used for pelleters.

THYRODUR® 2550 is an impact-resistant, tungsten-alloyed cold-work tool steel featuring verygood toughness combined withhigh hardenability. This grade isstrongly recommended for usewith preforming and tabletpress punches.

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Minted Euro coins

When it comes to coining,THYRODUR® 2550 has proven itself a good economic alternativeto HSS.Where superior toughnessis required, nickel-alloyed gradessuch as THYRODUR® 2767 are preferred.

THYRODUR® 2767 is a cold-worktool steel, the nickel content ofwhich assures improved hardenabiltiy, toughness and polishability. Its uses include solid embossing tools, bendingtools and cutlery dies.

Metals take on new, specifiedphysical qualities through coldsolid forming, deep drawing,coining and cold extrusion processing methods.

During cold solid forming,materials are transformed intotheir final shape by cold formingor extrusion. Depending on the method employed, the forming tools can be exposedto extremely high wear resulting from pressure andabrasion.

The coining or embossing process, especially the mintingof coins, creates unusually highdemands on the steels used for punches and dies when itcomes to purity, compressionstrength and wear resistance.In the mints where the coinsare produced, even the slightestdivergences relating to surface,dimensional or gravimetricaccuracy result in the tools beingtaken out of service. This stronglyunderlines the importance ofthe tool steel quality employed.

The demands the deep-drawingprocess makes on the physicalformability of the material used are very considerable. Atthe same time the increasing tendency to reduce materialcosts is nowadays accompaniedby cutbacks in wall thicknesses.The tools employed in thismanufacturing process are subject to exceptional attrition –in particular at the edges andon radii. With respect to production profitability, allthese factors require tool properties that comply with the highest standards of

THYRODUR® 2842 is a standardgrade used for less heavilystressed coining dies with low-profile engraving.

THYRAPID® 3343 is a high-speedgrade which is universallyapplicable for cold solid formingand deep-drawing tools and ischaracterized by high toughnessand wear resistance.

Grade

THYRODUR® 2357THYRODUR® 2360THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2721THYRODUR® 2767THYRODUR® 2842THYRODUR® 2990THYRAPID® 3343

Wear resistance

+++

++++00+

+++++

Compressionstrength

++++

+++++++

++++++

Toughness

+++++o

++++++++

+++0

Polishability

++++++

++++++++++++


Deep-drawn beverage cans

The use of special smelting-reduction processes, such aselectroslag remelting (ESR) orvacuum arc remelting (VAR),assures compliance withdemands on surface quality,purity and isotropy. Modern forging units guarantee ultimateshaping with high compressionof the core area.

Our forging press and radial forging machines enable theproduction of forged-to-shapeblanks with dimensions close to the final gauge.The blanks are supplied annealedor in quenched and temperedcondition.

For the finish-machined products, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen are equippedwith hardening units for inductive surface hardeningand soaking pits for throughhardening of the steels.Machining is performed on ourmodern machining centres.

Every roll is extensively testedas part of our guarantee forconsistent premium deliveryquality.For any client inquiries and specific advice on applicationaluse, a qualified team ofengineers and steel experts isready to be of assistance.

Rolling High-performance steels for rolls

The following are some of thegrades which Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen supply for coldrolls, leveller rolls, section-bending and straightening rolls.

THYROLL® 2327 is a 2 % chromiumsteel, which on account of itsalloy content, offers a balanced ratio of hardening depth, hardnessand toughness.We supply this grade in variousalloy variations. For specificdemands we offer a remeltedquality.

THYROLL® 2362, a 5 % chromiumsteel, is characterized by improved compression strengthin comparison to THYROLL® 2327.Depending on requirementsand intended application,THYROLL® 2362 can be used in either through-hardened orcase-hardened form. This gradeis preferred for intermediate rolls.

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Machined tool steel Cold roll

Cold rolling is a forming processwhich takes place belowrecrystallization temperature. Itinvolves further reduction ofalready hot-rolled strip and adetermining of the mechanicaland technological properties ofthe same strip.

Due to specific requirementsduring processing, cold rolling isregarded as a speciality withinthe diverse application areas ofcold-work tool steels.

The steels supplied by EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld and Edelstahl-werke Südwestfalen for cold-working are largely employed inthe classical segments of thecold-rolling industry. Theynevertheless have uses in otherfields such as back-up rolls,straightening and section-bending rolls.

For the cold forming of stripsmade from low and high-alloyed steels as well as ofstrips and foils made of non-ferrous metals, the combinedEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalencompanies produce work rollsfor two-high mills togetherwith work and back-up rolls forfour-high and six-high mills.We additionally equip clustermills with work, interior andexterior intermediate rolls.

At our Krefeld works we manufacture cold rolls on-sitewhich are supplied as ready-to-install tools.This enables us to adapt themetallurgical and technologicalproperties of steel grades precisely and individually to ourclient's specific requirements.

Grade

THYROLL® 2327THYROLL® 2362THYRODUR® 2363THYROLL® 2364THYRODUR® 2379THYRAPID® 3343

Wear resistance

++++

+++++

++++++

Compressionstrength

+++++++

++++++

Toughness

+++++

++0+

Polishability

++00

+++00


Comminuting High-performance steels for comminuting

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply a broad assortment ofpremium quality alloyed cold-work tool steels for granulating,chipping and shredding tools.

THYRODUR® 2360, a 7 % chromium steel, has proven particularly successful in woodprocessing. Its good wear resistance and high hardness arederived from a well-balancedalloy-components ratio – namelymolybdenum, vanadium andtungsten – combined with amedium carbon content.

THYRODUR® 2379 is a preferredchoice for granulating blades tobe used for comminuting. Thisgrade offers a balanced ratio ofhigh hardness and good wearresistance.

THYRODUR® 2743 is a highnickel cold-work tool steel. Itsfine combination of hardness,wear resistance and toughnessis particularly noteworthy.THYRODUR® 2743 is mainlyused for shredders.

THYRODUR® 2746 is a high-performance high nickel cold-work tool steel. This air and oil-hardening grade featuringmaximum impact resistance isutilized for cold-shear blades,which are primarily for scrapchopping.

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Scrap shears

The comminuting of mineraland metallic materials, plasticsand wood is a necessary and decisive economic factor formany industrial manufacturingprocesses.

Whether for the granulating of plastics, wood chipping ormetal shredding, the tools, aswell as the steels they are madefrom, have to cope with veryconsiderable wear resistance,impact strength and hardnesscaused by a broad spectrum ofvery varied operational conditions.

For the comminuting of plastics,highly wear-resistant ledeburiticchromium steel grades arestandard for use with granulating blades. Whereexceptional demands are madeon the blades, our specialtymaterial Ferro-Titanit® guarantees ultimate wear resistance.

Specially alloyed cold-work toolsteel grades have been developed for wood chippersand especially for wood processing. These grades arecharacterized by appropriatehardness combined with hightoughness and high wear resistance.

For shredding – for examplewith scrap choppers – forgedhigh nickel cold-work tool steels are used, as they bestcope with the increasingdemands on mechanical properties and toughness.

Chipping tool

Grade

THYRODUR® 2360THYRODUR® 2379THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2743THYRODUR® 2746THYRODUR® 2842THYRAPID® 3343

Hardness

++++

+++

+++++

Wear resistance

+++++

+++++

+++

Toughness

+++

++++

+++++


Ongoing improvements andcontinued developments inmachine tool construction haveresulted in increasingly complexrequirements relating to thequality and profitability of toolsystems.This is well illustrated by hardened guide and sliding railsfor machine tools, which arenow some of the most importantcomponents on the market.

There is an abundance of requirements the steels forsuch guide rails have to fulfil.Necessary mechanical propertiesare high abrasive resistancetogether with good fracturetoughness and high dimensionalstability when under permanentstress.

It is precisely these propertiesthat distinguish Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen's through-hardening cold-work tool steels.In addition, they are easily hardened with as good as nodistortion. Their machinabilityis impeccable and they guaranteea high-quality surface finish.

The efficiency of the steel gradesmade by Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen is equally superiorwhen it comes to modern foldingprocesses.

Present-day folding technology –increasingly supported by intelligent material configurations and profitablenesting software – enables theuser of press brakes to manufacture highly accuratefolding products.

Ultimately success depends on the degree of applicationspecification and the efficiencyof tool systems made fromhigh-performance steels.The steel grades themselveshave to ensure the followingstandards: high wear resistanceand flexural fatigue strength,good machinability, good hardenability and virtuallystress-free as-delivered condition.

According to customer requirements, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen’s high-performancesteel grades are deliveredstress-relieved and pre-hardenedor through-hardened.Alternatively they may be giveninduction treatment on-site atthe customer.

Guiding and folding High-performance steels forguiding and folding

In the guiding and folding sectorEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply an extensive variety ofhigh-quality quenched and tempered cold-work tool steel grades. It is worth highlightingthe following steel grades fromour product range.

THYRODUR® 2067 is characterizedby a well-balanced propertyprofile. This grade is mostcommonly used for guide rails.

THYROPLAST® 2312 is a high-performance brake die steel originally designed for plasticmould construction. The grade,which features very goodmachinability, is delivered at ahardness of 280 to 325 HB.

THYRODUR® 2842 is a universalcold-work tool steel for guiderails. It offers improved throughhardening in comparison to the standard guide rail grade THYRODUR® 2067.

22 23

Guide rails

Grade

THYRODUR® 2067THYROPLAST® 2312THYRODUR® 2510THYRODUR® 2842

Machinability

+++++++++

Achievablesurface

+++++

++++++

Hardenability

+++

++++++

Wear resistance

+++

++++


components carbon, tungstenor molybdenum, vanadium,cobalt and chromium result insteels with very individual properties.The ensuing diversity places usin a strong position to supplythe customer with high-speedsteel grades designed for everypossible demand and application.

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave many years of experienceat their disposal when it comesto high-speed steel production,with the consequence that wecan guarantee higher levels of quality by applying calculatedmeasures when smelting, castingand processing.

High tempering resistance facilitates certain surface treatments such as nitriding.This not only causes a decreasedtendency to adhere and to coldlap, but also increases abrasivewear resistance.

The considerable diversity ofmaterials and variations in products and componentsmeans that the correct choiceof steel grade for metal-cuttingtools becomes paramount.

Our long-term experience withmaterial-specific chip formationand wear processes, the knowledge of our materialexperts as well as a coordinatedcooperation with scientists areguarantors for the premiumquality of our cold-work toolsteels and high-speed grades –regardless for which purposesthe steels are planned.

A diverse range of cold-work toolsteels is available for machiningpurposes. Here though, wewould primarily like to addressthe area of high-speed steels.

The latter steels retain theirindispensably high-hardnessproperties up to operating temperatures of 600 °C. In this way, enhanced machiningrequirements can be realisedfor longer time periods withouta decrease in cutting efficiencyor cutting-edge retention. Thekey characteristics of high-speedsteels are high hardenability,fine wear resistance, good toughness and high temperingresistance combined with redhardness.Different ratios of the alloy

Machining High-performance steels for machining

24 25

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld's andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen'sspectrum of high-performancesteels for machining comprisespre-hardened as well as highalloy grades.We have highlightedthe following steel grades asmost representative of our range.

THYRODUR® 2210, which is primarily used for twist drills,is a chromium-vanadium cold-work tool steel with high wearresistance and good machinability.

THYRAPID® 3243 is a tough high-performance high-speedsteel grade offering good cutting-edge retention. Its cobaltcontent results in high redhardness and tempering resistance. THYRAPID® 3243 isparticularly suitable when thermal stresses and discontinuous cutting are involved.The core uses for this grade are highly stressed twist drills,taps and heavy-duty millingcutters of all kinds.

THYRAPID® 3247 is characterizedby its high wear resistance,high-temperature strength andtoughness. It is largely employedfor tools which have to withstandabrasive wear.

THYRAPID® 3333 is a high-speedsteel with low alloy contentwhich achieves medium-termlife times. It is basically used onaccount of its toughness potential when parts are exposed to large impactloadings and it is frequentlyemployed for circular and longmetal saw blades.

Milling cutter in operation

The machining process enablesthe user to obtain componentsof a desired shape. Boring,turning and sawing are all meansto this end.When selecting a materialappropriate for metal-cuttingtools, the machining conditionsand the properties of the materialto be machined need to betaken into account.

This is becoming ever more relevant with demands for higherprofitability, longer service life,lighter construction, greatercomfortability and productsafety. The selection process alsogenerates an increasing use ofmore metal and plastic-basedcomposites as well as materialsof a more tensile nature.

StressTool Twist drills

Taps

Screwing dies

Milling cutters

Reamers

Saws and saw segmentsTool holder bits

Planing tools

Broaches

slight

3343–3343–3343–33433341–3343–334333413207324332473207–3343–

medium

3343–3343–3343–32433245–3343–334333413207324332473207–3343–

intense

3243–324333443243–3207320232473202–3243324532073202–3207–3243–

slight

3343–3343–3343–33433341–3343–3343334132073202–320732023343–

medium

3343–3343–3343–32433245–3344–3343334132073202–320732023343–

intense

––3344–––32073202–3202–3243324532073202–32073202––

slight

3343–––––3343––––3343–33433202–3343–––

medium

32433343––––33433243–––3343–33443202–33433344––

intense

3243–––––32073202–––––32073202–3207–––

slight

3343–3343–3343–3343––3343–3343–32073202–––––

medium

324333433343–3343–3243––3344–3343–32073202–––––

intense

3243–3344–––32073202–3202–––32073202–––––

Application examples for high-speed steel grades

Treatment of Steel or cast iron Non-metallic materials Wood Plastics

Due to growing product diversityand higher production volumes,the concepts surrounding the pur-pose and function of a tool havebeen changing in recent years.A striking technology which, toa great extent, has contributedto the development of innovativetool holders is shrink fitting.This is now made use of in allmachining areas.The more comprehensive, complexand taxing a process becomes,the larger the advantages ofshrink-fit technology.This is best illustrated with longand thin tools used at highrevolutions and under extremedemands on the torque transmitted.

Even with shrink-fit chucks,hydraulic chucks, shrink-fittool holders and carbide-tippedmetal-cutting tools, one constant has remained despiteall other developments:in the same way that no precision tool holder can perfectly and universally fulfil every requirementsimultaneously, there is nosingle cold-work tool steelgrade predestined to suit alldemands.

Correspondingly, EdelstahlWitten-Krefeld and Edelstahlwerke Südwestfalenhave developed a broad rangeof high-performance steel grades for tool holders with the following characteristics:high surface hardness, goodtoughness, compression strengthand high wear resistance.

Tool holders High-performance steels for tool holders

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalensupply an extensive assortmentof high-quality steel grades for tool holders, the mostrepresentative of which we havehighlighted to the right.

THYROTHERM® 2343 and THYROTHERM® 2344 are chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloyed hot-work toolsteel grades which have alsoproven successful as cold-worktool steels with multiple applications. The main characteristics of these steelsare good wear resistance, hightoughness even at elevatedstrengths, low dimensionalvariation and high resistance to thermal fatigue.THYROTHERM® 2343 and THYROTHERM® 2344 are preferred for use with tool holders, especially for shrink fitchucks.Both grades can be nitrided andare easily polishable. They also

possess a very good temperingresistance and are insusceptible to hot cracking. We particularlyrecommend the use of THYROTHERM® 2344 for higherdemands on wear resistance.

THYROTHERM® 2714 is a high-performance die steel and dueto its good toughness and highcompression strength, it is usedfor the main bodies of carbide-tipped tools.

THYRODUR® 2826 is a silicon-manganese alloyed cold-worktool steel with high toughnessand good resilience characteristicswith the result that it is highlysuitable for draw-in collets andspring collets.

Shrink-fit chuck

26 27

Tool holders

Grade

THYROPLAST® 2312THYROTHERM® 2343THYROTHERM® 2344THYRODUR® 2550THYROTHERM® 2714THYRODUR® 2721THYRODUR® 2826

Strength

+++

++++++++

Wear resistance

o+++++++++oo

Toughness

+++++++

+++

+++++

Dimensionalstability

++++++++++++

+++++


In recent years, the developmentof hand and power tools hasbeen characterized by the pursuitof the highest possible processreliability and correspondinglyhigh productivity.

Especially in the area of powertools, a trend towards modulartool systems is clearly noticeable,accompanied by an ongoingdevelopment in coatings andprotection from wear. For yearsturning and milling technologieshave been combined on singlemachines, so it is a logical consequence that universaltools have followed suit.

So as to remain in the forefrontof production, Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld and EdelstahlwerkeSüdwestfalen deliver a veryexpansive range of highestquality cold-work tool steels tofulfil the needs created by ever-increasing demands. Whetherdrills, woodworking tools, screw-driving tools, milling cutters,tool bits for pneumatic andhydraulic hammers or handtools, our constantly high steelquality ensures uppermostoperational safety and maximumservice life.

Hand and power tools High-performance steels for hand and power tools

The range of high-quality steelsfor hand and power tools fromEdelstahl Witten-Krefeld andEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalenconsists of premium and specialgrades, the most important ofwhich are represented here.

THYRODUR® 2210 is a chromium-vanadium alloyed cold-work toolsteel with high wear resistanceas well as good machinabilityand metal-cutting performance.Amongst other uses, this gradeis employed for sharpeningsteels, twist drills and ejectorpins. THYRODUR® 2210 is alsosupplied in silver steel quality.

THYRODUR® 2249, a chromium-silicon-vanadium alloyed specialsteel, is characterized by hightoughness – even when exposedto considerable impact loadings.THYRODUR® 2249 is mainlyused for pneumatic tool bits.

THYRODUR® 2381 is a silicon-molybdenum alloyed high-tensile special steel featuringgood resistance to twisting.It is preferred for bits and screwdrivers.

THYRODUR® 2766, one of our oil and air-hardening cold-worktool steels, has the propensityto manage enormous fatiguestrength and toughness in combination with tremendouslyhigh wear resistance.THYRODUR® 2766 is also available with a modified composition resulting in evengreater toughness.

Xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

28 29

Hand and power tools

Grade

THYRODUR® 1520THYRODUR® 2002THYRODUR® 2008THYRODUR® 2210THYRODUR® 2235THYRODUR® 2242THYRODUR® 2249THYRODUR® 2381THYRODUR® 2550THYRODUR® 2766 mod

Strength

o++++++++++

++o

Wear resistance

+++++++++

+++++

+++++

+

Toughness

+oooo

+++++++

+++

Elasticity

+++ooo+

+++++++++

++++


Steel sharpening

THYR

ODUR

®15

20

THYR

ODUR

®17

30Material number Reference number AISI1.1730 C45U 1045

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C

Tempering temperature in °C

Tempering diagram

Applications

Shell-hardenable steel featuring hard surface and tough core.

Components for tools (e.g. base plates for plastic moulds and pressure casting moulds). Also suitable for hand tools, pliers and agriculturaltools of all kinds.

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 – 710 Furnace max. 207

Tempering °C 100 200 300 350HRC 57 54 49 42

Chemical composition Typical analysis in %

Steel properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC800 – 830 Water 57

Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 600 – 650 Furnace

C Si Mn0.45 0.20 0.70

Material number Reference number AISI1.1520 (C70W)

Identification

Applications

Shell-hardenable steel with wear-resistant surface and high core toughness.

Trimming dies, pliers, tool bits for pneumatic and hand tools.

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 – 710 Furnace, from 500 °C air max. 180

Tempering °C 100 200 300 350HRC 64 61 56 49


Steel properties

Heat treatment



C Si Mn0.70 0.25 0.25

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

101 100 101 102 103 104

185

Ac1e

Ac1bA

MS

F + P 100

20

5 8

503.6

247.5

0.45400

0.0583100

0.01710910

0.0116350

100

100

5

185258322768861

Tem

per

atur

e in

°C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HV 10Hardness

Time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram

Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.

30 31

THYR

ODUR

®20

02

THYR

ODUR

®20

08Material number Reference number AISI1.2002 (125Cr1)

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 1 10 100 1000 10000 10^5 10^6

296

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + K

MS

M

P

418 198804887

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

100

805


Applications

Tool steel with high surface hardness.

Cutting tools, drawing dies, files and mandrels.


Steel properties

Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 – 680 Furnace


Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.2008 (140Cr3)

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram

Applications

Water-hardening special steel.

Files.



Steel properties

Heat treatment



C Si Mn Cr V1.50 0.25 0.25 0.85 0.20

C Cr Si Mn1.30 0.25 0.25 0.30

Tempering °C 100 200 300HRC 63 62 59

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC770 – 800 < 10 mm Ø: Oil 65

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 62 56 49

32 33

Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.

THYR

ODUR

®20

67

THYR

ODUR

®20

80Material number Reference number AISI1.2067 102Cr6 L1/L3

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 904 836 603 513 441 378 315 313 308 251268 241 216

675

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

F + C

B0.180.140.10

0.090.06

0.04

3

2540

50

45

15

251

40 80100

100 100 100 100 100 100

0.26 0.5 1.2 2.8 7.0 10 oK/min 5 oK/min 1.25 oK/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


Applications

Oil-hardenable grade with low hardening depth, wear-resistant.

Cold pilger rolls and jaws, thread cutting tools, gauges, mandrels, wood and paper processing tools, cold extrusion and spinning tools,flanging rolls, shear and rotary shear blades.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 64 61 56 50 44 36


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 860 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 64

Stress-relief annealing °C Coolingapprox. 650 Furnace

C Si Mn Cr1.00 0.20 0.35 1.50

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °C33.0 32.2 31.4

Material number Reference number AISI1.2080 X210Cr12 D3

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 946 933 882 606 297336 274 228

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

F + C

B

2

35

100100 100

100

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


Applications

12 % ledeburitic chromium tool steel with extreme wear resistance.

Cutting tools for sheets up to 4 mm thickness, trimming dies, blanking dies for paper and plastics, shear blades and rotary shear blades forsheet thicknesses up to 2 mm, drawing and deep-drawing tools. Woodworking tools, stone pressing tools, pressure pads and highly wear-resistant plastic moulds, profile rolls.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 62 59 57 54 46


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC930 – 960 Oil 64950 – 980 Air (up to 30 mm thickness)


C Si Mn Cr2.00 0.30 0.30 12.00


Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.8 11.7 12.2 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3

3534

THYR

ODUR

®21

01

THYR

ODUR

®22

01Material number Reference number AISI1.2101 (62SiMnCr4)

Identification

Applications

Good toughness and wear resistance.

Spring collets, shear blades, guide rails and punching tools.


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


C Si Mn Cr0.65 1.1 1.1 0.7

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C11.8 12.5



Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 61 59 56 50 45 40

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

1 10 100 1000 10000

1 10 102 103 104 105 106

MS

A

1

B

266

M

P

F

Ac3 = 800 °C ≠

Ac1 = 745 °C

274

282642

568

688

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HV 10Hardness

5

155

909095

510

10



Material number Reference number AISI1.2201 (X165CrV12)

Identification

Applications

Dimensionally stable, oil-hardenable grade featuring extreme wear resistance combined with sufficient toughness.

High-performance steel for cutting, hobbers, thread rolls, metal saws, wood milling machines and similar items.


Steel properties

Heat treatment


C Cr V1.60 12.0 0.10


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB800 – 830 Furnace 231

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 63 61 58


36 37


THYR

ODUR

®22

10

THYR

ODUR

®22

35

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

1 10 100 1000 10000

1 10 102 103 104 105 106

198

Ac1e (0.4 °K/min)

A

MS

M

A + C

B

1

5 8

100 Ac1b (0.4 °K/min)

RA = 8

100100100

100100

0.32 0.6 1.6 5.7 5 °K/min 1.25 °K/min

0,17

4020

0.02 0.03

905050.11

0.053

P

4

203230256275287322363575847883

5

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HV 10Hardness

Wear resistant chromium-vanadium alloyoed cold-work steel.

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C 20 – 700 °C10.0 12.7 13.7 14.2 14.9 15.8 16.8

Piercing dies, guide rods, twist drills, ejector pins and wood chisels.


Steel properties

Applications


Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.2210 (115CrV3) L2

Identification

C Cr V1.20 0.7 0.1


C Cr V0.80 0.60 0.20

Physical properties



Material number Reference number AISI1.2235 (80CrV2)

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

1 10 100 1000 10000

1 10 102 103 104 105 106

MS

A

M

P

Ac1B = 760 °C

270281324374386

683860

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HVHardness

100

Ac1E = 780 °C ≠

0.5

10098

95

95

100


Applications

Special steel for woodworking, featuring a keen cutting edge.

Circular and gang saws, machine knives, cutting tools for wood and non-ferrous metals, pliers and wood chisels.

Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC800 – 830 Oil 63


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500HRC 63 61 57 52 45


Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB680 Furnace 225


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 64 62 57 51 44 36

Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957. Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC810 – 840 Oil (< 15 mm Ø) 64780 – 810 Water (> 15 mm Ø) 64

3938

THYR

ODUR

®22

42

THYR

ODUR

®22

43Material number Reference number AISI1.2242 (59CrV4)

Identification

Applications

Wear resistant, high toughness.

Special steel for hand chisels of all types, including flat, cross-cut and pointed chisels for the treatment of hard materials. Also for screwdrivers and other hand tools.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 61 58 55 50


Steel properties

Heat treatment



30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

1 10 102 103 104 105

MS

100

0.31

240

Ac1e (0.4 ° / min)

Ac1b (0.4 ° / min)

100

3

0.550.13 1.3 2.3 6.8 5 ° / min 1.25 ° / min

250290370480660740770790798

100 100

106

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HV 10Hardness

0.06 0.1

2

2070

B

P

Martensite stage

Austenite– Carbide


C Mn Cr V0.59 0.9 1.0 0.1

Material number Reference number AISI1.2243 (61CrSiV5)

Identification

Applications

Wear resistant, high toughness.

Cold heading dies, shear blades, section-cutting shear blades and trimming dies, punching tools and bolting tools.



Steel properties

Heat treatment



30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

1 10 100 1000 10000

1 10 102 103 104 105 106

MS

A + K

M

Ac1B = 760 °C

258

B

F

5 55

88 88 88 93

280

290

308

316

425

511

761 625767

2 40 40

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HVHardness

Ac1E = 810 °C ≠

10

98271212123


C Si Mn Cr V0.60 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.1

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 62 61 57 52 47 40

Physical properties


Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957. Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957.

40 41

THYR

ODUR

®22

49

THYR

OPLA

ST®

2312Material number Reference number AISI

1.2312 40CrMnNiMo8-6-41 P20+S

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e

Ac1bA + C

MS

M

100

3 20P

B

100

3

6045

95

681 673 673 642 642 572 572 442 274 236

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


Applications

Quenched and tempered plastic mould steel with a hardness in as-delivered condition of 280 to 325 HB. Improved machinability incomparison with THYROPLAST® 2311. Polishable.

Plastic moulds, mould frames for plastic and pressure casting moulds, recipient sleeves, brake dies.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700HRC 51 50 48 46 42 36 28

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °CAnnealed 40.2 40.9 40.3 40.0 39.0Quenched and tempered 39.8 40.4 40.4 39.9 39.0

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °CAnnealed 12.5 13.4 13.9Quenched and tempered 12.3 13.0 13.7


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Stress-relief annealing (annealed) °C Stress-relief annealing (quenched and tempered) °C Coolingapprox. 600 approx. 30 – 50 under tempering temperature furnace

C Si Mn Cr Mo S0.40 0.35 1.50 1.90 0.20 0.05

Material number Reference number AISI1.2249 (45SiCrV6)

Identification

Applications

Tough, impact-resistant tool steel.

Pneumatic chipping hammers, punching tools, riveting hammers, punches and woodworking tools.

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB710 – 750 Furnace 219


Steel properties

Heat treatment



30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

1 10 100 1000 10000

1 10 102 103 104 105 106

MS

A

M

P

Ac3 = 865 °C

274397

304

626666

557

F

B

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HVHardness

Ac1 = 785 °C ≠

10

510 20 50

1010

25

9015 90


C Si V Cr0.45 1.35 0.10 1.35

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500HRC 58 57 53 51 50

Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957. 1 S can be raised between 0.05 and 0.1 % whereas Ni can be left out completely.

4342

THYR

OLL®

2327

THYR

ODUR

®23

28Material number Reference number AISI1.2327 (~86CrMoV7)

Identification

Applications

Cr-Mo alloyed shell-hardenable grade with high wear resistance.

Standard cold-roll steel for rolls of all sizes, backup rolls and work rolls.


Steel properties

C Si Mn Cr Mo0.83 0.45 0.40 1.90 0.30

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 850 Water 64 – 65


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 60 56 52

Heat treatment

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 824 724 710 647 370387 372 253

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

P

B

85

100100

279349

100

281 218

274327357

100 100 100

3 3 10 85 100

85

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness



Material number Reference number AISI1.2328 (45CrMoV7)

Identification

Applications

Air-hardening steel of great hardness and toughness.

Special steel for chisels.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840 – 860 Air 55

Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling approx. 650 Furnace

C Mn Cr Mo V0.45 0.90 1.8 0.30 0.05

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 57 55 52 49 45 38

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram


44 45

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2343

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

HV 10

5

B

F + C20 30

5

2

2

10 80 25

6065

95

698 690 681 649 665 642 483 276

665 813

446707

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

High hot tensile strength and toughness. Good thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking.Can be water-cooled to a limited extent.


Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °CAnnealed 29.8 30.0 33.4Quenched and tempered 26.8 27.3 30.3

Besides applications typical for the area of hot-work steels, this grade is mainly used for ejector pins, tool holders and shrink fit chucks.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 52 52 52 52 54 52 48 38 31

C Si Cr Mo V0.38 1.0 5.3 1.3 0.4


Steel properties

Applications


Physical properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1000 – 1030 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 54

Material number Reference number AISI1.2343 X37CrMoV5-1 H11

Identification


4746

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2344

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

HV 10

103055

B15

F+C320

100100

707 681 673 657 642 634 572 488

599

219

236

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

High hot-wear resistance and hot tensile strength as well as good toughness, thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot-cracking. Can be water-cooled to a limited extent.


Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 20 °C 350 °C 700 °CAnnealed 27.2 30.5 33.4Quenched and tempered 25.5 27.6 30.3

Besides applications typical for the area of hot-work steels, this grade is mainly used for ejector pins, tool holders and shrink fit chucks.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700HRC 53 52 52 54 56 54 50 42 32

C Si Cr Mo V0.40 1.0 5.3 1.4 1.0



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2344 X40CrMoV5-1 H13

Identification


THYR

ODUR

®23

57 Material number Reference number AISI1.2357 (50CrMoV13-15) S7

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram

Applications

High toughness and wear resistance, high compression strength combined with dimensional stability and good polishability.

Cold-work tool steel for punching tools, moulds, scrap shears, piercing dies, hobbers, coining dies, deburring tools, plastic moulds and pelleters.


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.50 0.30 0.70 3.35 1.60 0.25



Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC920 – 970 Air or oil 60 – 62

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600HRC 60 58 54 53 53 50 44

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB610 – 650 Furnace approx. 220

THYR

ODUR

®23

60

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


THYRODUR® 2360 is a 7 % chromium steel that derives its high wear resistance from a balanced combination of the alloying elements.The medium V concentration of 0.5 % generates a sufficiently high hardenability combined with high toughness, even at comparativelylow operating temperatures below RT.

This grade is especially suitable for use with chipper knives, blade holders, veneer slicing blades, blade inserts, billet-shear blades andreinforcements. All require a combination of high hardness and toughness as do large cold extrusion tools of complex geometry.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550 600HRC 61 60 58 58 60 57 53

Tempering diagram

Steel properties

Applications


Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC1030 – 1070 Air, oil or saltbath (550 °C) 60 – 61

Material number Reference number AISI~1.2360 (~X48CrMoV8-1-1)

Identification


C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.50 1.20 0.35 7.30 1.50 0.50


48 49


THYR

OLL®

2362

THYR

ODUR

®23

63

Intermediate rolls for cluster mills.

Cr-Mo alloyed through-hardening grade with high tempering resistance.


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550HRC 61 59 58 57 61 58

Steel properties

Applications


Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC980 – 1020 Oil or saltbath 61 – 63

Material number Reference number AISI~1.2362 (~X63CrMoV5-1)

Identification

C Si Mn Cr Mo V0.65 1.10 0.40 5.20 1.40 0.50

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 858 824 824 824 813824 772 245

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

P3 10 75

100

514724 642 383

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

MHV 10

3 305 P

B

15 100

1590

95

70

25882 870 870 870 847 606

724

542 442 254

376

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness



Material number Reference number AISI1.2363 X100CrMoV5 A2

Identification

Applications

High dimensional stability during heat treatment. High wear resistance and toughness.

Cutting tools, rolls, shear blades, cold pilger mandrels, cold stamping tools, moulds for plastics processing.


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


C Si Mn Cr Mo V1.00 0.30 0.50 5.00 0.95 0.20



Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 62 59 57 59 52

Reference numbers in brackets are not standardized in EN ISO 4957

5150

Applications

12 % ledeburitic chromium steel. Combines maximum wear resistance, good toughness, outstanding cutting edge retention and tempering resistance. It can be nitrided after special heat treatment.

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C10.5 11.5 11.9 12.2


Threading rolls and dies, cold extrusion tools, trimming, cutting and stamping tools for sheet thicknesses up to 6 mm, precision cutting tools for sheet thicknesses up to 12 mm, cold pilger mandrels, circular-shear blades, deep-drawing tools, pressure pads andhighly wear-resistant plastic moulds.



Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 600HRC 63 61 58 58 58 60 56 50


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 600(three times) HRC 61 60 58 59 62 62 57 50


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Special heat treatment

52

THYR

ODUR

®23

79

C Si Mn Cr Mo V1.55 0.30 0.35 12.00 0.75 0.90

Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling650 – 700 Furnace

Material number Reference number AISI1.2379 X153CrMoV12 D2

Identification

THYR

ODUR

®23

79

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e (0.4° /min)

Ac1b (0.4° /min)

A + C

MS

HV 10

530

100P

M

100 100

891 891 891 891 891 857 780 623 435 257 249 230

0.10 0.36 0.63 1.2 3.0 7.8 180/min 50/min 2.50/min 1.250/min 0.40/min

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Time in sec

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time-temperature-transformation diagram Hardening temperature: 1030 °C Tempering diagram

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

MHV 10

103 P 20

95100 100

782 772 772 782 772 724 592 297 272 245

488

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Time in sec

Time-temperature-transformation diagramHardening temperature: 1080 °C Tempering diagram

53

THYR

ODUR

®23

81

54

THYR

ODUR

®24

36

55

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 946 946 933 882 366606 322 254

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

F + C

B

25

100 100

90

100

285

285

100

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

12 % ledeburitic chromium steel with very high wear resistance and cutting edge retention as well as improved hardenability in comparison to THYRODUR® 2080.


Heavy-duty blanking dies for cutting transformer and dynamo sheets up to 2 mm thickness as well as for paper and plastics, deep-drawing tools, drawing dies and mandrels, shear blades, stone pressing tools.




Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2436 X210CrW12 ~D6

Identification



Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 62 60 58 56 48

Applications

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

0,1 100 101 102 103 104 105

Ac3

A + K

HV 10

Ac1b

251

Ms

M

P

15100

AF

B

P 855

2570

285322572803882

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

High tensile special steel with good resistance to twisting.

Screwdrivers, bits, low-stressed tools for the cutting, punching and folding of sheet.




Steel properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2381 (73MoV5-2) S2

Identification


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 64 60 56 52 48 45

Applications

C Si Mn Mo V0.73 1.20 0.50 0.55 0.20

C Si Mn Cr W2.10 0.35 0.35 12.00 0.70


THYR

ODUR

®25

10

56

THYR

ODUR

®25

16

57

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 800 765 680

625

315470 328 220

H.T.

Ac3

A + C

MS

M

F + C

B

95

100

90

5

195345

100

350

365

15 50 70 9095

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Good cutting edge retention, high hardenability and dimensional stability during heat treatment.

Blanking and stamping dies for cutting sheets up to 6 mm thickness, threading tools, drills, broaches, gauges, measuring tools, plasticmoulds, shear blades, guide rails.




Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC780 – 820 Oil or water 66

Material number Reference number AISI1.2510 (100MnCrW4) O2

Identification



C Si Mn Cr V W0.95 0.20 1.10 0.60 0.10 0.60

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 64 62 57 53

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 65 62 57 51

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

0,1 100 101 102 103 104 105

Ac1e

A + K

HV 10

Ac1b

206

Ms

M

P

100

9895

90

100

251335375412857

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Water-hardening steel featuring good cutting edge retention and high hardenability.

Thread cutting tools, twist drills, dentist's drills and metal saws.


Steel properties

Applications


Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.2516 (120WV4)

Identification

C Cr V W

1.20 0.2 0.1 1.0




THYR

ODUR

®25

50

58

THYR

ODUR

®27

09

59

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 258765 762 762 279

Ac1e

Ac1b

A + C

MS

M

F + C

B

5

100 100

6300

673

100

409 243585 437

RA = 5 6 715

30 24

213

4090

94

100

0.14 0.29 0.5 1.3 2.6 6.3 20 K

10 K/min

5 K/min

1.25 K/min

2.5 K/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Impact-resistant oil-hardenable steel, characterized by very good toughness in combination with high hardenability.

Blanking dies for cutting sheets up to 12 mm thickness, trimming and splitting dies, cold piercing punches, preforming punches, shearblades, chipping knives, pneumatic chisels, coining tools, cold shear blades, ejectors.




Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2550 60WCrV8

Identification



C Si Mn Cr V W0.60 0.60 0.35 1.10 0.20 2.00

Applications


Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 60 58 56 52 48 43

Precipitation-hardenable grade with high yield point and tensile strength combined with good toughness.

Casings for cold extrusion tools, cutting and punching tools.

Solution annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB820 – 850 Water max. 340

Precipitation temperature °C Attainable hardness HRC 490 / 6 h / Air approx. 55

C Mo Ni Co Ti< 0.02 5.00 18.00 10.00 1.00

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C10.3 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.8 11.6



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.2709 (X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5) 18MAR300

Identification

0

200

600

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

400 500 600 700

Rp0.2

Rm

Tens

ile s

tren

gth

Rm

and

0.2

cre

ep li

mit

Rp

0.2

in M

Pa

Precipitation temperature in °C

Tempering diagram


60 61

THYR

OTHE

RM®

2714

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Air

Oil

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10

Ac1e (0.4 K/min)

A + C

MS

M

P15

760 760 758 755 705 450560 410 380 345 270

605 15 888095

240

38

740

Cooling curves for the core of round bars with50, 100 and 200 mm dia. on oil hardening

Ac1b (0.4 K/min)

60100

100

B

20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.8 0.4 0.2 K/min

50 100 200 mm Dmr.

0.34 0.91 1.28 2.2 5.4

RA = 8 8 8 8

8

8 8 12 14 16 7 1

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


Material number Reference number AISI1.2714 55NiCrMoV7 ~6F3

Identification

Applications

Tough die steel with high tempering resistance and good through-hardening properties. This grade is usually supplied in annealedcondition or quenched and tempered to a working hardness of 370 to 410 HB (round) or 355 to 400 HB (square, flat).

Standard steel for forging dies of all types, press dies, extrusion dies, retainer plates, armoured trim dies, hot-shear blades and tool holders.


Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC830 – 870 Oil 58860 – 900 Air 56

Steel properties

Heat treatment

C Cr Mo Ni V0.56 1.1 0.5 1.7 0.1


Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C 20 – 500 °C 20 – 600 °C12.2 13.0 13.3 13.7 14.2 14.4


Physical properties

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 450 500 550 600 650after quenching in oil – HRC 57 54 52 49 47 46 43 38 34

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 450 500 550 600 650after quenching in air – HRC 55 52 50 47 45 43 40 36 32

THYR

ODUR

®27

21

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10 246268831 786 730 345

Ac1e

Ac1bA

MS

M

F + C

B

2

100 100

90

469709

100

497 297

661

30 4565

5

20.16 0.28 1.0 2.5 6.8

20 K 10 K1.25 K/min 0.4 K/min

2,5 K/min5 K/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Air or oil-hardenable steel with good machinability and high toughness.

Cold heading dies, hobbers, cutlery dies, reinforcements and pelleters.




Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2721 (50NiCr13)

Identification



C Si Mn Cr Ni0.55 0.25 0.45 1.00 3.10

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 59 56 52 48 44 40


THYR

ODUR

®27

43

62

THYR

ODUR

®27

46

63

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Air or oil-hardenable steel featuring high toughness.

Special steel for cold-shear blades, particularly for cutting scrap. Drawing jaws, coining and bending tools.


Tempering diagram


Steel properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2746 (45NiCrMoV16-6)

Identification


C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V0.45 0.25 0.70 1.50 0.80 4.00 0.50

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 550HRC 56 54 52 50 49 48


Material number Reference number AISI1.2743 (60NiCrMoV12-4)

Identification

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram

Applications

Nickel-alloyed cold-work steel with a good combination of wear resistance and toughness.

Scrap-shear blades, dies and coining tools, piercing punches.


Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V0.58 0.40 0.65 1.15 0.35 2.85 0.10



Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC840– 870 Oil 61

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 61 59 54 50

Soft annealing °C Cooling Hardness HB690 – 700 Furnace approx. 235

THYR

OPLA

ST®

2764

64

THYR

ODUR

®27

66

65

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Air

Oil

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac3 (0.4 K/min)

A

MS

M

HV 10

25 10

P

B

Ac1 (0.4 K/min)

RA =

F17 30 35

1 3 6 15 23

250 75

9095 96

95 91 84 75 53 40

8 1112

10 8

20 10 5

480 465 420 405 390 365 355

345

340 335 325 305 295

50%

90%

0.14 0.38 1.0 1.5 2.3 6.3

K/min

2.5 K/min1.25 K/min

0.4 K/min 0.2 K/min

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Case-hardening steel, high core strength, good polishability.

Highly stressed plastic moulds, tool holders for cutter picks.




Steel properties

Heat treatment

Carburizing °C Intermediate annealing °C Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC860 – 890 80 – 220 780 – 810 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) 62860 – 890 80 – 220 800 – 830 Air 56

Material number Reference number AISI1.2764 (X19NiCrMo4) ~P21

Identification

Stress-relief annealing °C Cooling600 Furnace

C Cr Mo Ni0.19 1.3 0.2 4.1

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600after oil hardening HRC 62 60 58 56 52 49after air hardening HRC 56 55 53 51 48 45


Physical properties

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 400 °C12.1 13.0 0.2 13.5


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

A + K

MS

M

HV 10

Ac1b

423

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

3.1 5.4

B

Residual austenite in %5.0

464529605635642648653637

Time in sec

98

95805

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Dimensionally stable air-hardening steel featuring maximum toughness, polishable.

Moulds, dies with deep engravings, plastic moulds und hydraulic chisels.




Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.2766 (35NiCrMo16)

Identification


C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo0.35 0.25 0.50 1.35 4.10 0.30

Applications

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC820 – 840 Oil or saltbath (180 – 220 °C) approx. 58

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 56 54 51 48 45 38

also supplied with lower carbon and higher chromium content


66

THYR

ODUR

®27

67

THYR

ODUR

®28

26

67

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e (0.4 K/min)

A + C (traces)

MS

M

HV 10

20P

B

Ac1b (0.4 K/min)

RA =

1 50 98 78

623 613 613 613 613 613 603

603

584 532 440 435

2.2 5.1 4.4

0.14 0.4 1.1 2.1 5.6 20 K/min 5 K/min 1.25 K/min

10 K/min 2.5 K/min 0.4 K/min 0.2 K/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness


Material number Reference number AISI1.2767 45NiCrMo16 6F3

Identification

Applications

High hardenability and toughness, highly suitable for polishing, texturing and EDM machining.We recommend the use of THYRODUR® 2767 (ESR) for extreme demands.

Cutlery dies, cutting tools for thick material, billet-shear blades, drawing jaws, massive embossing and bending tools, plastic moulds,reinforcements.

Steel properties

Heat treatment

C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni0.45 0.25 0.35 1.40 0.20 4.00


Physical properties

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 300 °CAnnealed 11.7 12.6 13.1Quenched and tempered 12.0 12.5 13.0

Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °CAnnealed 38.2 38.6 38.9 39.1 39.6Quenched and tempered 27.7 28.9 29.7 30.5 31.0




Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 56 54 50 46 42 38

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

HV 10248798 792 780 316

Ac3

Ac1

A

MS

M

F + C

B

2

2

335742

3

447

272603

21

8 15 20

0.05 0.1 0.14

0.21

F

8 15

1 2 2 35 8

0,01 0,43 1.0 6.5 5 0/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Bainite in %

Residual austenite in %

High toughness and good resilience in tempered condition.

Spring collets, shear blades and trimming dies.




Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2826 (60MnSiCr4) S4

Identification



C Si Mn Cr0.63 0.80 1.10 0.30

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 61 59 57 52 46 36


68

THYR

ODUR

®28

33

THYR

ODUR

®28

42

69


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

A + C

Ms

100

194

Ac1e = 745 °c

Ac1b = 725 °c

M

100100100 P100100100

50

1005

20

218246284302368418478560780822

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

HV 10Hardness

Wear-resistant water-hardening steel with high insusceptibility to overheating.

Cold heading dies, first and finish upsetting punches, cold stamps and dies for the manufacturing of screws, rivets and bolts, compressionpistons.



Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment


Material number Reference number AISI1.2833 (100V1)

Identification



C Si Mn V1.0 0.2 0.2 0.1

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400HRC 65 62 57 50


Good cutting edge retention, dimensionally stable during heat treatment.


Tool steel for universal use, cutting and stamping tools for sheet up to 6 mm thickness, thread-cutting tools, reamers, gauges,measuring tools, plastic moulds, shear blades, guide strips and ejector pins.


C Si Mn Cr V0.90 0.20 2.00 0.40 0.10



30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e (0.4 K/min)

A + C

MS

M

HV 10

23016

P

B

Ac1b (0.4 K/min)

95

100 100 100 100 100

20 4

45

785 780 780 330473

575

293 293 275 257 240RA = 15

0.16 0.4 0.65 1.4 1.6 2.5 6.5 20 K/min 2.5 K/min

5 K/min 1.25 K/min

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Hardness

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 600HRC 63 60 56 50 42 38



Steel properties

Physical properties

Applications

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.2842 90MnCrV8 O2

Identification


70

THYR

APID

®32

02

71

THYR

ODUR

®29

90

Newly developed ledeburitic cold-work steel with high hardness, good toughness and high tempering resistance combined with highwear resistance.

Cutting and punching tools including precision cutting tools, threading dies and rolls, rotary shear blades, cold pilger mandrels, pressurepads and plastic moulds, cold-forming and deep-drawing dies, woodworking tools and cold rolls.



Steel properties

Physical properties

Heat treatment

Hardening °C Quenching Hardness after quenching HRC10301 – 10802 Air, oil or saltbath (500 – 550 °C) 62 – 64

Material number Reference number AISI(~X100CrMoV8-1-1)

Identification


Thermal conductivity W/(m • K) RT 100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 300 °C 400 °C 500 °C34.2 25.9 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.2 26.8

C Si Cr Mo V1.0 0.9 8.0 1.6 1.6

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 575 6001HRC 62 59 57 58 60 60 59 55 462HRC 64 59 59 60 63 63 61 57 48


Coefficient of thermal expansion 10-6 m/(m • K) 20 – 100 °C 20 – 150 °C 20 – 200 °C 20 – 250 °C 20 – 300 °C 20 – 350 °C 20 –400 °C 20 – 450 °C 20 – 500 °C11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.6

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

210

90

A + K

M + K

Ms

Ac1e

Ac1b

P80601053

300430535560615650760765785790790790790790790800800800

805

Tem

per

atur

e in

o C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

Time-temperature-transformation diagram

30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


Tempering diagram/Hardening from 1080 °C

High-performance high-speed steel featuring an extremely good cutting edge retention and wear resistance due to its high vanadium content. A high cobalt content contributes to a high red hardness and tempering resistance.

Machining of hard materials which wear cutting edges such as highly quenched and tempered chromium-nickel grades and non-ferrousmetals, mother-of-pearl, paper, hard rubber, synthetic resins, marble, slate and the like. Ideally suited for turning and finishing tools,forming tools of all kinds, heavy-duty milling cutters and automatic lathes.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3202 (S12-1-4-5) ~T15

Identification


C Cr Mo V W Co1.35 4.1 0.8 3.8 12.0 4.8

Applications


1st pre-heating °C 2nd and 3rd pre-heating °C

Hardening1 °C Quenching Tempering °C Hardness after tempering HRC

up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace

a) 850 b) 850 and 1050

1190 – 1240 a) Saltbath (550 °C)b) Oilc) Air

at least three times 540 – 580

64 – 67

1 For cold-forming tools with a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.

72

THYR

APID

®32

07

THYR

APID

®32

43

73

High-speed steel of superlative performance combining optimal cutting-edge retention, high-temperature strength and toughnesson account of its composition.

Universally applicable for roughing and finishing where maximum tool life is required and for automatic lathes where wear is caused bylarge batch production. Also for all kinds of cutting tools and milling cutters exposed to exceedingly high stresses.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3207 HS10-4-3-10 ~T42

Identification


C Cr Mo V W Co1.23 4.1 3.5 3.3 9.5 10.0

Applications

1 For cold-forming tools of a complex geometry, a hardening temperature at the lower end of the quoted range is recommended.The stated hardening temperatures apply to saltbath hardening only. For vacuum hardening, we suggest a reduction of 10 to 30 °C.

The cobalt content in this high-performance high-speed steel results in high red hardness and tempering resistance. As a consequence, this grade is particularly suitable for conditions involving thermal stresses and discontinuous cutting.

Heavy-duty milling cutters of all kinds, highly stressed twist drills and taps, profile knives, machining of high-strength materials, broaches.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3243 HS6-5-2-5 M35

Identification


C Cr Mo V W Co0.92 4.1 5.0 1.9 6.4 4.8

Applications

Under the name THYRAPID® 3245, AISI M 35 + S and material number 1.3245, this steel grade is supplied with a higher sulphur content (S = 0.10 %).





a) 850 b) 850 and 1050



64 – 67




a) 850 b) 850 and 1050



65 – 67

74

THYR

APID

®32

47

THYR

APID

®33

33

75

High-carbon, high-speed steel based on molybdenum. Characterized by high wear resistance, red hardness and toughness. As a resultof its low vanadium content, this grade exhibits good grindability.

For tools subject to severe mechanical wear (e.g. in case of small cross-section cuts at high cutting speeds). Particularly suitable for die-sinking cutters, milling cutters and engraving machines including gravers as well as for tool bits in automatic lathes. Also suitable fornon-cutting shaping (e.g. cold extrusion rams and tools employed in machining materials for the aviation industry such as titaniumalloys).



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3247 HS2-9-1-8 M42

Identification


C Cr Mo V W Co1.08 4.1 9.5 1.2 1.5 8.0

Applications


High-speed steel with economic use of alloys, universally applicable at medium performance. Suitable for series tooling.

Twist drills, circular saws, hacksaws, reamers and milling cutters.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3333 HS3-3-2

Identification


C Cr Mo V W 1.00 4.00 2.60 2.30 3.00

Applications

Tempering °C 100 200 300 400 500 525 550 575 600HRC1 63 61 60 58 62 63 64 63 62





a) 850 b) 850 and 1050



66 – 69



up to 450 a) 850 b) 850 and 1050


at least twice 540 – 560

62 – 64

76

THYR

APID

®33

43

THYR

APID

®33

44

77

Standard high-speed steel grade1. Its well-balanced alloy composition forms the basis of its high toughness and good cutting edgeretention, rendering it suitable for a large variety of applications.

For all metal-cutting tools for roughing or finishing such as twist drills, diverse milling cutters, thread dies, broaches, reamers,countersinks, thread chasers, circular saw segments, shaping tools and woodworking tools. Also highly suitable for cold-forming toolssuch as cold extrusion rams and dies, as well as cutting and precision cutting tools, plastic moulds with elevated wear resistance and screws.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3343 HS6-5-2C M2

Identification


C Si Mn Cr Mo V W0.90 0.30 0.30 4.10 5.00 1.90 6.40

Applications

This steel is also available with an elevated S content (S = 0.12 %) under the name Thyrapid® 3341, code S 6-5-2 S and material number 1.3341.

Physical properties


30

34

42

38

46

50

54

58

62

66

70

100 200 300 400 500 6000 700 800

Har

dne

ss in

HR

C


1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

100 101 102

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Ac1e

Ac1b

50%80%65

3134 36

53

Tem

per

atur

e in

° C

Time in sec

Time in min

Time in hr

= Hardness in HRC

Martensite stage

Austenitizing temperature 12100°C

Start of transformation

End of transformationPearlite stage

Start of transformation

50%B

Start of carbide precipitation

Austenite+ Carbide+ Ledeburite

Isothermal time-temperature-transformation diagram Tempering diagram


Very similar composition to THYRAPID® 3343, but with substantially higher V and C content, resulting in combined maximum wear resistance and cutting edge retention with good toughness.

Taps, reamers, heavy-duty milling cutters, dies, rotary gear shaping and shaving cutters for the processing of hard materials, hexagon socketpunches and piercing dies for the nut production.



Steel properties

Heat treatment

Material number Reference number AISI1.3344 HS6-5-3 M3 Typ 2

Identification


C Cr Mo V W 1.22 4.1 5.0 2.9 6.4

Applications





a) 850 b) 850 and 1050



64 – 66




a) 850 b) 850 and 1050


at least twice 530 – 560

64 – 66

Notes on processing

possible radii should be providedand these should also be polished if at all possible.

Machining

The tool-making methods andthe associated influence on thematerial can impair the toolservice life. In addition to cutting methods (milling,planing, drilling, turning,grinding), electrical dischargemachining has gained increasingattention in toolmaking inrecent years.

Damage analyses indicate thaterrors made in these machiningprocesses take a top position inthe rankings, at about 20 %.

Electrical discharge machiningThe essential advantages ofelectrical discharge machiningcompared to conventionalmachining methods lie inthe production of extremelycomplex geometrical shapes ina single operation and in thepossibility of machining materialsthat are hard to cut.

However, it is very often forgotten in this context thatthe tool surfaces are severelyaffected during the erosion process, mainly due to the heatinvolved, particularly when working at high removal ratesin order to boost output.

Changes in the microstructureas a result of carburization and the development of internaltensile stresses (temperaturestresses) impair the toughness.Particularly in the case of hard

(brittle) materials, the additiveeffect of heat-treatment stressescan lead to fracturing, either directly or in later use.

Possible remedies first of all liein electrical discharge treatmentthat is more suitable for thematerial, i.e. an appropriatepower reduction in the individualstages of the process. In thefinishing stage, for instance,this can help to reduce thedamage caused during roughing.

An inadequate finishing operation can only improve theappearance of the surface andset the required roughness – itcannot eliminate the surfacedamage. Further improvementscan be achieved by subsequenttwofold annealing or mechanicalreworking.

In addition to the impairedtoughness, attention mustequally be paid to the changedchemical composition of thesurface, as a uniform etchingpattern, such as is required inmany plastics moulds, cannotbe achieved.

Again, it can be seen thatstriation, for example, is dependent on the removal rateset. Particularly serious damageoccurs if the electrode comesinto contact with the toolduring the machining process.

GrindingThe surface is again exposed tovery high thermal stresses duringgrinding. This is particularly thecase if the contact pressure istoo high or there is insufficient

cooling due to the use of unsuitable (blunt) grindingwheels. In this case, the surfacetemperature can exceed the hardening temperature of thematerial and thus cause localnew hardening. As a result ofthe tensile stresses developing inthe process, the typical networkof grinding cracks often occurs.

Heat treatment

Only if the heat treatment isadapted to the steel composition,the intended application andthe size of the part, will thepotential of the tool steel usedbe exploited to the full.Inappropriate heat treatmentcan jeopardize the functionsand characteristics of the tool.

Errors can occur in the form ofincorrect time and temperaturespecifications, unsuitableatmospheres or incorrectheating and cooling conditions.

78 79

The cost-efficiency of the manufacture of industrial products is determined by,among other things, the performance of the tools used.This is greatly influenced by:

design conditions (planning)• material selection• design• shape

production technology• heat treatment and/or• surface treatment• machining• assembly

errors in operational use• operating errors• temperature control, cooling• maintenance errors

errors during necessary repairs• incorrect welding

As high costs are generallyincurred at a very early stage inthe course of tool production(design, material, machining, etc.),errors usually entail majorfinancial losses. Either tools ofthis kind are never put to use atall (production delays, contractualpenalties), or the service life isseriously impaired as a result(repairs).

Design

It has long been known thatsharp edges and large changesof cross-section should be avoided when designing tools,as peak stresses that can beseveral times higher than thecreep limit develop at these

• sharp notches (e.g. turning or grinding scores, scriber marks,punched numbers, etc.).

The notch sensitivity increaseswith the strength of the tools:the higher the hardness selected,the more care must be takenwhen machining the surfacesand the cross-section transitions.Consequently, the largest

New hardening zone due to faulty grinding

Tool breakage due to faulty electricaldischarge machining

Tool breakage due to notching

Tool fracture due to scoring

points. Nevertheless, this olddesign rule is still broken surprisingly often today.

The following factors can promote cracking and fracturing:

• incorrect dimensioning• abrupt changes of cross-

section

Notes on processing

temperature and holding timeduring austenitization, so thatthe required transformationscan take place. Typical errorsarise if the selected hardeningtemperature is too high or theholding time too long. Theresults can be grain growth andthe associated loss of toughness,as well as partial melting.Hardening temperatures thatare too low and holding timesthat are too short result in onlypartial austenitization.

Stresses caused by differentconstituents in the microstructure can occur in this

context, as can problems withsetting the required hardness.The diagram provides standardvalues for the holding time athardening temperature oncethe hardening temperature hasbeen reached on the surface ofthe tool. The immersion timesin the salt bath can also bedetermined with the help ofthe diagram.

Hardening behaviourThe time-temperature transformation diagrams forcontinuous cooling are shownin the material data sheets inorder to facilitate understandingof the transformation processestaking place during hardening.

By following the various coolingcurves, which begin at hardeningtemperature and run to roomtemperature, it can be seenfrom these diagrams whichmicrostructure constituents (in %) are formed at a givencooling rate.

The respective cooling rate isstated on the cooling curves,

either in °C/min. or, in the caseof very rapid cooling, as a parameter (Cooling parameter= Time to cool from 800 °C to500 °C in s divided by 100).In order to avoid tool failuresdue to incorrect heat treatmentwhenever possible, precise heattreatment instructions aregiven for the individual steelgrades in the material datasheets. In this context, referencemust be made to the followingfundamental circumstance,which applies to the heattreatment of all tool steels:given the correct heat treatmentof tool steels, there is no way ofshortening the times or substantially changing the temperatures. The overall procedure must be adhered towithout fail.

The hardness achieved by theindividual steel grades dependsnot only on the carbon content,but also very much on the cross-section. The hardness values afterquenching/annealing stated inthe material data sheets referto a 30 mm square cross section.

80 81

The larger the tool and the higherthe heating rate, the greaterthe temperature differencebecomes. This difference intemperature leads to tensilestresses in the core, meaningthat there is a risk of crackingowing to the decrease in tensilestrength that accompanies thetemperature increase. Largetools of complicated shape andmade of fairly high-alloy steelgrades are particularly at riskdue to their lower thermal conductivity.

Cracking of this kind can largelybe avoided by pre-heating inseveral stages. The holding timeat the respective temperature is30 seconds per 50 mm wall

Stress relief annealingStress relief annealing beforehardening proves to be favourable, as this reduces anyinternal stresses that may havearisen during the precedingmachining process. In the courseof subsequent heat treatment,internal stresses can lead todistortion and, under certaincircumstances, to expensive reworking.

Particularly with tools of complex shape, stress reliefannealing at a temperature of600 to 650 °C should be carriedout after pre-machining. Theholding time at this temperatureshould be a minimum of twohours, or at least one hour per 50 mm wall thickness in thecase of fairly large tools. Thismust be followed by slow cooling in the furnace.

HeatingWhen heating to forming orhardening temperature, thesurface and core zones reachthe specified treatmenttemperature at differentspeeds.

thickness at both the first andsecond stage. In the case ofhigh-alloy tool steels with ahardening temperature inexcess of 900 °C, the third pre-heating stage at roughly 850 °Cserves not only the above-mentioned purposes, but alsoto dissolve some of the carbides.The holding time at this temperature is thus twice aslong as for the second pre-heating stage.

AustenitizingDepending on the materialused, every heat treatmentoperation requires a certain

a

a

a

a = Wall thickness aTim

e in

min

Wall thickness in mm (hardening cross-section)

High-alloy steels (ledeburitic, 12% chromium steels) Carbon, low and medium-alloy tool steels

020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Die made of material no. 1.2482 Overheating with residual austenite �

Heating stress crack dueto excessively high heating rate

Pre-maching

Finish-maching

600 – 650 °C

3rd pre-heating stage**1 min/mm ��900 °C

2nd pre-heatingstage 30s/mm��650 °C

Stress-reliefannealing

Heating – Austenitizing – Quenching Tempering

Air Air Air

��100 °C

1st pre-heating stage30 s/mm ��400 °C

Hot bath*

Air/Oil

1st 2nd Furthertempering* tempering* tempering*

Hardening temperature*

Equalizationtemperature1h/100 mm

* Temperatures according to material data sheets

Slowfurnancecooling

** Steels with austenitizing temperature > 900 °C

Time-temperature sequence diagram for the special heat treatment of THYRODUR® 2379

Collet chucks made of 1.2826Insufficient(“under”) hardening �

Die made of 1.2550

Holding period after reaching hardening temperature at the tool’s surfaceHeat treatment

Time

Insufficient(“under”) hardening �

Tem

pera

ture

Notes on processing

experience shows thatunintentional carburization or decarburization repeatedlyoccurs in the event of processmalfunctions. In medium-alloysteels, surface decarburizationresults in a mixed microstructure.During hardening, this leads tointernal stresses and frequentlyto cracking, owing to the different microstructure constituents. More highly alloyedsteels often only display carbondepletion, resulting in impairedperformance in use. In extremecases, however, completedecarburization is also possiblehere. In regions close to the surface, unwanted carburizationresults in other microstructuralstates (incorrect heat treatment)and thus involves an additionalrisk of cracking. To avoid this,the material to be hardenedshould be packed for protectionwhen using a batch furnace. Incontrolled-atmosphere systems,a C level must be set in the gasthat corresponds to the C contentof the batch to be treated. Thesame applies to salt baths. Onlyin vacuum systems do problemsof this kind not occur.

82 83

material-dependent critical cooling rates for hardening.On the other hand, however,they must proceed as slowly as possible, in order to minimizethe risk of distortion and stresscracking (re-work).

As when heating, the risk isgreatest when dealing with tools of complicated shape. Thisis particularly true if other faults

The diagram above shows thedepth of hardening as a functionof the workpiece diameter for a minimum hardness of 64, 62,60 and 58 HRC.

QuenchingThe quenching of the tools isthe most critical phase of theheat treatment process.On the one hand, quenchingoperations must reach the

are additionally present. Typicalproblems in this context arecracking following overheatedhardening, as temperature andtransformation stresses arethen joined by stresses resulting from the differentmicrostructural constituents.Cooling to room temperature isa particular disadvantage,owing to the risk of stresscracking.The tools are expediently onlycooled to approx. 80 °C beforebeing soaked and then directlytempered. Soaking is importantin order to obtain completemartensite transformation overthe entire cross-section, ascracking during cooling aftertempering is otherwise possible.

Step quenching is advisable incritical cases in order to avoidthe risk of cracking. This extensively reduces temperaturestresses and achieves almostsimultaneous transformation ofcase and core.

TemperingTempering operations arenecessary in order to set thecorrect combination of strengthand toughness in tools. Thisboth reduces the stresses in thehardening structure and eliminates the internal stressesresulting from quenching (temperature stresses).Insufficient tempering (time,temperature, frequency) canthus favour later failure.Particularly critical are steel grades which contain residualaustenite after hardening thatcould be transformed under theeffects of stress in use. In orderto avoid mistakes, the

Quenching medium

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Tool diameter in mm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Hardening depth at 58 HRC

Har

den

ing

dep

th in

mm

OilAir

2379243620802510284227672550208722102542

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Tool diameter in mm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Hardening depth at 64 HRC

Har

den

ing

dep

th in

mm

237924382379243620802510284220872210

The depth of hardening for a tool of 120 mm dia. made of THYRODUR® 2379 is to be determined for a hardness of 64 HRC and oil hardening. In the top left diagram, theintersection of the vertical line for 120 mm dia. with the curve for THYRODUR® 2379indicates a depth of hardening of 30 mm for oil hardening (to be read off the right-hand axis). The intersection of the THYRODUR® 2379 curve with the straight line at anangle of 45° yields the diameter to be through-hardened, which can be seen from thebottom axis: 100 mm dia.

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Cooling stress crack due to excessively rapid coolingSevere decarburisation with loss ofhardness Distance from edge in mm

Effect of hardening depth on the diameter of the workpiece for cold work tool steels THYRODUR®

Hard

ness

in H

V 0.

1

information in the materialdata sheets concerning the correct tempering treatmentfor the material should beobserved and no attempt madeto save lost time here of allthings. The holding time attempering temperature is onehour per 20 mm wall thickness,but not less than two hours.The tools are subsequently cooled in air and their hardnessis then tested.

Furnace atmospheresIn customary heat treatmentoperations (hardening andtempering), it is generally assumed that the furnaceatmosphere is adjusted in

such a way that no surface decarburization or carburizationoccurs. Nonetheless, practical

Stamping tool insufficiently tempered

Stamping toolafter tempering twice for 1.5 h at 550 °C

Granulating blade made of material no. 1.2379 / residual austenite due to insufficient tempering �

Notes on processing

84 85

degreased. Nitriding can be carried out in a salt bath, in gasor in plasma. Depending on thecomposition of the steel, thehardness of nitrided surfaces isup to 1100 HV.Another major mistake that canbe made is that of combiningtempering and nitriding inorder to save time and money.This must be expected to resultin dimensional changes anddistortion, which is then virtually impossible to correctbecause of the hard surfacelayer that is subsequently present.

Repair welding

Owing to the nature of thealloys used, tool steels belongto those steel grades wherewelding involves a certaindegree of risk. During the cooling of the weld, thermaland microstructural transformation stresses occurwhich can lead to cracking.However, design changes,natural wear or tool failuresdue to breakage or crackingoften make repair by electricwelding unavoidable. The following basic rules should beobserved for repair welding:

• clean the surfaces thoroughly,grind out the crack in U shape

• preheat thoroughly using apreheating temperature above the martensite transformation temperature (Ms line, see TTT diagram inmaterial data sheet) to avoid microstructural transformationsduring welding

Surface treatment

CarburizationWhere carburization processesare intended, the aim is generallyto combine a tough core with amore wear-resistant surface.The carbon accumulations inthe surface require a corresponding reduction of thehardening temperature, as highresidual austenite contentsmust otherwise be expected,even after proper tempering.This can increase the risk ofcracking or reduce the servicelife. High residual austenite contents give rise to an additionalproblem when polishing tools,owing to the tendency to developthe orange-peel effect. On theother hand, if too much carbonis supplied, it is preferentiallyprecipitated at the austenitegrain boundaries. This results inan increased risk of crackingand substantial embrittlementof the material.Process control appropriate tothe material is the remedy inthis case. This involves controllingnot only the carbon level, butalso the time/temperatureprofile.

NitridingAs in carburization, the purposeof nitriding is to produce a hardsurface layer, the main purposeof which in tools is to affordprotection against wear. Thereduction in toughness thatoccurs, even in the event ofoptimum nitriding, is usuallynot taken into consideration.The result is often spalling ofthe surface zone in use.Prior to nitriding, the toolsmust first be cleaned and

• high-alloy steels: heat to hardening temperature (austenitization), cool to above martensite temperature

• weld (possibly with intermediate reheating)

• use electrodes corresponding to the parent material

• TIG welding offers the advantage of producing a finer microstructure, as the temperatures are lower and the cooling rate higher than when using fluxed electrodes

• in order to minimize distortion,larger areas to be built up should be welded in separate sections that are subsequently joined (the bead should be hammered in order to reduce contraction stresses)

• cooling of the tools to approx.80 to 100 °C after the welding operation and tempering to installation hardnessimmediately afterwards.

Tool steel weight comparisons

5 0.0846 0.121

7 0.1658 0.2169 0.273

10 0.33812 0.486

14 0.66215 0.76016 0.86418 1.09420 1.35122 1.634

24 1.94525 2.11126 2.28328 2.64730 3.03935 4.13740 5.40345 6.83850 8.442

Dimens-ionsin mm

square round hexago-nal

octago-nal

Dimens-ionsin mm square round

hexago-nal

octago-nal

Dimens-ionsin mm Weight

Dimens-ionsin mm square round

hexago-nal

octago-nal

5 0.196 0.154 0.170 0.1636 0.283 0.222 0.245 0.2347 0.385 0.302 0.333 0.3198 0.502 0.395 0.435 0.4169 0.636 0.499 0.551 0.527

10 0.785 0.617 0.680 0.650

61 29.210 22.941 25.296 24.19862 30.175 23.700 26.133 24.99863 31.157 24.470 26.982 25.88164 32.154 25.263 27.846 26.63765 33.170 26.050 28.720 27.48066 34.200 26.860 29.610 28.330

140 153.86 120.84 133.25 127.46145 164.20 129.10 142.96 136.70150 176.60 138.70 153.00 146.30160 201.00 157.80 174.00 165.50170 225.90 178.20 196.50 187.90180 254.30 199.80 220.30 210.70

11 0.950 0.746 0.823 0.78912 1.130 0.888 0.979 0.93613 1.327 1.042 1.149 1.09914 1.539 1.208 1.332 1.27515 1.766 1.387 1.530 1.463

67 35.24 27.68 30.52 29.1968 36.30 28.51 31.44 30.0769 37.37 29.35 32.37 30.9670 38.46 30.21 33.31 31.8771 39.57 31.08 34.27 32.78

72 40.69 31.96 35.24 33.7173 41.83 32.86 36.23 34.6674 42.99 33.76 37.23 35.6175 44.16 34.68 38.24 36.5876 45.34 35.61 39.27 37.56

77 46.54 36.56 40.31 38.5678 47.76 37.51 41.36 39.5679 48.99 38.48 42.43 40.5980 50.24 39.46 43.51 41.6281 51.50 40.45 44.50 42.67

82 52.78 41.46 45.71 43.7383 54.08 42.47 46.83 44.8084 55.39 43.50 47.97 45.8985 56.72 44.55 49.12 46.9986 58.06 45.60 50.28 48.10

87 59.42 46.67 51.46 49.2288 60.79 47.75 52.65 50.3689 62.18 48.84 53.85 51.5190 63.58 49.91 55.07 52.6891 65.01 51.06 56.30 53.85

92 66.44 52.18 57.54 55.0493 67.90 53.32 58.80 56.2594 69.36 54.48 60.07 57.4695 70.85 55.61 61.36 58.6996 72.35 56.82 62.65 59.93

97 73.86 58.01 63.96 61.1998 75.39 59.21 65.29 62.4699 76.94 60.34 66.63 63.74

100 78.50 61.65 67.98 65.03102 81.67 64.15 70.73 67.66

104 84.91 66.68 73.53 70.34106 88.20 69.27 76.39 73.07108 91.56 71.91 79.30 75.85110 94.98 74.60 82.26 78.69112 98.47 77.34 85.28 81.58

114 102.02 80.13 88.35 84.52116 105.63 82.96 91.48 87.51118 109.30 85.85 94.66 90,55120 113.04 88.78 97.90 93.65122 116.84 91.77 101.19 96.79

124 120.70 94.80 104.53 99.99126 124.63 97.88 107.93 103.25128 128.61 101.01 111.38 106.55130 132.66 104.20 114.89 109.90135 142.50 112.35 123.60 118.40

190 283.4 222.6 245.4 234.8200 314.0 246.6 271.9 260.1220 379.9 298.4 329.0 314.8240 452.2 355.1 391.6 374.6260 530.7 416.8 459.6 439.5

280 615.4 483.4 533.0 509.9300 706.5 554.9 611.8 585.3320 803.8 631.3 696.1 665.9340 907.5 712.7 785.9 751.8360 1071.0 799.0 881.0 842.0

380 1133 890 982 939400 1256 986 1088 1040450 1589 1248 1377 1317500 1962 1541 1699 1626600 2826 2219 2447 2341

700 3846 3021 3331 3187800 5024 3926 4351 4162900 6358 4994 5507 5268

1000 7850 6165 6798 6503

16 2.010 1.578 1.740 1.66517 2.269 1.782 1.965 1.87918 2.543 1.998 2.203 2.10719 2.834 2.226 2.454 2.34820 3.140 2.466 2.719 2.601

21 3.462 2.719 2.998 2.86822 3.799 2.984 3.290 3.14823 4.153 3.261 3.596 3.44024 4.522 3.551 3.916 3.74625 4.906 3.853 4.249 4.065

26 5.307 4.168 4.596 4.39627 5.723 4.495 4.956 4.74128 6.154 4.834 5.330 5.09929 6.602 5.185 5.717 5.46930 7.055 5.549 6.118 5.853

31 7.544 5.925 6.533 6.25032 8.038 6.313 6.961 6.65933 8.549 6.714 7.403 7.08234 9.075 7.127 7.859 7.51835 9.616 7.553 8.328 7.966

36 10.714 7.990 8.811 8.42837 10.747 8.440 9.307 8.90338 11.335 8.903 9.817 9.39139 11.940 9.378 10.340 9.89140 12.560 9.865 11.877 10.405

41 13.196 10.364 11.428 10.93242 13.847 10.876 11.992 11.47243 14.515 11.400 12.570 12.02444 15.198 11.936 13.162 12.59045 15.896 12.485 13.767 13.169

46 16.611 13.046 14.385 13.76147 17.341 13.619 15.017 14.33648 18.086 14.205 15.663 14.98349 18.848 14.803 16.323 15.61450 19.625 15.414 16.996 16.258

51 20.418 16.036 17.682 16.91552 21.226 16.671 18.383 17.58553 22.051 17.319 19.096 18.26754 22.891 17.978 19.824 18.96355 23.745 18.750 20.595 19.772

56 24.618 19.335 21.319 20.39457 25.505 20.031 22.088 21.12958 26.407 20.740 22.869 21.88759 27.326 21.462 23.665 22.63860 28.260 22.195 24.474 23.412

Tool steel weight comparisons

86 87

Sheet weight (width in mm)Thickness in mm 2000 x 1000 2500 x 1250 3000 x 1500 4000 x 1500 5000 x 1500

General note (liability)All statements regarding the properties or utilization of the materials or products mentioned are for the purposesof description only. Guarantees regarding the existence of certain properties or a certain utilization are only evervalid if agreed upon in writing.

Thick-nessin mm

Width in mm10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

0.50 8.00 12.50 18.00 24.00 30.00

0.60 9.60 15.00 21.60 28.80 36.00

0.70 11.20 17.50 25.50 33.60 42.00

0.75 12.00 18.75 27.00 36.00 45.00

0.80 12.80 20.00 28.80 38.40 48.00

0.90 15.20 22.50 32.40 43.20 54.00

1.00 16.00 25.00 36.00 48.00 60.00

1.25 20.00 31.25 45.00 60.00 75.00

1.50 24.00 37.50 54.00 72.00 90.00

1.75 28.00 43.75 63.00 84.00 105.00

2.00 32.00 50.00 72.00 96.00 120.00

2.25 36.00 56.25 81.00 108.00 135.00

2.50 40.00 62.50 90.00 120.00 150.00

2.75 44.00 68.75 99.00 132.00 165.00

3.00 48.00 75.00 108.00 144.00 180.00

4 0.312 0.467 0.623 0.779 0.935 1.091 1.249 1.402 1.558 1.714 1.870 2.025 2.181 2.337 2.493 2.649 2.804 2.960 3.1165 0.390 0.584 0.789 0.974 1.169 1.363 1.558 1.753 1.948 2.142 2.337 2.503 2.727 2.921 3.116 3.311 3.506 3.700 3.8956 0.467 0.701 0.935 1.169 1.402 1.636 1.870 2.103 2.337 2.571 2.804 3.038 3.272 3.506 3.739 3.973 4.207 4.440 4.6757 0.545 0.818 1.091 1.363 1.636 1.909 2.181 2.454 2.727 2.999 3.272 3.544 3.817 4.090 4.362 4.635 4.908 5.180 5.4538 0.623 0.935 1.246 1.558 1.870 2.181 2.493 2.804 3.116 3.428 3.739 4.051 4.362 4.674 4.986 5.297 5.609 5.920 6.232

9 0.701 1.051 1.402 1.753 2.103 2.454 2.804 3.155 3.506 3.856 4.207 4.557 4.908 5.258 5.609 5.959 6.310 6.660 7.01110 0.779 1.169 1.558 1.948 2.337 2.727 3.116 3.506 3.895 4.285 4.674 5.064 5.453 5.843 6.232 6.622 7.001 7.401 7.79011 0.857 1.285 1.714 2.142 2.571 2.999 3.428 3.856 4.285 4.713 5.141 5.570 5.998 6.427 6.855 7.248 7.712 8.141 8.56912 0.935 1.402 1.870 2.337 2.804 3.272 3.739 4.207 4.674 5.141 5.609 6.076 6.511 7.011 7.478 7.916 8.413 8.881 9.31813 1.013 1.519 2.025 2.532 3.038 3.544 4.057 4.557 5.064 5.570 6.076 6.583 7.089 7.595 8.102 8.608 9.114 9.621 10.13

14 1.061 1.639 2.181 2.727 3.270 3.817 4.362 4.908 5.453 5.998 6.544 7.089 7.634 8.180 8.725 9.270 9.815 10.36 10.9115 1.169 1.753 2.337 2.921 3.506 4.090 4.674 5.258 5.843 6.420 7.011 7.595 8.180 8.761 9.318 9.932 10.52 11.10 11.6916 1.246 1.870 2.493 3.116 3.739 4.362 4.986 5.509 6.232 6.855 7.478 8.102 8.725 9.348 9.971 10.59 11.22 11.84 12.4617 1.324 1.986 2.649 3.311 3.973 4.635 5.297 5.959 6.622 7.284 7.946 8.608 9.270 9.932 10.59 11.26 11.92 12.58 13.2418 1.402 2.103 2.804 3.506 4.207 4.908 5.609 6.310 7.011 7.712 8.414 9.114 9.815 10.52 11.22 11.92 12.62 13.32 14.02

19 1.480 2.220 2.960 3.700 4.440 5.180 5.920 6.660 7.401 8.141 8.880 9.620 10.36 11.10 11.84 12.58 13.32 14.06 14.8020 1.558 2.337 3.116 3.895 4.674 5.453 6.232 7.011 7.790 8.569 9.350 10.13 10.91 11.69 12.46 13.24 14.02 14.80 15.5821 1.636 2.454 3.272 4.090 4.907 5.726 6.544 7.362 8.180 8.997 9.820 10.63 11.45 12.27 13.09 13.91 14.72 15.54 16.3622 1.714 2.571 3.428 4.285 4.141 5.998 6.855 7.712 8.569 9.426 10.28 11.14 12.00 12.85 13.71 14.57 15.42 16.28 17.1423 1.792 2.688 3.585 4.479 5.375 6.271 7.167 8.063 8.959 9.854 10.75 11.65 12.54 13.44 14.33 15.23 16.13 17.02 17.92

24 1.870 2.804 3.739 4.674 5.609 6.544 7.478 8.413 9.348 10.28 11.22 12.15 13.09 14.02 14.96 15.89 16.83 17.76 18.7025 1.948 2.921 3.895 4.869 5.843 6.816 7.790 8.764 9.738 10.71 11.69 12.66 13.63 14.61 15.58 16.55 17.53 18.50 19.4826 2.025 3.038 4.051 5.064 6.076 7.069 8.102 9.114 10.13 11.14 12.15 13.17 14.18 15.19 16.20 17.22 18.23 19.24 20.2527 2.103 3.155 4.207 5.258 6.310 7.362 8.413 9.465 10.52 11.57 12.62 13.67 14.72 15.77 16.83 17.88 18.93 19.98 21.0328 2.181 3.272 4.422 5.453 6.544 7.534 8.725 9.815 10.91 12.00 13.09 14.18 15.27 16.36 17.45 18.54 19.63 20.72 21.81

29 2.259 3.389 4.581 5.648 6.777 7.907 9.036 10.17 11.30 12.43 13.55 14.68 15.81 16.94 18.07 19.20 20.33 21.46 22.5930 2.337 3.506 4.674 5.843 7.011 8.180 9.348 10.52 11.69 12.85 14.02 15.19 16.36 17.53 18.70 19.86 21.03 22.20 23.3735 2.727 4.090 5.453 6.816 8.180 9.543 10.91 12.27 13.63 14.90 16.36 17.72 19.09 20.45 21.81 23.17 24.54 25.90 27.2740 3.116 4.674 6.232 7.790 9.343 10.91 12.46 14.02 15.58 17.14 18.70 20.25 21.81 23.37 24.93 26.49 28.04 29.60 31.1645 3.506 5.258 7.011 8.764 10.52 12.27 14.02 15.77 17.53 19.28 21.03 22.78 24.54 26.29 28.04 29.80 31.55 33.30 35.0650 3.895 5.843 7.790 9.738 12.69 13.63 15.58 17.53 19.48 21.42 23.37 25.32 27.27 29.21 31.16 33.11 35.06 37.00 38.95


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Edelstahl Witten-KrefeldEdelstahlwerke Südwestfalen

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