evrokavSiris sasamarTlo praqtika

amonaridebi evrokavSiris sasamarTlos rCeuli gadawyvetilebebidan

nona gelaSvilieTer yamarauli

winamdebare wigni gamocemulia germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazoga­doebis (GTZ) finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamomcemeli ar iRebs pasuxismgeblobas wignis Senaarsobrivi mxaris sisworeze.

Das vorliegende Buch wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH herausgegeben. Der Herausgeber übernimmt für die Richtigkeit und Vollständigkeit des Inhaltes keine Verantwortung.

© germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba (GTZ), 2010© nona gelaSvili, 2010© eTer yamarauli, 2010

ISBN 978-99940-47-64-2

winamdebare gamocemis eleqtronuli versia SegiZliaT ixiloT internet gverdze: www.gtz.de/law-caucasus

GTZ-is programa „samarTlisa da iusticiis reformis konsultacia samxreT kavkasiaSi“SoTa rusTavelis gamz. 300146 Tbilisitel.: +995 32 933712el.­fosta: legalreform_caucasus@gtz.de

GTZ-is Sesaxeb

Cveni mizani

Sps germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba (GTZ) aris msoflio

masStabis mqone sawarmo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis

dargSi. is mxars uWers germaniis federalur mTavrobas ganviTarebis politikis

miznebis ganxorcielebaSi. GTZ sTavazobs globalizirebul msoflios

aqtualuri politikuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri sakiTxebis

gadaWris momavalze orientirebul gzebs, igi mxars uWers kompleqsur

reformebs da ganviTarebis procesebs rTul pirobebSic ki. misi mizania,

adamianebis cxovrebis pirobebis mdgradi gaumjobeseba.

Cveni damkveTebi

GTZ aris federaluri sawarmo, romlis saTao ofisi ganTavsebulia eSbornSi,

mainis frankfurtTan. is Camoyalibda 1975 wels rogorc kerZo samarTlis

iuridiuli piri. misi mTavari damkveTia germaniis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa

da ganviTarebis federaluri saministro (BMZ). garda amisa, is muSaobs

sxva federaluri uwyebebis, aseve sxva qveynebis mTavrobebis, saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis dakveTiT, rogoricaa evrokomisia, gaero an msoflio banki,

agreTve kerZo organizaciebis davalebiTac. GTZ Tavis amocanebs axorcielebs

saerTo sargeblobisaTvis. zedmeti Tanxebi gamoiyeneba mxolod sakuTarive

proeqtebisaTvis, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis

mxardasaWerad.

msoflio masStabi

GTZ warmodgenilia afrikis, aziis, laTinuri amerikis, xmelTaSua zRvispireTisa

da axlo aRmosavleTis regionebis, aseve evropis, kavkasiisa da Sua aziis 120­ze

met qveyanaSi. aqedan 92 qveyanaSi mas sakuTari ofisebi gaaCnia. mTeli msoflios

garSemo mas dasaqmebuli hyavs 12.000 TanamSromeli, aqedan 9.000 adamiani

adgilobrivi TanamSromelia. eSbornis centralur ofisSi da germaniis sxva

ofisebSi daaxloebiT 1.500 adamiani muSaobs.

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi BMZ­is davalebiT GTZ sxvadasxva proeqts

axorcielebs samarTlisa da iusticiis reformebis mxardasaWerad. am

proeqtebis farglebSi muSaoben rogorc mokle­, iseve grZelvadiani mowveuli

eqspertebi, romlebic axorcieleben sakanonmdeblo konsultacias da atareben

kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel RonisZiebebs, aseve monawileobas Rebuloben

specialur konferenciebSi. publikaciebis ­ masalaTa krebulis ­ farglebSi

gamoicema moxsenebebi, aseve proeqtebis sxva masalebi. garda amisa, gamoicema

perioduli specialuri literaturac.

Sesavali

evrokavSirma imisaTvis, rom dRevandeli saxiT Camoyalibebuliyo ganviTarebis mravali etapi ganvlo. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aqtualuri gaxda erTiani evropuli struqturis Camoyalibeba. am mizniT 1952 wels daarsda qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianeba eqvsi evropuli saxelmwifos monawileobiT: germania, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. es iyo warmatebuli mcdeloba imisa, rom evropuli saxelmwifoebis upirveles yovlisa ki germaniisa da safrangeTis qvanaxSirisa da foladis warmoeba evropul gaerTianebaSi erTad moeqca. aRniSnuli TavisTavad evropis ekonomikur­politikur da usafrTxoebis interesebs asaxavda da ganamtkicebda. am gaerTianebis Seqmna SeiZleba Sefasdes evrokavSiris sawyisad.

ukve 1957 wels romis xelSekrulebebiT daarsda evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba da evropuli atomuri gaerTianeba. amiT evropulma gaerTianebis procesma gaagrZela mzardi seqtoruli integraciis procesi. es Seesabameboda neo funqcionalistebis Tezas @e.w. ”Spill-over-effect”­s. aRniSnulis mixedviT seqtoruli mzardi integracia gamoiwvevda sul ufro da ufro mzard integracias ekonomikur­politikuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi.

es sami evropuli gaerTianeba Tavidanve ori saerTo institucionaluri organos saSualebiT moqmedebda. es iyo evropuli sasamarTlo da evropuli parlamenti. 1965 wlidan ki Seiqmna aseve samive gaerTianebisaTvis saerTo komisia da sabWo.

Semdgomi ganviTarebis etapebze mniSvnelovani iyo erTiani evropuli aqtebis miReba (1987 wels), romliTac Sida bazris programa iqna SemuSavebuli, aseve maastrixtis xelSekrulebis miReba (1992 weli), romliTac Seiqmna ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiri.

maastrixtis xelSekrulebam (evropuli kavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekruleba) ufro metad gaaRmava evropuli integraciis procesi. es Seexeboda gansakuTrebiT Sida bazris Camoyalibebis process, rac gamoixata savaluto kavSiris SeqmniT. am xelSekrulebiT Seiqmna evropuli kavSiri, romlis qveS moiazreboda samive evropuli gaerTianeba, saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika da policiisa da iuridiuli TanamSromloba sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebSi. aqedan mxolod evropuli gaerTianeba iyo yvelaze didi funqciebis matarebeli. danarCeni ori samTavrobaTaSoriso struqturas warmoadgenda.

1997 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT moxda sistemis Semdgomi daxvewa. upirveles yovlisa am xelSekrulebiT kavSiri gafarToebisaTvis unda momzadebuliyo. Seicvala sabWoSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedura, evropuli parlamentis uflebebi kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi ufro gafarTovda. mesame seqtoris, policiisa da iuridiuli TanamSromloba sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebis garkveuli nawilebi evropuli gaerTianebis kompetenciaSi gadavida.

amas mohyva nicis xelSekruleba, romelic ZalaSi 2003 wels Sevida. misi ZiriTadi mizani isev institucionalur reformaSi mdgomareobda, romlis mixedviTac evropuli kavSiri gafarToebisaTvis kerZod ki 25 wevri saxelmwifosaTvis unda momzadebuliyo. nicis konferenciaze moxda ZiriTadi uflebebis qartiis warmodgena, romelic ar iyo gaerTianebis samarTlis Semadgeneli nawili da

ar hqonda savaldebulo iuridiuli Zala, magram samarTlebriv­politikuri aspeqtidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovan dokuments warmoadgenda.

am droisaTvis evropul kavSirSi gawevrianebuli iyo ukve 15 evropuli saxelmwifo. germaniis, safrangeTis, italiis, belgiis, niderlandebisa da luqsemburgis garda mis wevrebs Seadgendnen: dania, didi britaneTi, irlandia (1973 weli), saberZneTi (1981 weli), espaneTi, portugalia (1986 weli), fineTi, avstria, SvedeTi (1995 weli). maT mohyvaT aRmosavleTis qveynebi: estoneTi, litva, latvia, poloneTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, CexeTi, ungreTi, malta da kviprosi (2004 weli), xolo 2007 wels 27 wevri saxelmwifo iyo ukve evrokavSiris wevri bulgareTTan da rumineTTan erTad.

didi gafarToebis Semdeg evrokavSiris funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad kidev erTxel dadga institucionaluri reformebis sakiTxi. evropuli konstituciis marcxis Semdeg 2007 wlis pirvel naxevarSi isev daiwyo muSaoba reformatorul xelSekrulebaze. ukve 2007 wlis 13 dekembers mzad iyo xelSekruleba, romelsac lisabonSi mTavrobebis warmomadgenlebma moaweres xeli. 27 saxelmwifoSi Catarebuli referendumebis Sedegad lisabonis xelSekruleba ZalaSi 2009 wlis pirvel dekembers Sevida. is warmoadgens konsolidirebul teqstebs evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebisa da yofili evropuli gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis axla ukve evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis teqstebisa.

lisabonis xelSekrulebis mixedviT evrokavSiri kvlav rCeba nawilobriv integrirebul nawilobriv ki samTavrobaTSoriso saxelmwifoTa kavSirad, romelic arc federaluri saxelmwifoa da arc konfederacia, aramed saxelmwifosTan axlos mdgomi Sualeduri forma. igi dafuZnebulia ganusazRvreli droiT da mis wevrebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT nebayoflobiT datovon kavSiri. lisabonis xelSekrulebac Riad tovebs evrokavSiris ganviTarebis momavals.

swored imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom evrokavSiri warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTlis araklasikur subieqts, romlis funqciebi da kompetenciebi saxelmwifosTanaa miaxloebuli, misi samarTlebrivi struqtura da sistemac aseve mravalrivi da sainteresoa. swored evrokavSiris samarTali warmoadgens im ZiriTad sayrdens, romlis saSualebiTac mudmivad integraciis procesSi myofi gaerTianeba funqcionirebs da sul ufro da ufro iZens regulirebis axal sferoebsa da kompetenciebs. am mxriv evrokavSiris sasamarTlos praqtika erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria evropuli integraciis gzaze. sasamarTlos ganmartebebi da interpretaciebi karg safuZvels aZlevs evrokavSiris organoebs Seqmnan ufro detaluri da farTo regulaciebi.

warmodgenili wigni miznad isaxavs evrokavSiris ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi principebisa da samarTlebrivi kulturis gadmocemas. evrokavSiris samarTali, rogorc erT­erTi yvelaze ganviTarebuli samarTali konre tul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi mraval saintereso midgomas gvTavazobs, rac Tavis mxriv argumentaciis sizustesa da sakiTxis mravalmxriv xedvas moiTxovs.

wigni agebulia evrokavSiris sasamarTlo praqtikaze. masSi gadmocemulia da Tematurad dalagebulia sasamarTlo praqtikidan is saqmeebi, romleb mac

mogvces ama Tu im sakiTxis ganmarteba da Sesabamisad Seqmnes precedentuli samarTali.

wigni Sedgeba xuTi nawilisagan. pirvel nawilSi asaxulia evrokavSiris funqcio­nirebis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. rogorc saxelmwifosTan miax­loebuli da mowinave Rirebulebebis mqone saerTaSoriso organizacia, au­ci lebelia is flobdes demokratiul principebs. swored am ZiriTad demo­kratiul principebs exeba es nawili. amave nawilSi ganxilulia evrokavSiris ufle bamosilebebic, romlebic mudmivad sadaoa wevri saxelmwifoebis kom­petenciebTan mimarTebaSi.

wignis meore nawili eTmoba mTlianad evrokavSiris samarTlis sistemasa da mis moqmedebas. am nawilSi ganxilulia samarTlis struqtura da misi calkeuli elementebis moqmedeba. am mxriv Zalzed sainteresoa wevri saxelmwifosa da evrokavSiris samarTlis urTierTmimarTeba, aseve evrokavSiris samarTlis moqmedebis Taviseburebebi sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtis samarTalTan mimarTebaSi.

diskriminaciis akrZalva da ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvaze zrunva evrokavSiris samarTlis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. ZiriTadi uflebebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibeba es is tipiuria SemTxvevaa, rodesac evrokavSiris sasamarTlom xelSekrulebebSi arsebuli xarvezebi samosamarTlo praqtikis gziT Seavso.

meoTxe nawili evrokavSiris ZiriTad Tavisuflebebs Seexeba. es is umniSvnelovanesi sferoa, romelic evrokavSiris ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens da mas rogorc aseTs axasiaTebs. ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi moicaven oTx umniSvnelovanes sferos: saqonlis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, sazogadoebaTa dafuZnebis Tavisufleba da momsaxurebis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.

bolo mexuTe nawili Seexeba evrokavSiris sakonkurencio samarTals, romelic aseve umniSvnelovanes rgols warmoadgens evrokavSiris srulyofili ekonomikuri funqcionirebisaTvis. am nawilSi mkiTxvels eqneba saSualeba gaecnos Tanamedrove sakonkurencio samarTlis terminebis sasamarTloseul ganmartebebs, romlebic Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare savaldebuloni arian da erTgvarovan praqtikas ayalibeben.

garda amisa, wignSi mocemulia evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis, maastrixtis, amsterdamisa da lisabonis xelSekrulebebis muxlebis Sesabamisobis tabula, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi miTiTebuli muxlebis numeraciiT moiZios lisabonis xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli Sesabamisi muxli.

aqve minda uRrmesi madloba gadavuxado germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoebas da kerZod, samarTlisa da iusticiis reformebis mxardaWeris programas saqarTveloSi, romelmac saSualeba mogvca Segvedgina da gamogveqveynebina winamdebare wigni.

nona gelaSvili LL.M.eur (Tbilisi); M.e.S (Hamburg)

I. evrokavSiris umniSvnelovanesi miznebi, amocane bi da mi si samarTlebrivi sistemis Tavisebureba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 11. evrokavSiris miznebi da amocanebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 12. evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi sistemis

Tavise bure ba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2II. evrokavSiris principebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 4

1. demokratiis principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 42. samarTlebrivi principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 5

a) samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 6b) proporciulobis principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 6

g) gamWvirvaleobisa da dasabuTebulobis principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 7 3. xelisuflebis danawilebis principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 10III. kompetenciebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 11

1. SezRuduli uflebamosilebis principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 11 a) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis sworad SerCeva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 14

2. Sevsebis kompetencia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 153. nagulisxmevi kompetenciebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 164. evrokavSiris kompetenciebis wevri

saxelmwifoebis kompetenciebTan mimarTebiT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 18a) subsidiurobis principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 18

meore nawili

evrokavSiris samarTali da misi moqmedeba

I. evrokavSiris samarTlis moqmedeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 211. evrokavSiris samarTlis uSualo moqmedeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 21

a) evrokavSiris samarTlis uSualo moqmedebiswinapirobebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 24

2. evrokavSiris samarTlis upiratesi iuridiuliZala erovnul samarTalTan SedarebiT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 32

II. evrokavSiris samarTlis normatiuli sistema ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 381. pirveladi samarTali ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 38

a) sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 38b) sayovelTao samarTlebrivi principebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 39

2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 393. meoradi samarTali ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 43

a) regulaciebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 43

b) direqtiva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 46

(1) direqtivis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalTanimplementacia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 46

(i) implementacia vadebis dacviT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 48

sarCevipirveli nawili evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi

(ii) wevri saxelmwifoebis valdebulebasaimplementacio vadis amowurvamde ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 49(iii) valdebulebebi saimplementacio vadisamowurvis Semdeg ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 51

(2) direqtivebis uSualo moqmedeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 51(i) direqtivebis uSualo horizontaluri moqmedeba(moqmedeba mesame pirebis mimarT) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 55(ii) obieqturi moqmedeba: direqtivebis Sesabamisiganmarteba; mesame pirebis mimarT direqtivebisarapirdapiri horizontaluri moqme deba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 62

(3) saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgebloba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 66g) gadawyvetileba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 70

(1) savaldebulooba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 70(2) individualuri moqmedeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 75(3) uSualo moqmedeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 80

d) rekomendaciebi da poziciebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 80e) dausaxelebeli samarTlebrivi aqtebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 82

mesame nawili

diskriminaciis akrZalva da ZiriTadi uflebebi evrokavSiris samarTalSi

I. moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 831. diskriminaciis akrZalvis moqmedeba evrokavSiris

samarTalSi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 85a) gamoyeneba pirTa wris mimarT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 90b) diskriminaciis Sinaarsi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 91g) gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 93

2. diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT urTierTobebSi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 96a) daculi sikeTe ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 97

(1) Tanabari da TanabaranazRaurebadi samuSao ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 103(2) diskriminaciis akrZalvis ganvrcoba samuSao

pirobebze ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 107b) gamoyeneba pirTa wris mimarT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 116d) diskriminaciis formebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 117

(1) pirdapiri/Ria diskriminacia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 117(2) arapirdapiri/faruli diskriminacia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 120(3) pozitiuri diskriminacia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 124

e) gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 126v) samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 129

3. sayovelTao Tanasworobis principi rogorcsayovelTao samarTlebrivi principi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 130a) sakuTari moqalaqeebis diskriminacia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 130

II. ZiriTadi uflebebi evrokavSiris samarTalSi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 1361. ZiriTadi uflebebi rogorc evrokavSiris samarTliT

daculi sayovelTao principebi da maTi moqmedeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 136

a) sakuTrebis ufleba, profesiis Tavisufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 141

b) gaerTianebis Tavisufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 152g) piradi sferos dacva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 153d) sacxovrebeli binis xelSeuxebloba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 153

e) azris, presis, mediisa da informaciis Tavisufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 153

v) sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 1592. ZiriTadi uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebis kolizia ­­­­­­­­­­­­ 161

meoTxe nawili

ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi

I. saqonlis Tavisufali gadaadgileba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 164

1. saqonlis cneba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 1642. akrZalvebi obieqtebis mixedviT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 171

a) baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebisakrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 171

b) raodenobrivi SezRudvebisa da analogiurimoqmedebis RonisZiebebis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 175

3. akrZalvebis formebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 181

a) diskriminaciis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 181

b) zogadi SezRudvis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 182

4. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 185a) xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli

gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 185

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 188

II. muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 198

1. muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis cneba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 198

2. akrZalvis formebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 202

a) diskriminaciis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 202

b) sayovelTao SezRudvis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 207

3. ojaxis wevrTa uflebebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2104. muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis

moqmedeba mesame pirebis mimarT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2125. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 213

a) xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuligamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 213

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 215

III. dafuZnebis Tavisufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 216

1. dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2162. dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis diskriminaciisa

da sayovelTao SezRudvis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2263. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 226

a) xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuligamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 226

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 227

IV. momsaxurebis Tavisufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2311. momsaxurebis saxeebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2332. diskriminaciisa da SezRudvis akrZalva ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 234

3. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 236a) xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 236b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 237

mexuTe nawili

sakonkurencio samarTali

I. Sesabamisi bazris definicia sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebebis mixedviT ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 249

II. sakonkurencio samarTlis subieqtebi; SeTanxmebebis, gadawyvetilebebis da SeTanxmebuli praqtikis gansazRvreba ­­­­­­­­­­­ 2551. sawarmo da sawarmoTa asociacia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2552. daqiravebulebi da profesiuli kavSirebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 258

a) daqiravebulebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 258

b) profesiuli kavSirebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 259

3. erTiani ekonomikuri uwyeba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2604. `SeTanxmebis~, `gadawyvetilebis~ da

`SeTanxmebuli praqtikis~ mniSvneloba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2615. mniSvnelovani efeqti konkurenciaze ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 265

III. dominanturi mdgomareoba damdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 2661. dominanturi mdgomareoba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 266

2. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis mniSvneloba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 267

IV. dominanturi mdgomareobis dadgena ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 269V. qmedeba, romelic SeiZleba iyos mdgomareobis

borotad gamoyeneba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 294VI. karteli da oligopolia ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 340

VII. sadistribucio SeTanxmebebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 351

VIII. Serwyma ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 356

IX. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufleba ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 407

X. sajaro sawarmoebi ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 418

XI. gaerTianebuli sawarmo ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ 460

evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebisa daevrokavSiris funqcionirebis SesaxebxelSekrulebis muxlebis Sesabamisobis tabula ----------------------------------- 468

evrokavSiris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis sarCevi ---------------------------- 484

1

pirveli nawili

evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi

I. evrokavSiris umniSvnelovanesi miznebi, amocanebi da misi samarT-lebrivi sistemis Tavisebureba

1. evrokavSiris miznebi da amocanebi

daskvna. evropuli ekonomikuri sivrce1:

17. rogorc es, gansakuTrebiT, evropuli ekonomikuri sivrcis2 xelSekrulebis me-2, me-8a da 102-e a muxlebidan gamomdinareobs, is iswrafvis ekonomikuri integraciisaken, romelic Sida bazarsa da ekonomikur da savaluto kavSirSi moi-azreba. amasTan, gaerTianebis xelSekrulebebi, erTad aRebuli, erTiani evro-puli aqtebis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, miznad isaxaven, konkretuli wvlili Seitanon evropuli kavSiris warmatebaSi.

18. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Ses-axeb xelSekrulebis debulebebi, romlebic awesrigeben Tavisufal mimoqcevasa da konkurencias, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris TviTmizani, aramed mxolod am miznebis ganxorcielebis saSualebaa.

1 Opinion of the Court of 14 December 1991; Opinion delivered pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 228 (1) of the Treaty; Draft agreement between the Community, on the one hand, and the countries of the European Free Trade Association, on the other, relating to the creation of the European Economic Area; Opinion 1/91; European Court reports 1991 Page I-06079.

2 1992 wlis 2 maiss portoSi xeli moewera evropuli ekonomikuri sivrcis Sesaxeb xelSekrule-bas evropis ekonomikur gaerTianebasa da evropuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacias Soris. am droisaTvis evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis wevri iyo evropuli kavSiris 12 wevri saxelm-wifo (belgia, germania, safrangeTi, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, didi britaneTi, dania, irlandia, saberZneTi, espaneTi, protugalia), xolo evropuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asocia-ciaSi 7 saxelmwifo (avstria, fineTi, islandia, norvegia, SvedeTi, Sveicaria da lixtenStaini). xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wlis pirvel ianvars, lixtenStainisaTvis 1995 wlis pirvel ianvars, xolo Sveicarias ar mouxdenia xelSekrulebis ratificireba. am xelSekrulebiT gau-qmda yovelgvari baJi masSi monawile qveynebs Soris savaWro urTierTobisas. dRevandeli mdgo-mareobiT, xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs Sida bazarSi evropuli kavSiris arawevri saxelmwi-foebis CarTvas. aRniSnuli xelSekruleba moqmedebs evropul kavSirsa da mis arawevr Semdeg evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris: lixtenStaini, norvegia da islandia. 1957 wlis 25 marts romSi xeli moewera evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb mravalmxriv SeTanxme-bas safrangeTs, germanias, niderlandebs, luqsemburgs, belgiasa da italias Soris. mizani iyo wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris erTiani ekonomikuri politikis warmarTva. gamomdinare iqidan, rom am organizaciis amocanebi gafarTovda, 1993 wlis maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT, mas evropuli gaerTianeba daerqva.

2

saqme Gaston Schul3:

33. (...) (evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-2 da me-3 muxlebSi dasaxelebuli xelSekrulebis) miznebidan upirvelesi mizani saerTo bazris Seqmnaa. saerTo bazris cneba (...) efuZneba Sida gaerTianebis vaWrobaSi yvela dabrkolebis aRmofxvras erovnuli bazrebis erT bazrad Serwymis mizniT, romlis pirobebi realur Sida bazars maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba.

2. evropis kavSiris samarTlebrivi sistemis Tavisebureba

saqme van Gend & Loos4:

9. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mizania saerTo bazris Seqmna, romlis funqcionireba uSualod Seexeba gaerTianebis calkeul pirebs; amiT aseve naTqvamia, rom es xelSekruleba ufro metia, vidre ubralod SeTanxmeba, romelic mxolod urTierTvaldebulebebs amkvidrebs xelSekruleb-is monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris. es azri dasturdeba xelSekrulebis preambu-liT, romelic mimarTavs ara marto mTavrobebs, aramed xalxebsac. es kidev ufro metad TvalnaTliv dasturdeba iseTi organoebis SeqmniT, romelTac gadace-muli aqvT suverenuli uflebebi. am uflebebis ganxorcieleba Tanabrad Seex-eba rogorc wevr saxelmwifoebs, aseve moqalaqeebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom gaerTianebaSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebi mowodebulni arian, wvlili Seitanon gaerTianebis funqcionirebaSi evropuli parlamentisa da ekonomikuri da socialuri komitetis meSveobiT. aseve, 177-e muxlis fargleb-Si sasamarTlosaTvis dakisrebuli valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos xelSekruleb-is erTiani ganmarteba erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier, amtkicebs imas, rom saxelmwifoebisaTvis amosavali iyo, moqalaqeebs SesZlebodaT, gaerTianebis samarTalze dayrdnobiT miemarTaT erovnuli sasamarTloebisaTvis.

10. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT, rom gaerTianeba saerTaSori-so samarTlis axali samarTlebrivi sistemaa, romlis sasargeblodac saxelmwi-foebma, Tundac garkveul farglebSi, sakuTari suverenuli uflebebi SeizRudes, es aris samarTlebrivi sistema, romlis samarTalsubieqtebi ara marto wevri saxelmwifoebi, aramed erTeulebi arian.

saqme Costa v. E.N.E.L.5:

erovnuli sasamarTlos valdebulebaa, gamoiyenos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sa-marTali.

italiis mTavroba samSvidobo sasamarTlos Suamdgomlobas miiCnevs `abso-luturad dauSveblad~, radgan erovnul sasamarTlos unda gamoeyenebina Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda emoqmeda 177-e muxlis mixedviT.

3 Judgment of the Court of 5 May 1982; Gaston Schul Douane Expediteur BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Ac-cijnzen, Roosendaal; Case 15/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 01409.

4 Judgment of the Court of 5 February 1963; NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration; Case 26-62; European Court reports English special edition Page 00001.

5 Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964; Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L.; Case 6/64; European Court reports; English special edition Page 00585.

3

Cveulebrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisagan gansxvavebiT, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebam6 Seqmna sakuTari samarTlebrivi wesrigi, romelic misi ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg gadatanilia wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv wesrigebSi da gamoiyeneba maTi sasamarTloebis mier. radgan gaerTianebis ganusazRvreli droiT dafuZnebiT, gaerTianebisa, romelic aRWurvilia sakuTari organoebiT, samarTal- da qmedunarianobiT, saerTaSoriso qmedunarianobiTa da, gansakuTrebiT, namdvili suverenuli uflebebiT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, wevri saxelmwifoebis uflebamosilebebis SezRudvisa da gaerTianebaze wevri saxelmwifoebis suverenuli uflebebis gadacemis Sedegad warmoiSva, wevrma saxelmwifoebma, Tundac erT garkveul sferoSi, SeizRudes suverenuli uflebebi da amgvarad Seqmnes samarTlebrivi sxeuli, romelsac savaldebulo Zala aqvs rogorc misi erTeulebisaTvis da Tavad am wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis.

saqme Internationale Handelsgesellschaft7:

3. gaerTianebis samarTlis erTiani moqmedeba Seilaxeboda, Tu gaerTianebis or-ganoTa moqmedebebis namdvilobaze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas erovnuli samar-Tlis normebi da principebi iqneboda wamoweuli. aseTi moqmedebebis namdviloba SesaZlebelia, mxolod gaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT ganixilebodes, radgan xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili, da amiT avtonomiuri samarTlebrivi wyarodan gamom-dinare samarTalze, misi damoukideblobis gamo, upiratesi Zala ar SeiZleba hqondes Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv normebs, rogorebic ar unda iyvnen isini, Tu mas ar CamovarTmevT gaerTianebis samarTlis xasiaTs da Tu kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar davayenebT gaerTianebis samarTlebriv princips. aqedan gamom-dinare, ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes gaerTianebis moqmedeba an wevr saxelm-wifoSi am qmedebis namdviloba, rodesac saCivari aRiZvreba imis gamo, rom darRveulia ZiriTadi uflebebi, romlebic konkretuli saxelmwifos konsti-tuciis mier mocemuli fabuliT an erovnuli konstituciis struqturuli principebiTaa gadmocemuli.

daskvna evropuli ekonomikuri sivrce8:

21. amis sapirispirod, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrule-bas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis formiTaa dadebuli, aranaklebi iuridiuli Zala aqvs, vidre samarTlebrivi gaerTianebis konsti-tuciur dokuments. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, gaer-Tianebis xelSekrulebebma Seqmnes axali samarTlebrivi wesrigi, romlis sasarge-blodac saxelmwifoebma sakuTari suverenuli uflebebi sul ufro farTo sfer-oebSi SeizRudes da romlis samarTalsubieqtebi ara marto wevri saxelmwifoebi, aramed aseve misi moqalaqeebic arian (...).

6 1957 wlis 25 marts romSi xeli moewera evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb mravalmxriv SeTanxmebas safrangeTs, germanias, niderlandebs, luqsemburgs, belgiasa da italias Soris. mizani iyo wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris erTiani ekonomikuri politikis warmarTva. gamomdinare iqidan, rom am organizaciis amocanebi gafarTovda, 1993 wlis maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT, mas evropuli gaerTianeba daerqva.

7 Judgment of the Court of 17 December 1970; Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel; Case 11-70; European Court reports 1970 Page 01125.

8 ix. 1-li sqolio.

4

II. evrokavSiris principebi

evrokavSirs vinaidan aqvs pretenzia, rom man Camoayaliba saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali samarTlebrivi wesrigi, romelic sxva saxelmwifoebisagan damoukideblad qmnis samarTals da romlis mier Seqmnili samarTali wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTalTan upiratesi ZaliT sargeblobs, aucilebelia arsebobdes gaerTianebaSi is principebi, romlebic SeinarCuneben wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo Rirebulebebis maRal dones da ufro metad ganaviTareben mas. es principebi xelSekrulebebTan erTad9 farTodaa asaxuli evropis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.

1. demokratiis principi

saqme Roquette Frères10:

33. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 43-e muxlis me-2 abza-cis me-3 punqti da xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi debulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli mos-menis procedura saSualebas aZlevs parlaments, gaerTianebis kanonSemoqmedebiT procesSi efeqturad miiRos monawileoba. es uflebamosileba xelSekrulebiT gamiznuli instituciuri balansisaTvis aris arsebiTi. is gaerTianebis doneze asaxavs, Tundac SezRudulad, magram mainc, im ZiriTad demokratiul princips, romlis mixedviTac xalxebi sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis monawileebi xdebian TavianTi warmomadgenlebis krebis saSualebiT. parlamentis saTanadod mosmena xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi arsebiTi proceduruli normaa, romlis ugulebelyofa Sesabamisi qmedebis baTilobas iwvevs.

saqme Titandioxid11:

19. TanamSromlobis proceduris farglebSi sabWo kvalificiuri umravlesobiT iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu mas surs miiRos evropuli parlamentis mier for-mulirebul da komisiis mier gadasinjul winadadebaSi Setanili cvlilebebi. gansxvavebiT amisagan, sabWo erTxmad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu parlamenti am saerTo midgomas uaryofs, an, Tu mas komisiis mier gadasinjuli winadadebis Secvla surs. TanamSromlobis proceduris arsebiTi elementi dairRveoda, Tu sabWo, amave dros, me-100 a da 130-e a muxlebsac daeyrdnoboda da nebismier SemTxvevaSi erTxmad miiRebda gadawyvetilebas.

20. amiT TanamSromlobis proceduriT dasaxuli mizani, gaZlierdes evropuli parlamentis monawileoba gaerTianebis kanonSemoqmedebiT procesSi, dadgeboda kiTxvis niSnis qveS. rogorc sasamarTlom 1980 wlis 29 oqtombris saqmeSi _ 138/79 (...) da saqmeSi _ 139/79 (...) daadgina, aseTi Tanamonawileoba gaerTiane-bis doneze asaxavs ZiriTad demokratiul princips, romlis mixedviTac xalxebi maTi warmomadgenlebis krebis meSveobiT sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoben.

9 ix. evropuli kavSiris xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis pirveli abzaci.10 Judgment of the Court of 29 October 1980; SA Roquette Frères v Council of the European Communities; Case 138/79;

European Court reports 1980 Page 03333.11 Judgment of the Court of 11 June 1991; Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European

Communities; Case C-300/89; European Court reports 1991 Page I-02867.

5

2. samarTlebrivi principi

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebs Seicavs evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi wesrigic. calkeuli samarTlebrivi principebi gamoxatulebas poveben evrokav-Siris sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi.

saqme Granaria12:

5. xelSekrulebisaTvis safuZvlad dadebuli kanonSemoqmedebisa da marTlmsa-julebis sistemidan gamomdinareobs, rom gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi saxelm-wifos principis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, marTalia, erTeulebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, sadavo gaxadon regulaciebis namdviloba sasamarTlos winaSe, magram es principi aseve avaldebulebs gaerTianebis samarTals daqvemdebarebul nebismier pirsa Tu dawesebulebas, manam aRiaron regulaciebis srulyofilad moqmedeba, vidre maT kompetenturi sasamarTlo ar gaauqmebs.

saqme Les Verts13:

23. amasTan, jer unda aRiniSnos, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba iseTi saxis samarTlebrivi gaerTianebaa, romelSic arc wevr saxelmwifoebs da arc gaer-Tianebis organoebs CamorTmeuli ar aqvT kontrolis ufleba imaze, Seesabamebian Tu ara maTi moqmedebebi gaerTianebis konstituciur dokuments – xelSekrule-bas. erTi mxriv, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Seqmnilia samarTlebrivi dacvis farTo sistema, romlis farglebSic evropul sasamarTlos gadacemuli aqvs gaerTianebis organoTa moqmedebebis samarTalSe-sabamisobis gadasinjvis ufleba.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Hoechst14:

saqmis fabula: saaqcio sazogadoeba Hoechst AG asaCivrebda komisiis mier mas-Tan Catarebul Cxrekas, romelic saWirod miiCnia komisiam, raTa gamoekvlia am iuridiuli piris mier sakonkurencio samarTlis wesebis darRvevis faqtebi.

19. amasTan, wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi wesrigebis mixedviT saja-ro xelisuflebis Careva nebismieri fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris pirad saqmi-anobaSi saWiroebs samarTlebriv safuZvels da gamarTlebuli unda iyos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebiT; Sesabamisad, es samarTlebrivi wesrigebi iT-valiswineben, Tumc gansxvavebulad, magram mainc, daicvan pirebi TviTneburi da araproporciuli Carevisagan. amgvari dacvis aucilebloba aRiarebul unda iqnes rogorc gaerTianebis samarTlis zogadi principi.

12 Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1979; Granaria BV v Hoofdproduktschap voor Akkerbouwprodukten; Case 101/78;

European Court reports 1979 Page 00623. 13 Judgment of the Court of 23 April 1986; Parti écologiste “Les Verts” v European Parliament; Case 294/83; European

Court reports 1986 Page 01339.14 Judgment of the Court of 21 September 1989; Hoechst AG v Commission of the European Communitie; Joined cases

46/87 and 227/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 02859.

6

a) samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba

saqme Gebroeders15:

27. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi gaerTianebis samarTlis ZiriTadi principia (SeadareT 1983 wlis 21 seqtembris ganaCeni gaerTianebul saqmeebSi _ 205/82-215/82, Deutsche Milchkantor, 1983 wlis krebuli, 2633), romelic gansa-kuTrebiT moiTxovs, rom wesi, romelic gadamxdelisaTvis valdebulebebs war-moSobs, naTeli da gasagebi iyos, raTa mas SeeZlos, araorazrovnad gaacnobieros Tavisi uflebebi da movaleobebi da amgvarad miiRos gadawyvetilebebi (SeadareT ganaCenebi: 1981 wlis 9 ivlisis saqmeSi _ 169/80, Gondrad Frerres, 1981 wlis kre-buli 1931, da 1989 wlis 22 Tebervlis ganaCeni gaerTianebul saqmeebSi _ 92/87 da 93/87, komisia safrangeTisa da gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1989 wlis krebuli, 405).

saqme Ireland v. Commission16:

18. garda amisa, gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi aqtebi, rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom araerTxel gadawyvita, unda iyos erTmniSvnelovani da Sesabamis pirebs unda SeeZloT misi moqmedebis winaswar ganWvreta. samarTlebrivi usa-frTxoebis es cneba gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac saqme Se-exeba normebs, romlebsac SeiZleba finansuri Sedegebi hqondes. Sesabamis pirebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba, zustad Seicnon am normebiT maTze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis moculoba.

b) proporciulobis principi.

saqme Hermann Schräder17:

21. proporciulobis principi, sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis Sesabamisad, ganekuTvneba gaerTianebis samarTlis zogad samarTlebriv principebs. am prin-cipis mixedviT, RonisZiebebi, romlis meSveobiTac ekonomikur subieqtebs fi-nansuri valdebulebebi daekisrebaT, mxolod maSin aris marTlzomieri, roca is Sesabamisi wesiT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaSvebi miznebis misaRwevad gamosadegi da aucilebelia. amasTan, Tu ramdenime gamosadegi RonisZiebaa asarCevi, unda SeirCes yvelaze naklebad mavaldebulebeli da dakisrebuli valdebulebebi Se-sabamisad proporciuli/Tanazomieri unda iyos dasaxuli miznebisa.

saqme Liselotte Hauer18:

proporciulobis principi gamoiyeneba rogorc samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamoce-mis, aseve maTi aRsrulebis dros. is gamoyenebulia evropis sasamarTlos praq-tikaSi rogorc ZiriTad TavisuflebaSi Carevis gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebis farglebi, e.w. sazRvrebis sazRvrebi.

15 Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1996; Gebroeders van Es Douane Agenten BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen; Case C-143/93; European Court reports 1996 Page I-00431.

16 Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1987; Ireland v Commission of the European Communities; Case 325/85; European Court reports 1987 Page 05041.

17 Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 11 July 1989; Hermann Schräder HS Kraftfutter GmbH & Co. KG v Hauptzollamt Gronau; Case 265/87; European Court reports 1989 Page 02237.

18 Judgment of the Court of 13 December 1979; Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz; Case 44/79; European Court reports 1979 Page 03727.

7

g) gamWvirvaleobisa da dasabuTebulobis principi

saqme Svenska Journalistförbundet19:

saqmis fabula: 1981 wels SvedeTis samefos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT, JurnalistTa kavSirma Svedi moqalaqeebis informaciis miRebis uflebis gadasinjvis mizniT moiTxova dokumentacia evropuli sapolicio samsaxuris Seqmnis Taobaze SvedeTis kompetenturi saministrodan. 20 moTxovnili dokumentidan miiRo 18 dokumenti. am dokumentebis garkveuli nawili ar ikiTxeboda. amis Semdgom man dokumentebi moiTxova uSualod evropuli sabWodan, saidanac mxolod 2 dokumenti miiRo, xolo danarCenis gacnobaze uari dasabuTebuli iyo imiT, rom isini ̀ 93/731 gadawyvetilebis me-4 muxlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT saidumloebis princips eqvemdebarebodnen.~

109. 93/731 gadawyvetileba aris RonisZieba, romelic moqalaqeebs sabWos mflo-belobaSi arsebul dokumentebTan daSvebis uflebas aZlevs. misi sistematizaci-is mixedviT, is moqmedebs zogadad dokumentebTan daSvebis Taobaze nebismier ganacxadze, da nebismiers SeuZlia, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe moiTxovos sabWos nebismieri dokumenti (...)

110. gadawyvetilebis me-4 muxli Seicavs sabWos dokumentebTan moqalaqeebis daSvebis zogadi principidan gamonaklisebis or jgufs. es gamonaklisebi gan-martebul da gamoyenebul unda iqnes viwrod, imisaTvis, rom zogadi principi, romelic am gadawyvetilebaSia asaxuli, ar Seilaxos(...)

111. gamonaklisebis pirveli jgufi, misi sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobidan gamom-dinare, savaldebuloa. is iTvaliswinebs, rom akrZalulia sabWos im doku-mentTan daSveba, romlis gavrceleba sajaro interesebs (sajaro usafrTxoeba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, valutis stabiluroba, marTlmsajuleba, sain-speqcio- da sagamoZiebo saqmianobebi) safrTxes Seuqmnida. (...) aqedan gamom-dinare, sabWo valdebulia, uari Tqvas im dokumentebTan daSvebaze, romlebic am pirvel jgufSi moxseniebul gamonaklisebSi xvdeba, roca amis Sesabamisi damadasturebeli garemoeba arsebobs (SeadareT Carvel and Guardian Newspaper v. Council, 64-e punqti).

112. Tumca gamonaTqvamis _ `Seuqmnida~ _ koniunqturuli formidan gamomdina-reobs, rom sabWom mtkicebuleba _ dokumentis sajarooba safrTxes Seuqm-nida sajaro interess _ mxolod imgvarad unda warmoaCinos, rom man yovel dokumentTan dakavSirebiT, romelTan daSvebac moTxovnilia, gadasinjos, faqtobrivad SesaZlebelia Tu ara, am dokumentis sajaroobam, masSi arsebu-li informaciebis gamo, daazianos sajaro interesis erTi aspeqti, romelic gamonaklisebis pirvel jgufSia daculi. es Tu asea, sabWom uari unda uTxras aRniSnul dokumentTan daSvebis Sesaxeb ganmcxadebels (ganaCeni _ Intercorp v. Commission, 52-e punqti, 1998 wlis 19 martis ganaCeni saqmeze T-83/96, Van der Val v. Commission, 1998 wlis krebuli, II-545, 43-e punqti).

113. amisgan gansxvavebiT, meore jgufi, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, uflebam-osilebiTi normaa. aRniSnulis mixedviT, sabWos SeuZlia, uari Tqvas dokument-ebTan daSvebaze aseve Tavisi konsultaciebis saidumloebis dacvis mizniT. (...)

19 Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber, extended composition) of 17 June 1998; Svenska Journalistförbundet v Council of the European Union; Case T-174/95; European Court reports 1998 Page II-02289.

8

amiT sabWos aqvs moqmedebis garkveuli areali, romelic mas nebas rTavs, uari ganacxados Tavisi konsultaciebis dros miRebul dokumentebTan daSvebaze, Tumca am moqmedebis arealis farglebSi realurad unda gansajos dokument-ebis mimarT moqalaqis interesi, Tavisi konsultaciebis saidumloebis inter-esebidan gamomdinare (ganaCeni _ Carvel and Guardian Newspaper v. Council, 64-e-65-e punqtebi).(...)

116. calkeul SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTe-bis valdebuleba, erTi mxriv, saSualebas miscems Sesabamis pirs, Tavisi uflebeb-is ganxorcielebis mizniT gaecnos miRebuli zomebis safuZvlebs da, meore mxriv, gaerTianebis mosamarTles, akontrolos gadawyvetilebis marTlzomiereba (...).

117. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba, romliTac uari eTqvaT dokument-ebTan daSvebaze, unda Seicavdes – dokumentebis, sul cota, yoveli Sesabamisi jgufisaTvis – specifikur safuZvlebs, romelTa gamoc moTxovnili dokumen-tebis sajarooba, sabWos SexedulebiT, 93/731 gadawyvetilebiT gaTvaliswinebul gamonaklisebs Soris xvdeba (ganaCenebi: WWF UK v. Komission, 64, 74, Interporc v. Com-mission, 54).

118. gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi (...) sabWo, ubralod, gansazRvravs, rom Sesabamisi 16 dokumentis sajarooba laxavs sajaro interess (sajaro usafrTx-oebas) da rom es dokumentebi sabWos konsultaciebs Seexeboda, romelSic Se-suli iyo aseve misi wevrebis mosazrebebi da am safuZvliT saidumlod dacvis valdebulebas eqvemdebareboda.

119. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWo erTdroulad sajaro interesis (sajaro usa-frTxoebis) dacvisaTvis savaldebulo gamonaklissa da misi konsultaciebis saidumloebis fakultatiur gamonakliss eyrdnoba, is zustad ar gansazRvravs, eyrdnoba yvela am dokumentis mimarT erTdroulad orive gamonakliss, Tu mi-iCnevs, rom garkveuli dokumentebi pirveli gamonaklisis, xolo danarCenebi meore gamonaklisebis jgufSi eqcevian.(...)

121. sasamarTlo praqtika aCvenebs, rom sajaro usafrTxoebis cnebas araerTi mniSvneloba aqvs. es cneba moicavs wevri saxelmwifos rogorc Sida, ise sagareo usafrTxoebas (sasamarTlos ganaCeni 1995 wlis 17 oqtombris saqmeSi _ C-70/94, Verner, 25-e punqti). aseve moicavs arsebiTi mniSvnelobis resursebis miwodebis Sewyvetas, rogoricaa navTobi, romelic saxelmwifos arsebobas safrTxes uqmnis (sasamarTlos ganaCeni 1984 wlis 10 ivlisis saqmeSi _ 72/83, Campus Oil, 34-e punqti). man SeiZleba moicvas aseve saqmis iseTi Semadgenlobebi, romlebSic garkveuli dokumentebis sajarooba daabrkolebda uSualod dawesebulebebis mcdelobebs, Tavidan aicilon danaSauli, rogorc amas momCivani miuTiTebs.

122. (...) dokumentebis umravlesoba, romlebTanac daSveba uaryofil iqna, Seexeboda mxolod evropolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaTa dokumentebis gamocemaze gamarTul molaparakebebsa, da gansakuTrebiT saprezidento delegaciisa da sxva delegaciebis molaparakebebis farglebSi gamoTqmul poziciebs, da ara evropolis saqmianobas. radgan sabWom ar gansazRvra, sajaro usafrTxoebis Tu romel aspeqts Selaxavda dokumentebis sajarooba, momCivans ar hqonia SesaZle-bloba, Seecno miRebuli zomis safuZvlebi da amiT man ver SeZlo Tavisi uflebis

9

ganxorcieleba. Sedegad sasamarTlosac ar SeuZlia gansajos safuZvlebi, rom-lis gamoc aRniSnuli dokumentebi sajaro interesis (sajaro usafrTxoebis) gamonaklisebSi SeiZleba moxvdes da ara sabWos ganxilvebis saidumloebis gamon-aklisebSi.

123. sabWos ar SeuZlia amtkicos, rom dasacavi sajaro interesis bunebidan da am gamonaklisis savaldebulo xasiaTidan gamomdinare igi ver ganmartavda gamonak-lisis gamoyenebis mizezebs ise, rom am gamonaklisis arsebiTi mizani ar Seelaxa. (...) Sinaarsis gamoaSkaravebis gareSe SesaZlebeli iyo im safuZvlebis Camoyalibe-ba, ris gamoc garkveuli dokumentebi momCivans ar gadaeca.

124. sabolood, rac sabWos konsultaciebis saidumloebis gamonakliss Seex-eba, gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi ar aris specifikurad gadmocemuli, rom daSvebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis Taobaze mTeli rigi am dokumentebisa sajaro in-teresis dacvis gamonaklisSi xvdeboda (ix. 119-e punqti). momCivans amis gamo ar SeeZlo gamoericxa is faqti, rom mas uari eTqva dokumentebis nawilTan daS-vebaze, radgan isini mxolod sabWos ganxilvebis saidumloebis gamonaklisSi xvdebodnen.

125. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi ar aZlevs saSualebas momCivans da amiT sasamarTlosac, gadaamowmos, Seasrula Tu ara sabWom Tavisi valdeb-uleba, 93/731 gadawyvetilebis me-4 muxlis me-2 abzacidan gamomdinare, erTma-neTTan mimarTebiT ganesaja TiToeulis interesi. radgan gasaCivrebuli gadaw-yvetileba mxolod gansazRvravs, rom moTxovnili dokumentebi Seexeba sabWos konsultaciebs misi wevrebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis CaTvliT, magram masSi Seucnobadia, gansaja Tu ara sabWom moqalaqis interesi - miiRos infor-macia _ Tavisi konsultaciebis saidumloebis aucileblobasTan mimarTebiT (SeadareT Carvel and Guardian Newspaper v. Council, 74-e punqti).(...)

129. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ar Seesabameba evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 190-e muxlis dasabuTebis moTxovnebs da unda gauqmdes (...).

saqme W. Beus GmbH & Co. v. Hauptzollamt München20:

saqmis fabula: momCivani sawarmo uars acxadebda, agrarul bazarze gadaexada garkveuli gadasaxadi da sadavod xdida regulaciis dasabuTebas, romelic gadasaxadis sidides adgenda.

xelSekrulebis 190-e muxlSi dadgenili dasabuTebis valdebulebis moculoba damokidebulia sadavo RonisZiebis samarTlebriv bunebaze. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi es Seexeba regulacias, anu zogadi xasiaTis samarTlebriv aqts. aseTi RonisZiebis dasabuTeba SesaZloa, Semoifarglos imiT, rom masSi gadmoices saerTo suraTi, romelmac am zomebis miReba gamoiwvia, da dasaxeldes saerTo miznebi, rac am RonisZiebiT unda miiRwes. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba imis moTxovna, rom man detalurad gadmosces is mravalricxovani da mravalganStoebiani faqtobrivi garemoeba, romelTa safuZvelzec gamoica regulacia.

20 Judgment of the Court of 13 March 1968; W. Beus GmbH & Co. v Hauptzollamt München; Case 5-67; European Court reports English special edition Page 00083.

10

rac Seexeba dasabuTebis moculobas aRniSnulis Sesaxeb, sasamarTlo saqmeSi Roquette Frères II21 ganmartavs:

II (...) dasabuTebis movaleobis darRveva

23. momCivani sabWos adanaSaulebs, rom (...) dadgenilebebis ukuqmedeba ar aris ganmartebuli da rom amiT xelSekrulebis 190-e muxli dairRva.

24. sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebis 190-e muxliT moTxov-nili dasabuTeba unda Seesabamebodes konkretuli samarTlebrivi aqtis samarT-lebriv bunebas. gaerTianebis dawesebulebis mier gamocemul sadavo samarT-lebriv aqtSi naTlad da erTmniSvnelovnad unda Seicnobodes misi mosazrebebi, ise, rom Sesabamis pirebs SeeZloT miRebuli RonisZiebis safuZvlebis gageba da sasamarTlos SeeZlos Tavisi kontrolis ganxorcieleba. rac Seexeba erTeuleb-is mimarT arsebul RonisZiebebs aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT, sasamarTlos damoki debuleba aseTia:

saqme Tradax Graanhandel22:

saqmis fabula: momCivani sadavod xdis imas, rom komisiam, miuxedavad momCivnis werilobiTi moTxovnisa, ar gadasca mas is dokumentebi, romelTa safuZvelzec komisiam simindis importis gadasaxadebi daadgina.

18. bolos, rac administrirebis kanonSesabamisobisa da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiis principebs Seexeba, 1965 wlis pirveli dekembris 16/65 saqmeze miReb-uli ganaCenidan, romelsac momCivani eyrdnoba, ar gamomdinareobs, rom komisi-is zogadi valdebulebaa, gamoaqveynos importze gadasaxadebis gamoTvlebi, radgan imaze, Tu zustad rogor unda dasabuTdes samarTlebrivi aqti Tav-isufali sasazRvro fasebis dadgenisas, sasamarTlom daadgina: administracias `SeuZlia Semoifarglos imiT, (...) rom ganzogadebulad gansazRvros arsebiTi aspeqtebi, romelsac maTi faqtobrivi Sefaseba emyareba, aseve ganisazRvros am Sefasebisas Sesabamisi procedura; faqtebis Setyobineba ki ar aris aucile-beli~ (...).

3. xelisuflebis danawilebis principi

saqme Meroni23:

xelSekrulebis me-3 muxlSi CamoTvlili miznebi moqmedebs ara mxolod um-aRlesi dawesebulebisaTvis, aramed, zogadad, `gaerTianebis organoebisaTvis (...), TiToeuli maTganisaTvis mikuTvnebuli uflebamosilebebis farglebisa da saerTo interesebis Sesabamisad.~ am debulebebidan unda davaskvnaT, rom gaer-Tianebis organizatoruli SemadgenlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xelisuflebis balansi umTavresi garantiaa, gansakuTrebiT sawarmoebisa da sawarmoTa gaer-Tianebebis sasargeblod, romelTa mimarTac xelSekruleba gamoiyeneba.

21 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 30 September 1982; SA Roquette Frères v Council of the European Communities; Isoglucose; Case 110/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 03159.

22 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 15 March 1984; Tradax Graanhandel BV v Commission of the European Communities; Cif prices for cereals; Case 64/82; European Court reports 1984 Page 01359.

23 Judgment of the Court of 13 June 1958; Meroni & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, SpA v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Case 9-56; European Court reports; English special edition Page 00133.

11

saqme European Parliament v. Council24:

23. xelSekrulebebis mixedviT, sasamarTlo valdebulia, Tvalyuri adevnos sa-marTlis dacvas misi ganmartebisa da gamoyenebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, mas unda SeeZlos instituciuri balansis SenarCuneba da parlamentis am mizniT mowve-visas uzrunvelyos (misi) parlamentis uflebamosilebebis dacvaze sasamarTlo kontroli iseTi samarTlebrivi saSualebiT, romelic mas Tavisi valdebulebe-bis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas miscems.

24. am amocanis Sesrulebisas evropulma sasamarTlom parlamenti, marTalia, ar unda CaTvalos organod, romelsac evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 173-e muxlis (cvlilebis Semdeg evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 230-e muxlis) an evropuli atomuri gaerTianebis Ses-axeb xelSekrulebis 146-e muxlis mixedviT sarCelis aRZvris ufleba aqvs, ise, rom ar daadasturos samarTlebrivi dacvis aucilebloba.

25. Tumc mas akisria valdebuleba, instituciuri balansis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is debulebebis sruli moqmedeba uzrunvelyos da izrunos imaze, rom ar moxdes parlamentis, iseve rogorc sxva organoebis, uflebamosilebebis Selaxva, aseve maSinac, Tu maT ar eqnebaT xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gasaCivrebis Ses-aZleblobebi, romlebiTac maT myarad da efeqturad SeuZliaT isargeblon.

26. xelSekrulebebSi ararseboba debulebisa, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes parlamentis uflebas _ waradginos saCivari qmedebis baTilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, procedurul-samarTlebriv xarvezad unda gamocxaddes, Tumca es ar unda aWarbebdes evropuli gaerTianebebis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebiT dadgenili instituciuri balansis SenarCunebisa da dacvis umTavres interess.

27. Sesabamisad, parlaments SeuZlia, sasamarTloSi aRZras sarCeli sabWos an komisiis qmedebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb, Tu es saCivari Tavisi uflebamosile-bebis dacviskenaa mimarTuli da saCivris mxolod im safuZvlebs daeyrdnoba, romlebSic am uflebamosilebebis darRvevaze iqneba miTiTebuli.

III. kompetenciebi

1. SezRuduli uflebamosilebis principi

SezRuduli uflebamosilebis principi, romelic evropis gaerTianebas ganasxvavebs saxelmwifoebisagan, gamoixateba imiT, rom gaerTianebas ar gaaCnia kompetencia, gansazRvros Tavisi kompetenciebi (kompetencia kompetenciaze). mas aqvs is uflebamosilebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebebiT aris misTvis gaTvaliswinebuli da romelic mas wevrma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari suverenuli uflebebis SezRudvis xarjze gadasces.

24 Judgment of the Court of 4 October 1991; European Parliament v Council of the European Communities; Radioactive contamination of foodstuffs; Case C-70/88; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04529.

12

daskvna. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms25:

saqmis fabula: sakiTxi Seexeboda evropuli gaerTianebis adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropul konvenciasTan mierTebas.

23. xelSekrulebis me-3 b muxlis mixedviT, gaerTianeba moqmedebs am xelSekru-lebiT misTvis gadacemuli uflebamosilebebisa da miznebis farglebSi; mas, aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod SezRuduli uflebamosilebebi aqvs.

24. SezRuduli uflebamosilebis principi moqmedebs gaerTianebis rogorc Sida, ise saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi qmedebis mimarT.

xelSekrulebaSi naTladaa miTiTebuli, rom gaerTianebas, raTa man imoqmedos sakuTari kompetenciebis farglebSi, xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebuli unda hqondes mizani da amave xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis uflebamosileba. gaerTianebis miznebi Camoyalibebulia xelSekrulebis Sesaval debulebebSi.

evropuli kavSiris xelSekrulebaSi saubaria `evropis xalxebis ufro da ufro mWidro kavSiris (ideis) ganxorcielebaze~ (pirveli muxli, me-2 abzaci). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am ideas aviRebT evropuli kavSiris uflebamosilebebis gan-sazRvris amosaval wertilad, mivalT im daskvnamde, rom evropuli kavSiri aris integraciuli gaerTianeba, romelic mimarTulia iqiTken, rom TandaTanobiT daaaxloos evropuli xalxebi erTmaneTTan da Seqmnas evropul xalxTa mWidro kavSiri. kavSiri, rogorc droSi funqciurad mzardi subieqti, konkretuli ganviTarebis donis mixedviT zrdis da aviTarebs Tavisi moqmedebis areals.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo gaerTianebis kompetenciebis farTod ganmarte-bis meTods aqtiurad iyenebs, rac araerTmniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs gaer-Tianebis integracias.

saqme Casagrande26:

6. ganaTlebis politika, rogorc aseTi, marTalia, ar ganekuTvneba im `materie-bs~, romlebic xelSekrulebam gaerTianebis organoTa kompetenciebs dauqvemde-bara, magram aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom gaerTianebisTvis gadacemuli ufle-bamosilebebis ganxorcieleba rogorme unda SeizRudos, maSin, roca maT iseT RonisZiebebze SeiZleba moaxdinon zegavlena, romlebic ganaTlebis politikis gatarebisaTvis aris miRebuli. (...) miuxedavad imisa, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT uflebamosili organoebis saqmea, daadginos 1612/68 regulaciis me-12 muxlSi dasaxelebuli pirobebi, isini gamoiyenebian yovelgvari diskrim-inaciis gareSe adgilobrivi muSaxelis bavSvebsa da sxva wevri saxelmwifos muSaxelis bavSvebs Soris, romlebic pirvel saxelmwifoSi cxovroben. amasTan, radgan xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis Tanaxmad, regulaciebi moqmedeben say-ovelTaod, savaldebuloni arian TiToeul nawilSi da moqmedeben yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi uSualod, maTi moqmedeba ar aris damokidebuli imaze, aris Tu ara Sesabamisi pirobebi dadgenili centraluri xelisuflebis, federaciuli

25 Opinion of the Court of 28 March 1996; Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; Opinion 2/94; European Court reports 1996 Page I-01759.

26 Judgment of the Court of 3 July 1974; Donato Casagrande v Landeshauptstadt München; Preliminary ruling requested by the Verwaltungsgericht München – Germany; Case 9-74; European Court reports 1974 Page 00773.

13

saxelmwifos Semadgeneli erTeulis organoebisa Tu sxva adgilobrivi dawese-bulebebisa Tu organoebis samarTlebrivi normebiT, romlebic Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv samarTals uTanabrdeba.

saqme Decker27:

saqmis fabula: luqsemburgis moqalaqes luqsemburgelma eqimma gamouwera saT-vale. moqalaqem igi SeiZina belgiaSi da luqsemburgis kompetentur daweseb-ulebaSi moiTxova safasuris anazRaureba. anazRaurebaze mas uari uTxres im motiviT, rom sazRvargareT gaweuli momsaxureba anazRaurdeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas amisTvis winaswari nebarTva eqneboda.

20. luqsemburgis, belgiis, safrangeTisa da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavroba ganmartavs, rom sadavo regulireba mkurnalobis xarjebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb ar eqceva evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi, radgan is socialuri usafrTxoebis sferos nawils Seexeba.

21. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, gaerTianebis samarTali ar exeba wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetencias sakuTari socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Camoyalibebis sferoSi. (1984 wlis 17 ivnisis saqme _ C-238/82, Duphar, 1984 wlis krebuli, 523, me-16 punqti, da 1997 wlis 17 ivnisis saqme _ C-70/95, Sodemare, 1997 wlis krebuli, I-3395, 27-e punqti).

22. gaerTianebis doneze vinaidan ar arsebobs erTiani standarti, TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos samarTali adgens, Tu ra winapirobebis dacviT SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, garkveuli socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemasTan SeerTebis ufle-ba an valdebuleba (1980 wlis 24 aprilis saqme _ 110/79, Coonan, 1980 wlis kre-buli, 1445, me-12 punqti da 1991 wlis 4 oqtombris saqme _ C-349/87, Parachi, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-4501, me-15 punqti) da, meore mxriv, moTxovnis ufleba momsaxurebis gawevaze (1997 wlis 30 ianvris saqmeebis _ C-4/95 da C-5/95, Stober _ 1997 wlis krebuli, I-511, 36-e punqti).

23. Tumca wevrma saxelmwifoebma, rogorc es generalurma advokatma Tavisi daskvnis me-17 da 25-e punqtebSi ganmarta, am uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas pativi unda scen gaerTianebis samarTals.

24. amgvarad, socialuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi wevr saxelmwifoTa is RonisZie-bebi, romlebsac SesaZloa, zegavlena hqondeT samedicino produqciis gasaRe-basa da arapirdapir maTi Semotanis SesaZleblobebze, eqvemdebarebian evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis saqonlis Tavisufali moZraobis Taobaze debulebebs (ganaCeni Duphar, 18).

25. is, rom sadavo regulireba socialuri usafrTxoebis sferos ganekuTvneba, ar gamoricxavs evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis gamoyen-ebas.

27 Judgment of the Court of 28 April 1998; Nicolas Decker v Caisse de maladie des employés privés; Case C-120/95; European Court reports 1998 Page I-01831.

14

a) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis sworad SerCeva:

sworad rom ganisazRvros, magaliTad, aris Tu ara romelime samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocema evropuli gaerTianebis kompetencia, aucilebelia, sworad SeirCes samarTlebrivi safuZveli (uflebamosileba da mizani).

saqme Tambaqos reklamis direqtiva28:

saqmis fabula: 1998 wlis 6 ivliss evropulma parlamentma da sabWom gamosca direqtiva 98/43/EG Tambaqos nawarmis sasargeblod reklamisa da dasponsorebis Sesaxeb wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi da administraciuli normebis harmonizaciis mizniT. direqtiva eyrdnoboda evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-100a muxls, 57-e muxlis me-2 abzacsa da 66-e muxls. germaniam mxari ar dauWira am direqtivas da baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb sarCeli aRZra. sakiTxi Seexeboda imas, Sedioda Tu ara direqtivis gamocema, me-100a muxlis Sesabamisad, evropuli gaerTianebis uflebamosilebebSi, rogorc kompetencia Sida bazarze, radgan mosarCeleebi aRniSnavdnen, rom direqtiva janmrTelobis politikis miznebs isaxavda da rom evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 152-e muxlis me-4 abzacis g qvepunqti araorazrovnad gamoricxavda janmrTelobis politikis warmoebas evropuli gaerTianebis mier.

83. (...) es muxli (romelic safuZvlad daedo direqtivis gamocemas) Tu ise ar ganimarta, rom is gaerTianebis kanonmdebels Sida bazris regulirebis zogad kompetencias aniWebs, winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda ara mxolod am dasaxelebuli debulebis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobasTan, aramed Seusabamo iqneboda aseve evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-3 muxlis b qvepunqtSi gadmocemul principTan, romlis mixedviT, gaerTianebis uflebamosilebebi efuZneba calkeul uflebamosilebebs.

84. me-100a muxlis safuZvelze gamocemul samarTlebriv aqts unda hqondes Sida bazris Camoyalibebisa da funqcionirebis winapirobebis gaumjobesebis realuri mizani. me-100a muxlis samarTlebriv safuZvlad arCevisaTvis sakma-risi rom yofiliyo mxolod erovnul normebs Soris gansxvavebebis aRmoCena da ZiriTadi TavisuflebebisaTvis abstraqtuli safrTxis an aqedan warmoSobili konkurenciis wesebis SesaZlo darRvevebis gamovlena, samarTlebrivi

safuZvlis SerCevaze sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcieleba yovelgvar efeqts dakargavda. amgvarad, sasamarTlos xeli SeeSleboda evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 164-e muxliT dakisrebuli amocanis SesrulebaSi, uz-runveleyo xelSekrulebis ganmartebisa da gamoyenebisas samarTlis dacva.

85. sasamarTlom me-100a muxlis samarTlebriv safuZvlad SerCevis gadasin-jvisas unda daadginos, sadavo samarTlebrivi aqti realurad isaxavda Tu ara gaerTianebis kanonmdeblobis mier gadmocemul miznebs (SeadareT gansa-kuTrebiT ganaCenebi: espaneTi sabWos winaaRmdeg, 25-e-41-e punqtebi da 1997 wlis 13 maisis saqme _ C-233/94, germania parlamentisa da sabWos winaaRmdeg, me-10-21-e punqtebi).

86. Tumc SesaZloa, me-100a muxli, rogorc es sasamarTlom saqmis _espaneTi sab­Wos winaaRmdeg _ ganaCenis 35-e punqtSi daadgina, ganxilul iqnes samarTlebriv safuZvlad, Tu is erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebis heterogenulad ganviTare-28 Judgment of the Court of 5 October 2000; Federal Republic of Germany v European Parliament; Case C-376/98.

15

bis Sedegad vaWrobisaTvis axali dabrkolebebis warmoSobas SeuSlida xels. ase-Ti dabrkolebebis warmoSoba unda iyos savaraudo, da gatarebuli RonisZieba am dabrkolebebis warmoSobis Tavidan acilebas unda isaxavdes miznad.

87. zemoT aRniSnuli safuZvlebi moqmedeben aseve evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 57-e muxlis me-2 abzacisa da 66-e muxlis ganmartebis SemTxvevaSic, romelic naTlad iTvaliswinebs momsaxurebis sferosTan gama-rtivebulad daSvebisaTvis gasatarebel RonisZiebebs. aseve, am debulebebiT gaerTianebis kanonmdebels eniWeba kompetencia, gaataros specialurad Sida bazris funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebebi.

rac Seexeba iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac ramdenime samarTlebrivi safuZveli SeiZleba arsebobdes gaerTianebis ama Tu im qmedebisaTvis, sasamarTlo saqmeSi British American Tobacco29 aRniSnavs:

93. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, gaerTianebis kompetenciebis sistemis farglebSi samarTlebrivi aqtisaTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arCeva unda efuZnebodes sasamarTlos mier gadasinjvad obieqtur garemoebebs. am garemoebebs miekuTvneba gansakuTrebiT samarTlebrivi aqtis mizani da Sinaarsi (...)

94. Tu gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi aqtis gadasinjvis Sedegad dgindeba, rom mas ori mizani an ori komponenti aqvs, da erTi aqedan ufro arsebiTi an upiratesia, me-ores ki ufro meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin samarTlebrivi aqti unda daeyrdnos mxolod erT samarTlebriv safuZvels, kerZod imas, romelic arsebiT an upirates mizans an komponents moiTxovs (...). Tu isea, rom samarTlebrivi aqtiT erTdroulad miiRweva ramdenime mizani, romlebic ganuSoreblad erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, ise, rom erTi meoresTan mimarTebiT meorexarisxovani ar aris da ar aqvs uSualo xasiaTi, maSin aseTi samarTlebrivi aqti, rogorc gamonaklisi, SeiZleba daeyrdnos sxvadasxva Sesabamis samarTlebriv safuZvels (...).

2. Sevsebis kompetencia

saqme zogadi preferenciuli sistema30:

13. `samarTlebrivi aqtis samarTlebriv safuZvlad 235-e muxlze dayrdnoba, rogorc es Tavad muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs, mxolod maSinaa gamarTlebuli, rodesac ar arsebobs xelSekrulebis sxva debuleba, romelic gaerTianebis organoebs samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemisaTvis aucilebel uflebamosilebas aniWebs.`

daskvna. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms31:

29. 235-e muxlma unda Seqmnas balansi im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gaerTianebis orga-

29 Judgment of the Court of 10 December 2002; The Queen and Secretary of State for Health, ex parte: British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd and Imperial Tobacco Ltd; Case C-491/01.

30 Judgment of the Court of 26 March 1987; Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities; Generalized tariff preferences - Action for annulment - Legal basis - Obligation to state reasons for Community measures; Case 45/86; European Court reports 1987 Page 01493.

31 ix. 28-e sqolio.

16

noebs xelSekrulebis specifikuri debulebebiT mkafiod an nagulisxmevad mini-Webuli uflebamosilebebi ar gaaCniaT da, amasTan, es uflebamosilebebi aucile-belia, raTa gaerTianebam sakuTari amocanebi xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis misaRwevad ganaxorcielos.

30. rogorc SezRuduli uflebamosilebis principze dafuZnebuli instituci-uri wesrigis Semadgeneli nawili, ar SeiZleba es debuleba safuZvels iZleodes imisas, rom zogadi CarCoebis iqiT gavrceldes gaerTianebis uflebamosilebaTa sfero, romelic xelSekrulebis debulebaTa mTeli rigidan, da gansakuTrebiT im debulebebidan, gamomdinareobs, romlebic gaerTianebis amocanebsa da saqmi-anobas adgenen. is yoveli SemTxvevisTvis ar SeiZleba iyos samarTlebrivi safuZ-veli iseTi debulebebis misaRebad, romlebic, saqmis mixedviT, misi Sedegebidan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebiT amisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli proceduris dacvis gareSe, xelSekrulebis cvlilebamde midis. (...)

34. marTalia, adamianis uflebebis dacva gaerTianebis moqmedebis marTlzomiere-bis winapirobaa, magram konvenciasTan mierTebas Sedegad adamianis uflebebis dacvis dResdReobiT arsebuli gaerTianebis sistemis arsebiTi cvlileba mohyve-boda, radgan am konvenciasTan mierTeba gamoiwvevda saerTaSorisosamarTlebri-vi, sxvagvarad institucirebul sistemaSi gaerTianebis CarTvas da konvenciis mTeli debulebebis gadmotanas gaerTianebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi.

35. adamianis uflebebis dacvis sistemis aseTi cvlileba gaerTianebaSi, romelsac eqneboda arsebiTi instituciuri zemoqmedeba rogorc gaerTianebaze, ise wevr saxelmwifoebze, sakonstitucio samarTlebrivi ganzomilebisa iqneboda da Tavisi arsiT gadaaWarbebda 235-e muxliT dadgenil sazRvrebs), rac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebis Setanis gziT.

36. aqedan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT, rom gaerTianebas, gaerTianebis samar-Tlis arsebuli mdgomareobiT, ar gaaCnia uflebamosileba, miuerTdes konven-cias.

3. nagulisxmevi kompetenciebi

nagulisxmevi kompetenciebis Teoria ganaviTara evropulma sasamarTlom Tavisi praqtikidan gamomdinare. masSi ZiriTadad moiazreba gaerTianebis sagareo urTierTobebis sfero, da gulisxmobs princips, romlis mixedviTac is uflebamosilebebi, romlebic gaerTianebas Sida doneze xelSekrulebiT miniWebuli aqvs, unda hqondes aseve sagareo urTierTobebis warmarTvis drosac.

saqme saerTaSoriso sagzao moZraobaSi matareblis ekipaJis samuSaos Sesaxeb _ evropuli SeTanxmeba32:

saqmis fabula: 1962 wels sxvasTan erTad, aseve evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis saxelmwifoebs Sorisac daido evropuli SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso sagzao moZraobaSi dasaqmebuli ekipaJis muSaobis Sesaxeb. radgan sakmarisi 32 Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1971; Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European

Communities.; European Agreement on Road Transport; Case 22-70; European Court reports 1971 Page 00263.

17

saratifikacio sigelebi ar iyo, 1967 wels ganmeorebiT gaimarTa molaparake-bebi; amis paralelurad gaerTianebis doneze analogiur sakiTxze gamovida regulacia. sabWos dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, wevr saxelmwifoebs unda mieyvanaT molaparakebebi bolomde da saxelmwifoebs SeTanxmebaze unda moeweraT xeli. sabWos dadgenilebis sawinaaRmdegod komisiam saCivari Seitana sasamarTloSi, im motiviT, rom mxolod gaerTianebas hqonda aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis xelmow-eris kompetencia.

12. radgan xelSekruleba satransporto politikis sferoSi – sagzao moZrao-baSi matareblis ekipaJis samuSaos Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba arsebiTad aseT SeTanxmebaa - saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis gamomuSavebasa da dadebas gansakuTrebuli deb-ulebebiT ar aregulirebs, unda mivmarToT gaerTianebis samarTlis zogad siste-mas mesame saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis sferoSi.

13/14. 210-e muxli adgens: `gaerTianebas aqvs samarTalsubieqtoba.~ es debuleba, romelic xelSekrulebis `zogadi da daskvniTi debulebebis~ Semcvel meeqvse Tavis dasawyisSia, niSnavs, rom gaerTianebas sagareo urTierTobebSi SeuZlia, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi daamyaros mesame saxelmwifoebTan da rom mas aqvs xelSekrulebis pirveli Tavis saerTo sferoebSi gawerili miznebi, rom-lebic meeqvse Tavs avseben.

15/19. konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamosakvlevad, aris Tu ara gaerTianeba kompeten-turi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis dadebaSi, am TvalsazrisiT unda mivmarToT xelSekrulebis sistemasa da materialur debulebebs. aseTi kompetencia Sei-Zleba gamomdinareobdes ara marto xelSekrulebiT mkafiod gansazRvrul (sf-eroebSi) (...), aramed aseve xelSekrulebis sxva debulebebidan da mis farglebSi gamocemuli gaerTianebis organoebis samarTlebrivi aqtebidan. gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi, romlebSic gaerTianebam gamosca normebi xelSekrulebiT gaT-valiswinebuli saerTo politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis, da romlebic nebis-mieri formiT iTvaliswineben saerTosamarTlebriv normebs, ar aZlevs ufle-bas arc calke wevr saxelmwifos da arc erTad moqmed wevr saxelmwifoebs, aiRon mesame saxelmwifoebis winaSe iseTi valdebulebebi, romlebic am normebs laxaven. im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac gaerTianebis samarTalSemoqmedeba viTardeba, mxolod gaerTianebas SeuZlia gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis mTel sferoSi moqmedebisaTvis mesame saxelmwifoebis winaSe aiRos da Seasrulos xelSekrulebiTi valdebulebebi. gamomdinare aqedan, xelSekrulebis normebis aRsrulebisas SidagaerTianebis RonisZiebebisaTvis moqmedi wesi ar SeiZleba sa-gareo urTierTobebisagan gancalkevebiT iqnes ganxiluli.

18

4. evrokavSiris kompetenciebi wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetenciebTan mimar­TebiT

a) subsidiurobis principi

1977 wlis oqmi subsidiurobisa da proporciulobis principis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb33

3. subsidiurobis principi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar ayenebs uflebamosilebebs, romlebic evropul gaerTianebas xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmartebis Sesabamisad aqvs. xelSekrulebis me-3 b muxlis me-2 abzacSi dasaxelebuli kriteriumebi moqmedebs im sferoebSi, romlebSic gaerTianebas gansakuTrebuli kompetenciebi ar gaaCnia. subsidiurobis principi aris is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli gaerTianebis doneze es uflebamosilebebi. subsidiuroba aris dinamikuri koncefcia da gamoyenebul unda iqnes xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis mixedviT. subsidiurobis principidan gamomdinare, gaerTianebis saqmianoba misi uflebamosilebebis farglebSi SeiZleba gafarTovdes, rodesac garemoebebi amas moiTxoven, aseve SeizRudos an saerTod Sewydes, rodesac is gaumarTlebeli xdeba.(...)

5. gaerTianebis RonisZiebebi mxolod maSinaa gamarTlebuli, rodesac subsidi-urobis principis orive piroba Sesrulebulia: Sesabamis RonisZiebaTa miznebi sakmarisad ver miiRweva wevri saxelmwifoebis RonisZiebebiT maTi sakonstitu-cio wesrigis farglebSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, am miznebis ganxorcieleba ufro kargad SesaZlebelia gaerTianebis RonisZiebebiT.

sakiTxis ganxilvisas, aris Tu ara dasaxelebuli winapiroba Sesrulebuli, saWiroa gaTvaliswineba Semdegi amosavali momentebisa:

- Sesabamis sferos aqvs transnacionaluri aspeqtebi, romelnic wevri saxelmwifoebis RonisZiebebiT sakmarisad ver mowesrigdeba;

- gaerTianebis RonisZiebebi xelSekrulebis moTxovnebTan winaaRmdegobaSi movidodnen (magaliTad, sakonkurencio samarTlis wesebis darRvevis aR-mofxvris, dafaruli savaWro SezRudvebis Tavidan acilebis an ekonomi-kuri da socialuri TanamSromlobis gaZlierebis moTxovnileba) an sxvag-varad wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebi mniSvnelovnad Seilaxeboda;

- RonisZiebebs gaerTianebis doneze maTi moculobis an maTi moqmedebe-bis gamo mniSvnelovani upiratesobebi aqvT wevri saxelmwifoebis doneze miRebul RonisZiebebTan SedarebiT.

saqme gaerTianebuli samefo sabWos winaaRmdeg34:

saqmis fabula: didma britaneTma 93/104 evropuli gaerTianebis direqtivis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb saCivari Seitana sasamarTloSi. sabWom direqtiva, romelic muSaxelis usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis RonisZiebebs Se-

33 gaerTianebis xelSekrulebebisa da kavSiris xelSekrulebis oqmebi am xelSekrulebaTa Semad geneli nawilebia, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 311-e muxlis mixedviT.

34 Judgment of the Court of 12 November 1996; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v Council of the European Union; Case C-84/94; European Court reports 1996 Page I-05755.

19

exeboda, miiRo da gamosca evropuli gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 118-e a muxlis safuZvelze. didi britaneTi acxadebs, rom gaerTianeba ar aris kom-petenturi, miiRos aRniSnuli aqti da aseve ganmartavs, rom am direqtivis samarTlebrivi safuZveli arasworadaa SerCeuli.

46. gaerTianebuli samefo acxadebs, rom gaerTianebis kanonmdebelma arc sru-lyofilad gadasinja da arc sakmarisad gansaja, rom am sferos aqvs transna-cionaluri aspeqtebi, romelnic erovnuli RonisZiebebiT Sesabamisad ver iqne-boda mowesrigebuli (...), rom gaerTianebis qmedebas TvalsaCino upiratesobebi eqneboda wevri saxelmwifoebis doneze gatarebul qmedebasTan mimarTebiT.

47. 118-e a muxli avaldebulebs sabWos, miiRos minimaluri regulirebebi, raTa dasaqmebulis usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis donis amaRlebaSi harmonizaciis gziT Seitanos wvlili. aRniSnuli valdebuleba, 118-e a mux-lis pirveli abzacis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi ekisrebaT wevr saxelmwifoebs. mas Semdeg, rac sabWom daadgina, rom dasaqmebulis usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelo-bis dacvis arsebuli done unda gaumjobesdes da am sferoSi arsebuli pirobebi Tanadrouli progresiT harmonizebul unda iqnes, am miznebis miRweva minimaluri normebis dadgenis saSualebiT uciloblad ganapirobebs gaerTianebis doneze gasatarebel qmedebas, rac, rogorc sxva, ise am SemTxvevaSi, wevr saxelmwifoebs didi moculobiT gadaabarebs aucilebeli aRmasrulebeli meTodebis mowesrige-bis sakiTxs (...).

saqme British American Tobacco35:

177. subsidiurobis principi asaxulia evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis me-2 abzacSi. am normis mixedviT, gaerTianeba imoqmedebs mxolod im sferoebSi, romlebic mis gamomricxav uflebamosilebebSi ar Sedis, da ramdena-dac Sesabamis RonisZiebaTa miznebis sakmarisad miRweva wevri saxelmwifoebis doneze rTulia, imdenad iolia maTi miRweva gaerTianebis doneze, maTi moculo-bisa da moqmedebebis gamo.

178. `evropuli gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb~ xelSekrulebaze TandarTuli `subsidiurobisa da proporciulobis principebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb oqmis~ me-3 abzacis mixedviT, subsidiurobis principi ar ayenebs kiTxvis niSnis qveS im uflebamosilebas, romelic evropul gaerTianebas xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmartebis Sesabamisad aqvs.

179. subsidiurobis principi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gaerTianebis kanonmdebeli evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 95-e muxls eyrdnoba, rad-gan es norma mas ar aniWebs gansakuTrebul uflebamosilebas Sida bazarze ekono-mikuri saqmianobis mowesrigebisaTvis, aramed igi aniWebs mas mxolod uflebam-osilebas, gaaumjobesos is pirobebi, romlebic saWiroa am bazris Camoyalibebisa da funqcionirebisaTvis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebi-saTvis, warmoqmnili dabrkolebebisa Tu sakonkurencio wesebis darRvevebis aR-mofxvris gziT.

180. imis gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara direqtiva subsidiurobis principis Sesa-bamisad gamoSvebuli, upirvelesad, unda gadaisinjos, SeiZleba Tu ara Sesabamisi RonisZiebis miznis ukeT miRweva gaerTianebis doneze.

35 ix. 33-e sqolio.

20

181. rogorc sasamarTlom am ganaCenis 124-e punqtSi daadgina, direqtivis mizania im dabrkolebebis aRmofxvra, romlebsac wevr saxelmwifoSi moqmed normebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi ganapirobebs. amavdroulad, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlis me-3 abzacis Sesabamisad, man unda uzrunvelyos janmrTelobis dacvis maRali standarti.

182. es mizani saTanadod ver miiRweva mxolod wevri saxelmwifos doneze gatare-buli RonisZiebiT, is moiTxovs RonisZiebas gaerTianebis doneze, rogorc amaze am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebis heterogenuli ganviTarebac miuTiTebs.

183. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Sesabamisi RonisZiebis mizani ukeTesad miiRweva gaerTianebis doneze direqtivis miRebiT.

184. amgvarad dgindeba, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi komisiis mier miRebu-li RonisZiebis moculoba, aseve subsidiurobis principis moTxovnebi ar aris darRveuli, radgan es RonisZieba, rogorc am ganaCenis 122-e da 124-e punqte-bidan gamomdinareobs, mxolod imdenadaa sakmarisi, ramdenadac igi dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aris aucilebeli.

185. pirveli kiTxvis `e~ qvepunqtis pasuxad zemoaRniSnuli safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs, rom direqtiva subsidiurobis principTan Seusabamobis gamo ar aris baTili.

saqme Chafiq Ayadi36:

106. amdenad, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, subsidiurobis principi moqmedebs maSin, rodesac gaerTianeba mxolod im sferoebSi moqmedebs, romlebic ar Sedian mis gansakuTrebul kompetenciebSi, (gaerTianeba moqmedebs) im farglebSi, ra farglebSic Sesabamisi RonisZiebis miznebi wevri saxelmwifoebis doneze arasakmarisad miiRweva, gaerTianebis doneze ki ukeTesad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes misi moculobis an moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

107. mudmivi praqtikis safuZvelze gaerTianebis mosamarTle gaerTianebis sa-marTlebriv aqtebs gadaamowmebs am zogadi principis gaTvaliswinebiT (ixileT am sakiTxze sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 10 dekembris ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-491/01, British American Tobacco (Investments) and Imperial Tobacco, krebuli, 2002, I-11453, 177-idan 185-amde punqtebi, da 2005 wlis 14 aprilis ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-110/03, belgia komisiis winaaRmdeg, krebuli, 2005, I-2801, 58-e punqti; 2003 wlis 23 oq-tombris sasamarTlos ganaCeni T-65/98, Van den Berg Fuds v Commission, 2003 wlis krebuli, II-4653, 197-e da 198-e punqtebi).

108. Tumca sasamarTlos azriT evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-60 da 301-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi es zogadi principi im SemTxvevaSic ki ar unda gamoiyenebodes, Tu es debulebebi ar gaiTvaliswinebdnen gansakuTrebul kompetencias (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. me-60 muxlis me-2 abzaci).

109. radgan es normebi mesame saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis SeCerebasTan an SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT iTvaliswineben gaerTianebis mxri-

36 Judgment of the Court of First Instance of 12 July 2006; Case T-253/02; Chafiq Ayadi v Council of the European Union.

21

dan moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas im SemTxvevaSi, romelSic es `aucileblad iqna miCneuli~ saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis Ses-axeb evropuli kavSiris xelSekrulebis debulebebis mixedviT miRebul saerTo poziciaSi an saerTo moqmedebaSi.

110. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-60 da 301-e muxlebis gamoyen-ebis sferoSi evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekruleba kavSirs aniWebs uflebam-osilebas, miiRos gadawyvetileba gaerTianebis saqmianobis aucileblobaze. aseTi gadawyvetileba aris kavSiris uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis nawili. is gamoricxavs, rom erTeulebma evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis me-2 abzacSi gaTvaliswinebuli subsidiurobis principiT kiTxvis niS-nis qveS daayenon iseTi saqmianobis marTlzomiereba, romelsac gaerTianeba saerTo poziciis an saerTo moqmedebis mixedviT kavSiris saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sferoSi axorcielebs.

meore nawili

evrokavSiris samarTali da misi moqmedeba

I. evrokavSiris samarTlis moqmedeba

evrokavSiris samarTali gansxvavdeba arsebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemebisagan Tavisi zenacionalobiT. masSi moiazreba: samarTlis uSualo moqmedeba wevr saxelmwifoebSi, misi upiratesoba wevri saxelmwifoebis samar-TalTan mimarTebiT, valdebuleba _ ganimartos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samar-Tali evrokavSiris samarTlis Sesabamisad da wevri saxelmwifoebis pasuxismge-blobis dayeneba maT mier evrokavSiris samarTlis darRvevisas.

1. evrokavSiris samarTlis uSualo moqmedeba:

samarTlis uSualo moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, umniSvnelovanesi ganaCenia saqmeze van Gend & Loos37:

saqmis fabula: niderlandurma satransporto firmam van Gend & Loos-ma 1960 wels germaniis federaciuli respublikidan niderlandebSi Seitana qimiuri nivTier-ebebi. 1960 wlis pirvel marts sabaJo tarifis axali regulirebis safuZvelze niderlandebis safinanso samsaxurma mas importisaTvis 8% baJi gadaaxdevina. mas Semdeg, rac firmam uSedegod iCivla am gadasaxadis aramarTlzomierebis safuZvliT, man mimarTa niderlandebis administraciul sasamarTlos. saCivari sabuTdeboda, sxvasTan erTad, imiT, rom niderlandebis samefos mTavrobam baJi gazarda samidan rva procentamde (evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis dros baJi saqonlis Rirebulebis sam procents Seadgenda). administraciulma sasamarTlom evropuli sasamarTlos mimarT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e mux-37 Judgment of the Court of 5 February 1963; NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos

v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration; Case 26-62; European Court reports English special edition Page 00001.

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lis farglebSi da dausva kiTxva _ moqmedebda Tu ara evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-12 muxli erovnuli samarTlebrivi wes-rigis farglebSi da SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara erTeulTa uflebebis uSualod am muxlidan warmoSoba, ise, rom isini erovnul mosamarTleebs gaeTvaliswine-binaT.

7. satarifo komisia pirvel rigSi svams kiTxvas, moqmedebs Tu ara me-12 muxli Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi uSualod imgvarad, rom erTeulebs am muxli-dan warmoeSvaT uflebebi, romlebic erovnulma mosamarTleebma unda gaiTval-iswinon.

8. aqvs Tu ara saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis debulebebs aseTi mo-qmedebis areali, unda gadawydes am debulebaTa arsis, sistematikisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT.

9. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mizania saerTo ba-zris Seqmna, romlis funqcionireba uSualod Seexeba gaerTianebas mikuTvnebul calkeul pirebs; amiT aseve naTqvamia, rom es xelSekruleba ufro metia, vidre, ubralod, SeTanxmeba, romelic mxolod urTierTvaldebulebebs amkvidrebs xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris. es azri dasturdeba xelSekruleb-is preambuliT, romelic mimarTavs ara marto mTavrobebs, aramed xalxebsac. is kidev ufro TvalnaTliv dasturdeba aseve iseTi organoebis SeqmniT, romelTac gadacemuli aqvT suverenuli uflebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac Tanabrad Se-exeba rogorc wevr saxelmwifoebs aseve moqalaqeebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve is, rom gaerTianebaSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebi mowodebulni arian, evropuli parlamentisa da ekonomikuri da socialuri komitetebis saSualebiT gaerTianebis funqcionirebaSi Seitanon wvlili. aseve 177-e muxlis farglebSi sasamarTlosaTvis dakisrebuli valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos xelSekrulebis er-Tiani ganmarteba erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier, amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi-saTvis amosavali iyo, moqalaqeebs SesZlebodaT gaerTianebis samarTalze dayrd-nobiT miemarTaT erovnuli sasamarTloebisaTvis.

10. aRniSnulidan unda davaskvnaT, rom gaerTianeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali samarTlebrivi wesrigia, romlis sasargeblodac saxelmwifoebma, Tundac garkveul farglebSi, suverenuli ufleba SeizRudes. samarTlebriv wesrigs, romlis samarTlebrivi subieqtebi ara marto wevri saxelmwifoebi, aramed er-Teulebic arian, wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobebisagan damoukidebelma gaerTianebis samarTalma, aqedan gamomdinare, erTeulebs unda daakisros rogorc valdebulebebi ise uflebebi. aseTi uflebebi warmoiSoba ara mxolod maSin, roca xelSekruleba amas naTlad gamoxatavs, aramed im erTmniSvnelovani valdebule-bebis safuZvelzec, romlebsac xelSekruleba erTeulebs, iseve rogorc wevr saxelmwifoebsa da gaerTianebis organoebs, akisrebs.

11. baJisa da Tanabari moqmedebis gadasaxadebis sferoSi xelSekrulebis sistematikasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom me-9 muxli, romlis mixed-viTac gaerTianebis safuZveli aris sabaJo kavSiri, rogorc arsebiTi norma, krZalavs baJisa da Tanabari moqmedebis gadasaxadebs. es debuleba aisaxeba xelSekrulebis Sesaval nawilSi, romelic `gaerTianebis safuZvlebs~ aRwers; is gamoiyeneba da ganimarteba me-12 muxlSi.

23

12. me-12 muxli Seicavs naTel da SeuzRudav akrZalvas, valdebulebas, ara moqmedebis, aramed umoqmedobisas. es valdebuleba, garda amisa, aseve ar Semoi-fargleba saxelmwifoebis daTqmiT, romlis Sesrulebac daeqvemdebareboda romelime Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv aqts. me-12 muxlis akrZalva, misi arsidan gamomdinare, upiratesad gamosadegia imisaTvis, rom uSualod imoqmedos wevr saxelmwifoebsa da mis samarTals daqvemdebarebuli erTeulebis samarT-lebriv urTierTobebSi.

13. me-12 muxlis aRsruleba ar saWiroebs garkveul Carevas saxelmwifo kanonmde-blis mxridan. garemoeba, rom es muxli wevr saxelmwifoebs umoqmedobis valde-bulebis adresatebad asaxelebs, ar gamoricxavs, rom es valdebuleba erTeulTa uflebebs Seexeba.

14. miTiTeba sami mTavrobisa, romlebmac sasamarTloSi werilobiTi ganmarte-bebi waradgines xelSekrulebis 169-e da 170-e muxlebTan mimarTebiT, araswo-ria. Tu xelSekruleba dasaxelebul muxlebSi komisiasa da wevr saxelmwifoebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, moiwvion sasamarTlo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi saxelmwifo Tavis valdebulebebs ar asrulebs, ar niSnavs imas, rom erTeulebisaTvis SeuZle-belia, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli mosamarTleebisagan amave valdebulebis ganxorcieleba moiTxovon. iseve rogorc is faqti, rom xelSekruleba komisias aZlevs saSualebas, uzrunvelyos xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdeb-ulebebis Sesruleba, ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, erovnuli sasamarTloebis winaSe kerZo pirTa Soris sasamarTlo procesebSi am valdebulebebis darRvevaze aRZran sarCeli.

15. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wevri saxelmwifoebis mier me-12 muxlis darRvevis sawi-naaRmdego garantiebi mxolod 169-e da 170-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli proce-durebiT Semoifargleboda, maSin erTeulebis individualuri uflebebis yoveli uSualo sasamarTlo gziT dacva gamoricxuli iqneboda. am debulebebis gamoy-eneba, amasTan, iqneboda araefeqturi, Tu es xelSekrulebis debulebebis dacvis gareSe gamocemuli saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Semdeg moxdeboda. sakuTari uflebebis dacviT dainteresebuli erTeulebis aqtiuroba efeqturi kontrolia, romelic avsebs 169-e da 170-e muxlebis safuZvelze komisiisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis mier gansaxorcielebel kontrols.

16. rogorczemoaRniSnuli safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs, xelSekrulebis ar-sis, sistematikisa da Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT, me-12 muxli ise unda ganimartos, rom is uSualod moqmedebs da warmoSobs individualur uflebebs, romlebic saxelmwifo sasamarTloebma unda daicvan. (...)

saqme Simmenthal SpA38:

uSualo moqmedeba am Tvalsawieridan niSnavs, rom gaerTianebis samarTlis deb-ulebebma maTi ZalaSi Sesvlidan da maTi ZalaSi yofnis mTel dros srulad da erTianad unda imoqmedon yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi. es debulebebi amiT yvela imaTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis uSualo wyaroa, romlebsac isini Seexebian, miuxedavad imisa ,arian eseni wevri saxelmwifoebi Tu erTeulebi, romlebic im samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileoben, romlebic gaerTianebis samarTals eqvemdebarebian. es moqmedeba vrceldeba aseve nebismier sasamarTloze, romelic

38 Judgment of the Court of 9 March 1978; Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA; Case 106/77; European Court reports 1978 Page 00629.

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mowveulia kompetenciis mixedviT da, rogorc wevr saxelmwifos, organos aqvs amocana, daicvas uflebebi, romelTac gaerTianebis samarTali erTeulebs ani-Webs.

saqme Ariete Spz39:

12. 1976 wlis 16 dekembris ganaCenebis mixedviT (Rewe and Comet, saqmeebi 33 da 45/76, krebuli, 1976, 1989 an 2043), amocana, uzrunvelyos samarTlis dacva, romelic gamomdinareobs gaerTianebis samarTlis erTeulebis mimarT uSualo moqmedebidan, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlSi gamoTqmuli TanamSromlobis valdebulebis principis Sesabamisad, ekisrebaT Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sasamarTloebs. gaerTianebis samarTlis axlandeli mdgomareobiT, gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi normis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi davis sferoSi an arakeTilsindisierad mopovebuli Tu samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe akrefili calkeuli gadasaxadebis sferoSi kompetenturi sasamarTloebisa da sasamarTlo proceduris dadgena, ramac unda uzrunvelyos erTeulebis gaerTianebis samarTlis uSualo moqmedebidan gamomdinare uflebebis dacva, Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis saqmea. amasTan, es debulebebi ar unda Camouvardebodes Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalTan dakavSirebul Sesabamis saCivrebs. araviTar SemTxvevaSi maT ar unda gaxadon am uflebebis ganxorcieleba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli, romelTa dacvac calkeul erovnul sasamarTloebs evalebaT.

a) evrokavSiris samarTlis uSualo moqmedebis winapirobebi

saqme Firma Molkerei-Zentrale40:

evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlis pirveli abzacis moqmedebis Sesaxeb (pirveli da mexuTe SekiTxvebi).

1. pirveli kiTxvis pirveli nawili Seexeba imas, `evropuli sasamarTlo (...) emyareba Tu ara Tavis 1966 wlis 16 ivnisis gadawyvetilebas 57/65 saqmeSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTiane-bis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlis pirveli abzaci uSualod moqmedebs da erTeulebis individualur uflebebs warmoSobs, romlebic erovnulma sasa-marTloebma unda daicvan.~

2. SekiTxvis meore nawiliT mommarTav sasamarTlos ainteresebs, (...) sxva sityve-biT: aris Tu ara evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlis me-3 abzaciT wevri saxelmwifoebis sakanonmdeblo suvereniteti aseve Sida gadasaxadebis sferoSi Selaxuli.

a. evropuli sasamarTlos mier dasaxelebul ganaCenSi mocemuli ganmartebis sapirispirod federaluri safinanso sasamarTlo gamoTqvams azrs, rom mas xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlSi aranairi dasayrdeni ar aqvs.(...)

39 Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 10 July 1980; Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v Ariete SpA.; Case 811/79; European Court reports 1980 Page 02545.

40 Judgment of the Court of 3 April 1968; Firma Molkerei-Zentrale Westfalen/Lippe GmbH v Hauptzollamt Paderborn; Case 28-67; European Court reports English special edition Page 00143.

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am sapasuxo argumentis gadasinjvisas rogorc am normis Sinaarss, aseve evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis arss unda daveyrdnoT. evrop-uli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mizania saerTo bazris Se-qmna, romlis funqcionireba uSualod Seexeba gaerTianebis erTeulebs. amiT ama-vdroulad naTqvamia, rom es xelSekruleba ufro metia, vidre SeTanxmeba, romel-ic mxolod xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTsanacvlo valdebule-bebs warmoSobs; gaerTianeba asaxavs axal samarTlebriv wesrigs, romlis sasarge-blodac saxelmwifoebma, Tundac garkveul farglebSi, sakuTari suverenuli uflebebi SeizRudes, samarTlebriv wesrigs, romlis samarTlebrivi subieqtebi ara marto wevri saxelmwifoebi, aramed erTeulebic arian. wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobisagan damoukidebelma gaerTianebis samarTalma unda mianiSnos erTeulebs, rom maT ara marto valdebulebebs akisrebs, aramed uflebebsac ani-Webs. aseTi uflebebi warmoiSoba ara marto maSin, roca xelSekruleba amas Tval-naTliv gansazRvravs, aramed erTmniSvnelovani valdebulebebis safuZvelze, romelTac xelSekruleba erTeulebs, iseve rogorc wevr saxelmwifoebsa da gaerTianebis organoebs, akisrebs. amasTan, aucilebelia, da Tan sakmarisic, rom xelSekrulebis normebi, romelTaganac aseTi uflebebi gamomdinareobs, Tavisi arsiT gamodges wevr saxelmwifoebsa da mis samarTals daqvemdebarebul erTeu-lebs Soris samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi uSualo moqmedebisTvis.

95-e muxlis pirveli abzaci Seicavs diskriminaciis akrZalvas, romelic naTel da upirobo valdebulebas adgens. es valdebuleba araa raime pirobaze mibmuli; is ar saWiroebs ganxorcielebisa Tu namdvilobisaTvis aranair Semdgom RonisZie­bebs gaerTianebis organoebisa Tu wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan. akrZalviTi norma, aqedan gamomdinare, aris sruli, samarTlebrivad srulyofili da Sesabam­isad gamosadegi, raTa uSualod imoqmedos wevr saxelmwifoebsa da mis samarTals daqvemdebarebul pirebs Soris samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. is, rom 95-e muxlis pirveli abzaci wevr saxelmwifoebs diskriminaciis akrZalvis adresatebad moix-seniebs, ar niSnavs, am akrZalvis gamoyeneba uSualod erTeulebis sasargeblod ar SeiZlebodes.(...)

darRveva uflebebisa, romlebsac gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi norma erTeulebs aniWebs, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi saSualebebis daur-Rvevlad SesaZlebelia gasaCivrdes erovnul sasamarTloebSi. es saCivrebi ar SeiZleba gauTanabrdes 95-e da 97-e, 155-e da 169-e muxlebTan kavSirSi arsebul uflebamosilebebs, romlebic gaerTianebis organoebs aqvT. erTeulebis saCivari miznad isaxavs individualuri uflebebis dacvas konkretul SemTxvevaSi, amis sapirispirod gaerTianebis organoebis Carevis mizania gaerTianebis samarTlis sayovelTao da erTiani dacva. dacva, romelsac xelSekrulebis sistema erTeu-lebs maTi individualuri uflebebis darRvevisas aniWebs, da gaerTianebis or-ganoebisaTvis gankuTvnili uflebamosilebebi, aiZulon wevri saxelmwifoebi, daicvan xelSekrulebis miznebi, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan sagniT, miznebiTa da moqmedebiT da erTmaneTs ar unda SevadaroT. (...)

es Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebidan gamomdinare msjelo-ba ver gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili samarTlebrivi normebis mimarT. xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi principebisa da miznebis, romelTac xelSekrulebis

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debulebebi unda emsaxurebodnen, da, maTi gamosadegobis mixedviT, aRniSnuli debulebebi xdeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis Semadgeneli nawili ise, rom amisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebi saWiro ar aris. wevr saxelmwi-foSi warmoSobil siZneleebs ar SeuZlia gaerTianebis samarTlis uSualod mo-qmedi normis samarTlebrivi bunebis Secvla, Tu aseTi warmoiSoba; es miT ufro, rom gaerTianebis samarTali nebismier wevr saxelmwifoSi Tanabrad moqmedebs. rac Seexeba gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlSi arsebul akrZalvas, is xelSekrulebis mixedviT ver imoqmedebda, Tu am normis moqmedeba saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli RonisZiebis gatarebaze iqneboda damokidebuli, rac xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris da am aRmasrulebeli RonisZiebis gamouyeneblobisas dadgenili akrZalva ar imoqmedebda.(...)

97-e muxli rTavs nebas saxelmwifoebs, romlebic brunvis gadasaxads ramden-imefaziani gadasaxadebis kumulaciuri sistemiT krefen, 95-e da 96-e muxlebis ZiriTadi principebis dacviT daaweson saSualo tarifebi. amis mixedviT, mar-Talia, 95-e da 97-e muxlebiT mowesrigebuli Semadgenlobebi urTierTdakav-Sirebulia da orive norma erTsa da imave mizans emsaxureba, magram, miuxeda-vad amisa, 97-e muxli, romelic mravalfaziani rTuli kumulaciuri gadasaxa-debis sistemis gansakuTrebul wess Seicavs, am sistemis Taviseburebebisa da dasaxelebuli muxlis aRsrulebis gansakuTrebuli wesis gamo, 95-e muxlisagan unda gaimijnos.

roca 97-e muxli wevr saxelmwifoebs nebas rTavs, saSualo tarifebi daadgi-non, da maT aZlevs saSualebas, gadawyviton, gamoiyeneben Tu ara isini am uflebas, maSin saxelmwifoebSi, romlebmac es wesisamebr gaakeTes, tardeba gaerTianebis normis aRmasrulebeli Semdgomi RonisZiebebi. am RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs gadawyvetilebaze Tavisufali moqmedebis areali, rac, RonisZiebis Camoyalibe-bisa da Sedegebis mixedviT, gaerTianebis samarTlis amdroindeli mdgomareo-biT 97-e muxlis normebis yovelgvar uSualo moqmedebas gamoricxavs. saqonlis jgufebisa da – gamoTvlis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis samarTlis normebis ararse-bobis gamo – saSualo tarifis dadgenisas wevr saxelmwifoebs aqvT moqmedebis areali, romlis gamoyenebac komisiis mxridan gadaisinjeba da 97-e muxlis uSua-lo gamoyenebas gamoricxavs. am mdgomareobis gamo 97-e muxli erTeulebs ar aniWebs federaluri safinanso sasamarTlos SekiTxvaSi dasaxelebul individualur uflebebs. es Sedegi das-turdeba 97-e muxlis me-2 abzaciTac, romelic komisias avaldebulebs, saxelmwi-fos mimarT, romelic Sesabamis saSualo maCveneblebs ar gamoiyenebs, 95-e muxlis ZiriTadi principebis mixedviT, miiRos `Sesabamisi direqtivebi da gadawyvetile-bebi~.

97-e muxli ukve Tavisi agebulebiT cxadyofs, rom is erTeulebis individu-alur uflebebs ar adgens, rac erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gaiTvaliswin-on, Tu wevri saxelmwifo, romelic ramdenimefaziani gadasaxadebis kumulaci-ur sistemas iyenebs, saSualo maCvenebels adgens.

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saqme Franz Grad v. Finanzamt Traunstein41:

saqmis fabula: miunxenis finansurma samsaxurma mimarTa evrogaerTianebis sasa-marTlos evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis safuZvelze da sabWos 1965 wlis 13 maisis gadawyvetilebisa da sabWos 1967 wlis 11 aprilis direqtivis ganmarteba moiTxova. kiTxvebi Seexeboda imas, hqonda Tu ara gadawyvetilebis me-4 muxlis me-2 abzacs direqtivis pirvel muxlTan kavSirSi uSualo moqmedeba wevr saxelmwifoebsa da erTeulebs So-ris da warmoSobda Tu ara es normebi uflebebs adamianebisaTvis, romlebic erovnuli sasamarTloebis mxridan daculi unda yofiliyvnen.

3. SekiTxva Seexeba gadawyvetilebisa da direqtivis debulebaTa saerTo mo-qmedebas. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis mixedviT, gadawyvetileba mis yvela nawilSi savaldebuloa maTTvis, romelTac is asaxelebs. am muxlis mixedviT, direqtiva savaldebuloa yoveli adresati wevri saxelmwifosaTvis miznis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT, xolo miznis ganxorcielebis formisa da saSualebis arCevans utovebs Sidaerovnul orga-noebs.

4. federaluri mTavroba Tavis ganmartebebSi gamoTqvams azrs, rom 189-e mux-li gamoricxavs gadawyvetilebebisa da direqtivebis kiTxvaSi moxseniebuli moqmedebis SesaZleblobas imiT, rom is, erTi mxriv, regulaciebisa da, meore mxriv, gadawyvetilebebisa da direqtivebis moqmedebebs ganasxvavebs erTmaneTi-sagan; aseTi moqmedebebi ufro metad regulaciebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

5. marTalia, 189-e muxlis mixedviT, regulaciebi uSualod moqmedeben da, Sesabamisad, maTi samarTlebrivi bunebidan gamomdinare, uSualo moqmedebis SesaZlebloba aqvT, magram aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom am muxlSi moxsenie-buli samarTlebrivi aqtebis sxva kategoriebs arasodes SeuZliaT msgavsad mo-qmedeba. saxeldobr, debuleba, rom gadawyvetilebebi adresatebisaTvis yvela nawilSi savaldebuloa, uSvebs kiTxvas imis Taobaze, gadawyvetilebiT dadge-nili valdebulebis darRvevis gamo saCivris aRZvra adresatebis winaaRmdeg mxolod gaerTianebis organoebs SeuZliaT, Tu aseTi ufleba aqvs nebismiers, romelic am valdebulebis SesrulebiTaa dainteresebuli. 189-e muxliT gadaw-yvetilebisaTvis mikuTvnebuli savaldebulo moqmedebis Zala ar iqneboda Ses-abamisi imasTan, ZiriTadad rom gamogvericxa aRniSnuli pirebis SesaZlebloba, gaesaCivrebinaT gadawyvetilebiT dakisrebuli valdebuleba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, romlebSic gaerTianebis organoebi gadawyvetilebiT erT an yve-la wevr saxelmwifos garkveuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis valdebulebas daak-isrebda. sasargeblo moqmedeba (`effet utile~) Sesustdeboda, Tu am saxelmwifos calkeuli pirebi sasamarTloSi amas ar gaasaCivrebdnen da erovnuli sasamarT-loebi gadawyvetilebis am debulebebs, rogorc gaerTianebis samarTlis Semad-genel nawils, ar gaiTvaliswinebdnen. kerZod, SesaZlebelia, gadawyvetilebis moqmedeba sxvagvari iyos, vidre regulaciis normisa; Tumca es gansxvaveba ar gamoricxavs, rom saboloo Sedegi, kerZod erTeulebis ufleba, gaasaCivron garkveuli RonisZieba sasamarTloSi, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi regulaciis normis uSualod gamoyenebis analogiuri iyos.

41 Judgment of the Court of 6 October 1970; Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein; Case 9-70; European Court reports 1970 Page 00825.

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6. 177-e muxlis, romlis mixedviTac erovnuli sasamarTloebi uflebamosilni arian, evropul sasamarTlos ganurCevlad dausvan kiTxva organoebis yvela moqmedebebis namdvilobisa da ganmartebis Sesaxeb, sxvasTan erTad warmoSobs winapirobas, rom am erTeulebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, mimarTon erovnul sasa-marTloebs am qmedebebis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, yovel konkretul SemTxveva-Si unda gadaisinjos, dadgenileba, romelzecaa saubari, Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebis, sistematikisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT gamosadegia Tu ara, rom uSualo mo-qmedeba hqondes qmedebis adresatebsa da mesame pirebs Soris samarTlebriv urT-ierTobebSi.

7. sabWos 1965 wlis 13 maisis gadawyvetileba, romelic yvela wevri saxelm-wifosadmia mimarTuli, eyrdnoba gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebis 75-e muxls, romelic sabWos aniWebs uflebamosilebas, saerTo savaWro politikis ganx-orcielebisaTvis `saerTo wesebis~, `xelmisawvdomobis saerTo pirobebi~ da `yvela sxva miznobrivi norma~ miiRos. aqedan gamomdinare, sabWos aqvs misaRebi RonisZiebebis Zalze farTo arCevani. sadavo gadawyvetileba, saerTo jamSi, adgens saxelmwifo normebis harmonizaciis politikis farglebSi dasaxul miz-nebsa da maTi ganxorcielebis dros. am miznebis TvalsazrisiT, gadawyvetilebis me-4 muxlis pirveli abzaci iTvaliswinebs, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi, rogorc ki saerTo damatebiTi Rirebulebis sagadasaxado sistema sabWos mier dadgin-deba da wevr saxelmwifoebSi ZalaSi Seva, valdebulni iqnebian, gamoiyenon isi-ni kidev gansasazRvri modalobebiT sarkinigzo, sagzao da Sida sanaosno moZ-raobaSi saqonlis gadazidvebisas. am muxlis me-2 abzaci adgens, rom es saerTo damatebiTi Rirebulebis sagadasaxado sistema yvelaze gvian misi ZalaSi Ses-vlidan daikavebs adgils specifikuri gadasaxadebisas, romelsac damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis nacvlad gadaixdian, manam dasaxelebuli satranspor-to saSualebebiT saqonlis gadazidva aseT gadasaxadebs daeqvemdebareba.

8. es norma amiT or valdebulebas akisrebs wevr saxelmwifoebs: pirveli, ara ugvianes erTi konkretuli TariRisa, saerTo damatebiTi Rirebulebis saga-dasaxado sistema sarkinigzo, sagzao da Sida sanaosno transportiT saqonlis gadazidvaze gaavrcelos, da meore, es sistema, me-2 abzacis mixedviT, speci-fikuri gadasaxadebis nacvlad SemoiRos ara ugvianes misi ZalaSi Sesvlidan. es meore valdebuleba moicavs, rogorc Cans, iseTi gadasaxadebis dawesebis an xelmeored SemoRebis akrZalvas, romlebiTac Tavidan iqneba acilebuli saer-To damatebiTi Rirebulebis sagadasaxado sistemis satransporto sistemaSi analogiuri saxis damatebiT sagadasaxado wesebTan damTxveva.

9. safinanso samsaxuris mier warmodgenil dokumentebSi SekiTxva umTavresad Seexeba am meore valdebulebas. es valdebuleba aris misi arsidan gamomdinare, iZulebiTi da sayovelTao, maSinac ki, roca norma misi ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRs Riad tovebs. is TvalnaTliv uars eubneba wevr saxelmwifoebs, kumulacia moaxdi-nos saerTo brunvis sagadasaxado sistemisa specifikur gadasaxadebTan, romleb-sac damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadebis nacvlad gadaixdian. es valdebuleba aris upirobo da sakmarisad naTeli da zusti, rom hqondes uSualo moqmedebis Zala wevr saxelmwifoebsa da erTeulebs Soris.

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gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Peter Kaefer and Andréa Procacci42:

saqmis fabula: erovnulma sasamarTlom mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxliT (evro-puli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 234-e muxliT) gaTvaliswinebuli winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduriT da sTxova or saqmeSi sabWos 1986 wlis 30 ivnisis 86/283/EWG dadgenilebis 176-e muxlis ganmarteba. saqmeebi exeboda germanel peter kefers, romelsac uari eTqva, mxolod turistuli viziT mieRo yofnis nebarTva safrangeTis respublikis polineziaSi, xolo meores, italiis mo-qalaqe prokaCis, romelsac deportacia emuqreboda am mxaridan imis gamo, rom mis turistul vizas vada hqonda gasuli. aRniSnuli dadgenilebis 176-e muxlis mixedviT, ̀ dafuZnebisa da momsaxurebis gawevis wesebis TvalsazrisiT, qveynebi-sa da mxareebis kompetenturi organoebi aradiskriminaciulad epyrobian wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebsa da iuridiul pirebs. Tu am konkretul sferoSi wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, aradiskriminaciulad miudges (safrangeTis) mo-qalaqeebs, romelTa mudmivi adgilsamyofeli am qveyanaSi an mxareSia, aseve im sazogadoebebs, romlebic Sesabamisi qveynis an mxaris samarTlebriv normebs eqvemdebarebian da iq arian dafuZnebulebi, maSin am qveynis an mxaris kompeten-turi organo ar aris valdebuli, uzrunvelyos aseTi midgoma.

uSualo moqmedebis Sesaxeb SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT

21. SekiTxvis meore nawili Seexeba dadgenilebis 176-e muxlis uSualo moqmede-bas.

22. safrangeTisa da britaneTis mTavrobebi, aseve komisia im azrzea, rom 86/283/EWG dadgenilebas ar aqvs uSualo moqmedebis Zala, radgan is sasamarTlo praqtikiT amisTvis SemuSavebul kriteriumebs sadavo debulebebis mizanTan, saxeobasTan, sistematikasa da SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT ar Seesabameba.

23. gaerTianebuli samefos SexedulebiT, gaerTianebis samarTlis uSualo moqmedeba sasamarTlom 1963 wlis 5 Tebervlis saqmeSi 26/62 (van Gend & Los, krebuli, 1963, 1) evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis miznidan gamomdinare _ erTian bazarze ekonomikuri integraciis uzrunvel-sayofad _ aRiara; evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis meoTxe nawilis mizani aris, ara daafuZnos erTiani bazari an wvlili Seitanos mis dafuZnebaSi, aramed okeanis iqiTa qveynebisa da mxareebis macxovrebelTa saWiroebas xeli Seuwyos, raTa maT ganaviTaron urTierTobebi.

24. am argumentaciis gaziareba ar SeiZleba. gaerTianebuli samefos mier magal-iTad moyvanili ganaCenis gamotanis Semdeg sasamarTlom mravaljer miiRo gadawyvetileba sakiTxebze, romlebic Seexeboda gaerTianebis mesame saxelm-wifoebTan dadebuli SeTanxmebis debulebebis SesaZlo uSualo moqmedebas. Semdgomi mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, sabWos dadgenilebis de-bulebebi uSualod moqmedeben wevr saxelmwifoebsa da maT moqalaqeebs So-ris urTierTobebSi im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini erTeulebs uflebebs aniWe-ben, romlebic erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda daicvan, imdenad, ramdenadac es debulebebi wevr saxelmwifoebs upirobo da sakmarisad naTel da zust val-debulebas akisreben (ix. 1970 wlis 6 oqtombris ganaCeni saqmeze 9/70, Grad, 42 Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1990; Peter Kaefer and Andréa Procacci v French State; Joined cases C-100/89

and C-101/89; European Court reports 1990 Page I-04647.

30

1970 wlis krebuli, 825, me-9 punqti; dadgenilebebze, romlebic asociaciis xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze gamoica, ixile 1990 wlis 20 seqtembris ganaCeni saqmeze C-192/89, Sevince, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-3461).

25. safrangeTma da komisiam amasTan dakavSirebiT warmoadgines mosazrebebi, rom dadgenilebis 176-e muxli mxolod pirobiT valdebulebas Seicavs Sedegis dadgomisaTvis, radgan am debulebaSi nacvalgebis pirobaa Cadebuli. amitom, komisiis azriT, yoveli wevri saxelmwifos saqmea, daadginos, SeuZlia Tu ara mas, uzrunvelyos gaTvaliswinebuli aradiskriminaciuli mopyroba garkveuli saqmianobisaTvis.

26. debuleba upiroboa, Tu is wevr saxelmwifoebs ar aZlevs moqmedebis Tavisu-flebas.

27. dadgenilebis 176-e muxlis mixedviT, kompetenturi organoebi, rogorc ki nacvalgeba uzrunvelyofilia, valdebulni arian, sxva wevr saxelmwifoTa mo-qalaqeebis mimarT maTi dafuZnebisa da momsaxurebis gawevisas ar gamoiyenon dis-kriminaciuli midgoma; es debuleba wevr saxelmwifoebs ar utovebs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. kompetenturi organoebisa da, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli sasamarTloebis saqmea, gadawyviton, aris Tu ara nacvalgeba garantirebuli.

28. amitom erovnuli sasamarTlos SekiTxvis meore nawils unda gaeces pa-suxi, rom sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes, im saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, romelTanac qveyanas an mxares gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi aqvs, SeuZlia am qveynis an mxaris kompetenturi organoebis winaSe daeyrdnos 86/283 dadge-nilebis 176-e muxliT garantirebul diskriminaciis akrZalvas, iq dafuZnebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT, Tu is im winapirobebs asrulebs, romlebiTac am qveyanaSi an mxareSi aradafuZnebulma am erTeulis moqalaqem unda Seasru-los, da Tu es wevri saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqec is aris, pirebs Sesabamisi qveynidan an mxaridan aradiskriminaciulad eqceva.

saqme Costa v. E.N.E.L43:

saqmis fabula: 1962 wels italiam saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi moaqcia eleqtro-energiis gamomuSavebisa da ganawilebis sistema. am mizniT man daaarsa E.N.E.L.-i, romelsac, rogorc iuridiul pirs, gadaeca saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi moqceu-li eleqtrosawarmoebi. kosta am moqmedebis Sedegad gansaxelmwifoebrivebu-li Edison Volta-s aqcioneri iyo. is uars acxadebda, E.N.E.L.-isaTvis gadaexada eleqtroenergiis gadasaxadi da am sakiTxze wamoWril davasTan dakavSirebiT Cioda, rom es aqti ewinaaRmdegeboda evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Ses-axeb xelSekrulebis 102-e, 93-e, 53-e da 37-e muxlebs. italiis sasamarTlom am davis farglebSi evropul sasamarTlos evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis safuZvelze mimarTa SekiTxviT.

evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis moq-medebasTan dakavSirebiT dasmuli SekiTxvis Sejereba

mopasuxe mxare sadavod xdis, rom dasmuli SekiTxva miznad isaxavs 177-e mux-liT dadgenili proceduriT Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonis xelSekrulebasTan Sesabamisobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebas.

43 ix. me-5 sqolio.

31

dasaxelebuli muxlis mixedviT, erovnulma sasamarTloebma, romlis gadawyvetilebebi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT veRar gasaCivrdeba, sasamarTlosTan unda iSuamdgomlon winaswari gadawyvetilebisaTvis `xelSekrulebis ganmartebis~ mizniT, Tu ismeba SekiTxva am ganmartebis Taobaze. es debuleba (evropul) sasamarTlos ar aZlevs uflebas, gaavrcelos xelSekruleba calkeul SemTxvevaze da arc – rogorc es 169-e muxlis proceduriTaa SesaZlebeli – gadawyvitos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebis xelSekrulebasTan Sesabamisoba.(...)

xelSekrulebis araaucilebeli ganmartebis sakiTxi.

gasaCivrebulia, rom milanis samSvidobo sasamarTlom xelSekrulebis im deb-ulebebis ganmarteba moiTxova, romelic ar aris aucilebeli masTan warmoe-buli samarTlebrivi davis gadawyvetisaTvis.

177-e muxlis arsi saxelmwifo sasamarTloebisa da evropuli sasamarTlos amo-canebis naTlad gamijvnaa. is sasamarTlos arc konkretul SemTxvevaze gad-awyvetilebis miRebisa da arc ganmartebaze Suamdgomlobis safuZvlebisa da miznebis gadasinjvis uflebamosilebas ar aZlevs.(...)

milanis samSvidobo sasamarTlos kiTxvebi Semdgom Seexeba imas, uSualod mo-qmedeben Tu ara 102-e, 93-e, 53-e da 37-e muxlebi da warmoSoben Tu ara isini erTeulebis uflebebs, romlebic gasaTvaliswinebelia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTloebis mier. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, ra Sinaarsi aqvT am deb-ulebebs?

102-e muxlis ganmarteba:

102-e muxlis mixedviT: `wevri saxelmwifo, romelic miznad isaxavs... iseTi sa-marTlebrivi Tu administraciuli normis gamocemas, romelic, 101-e muxlis mixedviT, gayalbebas uyris safuZvels~, ... komisiasTan gadis konsultaciebs~. Se-sabamisad, am gayalbebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, komisias SeuZlia, wevr saxelm-wifoebs misces sasargeblo rCevebi.

es muxli aris ̀ samarTlebrivi normebis harmonizaciis Sesaxeb~ TavSi da man xeli unda SeuSalos im gansxvavebebis gazrdas, romlebic xelSekrulebis miznebis gadasaxedidan Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv wesrigebs Soris arsebobs. am debulebiT wevrma saxelmwifoebma valdebuleba aiRes, daqvemdebarebodnen miznobriv mosmeniT proceduras, riTac moqmedebis Tavisufleba SeizRudes.

saxelmwifoebi komisiasTan winaswar gadian konsultaciebs, maSin, rodesac maTi kanonSemoqmedebiTi gegmebi, Tundac eventualurad, magram mainc, gayalbebis sa-frTxes SeiZleba Seicavdnen. amiT maT gaerTianebis winaSe aiRes valdebuleba, romelic arsebobs maT, rogorc saxelmwifoebis, mimarT da erTeulebisTvis ara-nair uflebas ar warmoSobs. aRniSnuli unda gaiTvaliswinon erovnulma sasa-marTloebma.

komisia mowodebulia, saxelmwifoebisagan moiTxovos am muxlis normebis dacva. Tumca es ar aniWebs kerZo pirebs uflebas, gaerTianebis samarTlis farglebSi, 177-e muxlis mixedviT, iCivlon monawile saxelmwifoebis mxridan an komisiis mier am normebiT dadgenili valdebulebis darRvevis Sesaxeb. (...)

32

53-e muxlis ganmartebisaTvis:

53-e muxliT wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben, ar SemoiRon sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis subieqtebis mimarT dafuZnebis SemzRudveli axali garemoebe-bi, imdenad, ramdenadac es xelSekrulebiT sxvagvarad ar aris dadgenili. wevri saxelmwifoebis es valdebuleba samarTlebrivad wminda umoqmedobis valdeb-ulebaa, romelic aranairi pirobiT ar izRudeba da ar saWiroebs wevri saxelmwi-foebisa da komisiis mxridan Semdgomi RonisZiebebis Sesrulebas misi aRsruleb-isa an moqmedebisaTvis. amdenad, is aris sruli, samarTlebrivad srulyofili da, Sesabamisad, gamosadegi, rom uSualod imoqmedos wevr saxelmwifoebsa da erTeu-lebs Soris.

es naTlad gamoxatuli akrZalva, romelic mTel gaerTianebaSi ZalaSi Sevida xelSekrulebiT da amgvarad wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTalwesrigis Semad-geneli nawili gaxda, Tavad maTTvisaa (wevri saxelmwifoebisTvisaa) savaldebulo da uSualod Seexeba mis samarTals daqvemdebarebul erTeulebs; maT SeuZliaT, am normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi gamoiyenon. isini unda gaiTvaliswinon erovnulma sasamarTloebmac.

saqme Fernando Roberto Giménez Zaera44:

9. erovnuli sasamarTlos sxva SekiTxvebi arsebiTad Seexeba imas, Tu ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba erovnul samarTlebriv normebSi Tanamdebobis pirebis mier miRebuli Semosavlidan asakis gamo pensiis kumulaciis akrZalvis daweseba ev-ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-2, 117-e da 118-e muxlebs.

10. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-2 muxli aRw-ers evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis amocanas. masSi dasaxelebuli miznebi dakavSirebulia gaerTianebis arsebobasa da funqcionirebasTan; maTi ganxor-cieleba unda iyos saerTo bazris Seqmnisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis ekonomi-kuri politikis progresuli daaxloebis ara mxolod Sedegi, aramed miznebic, romelTa miRweva xelSekrulebis arsebiT sagania.

11. rac Seexeba cxovrebis donis standartis gansakuTrebiT daCqarebulad awevis xelSewyobas, unda dadgindes, rom es evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Seqm-nasTan dakavSirebuli mizania, romelic Tavisi zogadi xasiaTisa da saerTo baz-ris Seqmnasa da ekonomikuri politikis progresulad daaxloebasTan sistemuri kavSiris safuZvelze arc wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv valdebulebebs warmoSobs da arc erTeulTa uflebebs iTvaliswinebs.

2. evrokavSiris samarTlis upiratesi iuridiuli Zala erovnul samarTalTan SedarebiT

saqme Costa v E.N.E.L.45:

gaerTianebis samarTlis debulebebis calkeuli wevri saxelmwifoebis samar-

44 Judgment of the Court of 29 September 1987; Fernando Roberto Giménez Zaera v Institut Nacional de la Seguridad Social and Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social; Case 126/86; European Court reports 1987 Page 03697.

45 ix. sqolio 5.

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TalSi gadatana da, zogadad, xelSekrulebis arsi da Sinaarsi gansazRvravs, rom saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT, Semdgom nacvalgebis principze miRebuli samarT-lebrivi wesrigis sawinaaRmdegod calmxrivi RonisZiebebi gaataron. aqedan gamomdinare, aseTi RonisZiebebi ewinaaRmdegeba gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis gamoyenebas, radgan es safrTxes Seuqmnida xelSekrulebis me-3 mux-lis me-2 abzacSi Camoyalibebuli miznebis ganxorcielebas da gamoiwvevda me-7 muxlSi gamoxatuli akrZalvis sawinaaRmdego diskriminaciebs, Tu gaerTiane-bis samarTali Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT saxelmwifodan saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebulad imoqmedebda. valdebulebebi, romlebic wevrma saxelmwifoebma aiRes gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi, iqneboda ara aucilebeli, aramed mxolod eventualuri, Tu isini monawile saxelmwifoe-bis Semdgomi kanonSemoqmedebiTi aqtebiT kiTxvis niSnis qveS aRmoCndebodnen. iq, sadac xelSekrulebas `surs~, saxelmwifoebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan calmxrivi midg-omis ufleba mianiWos, akeTebs amas naTeli debulebebiT (mag.: me-15 muxli, 93-e muxlis me-3 abzaci, 223-e-225-e muxlebi). gamonaklis nebarTvebze saxelmwifoTa ganacxadebisaTvis calke sanebarTvo proceduraa gaTvaliswinebuli (mag.: me-8 muxlis me-4 abzaci, me-17 muxlis me-4 abzaci, 25-e, 26-e, 73-e muxlebi, 93-e muxlis me-3 abzacis me-3 qvepunqti da 226-e muxli), rac uSinaarso iqneboda, Tu saxelm-wifoebs eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba, TavianTi valdebulebebi moexsnaT mxolod kanonebis miRebiT.

gaerTianebis samarTlis upiratesoba aseve dasturdeba 189-e muxliT. aRniSnu-lis mixedviT, regulacia aris `savaldebulo~ da `uSualod moqmedebs yovel wevr saxelmwifoSi~. es debuleba, romelic ar eqvemdebareba raime saxis Sez-Rudvas, gaxdeboda umniSvnelo, Tu wevri saxelmwifoebi TavianTi sakanonmde-blo aqtebiT, romlebsac gaerTianebis samarTalze upiratesi Zala eqnebodaT, calmxrivad daakargvinebdnen mas efeqturobas.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom xelSekrulebiT Seqmnil da amiT avtono-miuri samarTlebrivi wyarodan gamomdinare samarTalze misi damoukideblobis gamo aranair, nebismieri saxiT gamoxatul, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv debulebebs ar aqvT upiratesi Zala, Tu mas CamorTmeuli ar eqneba gaerTianebis samarTlis damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tu gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi principi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dadgeba.

saxelmwifoebma sabolood SeizRudes sakuTari suverenuli uflebebi imiT, rom maT, xelSekrulebis debulebebis mixedviT, uflebebi da movaleobebi, romlebic aqamde maT Sida samarTlebriv wesrigebs eqvemdebareboda, gaerTianebis samarT-lebriv wesrigs gadasces. aRniSnulis ukan gamoTxova gaerTianebis cnebasTan Seusabamo calmxrivi RonisZiebiT ar SeiZleba. Sedegad 177-e muxli gamoiyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonebis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu xelSekrulebis gan-martebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxva daismeba.

saqme Simmenthal46:

17/18. gaerTianebis samarTlis upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis principidan gamom-dinare, xelSekrulebis debulebebsa da gaerTianebis organoTa uSualod moqmed samarTlebriv aqtebs wevri saxelmwifoebis Sida samarTalTan dakavSirebiT aqvT ara marto is Sedegi, rom maTi ZalaSi SesvliT yovelgvari pirobis gareSe moq-

46 ix. sqolio 38.

34

medi erovnuli samarTlis debuleba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mas, ar gamoiyeneba, aramed is, rom, radgan upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone es debulebebi da sa-marTlebrivi aqtebi yovel wevr saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi wesrigis nawilia, gaerTianebis samarTalTan Seusabamo saxelmwifos nebismieri axali sa-kanonmdeblo aqtis ZalaSi Sesvla unda dabrkoldes. Tu iseT erovnul sakanon-mdeblo aqtebs eqnebodaT garkveuli samarTlebrivi namdviloba, romlebic im sferoebSi iWrebian, romelTac gaerTianebis kanonSemoqmedebiT Zalauflebaze aqvT zemoqmedeba, an sxvagvarad gaerTianebis samarTlis debulebebTan Seu-sabamoa, maSin uaryofili unda yofiliyo valdebulebebis efeqturoba, rom-lebic wevrma saxelmwifoebma xelSekrulebiT, yovelgvari daTqmis gareSe da Seuqcevadad ikisres, da TviT gaerTianebis safuZveli unda damdgariyo kiTx-vis niSnis qveS.

19/20. analogiuri daskvna gamomdinareobs xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis arsidan da Sinaarsidan, romlis mixedviTac erovnuli sasamarTloebi uflebamosilni arian, yovelTvis mimarTon evropul sasamarTlos, Tu ganaCenis gamotanisaT-vis gaerTianebis samarTlis ganmartebisa Tu moqmedebis sakiTxze winaswari gadawyvetilebaa saWiro. am debulebis praqtikuli efeqturoba Semcirdeboda, Tu sasamarTlos CamoerTmeoda ufleba, uSualod gamoeyenebina gaerTianebis samarTali gadawyvetilebis an evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesabamisad.

21/23. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tavisi kompetenciis far-glebSi mowveuli nebismieri erovnuli mosamarTle valdebulia, SeuzRudavad gamoiyenos gaerTianebis samarTali da daicvas uflebebi, romelTac es samar-Tali erTeulebs aniWebs. am SemTxvevaSi is erovnuli samarTlis yovel SesaZlo sapirispiro debulebas, sul erTia, gamocemulia gaerTianebis normis miRebamde Tu misi miRebis Semdeg, gamouyeneblad tovebs. amis mixedviT, erovnuli samarT-lebrivi wesrigis an yoveli sakanonmdeblo, administraciuli an sasamarTlo praqtikis debuleba gaerTianebis samarTalSi arsebul moTxovnebTan Seusabamo iqneboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, gaerTianebis samarTlis efeqturobis Sesustebas gamoiwvevda, Tu am samarTlis gamoyenebisaTvis kompetentur sasamarTlos CamoerTmeoda uflebamosileba, gaekeTebina yvelaferi aucilebeli ukve am etapze im Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebis gasauqmeblad, rom-lebic garemoebebis mixedviT gaerTianebis normebis sruli efeqturobisaTvis dabrkolebas qmnidnen. (...)

24. aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel SekiTxvaze unda vupasuxoT, rom erovnuli sasa-marTlo, romelmac Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi unda gamoiyenos gaerTianebis samarTlis debulebebi, mowodebulia, izrunos am normebis srul efeqturobaze, romlis drosac is aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli samarTlis nebismier – aseve Semdgom _ debulebas, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis gaerTianebis

samarTalTan, sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosilebidan gamomdin-are, gamouyeneblad tovebs, ise, rom is ar mimarTavs an ar elodeba am debulebis winaswari aRmofxvris sakanonmdeblo Tu sxva sakonstitucio samarTlebriv pro-ceduras.

35

saqme Internationale Handelsgesellschaft47:

1. mainis frankfurtis administraciulma sasamarTlom 1970 wlis 18 martis dadgenilebiT 1970 wlis 26 marts evropul sasamarTlos evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxliT warudgina ori SekiTxva: marcvleulis saerTo sabazro organizaciis Sesaxeb sabWos 1967 wlis 13 ivnisis 120/67/EWG regulaciisa da importisa da eqsportis licenziebis Sesaxeb komisiis 1967 wlis 21 agvistos 437/67/EWG regulaciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli eqsportis licenziebis da masTan dakavSirebuli giraos dadebis – Semdgom giraos wesis _ sistemis namdvilobis Sesaxeb.

ori warmodgenili dadgenilebis safuZvlebis mixedviT, administraciulma sasamarTlom dasaxelebuli debulebebis marTlzomiereba uaryo da aucile-blad miiCnia, gaerkvia arsebuli samarTlebrivi bundovaneba. administraciuli sasamarTlos azriT, giraos wesi arRvevs erovnuli sakonstitucio samarT-lis garkveul struqturul principebs, romlebic gaerTianebis samarTlis farglebSi garantirebuli unda iyvnen, ase rom, zenacionaluri samarTlis upiratesi iuridiuli Zala germaniis konstituciis principebis winaSe ukana planze unda gadavides. gansakuTrebiT ewinaaRmdegeba giraos wesi ganviTare-bis da TviTgamoxatvis Tavisuflebis, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa da propor-ciulobis principebs, romlebic, kerZod, konstituciis me-2 muxlis pirveli abzacidan da me-14 muxlidan gamomdinareoben (ZiriTadi kanoni).

gaerTianebis samarTlis wesrigSi ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis sakiTxze

3. gaerTianebis samarTlis erTiani moqmedeba Seilaxeboda, Tu gaerTianebis or-ganoebis moqmedebaTa namdvilobaze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas erovnuli sa-marTlis normebi da principebi iqneboda wamoweuli. aseTi moqmedebebis namdvi-loba SesaZlebelia mxolod gaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT ganixilebodes, radgan xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili da amiT avtonomiuri samarTlebrivi wyarodan gamomdinare samarTalze misi damoukideblobis gamo upiratesi Zala ar SeiZleba hqondes Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv normebs, rogorebic ar unda iyvnen isini, Tu mas ar CamovarTmevT gaerTianebis samarTlis xasiaTs da Tu kiTxvis niS-nis qveS ar davayenebT gaerTianebis samarTlebriv princips. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba Seexebodes gaerTianebis qmedebis namdvilobas an mis gamoyenebas wevr saxelmwifoSi saCivari imaze, rom darRveulia ZiriTadi uflebebi, romlebic konkretuli saxelmwifos konstituciis mier mocemuli fabuliTaa gadmocemu-li, anda darRveulia erovnuli konstituciis struqturuli principebi.

aRsaniSnavia evropuli sasamarTlos dadgenileba san miSelis saqmeze, romlis mixedviTac sasamarTlom dauSveblad cno momCivanis ganacxadi, sadac piri iTxovda saqmis SeCerebas manamde, sanam erovnuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar miiRebda gadawyvetilebas konkretul sakiTxze.

brZaneba saqmeze San Michele SpA48:

momCivani Sualeduri gancxadebiT iTxovs, evropul sasamarTloSi arsebuli 9/65 samarTlebrivi dava, romelSic zemdgomi dawesebulebis 1964 wlis 13 noem-

47 ix. me-7 sqolio.48 Order of the Court of 22 June 1965. - Acciaierie San Michele SpA (in liquidation) v High Authority ofthe ECSC. - Case

9-65; European Court reports English special edition Page 00027.

36

bris gadawyvetilebaa gasaCivrebuli, SeCerdes manam, sanam italiis sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlo evropuli gaerTianebis qvanaxSirisa da foladis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis garkveuli normebis konstituciurobaze gadawyvetile-bas miiRebs.

masalebi iZleva saSualebas, mxareebis mowerilobebis safuZvelze gadaw-yvetileba iqnes miRebuli am Sualeduri gancxadebis safuZvlianobaze.

firma `San Michele~ evropuli sasamarTlos 1962 wlis 14 dekembris gadaw-yvetilebis safuZvelze eleqtroenergiis sabuTebis warmoudgenlobis gamo, rac aucilebeli iyo gamoqviTvis moculobis dasadgenad, zemdgomma daweseb-ulebam 1962 wlis 18 dekembers daajarima. dasaxelebulma sawarmom am gadaw-yvetilebis aRsruleba sadavo gaxada da saqme turinis tribunalSi aRZra im safuZvliT, rom xelSekrulebis garkveuli normebi mis mimarT ar gamoiyene-boda, radgan isini italiis samarTlebriv wesrigSi Cveulebrivi kanoniT iyvnen implementirebulni.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom dasaxelebulma tribunalma eWvi Seitana xelSekrule-baze dafuZnebuli samarTlis `upiratesobasa~ da gaerTianebis instituciebis da samarTlebrivi procedurebis konstituciurobaSi, 1964 wlis 19 dekembris brZanebiT, `aSkarad ara usafuZvlod~, gamoacxada dasaxelebuli antikonsti-tuciurobis sakiTxi da qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianebis Ses-axeb xelSekrulebis 33-e, 41-e da 91-e muxlebis samarTlebriv namdvilobaze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarTa.

gamomdinare aqedan, momCivani Tavis Sualedur ganacxadSi, romelsac es Semad-genloba udevs safuZvlad, eyrdnoba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosalod-neli gadawyvetilebis `absolutur~ savaldebuloobas da miiCnevs, rom amiT `italiis moqalaqeebis mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli nebis-mieri sasamarTlo~ valdebulia, Tavisi procedura SeaCeros.

evropul sasamarTlos, rogorc sasamarTlos, romelic uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas an misi gamoyenebisas samarTlis dacvas, SeuZlia ganixilos mxolod saratifikacio sigeli, romelic italiis saxeliT 1952 wlis 22 ivliss iqna deponirebuli da romliTac sxva saratifikacio sigelebTan erTad xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sevida. (...)

ramdenadac saratifikacio sigelebidan, romlebiTac wevrma saxelmwifoebma Tanabrad aiRes valdebuleba, gamomdinareobs, rom yvela wevri saxelmwifo xelSekrulebas, sabolood da damatebiTi protokoliT gaTvaliswinebuli daTqmebis garda, sxva daTqmebis gareSe, Tanabari pirobebiT SeuerTda, Sesaba-misad, gaerTianebis samarTlebriv wesrigs daarRvevda, Tu wevri saxelmwifos mo-qalaqe am gawevrianebas eWvqveS daayenebda.

es gansakuTrebiT imitom aris dauSvebeli, rom procesis SeCerebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis miReba saratifikacio sigelis ugulebelyofis gziT gaerTiane-bis mniSvnelobis Semcirebis an mxolod xelSekrulebis nawilobrivi miRebis an xelSekrulebis calkeuli wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis gansxvavebuli samarT-lebrivi moqmedebis tolfasi iqneboda, an garkveuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi-saTvis normebis moqmedebisagan Tavis aridebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnida.

37

italiis respublikis monawileoba gaerTianebis organoebSi da im uflebebsa da valdebulebebSi, romlebic xelSekrulebam warmoSva, gamoricxavs SesaZle-blobas, misma moqalaqeebma Tavi aaridon xelSekrulebis srulyofil da er-Tian gamoyenebas da am gziT gaerTianebis sxva erTeulebisagan gansxvavebulad moepyron maT.

amdenad, gaerTianebis politikasTan Seusabamobis gamo uaryofil unda iqnes yoveli gancxadeba, romelTa mizania am saxis diskriminaciebis damkvidreba, isini xelSekrulebaSi aranairi saratifikacio kanoniT ar moiazrebian da akrZalulia.

Sualeduri zomebis miRebis Sesaxeb ganacxadi amitom uarsayofia.

evrokavSiris samarTlis uSualo moqmedebisa da upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis Sesaxeb principebi garkveulad Sejerebuladaa warmodgenili saqmeSi Factortame Ltd49:

17. rogorc es masalebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki warmodgenili ganaCenidan da am daviT dakavebul erovnul sasamarTloebSi zemoT aRniSnuli proceduris mimdinareobis aRwerilobidan gamomdinareobs, mommarTveli sasamarTlos SekiTxva ZiriTadad Seexeba imas, unda gamoiyenos Tu ara erovnulma sasamarTlom masTan aRZrul samarTlebriv davaSi gaerTianebis samarTalTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli samarTlis is norma, romelic, misi azriT, droebiTi dadgenilebis miRebas ewinaaRmdegeba.

18. sasamarTlom 1978 wlis 9 martis saqmis 106/77 ganaCenSi (Simmenthal, 1978 wlis krebuli, 629-e punqti) gadawyvita, rom gaerTianebis samarTlis uSualod moqmedi debulebebi `srulad moqmedeben erTianad mTel wevr saxelmwifoebSi maTi ZalaSi Sesvlidan da mTeli maTi moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi~ (me-14-me-16 pun-qtebi), da rom, `gaerTianebis samarTlis upiratesobis principidan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebis debulebebi da gaerTianebis organoTa uSualod moqmedi samarT-lebrivi aqtebi mxolod maTi ZalaSi SesvliT wevri saxelmwifoebis Sida samar-TalTan mimarTebiT upirobod (iwveven) saxelmwifos moqmedi samarTlis yoveli sapirispiro debulebis gamouyeneblobas~ (punqtebi 17-18).

19. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivma sasa-marTloebma unda uzrunvelyon im uflebebis dacva, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlSi gamoxatuli TanamSromlobis valdebulebis principis Sesabamisad, romlebic warmoiSoba erTeulebisaTvis gaerTianebis samarTlis uSualo moqmedebidan (SeadareT uaxlesi ganaCenebi 1980 wlis 10 ivlisis saqmeSi 811/79, Ariete, da saqmeSi 826/79, Mireco, krebuli, 1980, 2545 an 2559).

20. evropulma sasamarTlom, garda amisa, gadawyvita, rom erovnuli samarT-lebrivi wesrigis yoveli debuleba an yoveli sakanonmdeblo, administraciuli an sasamarTlo praqtika gaerTianebis samarTlis bunebaSi arsebul moTxovnebT-an Seusabamo iqneboda da amiT gaerTianebis samarTlis efeqturobis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda, Tu is (gaerTianebis) samarTlis gamoyenebaze kompetentur sasa-marTlos CamoarTmevda uflebamosilebas, mieRo nebismieri aucilebeli zoma

49 Judgment of the Court of 19 June 1990; The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte: Factortame Ltd and others; Case C-213/89; European Court reports 1990 Page I-02433.

38

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi debulebebis gamoyenebis Tavidan asac-ileblad, romlebic garemoebebis Sesabamisad, Tundac droebiT, dabrkolebas Seuqmnidnen gaerTianebis normebis srul efeqturobas (1978 wlis 9 martis ganaCeni, Simmenthal, 21-e-23-e punqtebi).

21. gaerTianebis samarTlis sruli efeqturoba Sesustdeboda aseve maSin, Tu gaerTianebis samarTlis farglebSi gansaxilveli samarTlebrivi daviT dakave-bul sasamarTlos erovnulsamarTlebrivi normiT xeli SeeSleboda droebiTi dadgenilebis miRebaSi, raTa uzrunveleyo gaerTianebis samarTlidan gamom-dinare uflebaze Semdgomi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis efeqturoba. (...)

II. evrokavSiris samarTlis normatiuli sistema:

evrokavSiris samarTlis sistema pirobiTad iyofa pirveladi da meoradi samar-Tlis normebad. pirvelad samarTalSi moiazreba is normebi, romelTa safuZ-velzec Seiqmna evropuli gaerTianebebi da romlebic am organoebis saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da CarCoebia; meoradi samarTali aris pirveladi samarTlidan gamomdinare samarTlis normebi, romlebic evrokavSiris organ-oTa mieraa miRebuli pirveladi samarTlis safuZvelze. aseTi tipuri normebi mowesrigebulia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb 288-e muxlSi, romelic CamoTvlis mis samarTlebriv instrumentebs. esenia: regulaciebi, direqtivebi, gadawyvetilebei, poziciebi da rekomendaciebi.

1. pirveladi samarTali

a) sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebebi

evropuli sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebebs aigivebs sakonstitucio Zalis mqone dokumentebTan.

saqme Les Verts50:

23. (...) evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (aris) iseTi saxis samarTlebrivi gaerTianeba (...), romlis arc wevri saxelmwifoebisa da arc gaerTianebis or-ganoTa qmedebebi gaerTianebis sakonstitucio dokumentTan, xelSekrulebasTan Sesabamisobaze kontrols ar arian Camocilebulni (...).

rac Seexeba pirveladi da meoradi samarTlis urTierTdamokidebulebas saqmeSi _ Petronis51 _ sasamarTlo aRniSnavs:11/13. socialur sferoSi miRebuli regulaciebis safuZvlebi, CarCoebi da sazRvrebi (...) aris xelSekrulebis 48-e-51-e muxlebi52.

50 Judgment of the Court of 23 April 1986; Parti écologiste “Les Verts” v European Parliament; Action for annulment - Information campaign for the elections to the European Parliament; Case 294/83; European Court reports 1986 Page 01339.

51 Judgment of the Court of 21 October 1975; Teresa and Silvana Petroni v Office national des pensions pour travailleurs salariés (ONPTS), Bruxelles.; Case 24-75; European Court reports 1975 Page 01149.

52 analogiuria: Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1978; Institut national d’assurance maladie-invalidité and Union nationale des fédérations mutualistes neutres v Antonio Viola; Case 26/78; punqti 9/14.

39

saqme Commission v Germany53:

52. Tu gaerTianebis meoradi samarTlis debuleba saWiroebs ganmartebas, maSin is SesaZleblobisamebr ise unda ganimartos, rom Sesabamisi iyos xelSekrulebis normebisa. garda amisa, SeZlebisdagvarad aRmasrulebeli regulacia unda ganimartos mTavari regulaciis debulebebis Sesabamisad (1993 wlis 24 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeSi C-90/92, Dr. Tretter, 1993 wlis krebuli, I-3569, me-11 punqti). analogiurad, gaerTianebis mier dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis upiratesobidan gamomdinare, gaerTianebis meoradi samarTlis debulebebTan mimarTebiT saWiroa isini ganimarton SeZlebisdagvarad am xelSekrulebebis Tanaxmad.

pirveladi samarTlis debulebebis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT meore nawilis pirveli Tavis qveTavebi: `evrokavSiris samarTlis uSualo moqmedeba~ da `evrokavSiris samarTlis upiratesi iuridiuli Zala~.

b) sayovelTao samarTlebrivi principebi:

samarTlebrivi vakuumis Sesavsebad evropuli sasamarTlo iyenebs sayovelTao samarTlebrivi principebis cnebas, romlebic evropuli gaerTianebis samarTlis dauwereli normebia. es principebi moqmedebs yvela an umravles wevr saxelmwifoSi.

saqme Internationale Handelsgesellschaft54:

4. (...) radgan ZiriTadi uflebebi miekuTvneba sayovelTao samarTlebriv princi-pebs, romelTa dacvasac uzrunvelyofs evropuli sasamarTlo, maTi uzrunve-lyofa unda moxdes, marTalia, wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonstitucio tradiciebidan gamomdinare, magram gaerTianebis struqturisa da miznebis far-glebSi. (..)

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani adgili sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebSi ukaviaT ZiriTad uflebebs55.

2. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi

saqme R. da V. Haegeman56:

evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 228-e da 238-e muxlebis mixedviT, sabWos mier dadebuli SeTanxmeba gaerTianebisaTvis 177-e muxlis pirveli abzacis `b~ punqtis Tanaxmad gaerTianebis organos moqmedebaa. aseTi SeTanxmebis debulebebi, ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, gaerTianebis samarTlebri-vi wesrigis integraluri Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.

53 Judgment of the Court of 10 September 1996; Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany; Case C-61/94; European Court reports 1996 Page I-03989.

54 ix. me-7 sqolio.55 aRniSnulze dawvrilebiT ixileT mesame nawilSi, ZiriTadi uflebebis Sesaxeb Tavi.56 Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1974; R. & V. Haegeman v Belgian State; Case 181-73; European Court reports

1974 Page 00449.

40

saqme Microsoft Corp. v Commission57

795. Microsoft-i amyarebs Tavis argumentacias zemoT 781-e punqtSi miTiTebuli saqmeSi _komisia germaniis winaaRmdeg _ miRebuli ganaCenis 52-e punqtis mixedviT; iq (evropulma) sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gaerTianebis samarTali, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis CaTvliT, unda ganimartos savaldebulo saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebebis TvalsazrisiT, rogoricaa TRIPS-is SeTanxmeba58. zepir procesze Microsoft-ma ganacxada, rom is dasaxelebuli konvenciis debulebebis uSualo moqmedebas aranairad ar exeboda.

796. sasamarTlo im azrzea, rom Microsoft-s ar SeuZlia, warmatebiT daeyrdnos 781-e paragrafSi moxseniebul ganaCens saqmeSi _ komisia germaniis winaaRmdeg.

797. am ganaCenis 52-e punqtSi aRniSnulia, sxvasTan erTad, rom `gaerTiane-bis mier dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis upiratesi iuridiuli Zala gaerTianebis meoradi samarTlis debulebebTan mimarTebiT (iZleva saSualebas) SeZlebisdagvarad am xelSekrulebebTan kavSirSi unda ganimartos.~

798. (evropuli) sasamarTlos mier gamoTqmuli principi ganmartebis Sesabamiso-bis Sesaxeb ar gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, rodesac sadavo saerTaSorisosamarT-lebriv SeTanxmebas gaerTianebis samarTlis Sesabamis debulebebTan upiratesi iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia. radgan saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv xelSekrulebas, rogoricaa TRIPS-is SeTanxmeba, gaerTianebis pirvelad samarTalTan mimarTe-biT upiratesi iuridiuli Zala ar aqvs, ar SeiZleba es principi gamoyenebul iqnes, roca gansamartavi debuleba – rogoric aqaa – evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlia.

rogorc aRniSnuli praqtikidan Cans, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas aqvs meo-rad samarTalze upiratesi, xolo pirvelad samarTalze qvemdgomi iuridiuli Zala, radgan is ganxilulia rogorc gaerTianebis organoTa qmedebebi, rom-lebic zogadad meoradi samarTlis maxasiaTebelia.

rac Seexeba gaerTianebis mier gaformebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis moqmedebas, evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeSi _ Igor Simutenkov _ aRniSna59:

saqmis fabula: ruseTis moqalaqe igor simutenkovi marTlzomierad cxovrobda da muSaobda espaneTSi. is fexburTeli iyo da deportivo tenerifas klubTan hqonda xelSekruleba dadebuli. 2001 wlis ianvarSi man moiTxova iseTive licenziis miReba, rogoric hqondaT gaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs. Tavisi moTxovnis gasamyareblad daeyrdno ruseTsa da evropul gaerTianebebs Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlis pirvel abzacs, romlis mixedviTac: `wevr saxelmwifoebSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi normebis, pirobebisa da proceduris daurRvevlad, gaerTianeba da misi wevri saxelmwifoebi uzrunvelyofen, rom ruseTis moqalaqes, romelic erTi wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze marTlzomierad aris dasaqmebuli, 57 Judgmern of the Court (Grand Chamber) 17 September 2007 In Case T-201/04, Microsoft Corp.,v Commission of the

European Communities.58 `inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze uflebebis savaWro aspetebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba~ dadebulia

msoflio savaWro organizaciis farglebSi 1994 wels.59 Judgment of the Court of 12. April 2005; Igor Simutenkov v Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Real Federación

Española de Fútbol; Case C-265/03.

41

samuSao pirobebis, anazRaurebis an samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT ise unda moepyron, rom aman ar gamoiwvios moqalaqeobis safuZvelze sakuTar moqalaqeebTan mimarTebiT misi diskriminacia.~

gaerTianebasa da ruseTs Soris gaformebuli partniorobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is 23-e muxlis pirveli abzacis uSualo moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT

20. gamomdinare iqidan, rom gaerTianebasa da ruseTs Soris partniorobis Sesaxeb dadebuli SeTanxmebis debulebebis am xelSekrulebis mxareebis (Sem-dgomSi: mxareebi) samarTlebriv wesrigebSi moqmedebis sakiTxi SeTanxmebiT mowesrigebuli ar aris, evropulma sasamarTlom am sakiTxze iseve unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, rogorc yvela sxva gansamart sakiTxze, romelic gaerTiane-baSi xelSekrulebis gamoyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli (1999 wlis 23 noembris ganaCeni saqmeSi C-149/96, portugalia sabWos winaaRmdeg, 1999 wlis krebuli, I-8395, 34-e punqti).

21. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, gaerTianebasa da mesame saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis debuleba uSualod gamoiyeneba, Tu is misi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT da xelSekrulebis miznisa da bunebis Tval-sazrisiT, naTel da zust valdebulebas Seicavs, romlis Sesruleba da moqmedeba ar aris damokidebuli Semdgomi aqtis miRebaze (2001 wlis 27 seqtembris ganaCeni saqmeSi C-63/99, Gloszczuk, 2001 wlis krebuli, I-6369, 30-e punqti, da 2003 wlis 8 maisis ganaCeni saqmeSi C-171/01, Wählergruppe Gemeinsam, 2003 wlis krebuli, I-4301, 54-e punqti).

22. gaerTianebasa da ruseTs Soris partniorobis Sesaxeb dadebuli xelSekruleb-is 23-e muxlis pirveli abzacis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs, rom es debule-ba naTel, zust, da ara raime pirobebze damokidebul, formulirebas Seicavs, romelic yovel wevr saxelmwifos ukrZalavs, daCagros ruseTis moqalaqeebi maTi moqalaqeobis safuZvelze am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan mimarTebiT sam-uSao pirobebis, anazRaurebisa Tu samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT. muSaxeli, romlis sasargeblodac aris es debuleba, moicavs pirebs, romlebic floben ruseTis moqalaqeobas da wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze dasaqmebulebi arian marTlzomierad.

23. aseTi Tanasworobis moTxovna adgens sruliad gansazRvruli Sedegis valde-bulebas da Tavisi arsiT gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom erTeuli daeyrdnos erovnul sasamarTloSi sakuTari moTxovnis gasamyareblad da am normam gamouyeneblad datovos diskriminirebadi normebi, ise, rom saWiro aRar iyos raime aRmasrule-beli RonisZiebis miReba (2002 wlis 22 ianvris ganaCeni saqmeSi C-162/00, Pokrzep-towicz-Meyer, 2002 wlis krebuli, I-1049, 22-e punqti, da ganaCeni Wählergruppe Gemeinsam, 58-e punqti).

24. es ganmarteba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar xvdeba ruseTsa da gaerTianebas Soris partniorobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlis pirveli abzacis formulire-biT ̀ wevr saxelmwifoebSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi normebis, pirobebisa da proce-duris daurRvevlad~ da arc xelSekrulebis 48-e muxliT. es debulebebi, kerZod, ar SeiZleba ise ganimartos, rom wevr saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT, 23-e muxlis pirveli abzaciT gaTvaliswinebuli diskriminaciis akrZalvis gamoyeneba Sexed-ulebis mixedviT SezRudon, radgan aseTi ganmartebiT dasaxelebuli debuleba azrs dakargavda da praqtikuli efeqturoba aRar eqneboda (ganaCeni Pokrzeptowicz-

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Meyer, 23-e da 24-e punqtebi, aseve 2003 wlis 8 maisis ganaCeni saqmeSi C-438/00, Deutscher Handballbund, 2003 wlis krebuli, I-4135, 29-e punqti).

25. gaerTianebebsa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli partniorobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is 27-e muxli aseve ar ewinaaRmdegeba am xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlis pirveli abzacis uSualod moqmedebas. is garemoeba, rom 27-e muxli iTvaliswinebs 23-e muxlis aRsrulebas saTanamSromlo sabWos rekomendaciis safuZvelze, ar xdis am debulebis gamoyenebas misi aRsrulebisa Tu misi moqmedebisas sxva aqtis miRe-baze damokidebuls. is roli, romelsac 27-e muxli am sabWos aniWebs, gamoixateba imiT, rom gaamartivos diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulirebis dacva; Tumca is ar SeiZleba ise iqnes gagebuli, rom TiTqosda zRudavs am akrZalvis uSualo gamoy-enebas (amasTan mimarTebiT ixileT 1991 wlis 31 ianvris ganaCeni saqmeSi C-18/90, Kziber, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-199, me-19 punqti, da 1999 wlis 4 maisis ganaCeni saqmeSi C-262/96, Sürül, 1999 wlis krebuli, I-2685, 66-e punqti).

26. daskvna imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom gaerTianebebsa da ruseTs Soris partnioro-bis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlis pirvel abzacSi gamoxatuli diskriminaci-is akrZalva uSualod moqmedebs, ar ewinaaRmdegeba aseve arc am xelSekrulebis sagans da arc mis samarTlebriv bunebas.

27. xelSekrulebis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, am xelSekrulebiT mxareebs So-ris unda damyardes partnioroba, romlis mizania, sxvasTan erTad, xeli Seuwyos mWidro politikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, maT Soris: vaWrobisa da har-moniuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, politikur da ekonomikur Tavisuflebebs da ruseTis federaciasa da evropaSi TanamSromlobis ufro did sivrces Soris etapobriv integracias.

28. garemoeba, rom es xelSekruleba Semoifargleba mxareebs Soris partnioro-bis damyarebiT, ise, rom ar iTvaliswinebs ruseTis federaciis asocirebasa da mis momaval SeerTebas evropul gaerTianebebTan, ar gamoricxavs misi zogierTi debulebis uSualo gamoyenebas. evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan gamomdin-areobs, rom, rodesac xelSekruleba mxareebs Soris TanamSromlobas amyarebs, masSi arsebul garkveul debulebebs am ganaCenis 21-e punqtiT dasaxelebuli winapirobebis arsebobisas SeuZlia uSualod daareguliros erTeulebis samarT-lebrivi mdgomareoba (SeadareT ganaCeni Kziber, 21-e punqti; 1998 wlis 15 ianvr-is ganaCeni saqmeSi C-113/97, Babahenini, 1998 wlis krebuli, I-183, me-17 punqti, da 1998 wlis 16 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeSi C-162/96, Racke, 1998 wlis krebuli, I-3655, 34-e-36-e punqtebi).

29. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes, rom gaer-Tianebebsa da ruseTs Soris partniorobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlis pirveli abzaci uSualod gamoiyeneba, ise, rom erTeulebs, romlebsac is Seex-eba, ufleba aqvT, wevri saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebSi daeyrdnon mas.

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3. meoradi samarTali

evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 249-e muxlis mixedviT, erToblivad ev-ropuli parlamenti da sabWo, calke sabWo da calke komisia gamoscemen regu-laciebs, direqtivebsa da gadawyvetilebebs, iZlevian rekomendaciebs an iReben poziciebs.

a) regulaciebi

saqme Variola60:

saqmis fabula: italiam sabWos mier gamocemuli ori regulaciis farglebSi, romlebic Seexeboda mesame saxelmwifoebidan importze baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebs, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi transformacia moaxdina. italiam kanoniT daawesa gadasaxadi marcvleulze da dasaxelebuli regulaciebis ZalaSi Sesvla calmxrivad garkveuli droiT gadado. mas Semdeg, rac firma ̀ Variola~-m argentinidan italiaSi Semoitana marcvleuli da, sxvasTan erTad, dasaxelebuli gadasaxadi italiis sabaJo samsaxurSi gadaixada, iCivla italiis kompetentur sasamarTloSi gadasaxadebis ukan dabrunebis moTxovniT, im argumentaciiT, rom misi akrefa regulaciebis uSualod moqmedebis wess ewinaaRmdegeboda. saqme mivida evropuli sasamarTlosaTvis winaswari gadaw-yvetilebis SuamdgomlobiT gadagzavnamde 177-e muxlis safuZvelze:

8. xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, regulacia `moqmedebs say-ovelTaod~ da `uSualod yovel wevr saxelmwifoSi~. ukve Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiTa da funqciiT gaerTianebis samarTlis wyaroebis sistemaSi is uSualod moqmedebs da gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom erTeulebisaTvis warmoSvas uflebebi, romelTa dacvis valdebuleba erovnul sasamarTloebs ekisrebaT. (...)(...)

10. uSualo moqmedebis winapirobaa, rom regulacia ZalaSi Sedis da samarTal-subieqtebis sasargeblod moqmedebs an maTTvis valdebulebebs warmoSobs, ise, rom is amisaTvis erovnul samarTalSi saimplementacio raime RonisZiebas ar saWiroebs. xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare ratificirebisas nakisri valdeb-ulebebis safuZvelze wevr saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT ar dauSvan uSualo mo-qmedeba, romelic regulaciebsa da gaerTianebis samarTlis sxva normebs aqvT, am valdebulebis keTilsindisierad dacva mTel gaerTianebaSi regulaciebis erTdroulad da erTianad gamoyenebis aucilebeli winapirobaa.

11. wevrma saxelmwifoebma ar unda miiRon gansakuTrebiT iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic gamodgebian imisaTvis, rom evropuli sasamarTlos kompetencia Sekvecon gaerTianebis samarTlis ganmartebisa Tu gaerTianebis organoebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis moqmedebis sakiTxebze. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia praqtika, romliTac normebis gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi normis buneba adresatebisTvis gaugebari darCeba. evropuli sasamarTlos kompetencia, saxeldobr 177-e muxlisc safuZvelze, ar mcirdeba, erovnuli kanoniT gaerTianebis samarTlis normebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi transformirebis mcdelobebis daurRvevlad. (...)

60 Judgment of the Court of 10 October 1973; Fratelli Variola S.p.A. v Amministrazione italiana delle Finanze; Case 34-73; European Court reports 1973 Page 00981.

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15. wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi uSualo moqmedebas, romelic gaerTianebis regulaciebsa da gaerTianebis samarTlis sxva normebs aqvT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, xelSekrulebis me-9 muxli _ baJis analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebis akrZalva da Semdgomi muxlebi _ ar SeuZliaT, win aRudgnen sasamarTloebs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebiT, ise, rom ar Seexon gaerTianebis samarTlis normebis arsebiT safuZvels da aseve gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis ZiriTad princips. es gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs im droisaTvis, roca gaerTianebis normebi ZalaSi Sevida da erTeulTa uflebebi warmoSva. radgan gaerTianebis samarTlis erTiani da erTdrouli gamoyeneba mTel gaerTianebaSi garantirebul unda iqnes, wevr saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT ufleba, maTTvis aSkarad gacemuli nebarTvis gareSe gaerTianebis normebis ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi gadawion.

saqme Leonesio61:

19. am drois Semdeg (regulaciiT gaTvaliswinebuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg) warmoSoben aRniSnuli regulaciebi erTeuli fermerebisaTvis uflebas, moiTxovon premiis gadaxda, ise, rom Sesabamis wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, Tavisi samarTlebrivi normebisa da Tavisi administraciuli praqtikidan gamomdinare, am gadaxdis valdebulebis sawinaaRmdego argumentebis dayeneba. (...)

20. italiis mTavroba asaCivrebs, rom Sesabamisi regulaciebi ar iZleoda pre-miis gadaxdisaTvis aranairi pretenziis safuZvels manam, sanam saxelmwifoe-brivi kanonmdebeli aucilebel meTodebs amisaTvis ar miiRebda.

21/23. (...) Tu italiis respublikis sawinaaRmdego argumenti misaRebi iqneboda, maSin italiis fermerebi sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis fermerebTan SedarebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebodnen; amiT dairRveoda fundamen-turi samarTlebrivi norma, romelic moiTxovs regulaciebis erTian gamoyen-ebas mTel gaerTianebaSi. (..) gaerTianebis regulaciebs yvela wevri saxelmwifos erTeulebisaTvis erTnairi moqmedebis Zala unda hqondeT, ris gamoc xdebian isi-ni Sidasaxelmwifo sferoSi gamoyenebadi samarTlebrivi sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, romelTa 189-e muxliT (evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 249-e mux-liT) gaTvaliswinebuli uSualo moqmedeba imgvarad unda ganxorcieldes, rom erTeulebma SeZlon gaerTianebis regulaciebze dayrdnoba, raTa Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi samarTlebrivi wesrigis normebi da praqtikebi maT sawinaaRmdegod ver iqnes gamoyenebuli. (...)

saqme Hauptzollamt Hamburg62:

4. radgan regulacia (...) xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi uSualod moqmedebs, maT (saxelmwifoebs) (...) ufleba ar aqvT, regulaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis gaataron RonisZiebebi, romelTa mizania (am regulaciis) debulebebis Sevseba an maTi moqmedebis farglebis Secvla. ramdenadac wevrma saxelmwifoebma sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebi (...) gadasces gaerTianebas saerTo agraruli bazris swori funqcionirebis uz-

61 Judgment of the Court of 17 May 1972; Orsolina Leonesio v Ministero dell’agricoltura e foreste; Case 93-71; European Court reports 1972 Page 00287.

62 Judgment of the Court of 18 February 1970; Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Oberelbe v Firma Paul G. Bollmann; Case 40-69; European Court reports 1970 Page 00069.

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runvelsayofad, amdenad ar arian isini uflebamosilni, miiRon am sferoSi normatiuli debulebebi.

5. aqedan gamomdinare, (wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian), unda gaakeTon yvelaferi aucilebeli, raTa aRmofxvran is dabrkolebebi, romlebic regulaci-is gamoyenebisas (..) SeiZleba warmoiSvas maTi kanonmdeblobis gamo. amdenad, wevr saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT SesaZlebloba, gamoscen normebi, romlebic eqcevian reg-ulaciis moqmedebis sferoSi.

saqme Zerbone63:

22/27. gaerTianebis regulacia savaldebuloa yvela mis nawilSi da uSualod moqmedebs yovel wevr saxelmwifoSi, rogorc es (evropulma) sasamarTlom ukve sxva konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT 1973 wlis 10 oqtombris ganaCenSi (Variola, saqme 34/73, 1973 wlis krebuli, 981) aRniSna, uSualo moqmedebis winapirobaa is, rom regulacia ZalaSi Sedis da samarTlebrivi subieqtebis sasargeblod moqmedebs an maTTvis valdebulebebs warmoSobs ise, rom ar saWiroebs erovnul samar-TalSi CarTvisaTvis raime RonisZiebebis miRebas. wevrma saxelmwifoebma, maTze xelSekrulebiT dakisrebuli valdebulebebidan gamomdinare, ar unda CaSalon regulaciebisa da gaerTianebis samarTlis sxva normebis uSualo moqmedeba. am movaleobis keTilsindisieri dacva mTel gaerTianebaSi gaerTianebis regulacie-bis Tanadrouli da erTiani gamoyenebis winapirobaa. garda amisa, wevrma saxelm-wifoebma ar unda gaataron iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic erTeulebs daumalavs gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi normis bunebasa da mis moqmedebas, aseve ar unda mis-cen maT aseTi RonisZiebis gatarebis ufleba sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil Sidasaxelmwifoebriv uwyebebs. maSinac ki, rodesac calkeuli saxelm-wifoebrivi administracia ganmartebis siZnelisas miiCnevs, rom iZulebulia, gaerTianebis regulaciis aRsrulebisaTvis gaataros RonisZiebebi da aRmofx-vras am SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili eWvi, mas amis gakeTebis ufleba aqvs mxolod gaerTianebis debulebaTa dacviT, da ise, rom es calkeuli saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebebi ver daadgenen savaldebulo moqmedebis ganmartebiT wesebs.

saqme Commission v. Kingdom of the Netherlands64:

Tezisi 2. is garemoeba, rom sajaro moxelis statuti regulaciis msgavsi moq-medebiT yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi uSualod moqmedebs da samarTlis subieqtebs aqvT minimaluri garantia imiT, rom SeuZliaT daeyrdnon statuts Sidasaxelm-wifoebriv sasamarTloebSi, ver gaaTavisuflebs wevr saxelmwifoebs valdeb-ulebisagan, gamouSvan saWiro Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebi, raTa, rode-sac es aucilebelia, uzrunvelyon statutis SeuzRudavi gamoyeneba.

saqme Commission v. Ireland65:

45/51. regulaciis geografiuli gamoyenebis sferos dasadgenad (...) misi debulebebi, samarTlebrivi farglebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic regulaciaa

63 Judgment of the Court of 31 January 1978; Fratelli Zerbone Snc v Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato; Case 94/77; European Court reports 1978 Page 00099.

64 Judgment of the Court of 20 March 1986; Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands; Case 72/85; European Court reports 1986 Page 01219.

65 Judgment of the Court of 16 February 1978; Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Sea fisheries; Case 61/77; European Court reports 1978 Page 00417.

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miRebuli, aseve misi miznis mixedviT unda ganimartos. regulaciebs, rogorc xelSekrulebis safuZvelze organoebis mier miRebul zomebs, ZiriTadad aqvT analogiuri geografiuli gamoyenebis sfero, Tavad xelSekrulebis msgavsad.

b) direqtiva:

saqme Marleasing SA66:

8. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom 1984 wlis 10 aprilis saqmeSi 14/83 (Von Colson und Kamann, 1984 wlis krebuli, 1891, 26-e punqti) gadawyvita, direqtiviT wevr saxelmwifoebs akisriaT valdebuleba, miaRwion am direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul mizans, aseve, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis Sesabamisad, wevri saxelmwifoebi, nebismieri sajaro uwyeba da maTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi sasamarTloebi movaleni arian, am valdebulis SesrulebisaTvis gaataron zogadi Tu gansakuTrebuli saxis nebismieri gamosadegi RonisZieba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom erovnul sasamarTlos Tu uwevs erovnuli samarTlis ganmarteba, – sul erTia, aris is direqtivamde Tu direqtivis Semdeg miRebuli, – man SeZlebisdagvarad direqtivis mizanTan da SinaarsTan axlos unda ganmartos igi, raTa miaRwios direqtiviT dasaxul mizans da Seasrulos evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacis moTxovna.

saqme Fratelli Costanzo SpA67:

31. amasTan, urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTi eqneboda iseT gadawyvetilebas, rom, erTi mxriv, erTeulebs, romlebic amis winapirobebs asruleben, SeZlebodaT erovnuli sasamarTloebis winaSe direqtivis debulebebze dayrdnoba administraciis qmedebis gaprotestebis mizniT, xolo meore mxriv, migveRo mosazreba, rom direqtivis debulebebis dacvis mizniT administracia ar aris valdebuli, direqtivasTan winaaRmdegobrivi erovnuli samarTlis debulebebi ar gamoiyenos. Tu evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikiT dadgenili winapirobebi dakmayofilebulia da erTeulebs SeuZliaT direqtivebze dayrdnoba erovnuli sasamarTloebis winaSe, administraciis yvela subieqti, Temebisa da sxva administraciuli erTeulebis CaTvliT, valdebulia, gamoiyenos es debulebebi.

(1) direqtivis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalTan implementacia

saqme Kommission v Italian68:

evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacidan gamomdinareobs, rom direqtivis implementacia Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi uciloblad ar moiTxovs, misi debulebebi formalurad da sityvierad iyos gadmocemuli gansakuTrebul sakanonmdeblo normaSi; direqtivis Sinaarsis mixedviT, SesaZloa sakmarisi iyos zogadi samarTlebrivi CarCo, Tu is

66 Judgment of the Court of 13 November 1990; Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA.; Case C-106/89; European Court reports 1990 Page I-04135.

67 Judgment of the Court of 22 June 1989; Fratelli Costanzo SpA v Comune di Milano; Case 103/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 01839.

68 Judgment of the Court of 9 April 1987; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 363/85; European Court reports 1987 Page 01733.

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faqtobrivad direqtivis srulyofil gamoyenebas sakmarisad gansazRvrulad da naTlad uzrunvelyofs (...).

saqme Commission v Germany69:

Tezisi 1. rogorc es evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacidan gamomdinareobs, direqtivis implementacia wevr saxelmwifoSi ar moi-T xovs kanonmdeblis ucilobel saqmianobas. saxeldobr, SesaZlebelia, zogadma sakonstitucio da administraciulsamarTlebrivma safuZvlebma gansakuTrebu-li samarTlebrivi Tu administraciuli normebiT implementacia zedmeti gaxa-dos. Tumca es wesi arsebobs maSin, rodesac aseTi safuZvlebi faqtobrivad uzrun-velyofs erovnuli dawesebulebebis mier direqtivis srulyofil gamoyenebas da rom am safuZvlebidan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, direqtivaSi er-Teulebis uflebebis arsebobisas, sakmarisad zusti da naTelia da mosargebleebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, icodnen TavianTi uflebebis Sesaxeb da saWiroebis SemTx-vevaSi gaasaCivron isini erovnul sasamarTloebSi.

saqme Commission v. Italian Republic70:

10. (...) ar SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom wevrma saxelmwifom direqtividan gamomdinare valdebuleba Seasrula masSi Cadebuli moTxovnebis mxolod praqtikaSi gatare-biT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom yovelma wevrma saxelmwifom Sesabamisi direqtiva ise unda aRasrulos, rogorc direqtivaSi miznad dasaxuli samarTlebrivi mdgo-mareobis erTmniSvnelovnebisa da sizustis moTxovnebs srulyofilad Seesabam-eba (...). amitom mxolod administraciuli praqtika, romelic administracias Seu-Zlia survilis mixedviT Secvalos da romelic mxolod arasakmarisadaa cnobili, ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc valdebulebis samarTlebrivad efeqturi aR-sruleba, romelsac evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is 189-e muxlis me-3 abzaci direqtivebis adresat wevr saxelmwifoebs akisrebs.

analogiuri mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli saqmeSi _ Commission v. Kingdom of Belgium71:

yovelma wevrma saxelmwifom ise unda Seasrulos direqtiva, rogorc es samarT-lebrivi usafrTxoebis moTxovnas srulad Seesabameba da Sedegad direqtivis deb-ulebebis implementacia unda moaxdinos imperatiul erovnul debulebebSi. wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, samarTlebrivad efeqturad Seasrulos Tavisi direq-tividan gamomdinare valdebulebebi ubralo cirkularuli werilis gamoSvebiT, romls Secvlac administracias survilis mixedviT SeuZlia.

saqme Commission v. Germany72:

20. (...) germania da komisia, kerZod, davoben imaze, ramdenad aqvT imperatiuli xasiaTi administraciul-teqnikur debulebebs germanul mecnierebasa da praqtikaSi. komisiam miuTiTa sasamarTlo praqtikaze, romlis mixedviTac, ad-

69 Judgment of the Court of 23 May 1985; Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany; Case 29/84; European Court reports 1985 Page 0166.

70 Judgment of the Court of 1 March 1983; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 300/81; European Court reports 1983 Page 00449.

71 Judgment of the Court of 2 December 1986; Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium; Case 239/85;European Court reports 1986 Page 03645.

72 Judgment of the Court of 30 May 1991; Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany, Case C-361/88; European Court reports 1991 Page I-02567.

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ministraciul-teqnikuri debulebebis imperatiuli xasiaTi, gansakuTrebiT ki sagadasaxado samarTlis sferoSi, ar arsebobs; germaniis federaciulma respublikam ki, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo praqtika moiyvana magaliTad, romlis mixedviTac, aseTi xasiaTi birTvuli energiis sferoSi aRiarebulia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom germaniis federaciulma respublikam am konkretul SemTxvevaSi haeris sisufTavis dacvis instruqciis farglebSi miRebuli arcerTi erovnuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ar moiyvana magaliTad, romlis mixedviTac, am administraciul normas, garda administraciisaTvis savaldebuloobisa, mesame pirebis mimarT eqneboda uSualo moqmedeba. amdenad, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTeulebs SeuZliaT, naTeli warmodgena hqondeT Tavisi uflebebis moculobaze, raTa erovnuli sasamarTloebis winaSe gaasaCivron isini (...).

21. amgvarad, ar dasturdeba, rom (sadavo) direqtivis me-2 muxlis pirveli abzacis implementacia udavo valdebulebiTa da konkretulobiT zustad da naTlad moxda, rac evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT aucilebelia, raTa Seesabamebodnen samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs.

(i) implementacia vadebis dacviT

saqme Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Région wallonne73:

40. upirveles yovlisa, xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzaciT da TviT direqtiviT dakisrebuli iZulebiTi valdebulebaa wevri saxelmwifos valdebuleba, direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli miznis misaRwevad miiRos yvela aucilebeli zoma.

saqme Commission v. Italian Republic74:

7. (...) direqtivis keTilsindisieri aRsruleba swored imitom aris ase mniSvnelovani, rom aRmasrulebeli RonisZiebebi eqvemdebareba wevri saxelmwifoebis Sexedulebas im pirobiT, rom, Tu (direqtiviT) dasaxuli miznebi dadgenil vadebSi ar miiRweva, es samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebi ar imoqmedeben. vinaidan direqtivis debulebebs aranaklebi iZulebiTi moqmedeba aqvT adresat wevr saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT, vidre gaerTianebis samarTlis sxva debulebebs, aseTi moqmedeba im debulebebsac aqvT, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli (aRmasrulebeli) RonisZiebebis gatarebis vadebs adgenen.

saqme Commission v. Italian Republic75:

11/13. wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis mier direqtiviT dadgenili valdebulebis dagvianebiT Sesrulebas sakuTari valde-bulebebis, Tundac droebiTi, Seusruleblobis gasamarTleblad. xelSekrule-bam Tavis samarTals daqvemdebarebul sxvadasxva samarTalsubieqts Soris Se-qmna ara marto urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebi, aramed Seqmna axali samarT-

73 Judgment of the Court of 18 December 1997; Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v Région wallonne; Case C-129/96; European Court reports 1997 Page I-07411.

74 Judgment of the Court of 21 June 1973; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Forest reproductive material; Case 79-72; European Court reports 1973 Page 00667.

75 Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1976; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 52-75; European Court reports 1976 Page 00277.

49

lebrivi wesrigi, romliTac daadgina samarTalsubieqtTa uflebamosilebebi, uflebebi, valdebulebebi, aseve gansazRvra sxva samarTaldarRvevaTa gamov-lenisa da sanqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli procedurebi. Tu vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic direqtiva unda aRsruldes, Zalze xanmoklea, maSin, gaerTiane-bis samarTlis mixedviT, wevr saxelmwifos mxolod erTi SesaZlebloba aqvs _ gadadgas gaerTianebis doneze Sesabamisi nabijebi, raTa gaerTianebis kompeten-tur organoebs vadis saWiro gaxangrZlivebaze miuTiTos (...).

14. sabolood unda mieTiTos imaze, rom wevr saxelmwifoebs pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT imis miuxedavad, Tu romelma saxelmwifo organom gamoiwvia sakuTari qmedebiT (am valdebulebis) darRveva, da rom wevr saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT daeyrdnon Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis debulebebs, Cveulebebsa da ga-remoebebs, maT mier gaerTianebis direqtivebiT dadgenili valdebulebebisa da vadebis daucvelobis gasamarTleblad.

saqme Commission v. Kingdom of the Netherlands76:

12/14. (...) argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom am direqtivis gamouyeneblobas uaryofiT-ad ar umoqmedia saerTo bazris funqcionirebaze, am direqtiviT dasaxuli miznis mixedviT uaryofil unda iqnes. niderlandebis samefom xelSekrulebiT masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba daarRvia, rodesac ar moaxdina direqtivis aRsrulebisaTvis aucilebeli debulebebis gaTvaliswinebul vadebSi ZalaSi Seyvana.

(ii) wevri saxelmwifoebis valdebuleba saimplementacio vadis amowurvamde:

saqme Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Région wallonne77:

45. wevri saxelmwifoebi, marTalia, ar arian valdebulni, es RonisZiebebi (igulisxmeba saimplementacio RonisZiebebi) saimplementacio vadis gasvlamde gaataron, (...) Tumca xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis me-2 abzacidan da 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacTan kavSirSi da TviT direqtividan gamomdinareobs, rom maT am vadaSi ar unda miiRon iseTi debulebebi, romlebic seriozulad daayenebda kiTxvis niSnis qveS am direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul mizans.(...)

48. Tu Sesabamisi normebi, magaliTad, direqtivis rogorc saboloo da sru-lyofili implementaciaa, maSin is garemoeba, rom isini mas ar Seesabamebian, SesaZlebelia iZleodes varaudis safuZvels, rom direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebu-li mizani ar SeiZleba miRweul iqnes vadis dacviT, Tu ar aris SesaZlebeli am debulebaTa drouli cvlileba.

saqme Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV78:

saqmis fabula: niderlandebis prokuraturam saqonlis inspeqciis samsaxuris sazedamxedvelo oqmis safuZvelze, `Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV’’-s daakisra jarima,

76 Judgment of the Court of 11 April 1978; Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands; Metrology; Case 95/77; European Court reports 1978 Page 00863.

77 ix. sqolio 73.78 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 8 October 1987; Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV;

Case 80/86; European Court reports 1987 Page 03969.

50

radgan is Tavisi mineraluri wylis dasaxelebiT hyidda da rezervad inaxavda naxSirorJangiT gazavebul Cveulebriv onkanis wyals, rac niderlandur samarTlebriv normebsa da Sesabamis evropuli gaerTianebis direqtivas ewinaaRmdegeboda. direqtiva gamoSvebuli iyo 1980 wlis 15 ivliss da wevr saxelmwifoebs ecnobaT 1980 wlis 17 ivliss, is yvelaze gvian, oTxi wlis Semdeg (1984 wlis 17 ivlisamde) unda implementirebuliyo Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi; niderlandebSi ki misi implementacia, faqtobrivad 1985 wlis 8 agvistos moxda. saqonlis inspeqciis samsaxuris oqmi Sedgenili iyo 1984 wlis 7 agvistos, anu manam, sanam niderlandebis mier iqneboda aRniSnuli direqtiva implementirebuli. erovnulma sasamarTlom warmoadgina kiTxvebi: mesame kiTxva Seexeboda imas, unda exelmZRvanela Tu SeeZlo exelmZRvanela erovnul sasamarTlos Sidasaxelmwifo samarTlebrivi normis ganmartebisas moqmedi direqtivis SinaarsiT; meoTxe kiTxvis mixedviT, mesame kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad _ mniSvneloba aqvs Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi imas, rom direqtivis saimplementacio vada im droisaTvis (1984 wlis 7 agvistosaTvis) ar iyo amowuruli.

11. mesame kiTxva Seexeba imas, ramdenad unda gaiTvaliswinos, an SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivma sasamarTlom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normis ganmartebisas direqtivis Sinaarsi.

12. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom 1984 wlis 10 aprilis ganaCenSi saqmeSi 14/83 (Von Colson and Kamann, 1984 wlis krebuli, 1891) daadgina, wevr saxelmwifoebs akisriaT direqtividan gamomdinare valdebuleba, miaRwion masSi gaTvaliswinebul mizans, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis mixedviT aseve wevri saxelmwifoebis, sajaro uwyebebisa da sakuTari kompetenciebis farglebSi sasamarTloebis movaleobaa, am valdebulebis Sesasruleblad miiRon yvela saWiro zogadi Tu konkretuli xasiaTis zoma. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom erovnuli sasamarTlo valdebulia, erovnuli samarTlis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki direqtivis aRsrulebisaTvis miRebuli specialuri kanonis debulebebis gamoyenebisas, ganmartos erovnuli samarTali direqtivis Sinaarsisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa miaRwios 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacSi dasaxelebul mizans.

13. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlos valdebuleba, daeyrdnos erovnuli sa-marTlis Sesabamisi debulebebis ganmartebisas direqtivis Sinaarss, sazRvrebs poulobs sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebSi, romelic gaerTianebis sa-marTlis nawilia, gansakuTrebiT, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da ukuqcevis akrZalvis principebSi. amgvarad, evropulma sasamarTlom 1987 wlis 11 ivnisis ganaCenSi saqmeSi 14/86 (Pretore von Salo, 1987 wlis krebuli, 2545) sworad aRniSna, rom wevri saxelmwifos mier gamocemuli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saimplementa-cio samarTlebrivi normebis gareSe direqtivas ar SeuZlia imoqmedos TavisTa-vad, daadginos an gaamkacros misi debulebebis damrRvevis sisxlissamarTlebri-vi pasuxismgebloba.

14. mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwifos sasamarTlom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebi ganmartos direqtivis Sinaarsisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacSi dasaxelebul mizans miaRwios, radgan direqtiva wevri saxelmwifos saimplementacio samarTlebrivi normebis gareSe ver imoqmedebs, ver daadgens da ver gaamkacrebs imaT sisxlissamarTlebriv

51

pasuxismgeblobas, romlebic direqtivis debulebebs arRveven.

meoTxe SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT

15. SekiTxva imasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba Tu ara direqtivis debulebebze Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlos winaSe dayrdnoba, mxolod maSin ismeba, roca Sesabamisma wevrma saxelmwifom direqtiva vadebis daucvelad an Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv samarTalSi mxolod arasakmarisad CarTo. amaze pasuxis gasacemad mniS-vneloba ar aqvs, iyo Tu ara amowuruli wevr saxelmwifoSi saimplementacio vada im konkretuli droisaTvis. rac Seexeba mesame kiTxvas, romelic Seexeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlos valdebulebis an SesaZleblobis farglebs, ganmartos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebi direqtivis gaTval-iswinebiT, pasuxi unda gaeces, rom am problemis gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, saimplementacio vada aris Tu ara amowuruli.

16. meoTxe SekiTxvas aqedan gamomdinare unda vupasuxoT, rom winamdebare pasux-ebisaTvis sul erTia, iyo Tu ara wevri saxelmwifosaTvis direqtivis saimplemen-tacio vada im droisaTvis amowuruli.

(iii) valdebulebebi saimplementacio vadis amowurvis Semdeg

saqme Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann79:

(...) direqtividan gamomdinare, wevri saxelmwifos valdebulebaa, miaRwios mas-Si gaTvaliswinebul mizans, aseve wevri saxelmwifoebis, sajaro uwyebebisa da kompetenciebis farglebSi, aseve sasamarTloebis movaleobaa evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis mixedviT miiRon am valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis zogadi da gansakuTrebuli saxis yvela Sesa-bamisi zoma. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom erovnuli sasamarTlos movaleobaa, erovnuli samarTlis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT specialurad direqtivis ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoSvebuli kanonis normebis gamoyenebisas, erovnuli samarTali direqtivis Sinaarsisa da miznis TvalTaxedviT ganmartos, raTa miaR-wios 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacSi dasaxelebul mizans.

(2) direqtivebis uSualo moqmedeba

saqme Yvonne van Duyn80:

12. marTalia, 189-e muxlis mixedviT, regulaciebi uSualod moqmedeben da Sedegad SeuZliaT, ukve maTi samarTlebrivi bunebis gamo, uSualod warmoS-van uflebebi da valdebulebebi. aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom am muxlSi dasaxelebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis sxva kategoriebs arasodes SeuZliaT msgavsi moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba. direqtivisaTvis 189-e muxliT miniWebu-li savaldebulo moqmedebis Zala iqneboda miuRebeli, Sesabamis pirebs, Ziri-Tadad, rom ar hqonodaT SesaZlebloba, gaekeTebinaT apelireba direqtiviT dakisrebul valdebulebaze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, romlebSic gaer-

79 Judgment of the Court of 10 April 1984; Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; Case 14/83; European Court reports 1984 Page 01891.

80 Judgment of the Court of 4 December 1974; Yvonne van Duyn v Home Office; Public policy; Case 41-74; European Court reports 1974 Page 01337.

52

Tianebis dawesebulebebi wevr saxelmwifoebs direqtiviT garkveuli moqmede-bis Sesrulebas avaldebuleben; aseTi RonisZiebis sasargeblo moqmedeba (`ef-fet utile~) Sesustdeboda, Tu erTeulebi sasamarTloSi ver daeyrdnobodnen mas da erovnuli sasamarTloebi mas, rogorc gaerTianebis samarTlis Semadgenel nawils, ver gaiTvaliswinebdnen. (...) aqedan gamomdinare, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda gadamowmdes, aris Tu ara debuleba, romelsac es Seexeba, sa-marTlebrivi bunebiT, sistematikiTa da SinaarsiT gamosadegi, uSualod imoqme-dos samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi wevr saxelmwifoebsa da erTeulebs Soris.

saqme Tullio Ratti81:

(...) manam wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis direqtivis debulebebis maT Sidasaxelmwifoebriv wesrigSi aRsrulebis vada ar aris amowuruli, direqtivas ar SeuZlia uSualo moqmedeba; es moqmedeba warmoiSoba mxolod dadgenili drois monakveTis bolos da mxolod im SemTxvevisaTvis, rom Sesabamisi saxelmwifo direqtivas ar Seasrulebs.

saqme Felicitas82:

yovelTvis, rodesac direqtiva wesisamebr aris aRsrulebuli, misi moqmedeba Seexeba erTeulebs Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifos mier miRebuli aRmasrulebeli RonisZiebebiT, ise, rom ar saWiroebs gadasinjvas, asrulebs Tu ara Sesabamisi norma im winapirobebs, romlebzec damokidebuli iqneboda erTeulebis SesaZlebloba, dayrdnobodnen am normebs ise, rom ar yofiliyo direqtiva wesisamebr implementirebuli.

saqme Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen83:

189-e muxliT direqtivebisaTvis miniWebul savaldebulo ZalasTan SeuTavsebeli iqneboda, Sesabamisi pirebisaTvis CamogverTva direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul val-debulebebze dayrdnobis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, romleb-Sic direqtiviT garkveuli moqmedebis valdebuleba gaerTianebis dawesebule-bebis mier dakisrebuli aqvT wevr saxelmwifoebs, aseTi RonisZiebis praqtikuli efeqturoba Sesustdeboda, Tu erTeulebs ar SeeZlebodaT sasamarTloebSi maTze dayrdnoba da erovnul sasamarTloebs ar SeeZlebodaT maTi, rogorc gaerTiane-bis samarTlis, Semadgeneli nawilis gaTvaliswineba. es, upirvelesad, im SemTxve-visTvis moqmedebs, rodesac erTeulebi direqtivis normas erovnuli sasamarT-los winaSe eyrdnobian im mizniT, rom dadgindes, moqmedebdnen Tu ara kompeten-turi erovnuli uwyebebi direqtivis implementaciis formisa da saSualebis ar-Cevanisas am direqtiviT dadgenil farglebSi.

saqme Yvonne van Duyn84:

12. (...) Sesabamis pirebs SeuZliaT, direqtiviT dakisrebul valdebulebaze dayrdnoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, romlebSic gaerTianebis dawesebulebebi wevr saxelmwifoebs direqtiviT garkveuli moqmedebis

81 Judgment of the Court of 5 April 1979; Criminal proceedings against Tullio Ratti; Case 148/78; European Court reports 1979 Page 01629.

82 Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 15 July 1982; Felicitas Rickmers-Linie KG & Co. v Finanzamt für Verkehrsteuern, Hambourg; Case 270/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 02771.

83 Judgment of the Court of 1 February 1977; Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen; Case 51-76; European Court reports 1977 Page 00113.

84 ix. me-80 sqolio.

53

ganxorcielebas avaldebuleben. aseTi RonisZiebis gamosadegi moqmedeba (`effet utile~) Sesustdeboda, Tu erTeulebi sasamarTlos winaSe mas ar daeyrdnobodnen da saxelmwifo sasamarTloebi ver SeZlebdnen misi, rogorc gaerTianebis samarTlis, Semadgeneli nawilis gaTvaliswinebas. (...)

saqme Ursula Becker85:

25. Sesabamisad, erTeulebs SeuZliaT vadebis dacviT miRebuli saimplementacio RonisZiebebis ararsebobisas direqtivebis debulebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad upirobo da sakmarisad zustia, direqtivasTan Seusabamo nebis-mieri Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normis gasaCivreba; erTeulebs SeuZliaT aseve am debulebebs daeyrdnon, Tu isini uflebebs adgenen, romlebic SesaZlebelia saxelmwifoebis sawinaaRmdegod gasaCivrdes.

saqme British Gas86:

erTeulebs SeuZliaT direqtivis Sinaarsobrivad upirobo da sakmarisad zust debulebebs daeyrdnon organizaciebis an dawesebulebebis winaaRmdeg, rom-lebic saxelmwifos an mis zedamxedvelobas arian daqvemdebarebulebi an gansa-kuTrebuli uflebebiT arian aRWurvilni, romlebic ufro metia, vidre kerZo pirebs Soris urTierTobebis damaregulirebeli normebis mixedviTaa gansaz-Rvruli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT, es im dawesebulebebis mimarT gaa-keTon, romlebic, maTi samarTlebrivi formisgan damoukideblad, saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi aqtis ZaliT saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobiT momsaxurebas sa-jaro interesebidan gamomdinare axorcieleben da, amasTan, gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT arian aRWurvilni, imaze ufro metiT, vidre es kerZo pirTa Soris urTierTobebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.

saqme M. H. Marshall v Southampton87:

46. imaze unda mieTiTos, rom evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT (SeadareT, gansakuTrebiT, 1982 wlis 19 ianvris ganaCeni saqmeze 8/81, Becker, 1982 wlis krebuli, 53-e punqti). yvela am SemTxvevaSi, romlebSic direqtivis debulebebi Sinaarsobrivad upiroboa da sakmarisad zustia, erTeulebi uflebamosilni arian, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daeyrdnon am debulebebs, Tu saxelmwifom es direqtiva Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi ar CarTo vadis dacviT an misi implementacia arasworad moaxdina.

47. es praqtika efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom 189-e muxliT direqtivisaTvis mini-Webul savaldebulo xasiaTTan iqneboda Seusabamo, Tu Sesabamis pirebs ar SeeZle-bodaT dayrdnobodnen direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs. evropulma sasamarTlom aqedan gamomdinare daaskvna, rom wevr saxelmwifos, romelmac direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli aRmasrulebeli RonisZiebebi vadis dacviT ar gaa-tara, ar SeuZlia, erTeulebis winaaRmdeg daeyrdnos imas, rom man direqtividan gamomdinare valdebulebebi ar Seasrula.

85 Judgment of the Court of 19 January 1982; Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Münster-Innenstadt; Case 8/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 00053.

86 Judgment of the Court of 12 July 1990; A. Foster and others v British Gas plc; Case C-188/89; European Court reports 1990 Page I-03313.

87 Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1986; M. H. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching); Case 152/84; European Court reports 1986 Page 00723.

54

48. im argumentTan dakavSirebiT, romlis mixedviTac direqtivaze dayrdnoba erTeulis winaaRmdeg ar SeiZleba, unda aRiniSnos, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis mixedviT, direqtivis savaldebulo xasiaTi, romelsac efuZneba erovnul sasamarTloebSi direqtivaze dayrdnobiT darRveuli uflebis gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba, moqmedebs mxolod am direqtivis adresati `yoveli wevri saxelmwifos mimarT.~ aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tavad direqtivas ar SeuZlia warmoSvas erTeulTa valdebulebebi da rom amitom direqtivis debuleba ar SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes calkeuli piris sawinaaRmdegod. amitom Semowmebas saWiroebs, unda vivaraudoT Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi imaze, rom mopasuxem imoqmeda rogorc erTeulma.

49. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawile moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daeyrdnon direqtivas, unda dadgindes, rom maT amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT imisgan damoukideblad, saxelmwifo moqmedebs, rogorc damsaqmebeli, Tu rogorc sajaro uflebamosilebis matarebeli. rogorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxvevaSi Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli is, rom saxelmwifom gaerTianebis samarTlis ugulebelyofiT miiRos sargebeli.

50. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi am safuZvlebis gamoyeneba-argamoyenebis sakiTx-is gadawyveta erovnul sasamarTlos akisria, romelmac, sxvaTa Soris, mis mier warmodgenil dadgenilebaSi aRniSna, rom mopasuxe `Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching)~ saxelmwifo uwyeba iyo.

51. gaerTianebuli samefos mier warmodgenili argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom mo-pasuxis mimarT direqtivaze dayrdnoba SesaZlebeli iyos mxolod maSin, Tu mopasuxe saxelmwifo dawesebulebis rangSi imoqmedebda, gamoiwvevs ganzrax da gaumarTlebel gansxvavebas saxelmwifosa da kerZo muSaxelis uflebebs Soris. Tumca aseTi gansxvavebis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu aRniSnuli wevri saxelmwifo direqtivas wesisamebr CarTavda erovnul samarTalSi.

52. sabolood, rac Seexeba SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara 76/207 direqtivis me-5 mux-lis pirveli abzaci, romelic am direqtivis me-2 muxlis pirveli abzaciT dadgenil Tanasworobis princips aRasrulebs, Sinaarsobrivad upirobo da sak-marisad zusti imisaTvis, rom erTeulebs SeeZloT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg masze dayrdnoba, unda dadgindes, rom es debuleba, calke aRebuli, zogadad da erT-mniSvnelovnad krZalavs yovelgvar diskriminacias sqesis safuZvelze, samuSao pirobebis TvalsazrisiT, samsaxuridan daTxovnis CaTvliT. debuleba amiT sak-marisad zustia imisaTvis, rom moqalaqem is gamoiyenos sasamarTloSi.

53. garda amisa, unda gadamowmdes, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, upirobod iqnes miCneuli diskriminaciis akrZalva, miuxedavad imisa, rom direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebulia gamonaklisebi da garemoeba, rom wevrma saxelmwifoebma me-5 muxlis me-2 abzacis Sinaarsis mixedviT aucilebeli RonisZiebebi unda gaataron erovnul samarTal-Si Tanasworobis principis gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofad.

54. rac Seexeba 76/207 direqtivis pirveli muxlis me-2 abzacSi formulirebul daTqmas socialuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi Tanasworobis principis gamoy-enebasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom daTqmiT ar iqmneba raime winapi-roba, romelzec iqneboda damokidebuli direqtivis moqmedebis sferoSi da gan-sakuTrebiT direqtivis me-5 muxlTan mimarTebiT am principis gamoyeneba, miuxe-davad imisa, rom is direqtivis Sinaarsobrivi moqmedebis sferodan socialuri

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uzrunvelyofis sferos gamoricxavs,. amdenad, 76/207 direqtivis me-2 muxliT am direqtivis moqmedebis sferodan dadgenili gamonaklisebi ar aris am SemTx-vevis Sesabamisi.

55. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom 76/207 direqtivis me-5 muxli araviTar SemTx-vevaSi ar aniWebs wevr saxelmwifoebs uflebamosilebas, SezRudon maT misi moqmedebis farglebSi Tanasworobis principis gamoyeneba an dauqvemdebaron raime winapirobebs. es debuleba sakmarisad zusti da upiroboa imisaTvis, rom erTeulebma is sasamarTloSi gamoiyenon. amiT Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli iseTi erovnuli debulebis gamoyeneba, romelic me-5 muxlis pirvel abzacs ar Seesabameba.56. amdenad, meore SekiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom sabWos 1976 wlis 9 Tebervlis 76/207 direqtivis me-5 muxlis pirveli abzaci, romelic krZalavs sqesis safuZvelze diskriminacias samuSao pirobebSi, samsaxuridan gaTavisu-flebis CaTvliT, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes damsaqmeblis statusiT moq-medi saxelmwifo dawesebulebis sawinaaRmdegodac, im mizniT, rom ar moxdes im nebismieri erovnuli debulebis gamoyeneba, romelic me-5 muxlis pirvel abzacs ar Seesabameba.

saqme Yvonne van Duyn88:

24. amitom im wevr saxelmwifos, romelmac direqtivis aRmasrulebeli RonisZie-bebi vadis dacviT ar miiRo, ar SeuZlia erTeulebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenos is, rom man direqtividan gamomdinare valdebulebebi ar Seasrula.

saqme Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV89:

9. 1986 wlis 26 Tebervlis saqmis 152/84 (Marshall, 1986 wlis krebuli, 723-e punqti) ganaCenSi evropulma sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis mixedviT, direq-tivis savaldebulo xasiaTi, romelsac efuZneba SesaZlebloba, daeyrdnon direqtivas erovnuli sasamarTlos winaSe, arsebobs mxolod `yoveli im wevri saxelmwifosaTvis, romlis mimarTacaa is gamosuli~, aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom TavisTavad direqtivas ar SeuZlia, erTeulebs daakisros valdebulebebi da rom, aqedan gamomdinare, direqtivis debuleba ar SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli Si-dasaxelmwifoebriv sasamarTloSi piris sawinaaRmdegod.

10. Sesabamisad (winaswari gadawyvetilebis SuamdgomlobiT mommarTveli sasa-marTlos kiTxvaze) pasuxi unda gaeces, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebriv uwyebas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos erTeulis winaaRmdeg direqtivis debulebas, romlis aucile-beli implementaciac Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi jer kidev ar momxdara.

(i) direqtivebis uSualo horizontaluri moqmedeba (moqmedeba mesame pirebis mimarT):

saqme Faccini Dori90:

saqmis fabula: davis sagani swavlis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis calmxrivad gauqmebis 88 ix. me-80 sqolio.89 ix. 78-e sqolio.90 Judgment of the Court of 14 July 1994; Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl; Case C-91/92; European Court reports 1994

Page I-03325.

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sakiTxi iyo. aRniSnuli xelSekruleba dadebuli iyo ofisis gareT, milanis vagzlis axlos. 85/77 direqtivis me-5 muxli iTvaliswinebda momxmareblis uflebebis dacvas ofisebis gareT. igi iTvaliswinebda momxmareblis uflebas, calmxrivad Seewyvita xelSekruleba, romelic ofisebis gareT iqneboda dadebuli. Tumca aRniSnuli direqtiva misi saimplementacio vadis amowurvis miuxedavad italiis mier ar iyo implementirebuli. mommarTvel sasamarTlos ainteresebda, SeiZleboda Tu ara direqtivis gamoyeneba maSin, rodesac misi saimplementacio vada amowuruli iyo, xolo saxelmwifos jer ar moexdina misi implementacia.

19. mommarTveli sasamarTlos meore SekiTxvaSi wamoWrili problema ufro zustad Seexeba imas, SeuZlia Tu ara momxmarebels, mewarmesTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis calmxrivad Sewyvetis ufleba im direqtivis safuZvelze gam-oiyenos da erovnul sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad Seitanos, Tu direqtivis implementaciisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli vadis ganmavlobaSi misi implementaci-isaTvis aranairi RonisZieba ar gatarebula.

20. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom 1986 wlis 26 Tebervlis 152/84 saqmis (Marshall, 1986 wlis krebuli, 723, 48) ganaCenSi da Semdeg mudmiv sasamarTlo praqtikaSi daamkvidra, ar SeuZlia direqtivas, TviTon daakisros moqalaqes movaleobebi, ase rom, mis mimarT direqtivaze uSualod dayrdnoba, rogorc aseTze, SeuZlebelia.(...)

22. amdenad, sakmarisia miTiTeba imaze, rom, rogorc es 1986 wlis 26 Tebervlis ganaCenidan gamomdinareobs (Marshall, punqti 48 da Semdgomi punqtebi), sasa-marTlo praqtika saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod direqtivis de-bulebebze dayrdnobiT gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobis ganmartebisas imas efuZne-ba, rom, 189-e muxlis mixedviT, direqtiva savaldebuloa mxolod `yoveli adresati wevri saxelmwifosaTvis~. am sasamarTlo praqtikiT Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli is, rom `saxelmwifom sargebeli miiRos gaerTianebis samarT-lis moTxovnebis Seusruleblobidan.~

23. miuRebeli iqneboda, rom saxelmwifos SeeZlos, uari uTxras Tavis moqalaqeebs uflebebis ganxorcielebaze, Tavisi valdebulebebis Seusruleblobidan gamom-dinare, rac garkveuli normebis miRebiT gamoixateba da rasac gaerTianebis kanon-mdebeli saxelmwifos akisrebs an saxelmwifo uwyebebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad an am moqalaqeebisaTvis uflebebis misaniWe-blad. amgvarad, evropulma sasamarTlom daadastura, rom SesaZlebelia, saxelm-wifos (an saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis) winaaRmdeg moxmobil iqnes garkveuli debulebebi sajaro Sesyidvebis Catarebis wesis Sesaxeb (1989 wlis 22 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze 103/88, Fratelli Costanzo, 1989 wlis krebuli, 1839) da damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis harmonizebis Sesaxeb direqtivebidan (SeadareT 1982 wlis 19 ianvris ganaCeni saqmeze Becker 8/81, 1982 wlis krebuli, 53).

24. am sasamarTlo praqtikis gavrceleba moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebze iqne-boda gaerTianebisaTvis uflebamosilebis aRiareba, uSualod daekisrebina val-debulebebi moqalaqeebisaTvis, maSin, rodesac mas es SeuZlia, mxolod regula-ciebis miRebis uflebamosilebis farglebSi.

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25. Sedegad, momxmarebels ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos direqtivas da moixmos igi erovnul sasamarTloSi mewarmesTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis calmxrivad Sew-yvetis uflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, Tu direqtivis implementacia gaTval-iswinebuli vadis ganmavlobaSi ar momxdara.

generalur advokat lencis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT91, naklovanebebiT implementirebul an saerTod araimplementirebuli direqtivebisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT uSualo horizontaluri moqmedeba:

araimplementirebuli direqtivis moqmedebis Sesaxeb SekiTxvaze, romelic moq-medebs pirebs Soris kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, anu egreT wodebuli horizontaluri moqmedebisas, dRemde da mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixed-viT, arsebobs mxolod erTi mokle da naTeli pasuxi: direqtivas ar SeuZlia daakisros erTeulebs valdebuleba.

evropuli sasamarTlo am Teziss asabuTebs Semdegnairad: `... evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis mixedviT, direqtivis savaldebulo xasiaTi emyareba SesaZleblobas, daeyrdnon mas erovnul sasamarT-loebSi mxolod `yoveli adresati wevri saxelmwifos mimarT~. aqedan gamomdin-areobs, rom direqtivas ar SeuZlia, Tavad warmoSvas erTeulTa valdebulebebi da rom direqtivis debuleba, aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes piris sawinaaRmdegod~.

xazgasma erTmniSvnelovnad kerZo pirebis valdebulebebiT datvirTvis uaryo-faa. xelSekrulebis teqstis mixedviT, savaldebulod moqmedebs is mxolod wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebic direqtivebis adresatebi arian.

SeiZleboda, am adgilze dagvesrulebina ganmartebebi da dRemde arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis SenarCunebisTvis dagveWira mxari.

amgvari midgoma Tumca me aradamakmayofileblad mimaCnia. Foster and Marleasing -is sasamarTlo praqtikas mohyva mecnierebaSi im mosazrebebis gamravleba, romlebic mxars uWeren direqtivebis horizontalur moqmedebas. evropuli sasamarTlos wevrTagan dRemde generalurma advokatma van gervenma da sul axlaxan generalurma advokatma iakobsma – ara rogorc gadasawyvet sakiTxze pasuxis farglebSi – azri gamoTqves direqtivebis horizontaluri gamoyenebis sasargeblod.

direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedebis momxreTa azrebi im miswrafebidan gamomdinareoben, rom daexmaron gaerTianebis kanonmdeblis mier saxelmwifoebisaTvis dakisrebuli samarTlebrivi valdebulebiT mosargebleebs sakuTari uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi da maTi mdgomareoba gaurkveveli vadiT ar dauqvemdebaron im wevri saxelmwifos survils, romelmac gauSva vada misi implementirebisaTvis.

Sida bazris _ sivrcis Sida sazRvrebis gareSe _ dasrulebis dros, rodesac gamoicema kerZo pirTa samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebisaTvis progresuli harmonizaciis normebi, CemTvis TvalsaCinoa, ganvsajo direqtivebis moqmedeba. 85/577 direqtivis safuZvlebSi gaerTianebis kanonmdebelma damajereblad aRwera samarTlis daaxloebis moTxovna: `samarTlebriv normebs

91 Schuetz, Bruha, Koenig, Casebook Europarecht, 2004 wlis gamocema, gv. 142.

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Soris gansxvavebebma SesaZloa uSualo zemoqmedeba iqonios saerTo bazris funqcionirebaze. amdenad, saWiroa, urTierTSesabamisobaSi movidnen Sesabamisi debulebebi.~

argumentTa wyebaSi, romlebic direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedebisaTvisaa gamoTqmuli, upirvelesad unda dadges Tanabari sakonkurencio pirobebis Sesaxeb argumenti. garda amisa, horizontaluri moqmedebis araRiarebis gamo xSirad diskreditirebulni arian gaerTianebis samarTliT moqmedi wevri saxelmwifos samarTlis subieqtebi.

direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedebis sasargeblod laparakobs aseve Zir-iTadi uflebis rangSi mdgomi diskriminaciis akrZalva, da kerZod araerTi TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi aradamakmayofilebelia, rodesac samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebs, imis mixedviT, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi urTierTo-bebi aqvT saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi myof dawesebulebasTan Tu kerZo pir-Tan, gansxvavebul wesebs eqvemdebarebian; meore mxriv. winaaRmdegobaSi modis es Sida bazris moTxovnebTan, Tu erTeulebisaTvis gansxvavebul wevr saxelm-wifoebSi gansxvavebuli ufleba moqmedebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom harmonizebis normebi gaerTianebam ukve miiRo. gansxvavebebis SenarCuneba samarTlis urT-ierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanis gacxadebuli miznis sapirispiroa. es daskvna ar SeiZleba direqtivis bunebaze miTiTebiT iqnes dakninebuli, romlis mixedviTac wevr saxelmwifoebSi gansxvavebuli pirobebi TavisTavad arsebobs direqtivis implementaciamde, Tumca araerTgvarovneba misaRebia mxolod saimplementa-cio vadis gasvlamde. direqtivis miznebSi Sedis, rom amis Semdeg arsebobdes urTierTgaTanabrebuli/erTnairi pirobebi.

diskriminaciis argumenti maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi SesvliTa da ev-ropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebaSi asaxuli sakavSiro moqalaqeobiT iZens mniSvnelobas. xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis surviliT evropuli kavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas `evropuli gaerTianebebis dafuZnebiT dawyebuli ev-ropuli integraciis procesi axal safexurze~ ahyavs. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-3a da me-7a muxlebSi winaa wamoweuli Sida bazris mniSvnelo-ba. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-2, me-3 da me-3a muxlebi iTxoven met erTianobas ekonomikur politikaSi, me-3 muxlis `s~ qvepunqti moiTxovs momxmarebelTa dacvis gaumjobesebaSi wvlilis Setanas. detaluri debulebebi amasTan dakavSirebiT gawerilia 129-e a muxlSi. sakavSiro moqalaqeobis damkvi-dreba aRZravs molodins, rom sakavSiro moqalaqeebs gaerTianebis samarTali nebismier SemTxvevaSi Tanasworad miudgeba.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom Tu direqtivebi, romlebic momarTulni arian kerZo pirTa Soris urTierTobebSi samoqmedod da Seicaven normebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven xelSekrulebis susti mxaris dacvas, ar iqnebian implementire-bulni Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi, maSin maT effet utile waerTmevaT. saim-plementacio vadis amowurvis Semdeg amitom SesaZlebeli unda iyos zusti da upirobo Sinaarsis damcavi normebis gamoyeneba. (...)

direqtivis horizontaluri moqmedebis argumentaciisas unda vixelmZRvaneloT imiT, rom moqmedebis done da moqmedebis saxe principulad sxva xarisxisaa, vi-dre vertikaluri moqmedebisas mesame pirTa mimarT. maSin roca direqtivebis uSualo gamoyeneba, Cveulebrivi gagebiT, wevri saxelmwifos mier gaerTianebis

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samarTlis darRvevisas erTeulebsa da saxelmwifos Soris samarTlebriv urT-ierTobas uSualod adgens, kerZo mesame pirs ar gaaCnia aranairi zemoqmedebis saSualeba direqtivis aRsrulebaze. wevri saxelmwifoebis mimarT direqtivebis uSualod gamoyenebis sasargeblod moyvanili argumentebi da samarTlebrivi principebi, rom wevrma saxelmwifom ar unda miiRos aranairi sargebeli mis mier gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevis gamo, iseve mcired exeba kerZo pirTa Soris urTierTobas, rogorc uSualod gamoyenebis saxiT saxelmwifos mimarT sanqciis xasiaTs.

(...) uSualod gamoyenebadi direqtivis debulebas ufro metad erga omnes moq-medeba mieniWeboda. is amiT xelSekrulebis uSualod moqmed normebs gauTan-abrdeboda. direqtivis horizontalurad moqmedi norma gaerTianebis samar-Tlis upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis kategoriaSi miiRebda monawileobas, rac misasalmebeli iqneboda gaerTianebis samarTlis erTiani da efeqturad gamoy-enebis interesisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom horizontalur urTierTobebSi direqtivis uSualod mo-qmedebis sasargeblod CamoTvlili safuZvlebi sasurveli Cans, wonadi argumen-tebi arsebobs samarTlis amgvarad ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdegodac.

sawinaaRmdego argumentebis farglebSi regularulad mieTiTeba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobasa da direqtivis bunebaze, romlis mixedviTac direqtiva savalde-buloa mxolod wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis da mxolod dasaxuli miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT.

Cemi azriT, es argumentebi SesaZlebelia gabaTildes. jer erTi, rac Seexeba wevri saxelmwifoebis Tavisuflebas, arCios direqtivis ganxorcielebis forma da saSualeba, es sruliad xelSeuxebelia gardamavali drois gasvlamde. TviT amis Semdeg – calkeuli normebis pirdapiri moqmedebisaTvis dadgenili wina-pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic – wevr saxelmwifoebs iq, sadac ki direqtiva amis saSualebas iZleva, SeuZliaT Sexedulebisamebr Camoayalibon norma. direq-tivis debulebebis mxolod mcire nawili iqneba gamosadegi horizontaluri moqmedebisaTvis. garda amisa, wevr saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT saimplementacio vadis gasvlis Semdeg daeyrdnon Tavisuflebebs, romlebic maT mieni WaT mx-olod im mizniT, rom saTanadod da vadebis dacviT aResrulebinaT direqtiva.

wevri saxelmwifos valdebuleba, aRasrulos direqtivis miznebi, warmoiSoba uSualod direqtivis ZalaSi Sesvlidan. direqtivis miznebis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobs wevri saxelmwifoebis Tavisufali moqmedebis areali. direqtivis miznebSi Sedis, magaliTad, ara ugvianes saimple-mentacio vadis gasvlamde dacviTi normebisaTvis savaldebulo samarTlebrivi Zalis miniWeba. amgvari normebis savaldebulooba – rogorc es me ukve aRvniSne – gaerTianebis kanonmdeblis survilia da direqtivis bunebaSi devs. direq-tivebi ar aris ufro naklebi xarisxis samarTlebrivi aqtebi, maTi aRsruleba wevr saxelmwifoebs avaliaT, romelTac xelSekrulebiT akisriaT valdebuleba, droulad da srulyofilad moaxdinon maTi implementacia.

direqtivis buneba, aqedan gamomdinare, Cemi azriT, ar ewinaaRmdegeba mis hori-zontalur moqmedebas. aseve ar waiSleboda regulaciasa da direqtivas So-ris zRvari, radgan direqtivis uSualo moqmedeba iqneboda arsebiTi mxolod

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saimplemetacio vadis gasvlis Semdeg da mxolod naTeli da upirobo normebis SemTxvevaSi.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, direqtivis hori-zontaluri gamoyenebis sawinaaRmdego argumentad moyvanilia mesame pirebis valdebulebebiT datvirTvis dauSvebloba. am argumentis ugulebelyofa re-alurad ar SeiZleba. sakiTxavia, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis farglebSi samarTlebrivad moqmedi kerZo piri val-debulebebiT daitvirTos, romlebic gamomdinareoben ara mis mimarT gamosuli araimplementirebuli direqtividan, romliTac mas, sxvaTaSoris, vadis gamSvebi wevri saxelmwifosgan ar SeuZlia raime sargeblis miReba.

samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, meCveneba, rom direq-tivebis horizontaluri moqmedeba, valdebulebiT datvirTuli mesame pire-bis gadmosaxedidan Zalze problematuria. imis Secnoba, rom aqamde uSualod moqmedi direqtivebiT valdebulebiT kerZo pirebis arapirdapir datvirTva aqamde xdeboda, – magaliTad, Secdomebis meSveobiT tenderisas, romelic sxva SemTavazeblebis, anda tenderis gamarjvebulis, samarTlebriv mdgomareobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs (...), – ar abaTilebs horizontaluri moqmedebis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas, romelic samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principidan gamomdinareobs.

sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT moqalaqeebis valdebulebebiT datvirTvisaTvis el-ementaruli winapirobaa oficialur beWdviT organoSi gamoqveyneba. am wina-pirobas ar asrulebs direqtivebi, romlebic evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gamoicema. ver dagvexmareba aseve direqtivebis, rogorc gamoqveynebis arasaWiro samarTlebrivi aqtebis, ev-ropuli gaerTianebebis oficialur gamocemaSi gamoqveynebis praqtika. evro-puli gaerTianebebis oficialur gamocemaSi direqtivebis gamoqveyneba wminda deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da ara efeqturobis winapiroba, rac SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde TvalnaTeli xdeba imiT, rom sqolioSi wevr saxelmwifoebs mi-eTiTebaT direqtivis gamoqveynebis dReze, radgan gamoqveynebiT direqtiva ZalaSi Sedis. samarTlebrivi aqtis gacnobis SesaZlebloba mis konstituciur saqveynoobas ver cvlis.

im direqtivebisaTvis sxva mdgomareobaa, romlebic 1993 wlis pirvel noembers maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg gamoica da mas Semdeg dRemde gamoicema. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 191-e muxli direqtivebisaTvisac iTvaliswinebs gaerTianebis oficialur gamocemaSi gamoqveynebas. sajaroobis naklovanebis argumenti veRar gamodgeba am axali direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedebis sawinaaRmdegod.

samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis, rogorc valdebulebiT datvirTuli moqalaqis ZiriTadi uflebis, safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba ukve unda momzad-des imisaTvis, rom momavalSi direqtivebis uSualo horizontaluri moqmede-ba misaRebi iyos. am safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, misasalmebelia sasamarTlos wevrebis aRniSnuli poziciebi.

valdebulebiT datvirTuli kerZo pirebis sasargeblod da direqtivebis hor-izontaluri moqmedebis sapirispirod moxseniebulia ndobis dacva. dacvas daqvemdebarebuli ndoba udavod imgvarad Seicnoba, rom kerZo pirs ar unda

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sWirdebodes damatebiTi valdebulebebis warmoSobaze varaudi, Tu is marTl-zomierad Tavisi wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigis farglebSi moq-medebs. sxva mxriv direqtivis gamoqveynebis da saimplementacio vadis gasvlis Semdeg aseTi valdebulebiT datvirTva gasaTvaliswinebelia. me vekiTxebi sa-kuTar Tavs, saWiroebs Tu ara dacvas ndoba imisa, rom erovnuli kanonmdebeli gaerTianebis samarTlis sawinaaRmdegod imoqmedebs?

direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedebis sawinaaRmdegod arsebobs argumenti, romelic eyrdnoba demokratiis princips. isedac gaerTianebis kanonmdeblo-bis farglebSi mravaljer naxsenebi demokratiis deficiti gaZlierdeba, Tu direqtivebis gamoyeneba erovnuli parlamentebis gverdis avliT moxdeba.

rac sadavo demokratiis deficits Seexeba, minda erTi aRvniSno, rom evro-puli parlamentis Tanamonawileobis uflebebi erTiani evropuli aqtebiTa da maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT safexurebrivad gaZlierebulia. xolo sxva mxriv, Cemi azriT, wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblisaTvis gverdis avlaze ar SeiZleba iyos saubari.

erovnul kanonmdebels saimplementacio vadaSi aqvs yvela Tavisufleba, air-Cios forma da instrumenti direqtivis wevri saxelmwifos samarTalSi im-plementaciisaTvis. saimplementacio vadis gasvlis Semdegac arsebobs wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblis mier implementaciis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba da rCeba moqmedebis areali am movaleobis ase Tu ise Sesasruleblad, imdenad, ramdenadac direqtiva amas uSvebs. sabolood direqtivis normebi an damcavi normebi, romlebic imdenadaa gansazRvruli, rom moqmedebisaTvis raime Sevse-bas ar saWiroebs, da, amdenad, erovnulma kanonmdebelma pirdapir unda gad-moitanos, wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi winaswar imoqmedeben samarTlebrivad am normis adresatebis urTierTobebSi. wevri saxelmwifos sa-marTalSi direqtivis implementaciamde gardamavali etapisa da amis Semdgomi drois samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaxleCis SiSi ar mimaCnia gamarTlebulad, radgan horizontaluri moqmedebisaTvis gamosadegi normebi saimplementacio aqtSic unda aisaxos.

Cemi azriT, ar aris damajerebeli sawinaaRmdego mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedebis aRiareba direqtivebis implemen-taciisas wevri saxelmwifoebis gaufrTxileblobas gazrdis. es imitom, rom wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdebeli rCeba pasuxismgebeli direqtivis srul aR-srulebaze. horizontaluri moqmedebis ZiriTadad aRiarebam SesaZloa, Ses-abamis SemTxvevaSi wevri saxelmwifo aiZulos, moaxdinos misi implementacia vadis dacviT, raTa imaze adre TviTon gadadgas nabijebi, vidre gaerTianeba da wevri saxelmwifoebis dawesebulebebi da sasamarTloebi direqtivis debule-bebs horizontalur urTierTobebSi gamoiyeneben. Cemi azriT, Tanabaria argu-mentebi direqtivebis horizontalurad gamoyenebis aRmzrdelobiT xasiaTze, ise, rom arc mxardamWeri da arc sapirispiro ar aris gadawonvadi.

vidre daskvnamde mividode, minda aseve mivuTiTo imaze, rom direqtivebis horizontalurad moqmedebis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi gamotanil unda iqnes samarTlebrivi dacvis TvalsazrisiT Sesabamisi daskvnebi. regulaciebisa da gadawyvetilebebis msgavsad 173-e muxlis me-2 abzaciT unda SeiZlebodes maTi gasaCivreba.

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Sedegad me im azrze var, rom, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis safuZvlebis gamo, direqtivebis horizontaluri moqmedeba warsulSi SeuZlebeli iyo. dasaxele-bul sazRvrebSi es misaRebi meCveneba momavalSi gaerTianebis samarTlis er-Tiani da efeqturi gamoyenebis interesebisaTvis. amdenad, kerZo pirebis val-debulebiT datvirTva, vfiqrob, misaRebia, radgan es ar iqneba imaze meti, vidre es wevri saxelmwifos mier gaerTianebis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis Sedegad dadgeboda. procesis riski ki sabolood akisria mxares, romelic direqtivis upirobo da sakmarisad zust debulebas gamoiyenebs.

(ii) obieqturi moqmedeba: direqtivebis Sesabamisi ganmarteba; mesame pirebis mi-marT direqtivebis arapirdapiri horizontaluri moqmedeba

saqme Marleasing92:

saqmis fabula: procesi exeboda espaneTis sasamarTloSi arsebul samarTlebriv davas _ Marleasing SA-s, rogorc momCivansa, da espanur saaqcio sazogadoebas, rogorc mopasuxes, Soris. Marleasing-ma procesis msvlelobisas moiTxova mo-pasuxis im xelSekrulebis baTilad aRiareba, romliTac es sazogadoeba iyo daarsebuli, radgan ar gaaCnda samarTlebrivi safuZveli, warmoadgenda mx-olod moCvenebiT iuridiul pirs, da misi mizani mesame firmis kreditoris, amavdroulad mopasuxe firmis TanadamfuZneblis, dazaraleba iyo. espaneTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, aseTi winapirobebi xelSekrulebis baTilobis sa-fuZveli iyo. mopasuxe mxarem warmoadgina am moTxovnis sawinaaRmdego argu-mentacia, romelic, sxvasTan erTad, eyrdnoboda 61/151 direqtivis me-11 mux-ls, romelSic saaqcio sazogadoebis baTilobis SemTxvevebi iyo CamoTvlili. am safuZvlebs Soris ar iyo `samarTlebrivi safuZvlis ararseboba~. direqtiva espaneTis mier ar iyo vadis dacviT implementirebuli. Sesabamisad, warmoiSva kiTxva, moqmedi espanuri samarTali direqtivis debulebebis SinaarsiT unda yofiliyo Tu ara ganmartebuli kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs Soris davaSi.

8. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita (...), wevr saxelmwifoebs akisri-aT direqtividan gamomdinare valdebuleba, rom am direqtivaSi gaTvaliswinebu-li mizani iqnes miRweuli, aseve wevri saxelmwifoebis, sajaro uwyebebisa da maTi kompetenciis farglebSi aseve sasamarTloebis movaleobaa, evropuli ekonomi-kuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis Sesabamisad, am valdeb-ulebebis SesrulebisaTvis miiRos zogadi Tu gansakuTrebuli saxis nebismieri gamosadegi RonisZieba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom, romelmac erovnuli samarTlis gamoyenebisas es samarTali unda ganmartos, – sul erTia, Seexeba es direqtivamde Tu direqtivis Semdeg miRebul normebs, – es unda gaakeTos SeZlebisdagvarad direqtivis sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobisa da miznis mixedviT, raTa direqtiviT dasaxul mizans miaRwios da amgvarad evropu-li ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacis moTxovna Seasrulos.

9. erovnuli samarTlis ganmartebis moTxovna, romelic 68/151 direqtivis me-11 muxlTanaa SesabamisobaSi, krZalavs saaqcio sazogadoebebTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebis iseT ganmartebas, romelic gamoiwvevda saaqcio sazogadoebis baTilobas sxva safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, vidre direqtivis me-11 muxlSi es amomwuravadaa CamoTvlili. (...)

92 ix. 66-e sqolio.

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13. amdenad, dasmul SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom, sadac samarTlebrivi dava im sferoSi mimdinareobs, romelic 68/151 direqtivis gamoyenebis sferoSi Tavsdeba, Tavisi erovnuli samarTali am direqtivis sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganmartos, raTa xeli SeuSalos, rom saaqcio sazogadoeba baTilad iqnes miCneuli sxva safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, vidre es direqtivis me-11 muxlSi amomwuravadaa CamoTvlili.

saqme Faccini Dori93:

28. mommarTveli sasamarTlos meoTxe SekiTxva Seexeba imas, aris Tu ara ad-ministracia – komunalur donezec – iseve, rogorc erovnuli sasamarTlo, valdebuli, gamoiyenos sabWos 71/305 direqtivis 29-e muxlis me-5 abzaci da gamouyeneblad datovos erovnuli samarTlis is debulebebi, romlebic masTan SesabamisobaSi ar arian.

29. amaze unda mieTiTos, rom evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis ganaCenebSi 1982 wlis 19 ianvris saqmeSi 8/81 (Becker, 1982 wlis krebuli, 53, 71) da 1986 wlis 26 Tebervlis saqmeSi 152/84 (Marshall, 1986 wlis krebuli, 737, 748) daadgina, rom, Tu saxelmwifom direqtivis implementacia erovnul samarTalSi vadis daucve-lad an arasakmarisad moaxdina, erTeulebs erovnul sasamarTloSi saxelmwifos mimarT am debulebebze dayrdnoba SeuZliaT yvela im SemTxvevaSi, romlebSic direqtivis debulebebi Sinaarsobrivad upirobo da sakmarisad zustia.

30. erTeulebs SeuZliaT erovnuli sasamarTloebSi dasaxelebuli winapirobe-biT direqtivis debulebebze dayrdnoba, imitom, rom valdebulebebi, romlebic am debulebebidan gamomdinareoben, wevri saxelmwifoebis yvela dawesebulebebi-saTvis moqmedeben.

31. amasTan, iqneboda es urTierTsapirispiro, Tu erTeulebi erovnuli sasa-marTloebis winaSe direqtivis debulebebs daeyrdnobodnen, romlebic zemoT miTiTebul winapirobebs asrulebdnen, raTa administraciis moqmedeba sadavo gaexadaT, xolo amis sapirispirod (evropul sasamarTlos) mieCnia, rom ad-ministracias ar hqonda direqtivis debulebaTa moqmedebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT erovnuli samarTlis im debulebebis gamouyeneblobis valdebuleba, romlebic am direqtivasTan SesabamisobaSi ar iqnebodnen. Tu evropuli sasa-marTlo praqtikiT dadgenili winapirobebi Sesrulebulia imisaTvis, rom erTeu-lebs SeeZloT erovnul sasamarTloebSi direqtivis debulebebze dayrdnoba, ma-Sin nebismieri mmarTveli erTeuli Temi, sxva teritoriuli gaerTianebebis CaTv-liT, valdebulia, gamoiyenos es debulebebi.

32. rac gansakuTrebiT 71/305 direqtivis 29-e muxlis me-5 abzacs Seexeba, pirveli kiTxvis Semowmebis Sedegad naTelia, rom es debuleba upirobo da sakmarisad zustia. ase rom, erTeulebs SeuZliaT, maT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daeyrdnon. amdenad, erTeulebs aqvT ufleba, erovnul sasamarTloebSi am deb-ulebebs daeyrdnon, da nebismieri mmarTveli erTeuli Temi sxva teritoriuli organoebis CaTvliT, rogorc es zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, valdebulia, gamoiyenos isini.

93 ix. 90-e sqolio.

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33. amdenad, meoTxe kiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom administracia, komunalur donezec, rogorc erovnuli sasamarTlo, valdebulia, sabWos 71/305 direqtivis 29-e muxlis me-5 abzaci gamoiyenos da erovnuli samarTlis is debulebebi gamouyeneblad datovos, romlebic masTan SesabamisobaSi ar arian.

saqme Unilever Italia SpA94:

saqmis fabula: 1998 wlis 3 agvistos italiaSi amoqmedda kanoni zeiTunis ze-Tis boTlebis etiketirebis Sesaxeb, romelic zeiTunis zeTis gansxvavebuli saxeebis adgilwarmoSobis Sesaxeb garkveuli monacemebis arsebobis valdeb-ulebas adgenda. kanonis debulebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda normebisa da teqnikuri debulebebis sferoSi sainformacio proceduris Sesaxeb 83/189 direqtivis miznebs, radgan direqtiva zogadad krZalavda 1999 wlamde am sferoSi raime saxis erovnuli normis miRebas, xolo ukidures SemTxvevaSi am direqtivis me-8 da me-9 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis farglebSi saxelmwifoebs ekisrebodaT valdebuleba, Sesabamisi kanonproeqti winaswar gadaecaT komisi-isaTvis.

1998 wlis 29 seqtembers firma Unilever-ma firma Central Food-s misi dakveTiT miawoda 648 litri naturaluri zeiTunis zeTi. 1998 wlis 30 seqtembers Central Food-ma Seatyobina Unilever-s, rom miwodebuli zeiTunis zeTi, zemoxsenebuli kanonis Sesabamisad, ar iyo markirebuli, amitom is uars ambobda Sesabamisi Tanxis gadaxdaze da Unilever-s mosTxova, droebiT sawyobSi dasawyobebuli saqoneli ukan mieRo. 1998 wlis 2 oqtombers Unilever-i Central Food-s aRniSnul sakiTxSi daupirispirda. is aRniSnavda, rom komisiam 83/189 direqtiviT gan-sazRvruli proceduris farglebSi italias mosTxova, ar mieRo raime saxis normebi 1999 wlis 5 maisamde zeTis markirebis Taobaze da Tvlida, rom ital-iis kanonis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleboda. is ambobda, rom mis mier miwodebuli zeiTunis zeTi sruliad Seesabameboda italiis samarTlebriv aqtebs, da Central Food-s mosTxova, mieRo saqoneli da gadaexada safasuri. radgan Central Food-i xelaxla uars ambobda gadaxdaze, 1998 wlis 21 oqtombers Unilever-ma milanis kompetentur uwyebaSi Seitana ganacxadi miwodebis adekvaturi Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebis gamocemis moTxovniT.

aRniSnulma uwyebam SeaCera procedura da winaswari gadawyvetilebis proce-duris farglebSi evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT: wevri saxelmwifos sasamarTlos, romelSic ganacxadia Sesuli, naturaluri zeiTunis zeTis safa-suris gadaxdaze gafrTxilebis gamocemis Sesaxeb, romlis markireba – wevr saxelmwifoSi ZalaSi Sesul da moqmed – kanons ewinaaRmdegeba, SeuZlia Tu ara am gafrTxilebis gamocema ise, rom kanoni ar gamoiyenos, radgan evropul-ma komisiam naturaluri zeiTunis zeTis adgilwarmoSobis Sesaxeb erovnuli kanonis proeqtis gadasinjvisa da gadacemisas 83/189 direqtivis me-9 muxlis me-3 abzacis safuZvelze daadgina, rom 1999 wlis 14 seqtembramde formalu-rad wevrma saxelmwifom ar unda gamouSvas aranairi samarTlebrivi normebi zeiTunis zeTis gasaRebasTan dakavSirebiT?

45. (...) gadasasinjia, SesaZlebelia Tu ara erTeulebs Soris xelSekrulebiTi valdebulebebisa da uflebebis Sesaxeb samoqalaqosamarTlebriv davaSi

94 Judgment of the Court of 26 September 2000; Unilever Italia SpA and Central Food SpA.; Case C-443/98.

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83/189 direqtivis me-9 muxlis darRveviT gamocemuli teqnikuri normebis gamouyeneblad datoveba.

46. upirvelesad unda dadgindes, rom aseTi saxis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi davis farglebSi 83/189 direqtivis me-9 muxlis darRveviT gamocemuli teqnikuri debulebis gamoyenebam SesaZlebelia debulebebTan Seusabamo produqtis gamoyenebisa da gasaRebis SezRudva gamoiwvios.

47. pirvandel procesSi es Seesabameba sinamdviles, radgan italiis samarTlebrivi normebis gamoyenebam SesaZloa Unilever-is mier naturaluri zeiTunis zeTis am firmis saSualebiT mimoqcevaSi gaSveba SezRudos.(...)

49. amiT evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom teqnikuri de-bulebis gamouyenebloba, romelic 83/189 direqtivis me-8 muxlis Sesabamisad ar aris gadacemuli, (...) SesaZloa, misaRebi iyos erTeulebs Soris samarTlebriv davaSi. analogiuri Seexeba aseve direqtivis me-9 muxlSi asaxuli valdebule-bebis Seusruleblobas da, amdenad, ar arsebobs mizezi, arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis sferoSi erTeulebs Soris samarTlebriv davebs, rogorc es Cia Security International-is saqmeSi iyo, sxvanairad mivudgeT, vidre samarTlebriv davebs, romlebSic, rogorc am procesSi, erTeulebi xelSekrulebiTi uflebe-bisa da valdebulebebis gamo urTierTdapirispirebulni arian.

50. kerZod, direqtivas TviTon, rogorc es irlandiisa da daniis mTavrobebma aRniSnes, ar SeuZlia erTeulTa valdebulebebi warmoSvas da amitom ar Sei-Zleba maTi erTeulebis winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba (SeadareT ganaCeni 1994 wlis 14 ivlisis saqmeSi C-91/92, Faccini Dori, 1994 wlis krebuli, I-3325, me-20 punqti); es praqtika ar moqmedebs, Tumca im SemTxvevisaTvis, romelSic 83/189 direqtivis me-8 da me-9 muxlebi ar sruldeba, rac TavisTavad proceduris arsebiTi darRvevaa, da am muxlebis darRveviT gamoSvebuli teqnikuri debulebebis gamouyeneblobas ganapirobebs.

51. aseT SemTxvevaSi 83/189 direqtiva – sxvagvarad, vidre direqtivis araimple-mentaciisas, romelsac orive mTavrobis mier citirebuli praqtika Seexeboda – araviTar SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi normis materialur Sinaarss ar adgens, romlis safuZvelzec erovnulma sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos masTan arse-buli samarTlebrivi dava. is ar warmoSobs arc uflebebs da arc valdebulebebs erTeulebisaTvis.

52. yvela am mosazrebebis safuZvelze SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom erTeulebs Soris xelSekrulebiT uflebebsa da val-debulebebze samoqalaqosamarTlebriv davaSi ar unda gamoiyenos erovnuli teqnikuri debulebi, romelic 83/189 direqtivis me-9 muxlis mixedviT SeCere-buli vadis dros aris gamoSvebuli.

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(3) saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgebloba

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Andrea Francovich95:

saqmis fabula: evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 1980 wlis 20 noembris 80/987 direqtiva, romelic Seexeboda damsaqmeblis gadaxdisuunarobis dros dasaqmebulis dacvis sferoSi wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi normeb-is harmonizacias, implementirebul unda yofiliyo 1983 wlis 23 noembramde. wevr saxelmwifoebs direqtiviT sxvasTan erTad ekisrebodaT valdebuleba, Se-eqmnaT sagarantio fondi, romlidanac unda daekmayofilebinaT dasaqmebule-bi, romlebic damsaqmeblis gadaxdisuunarobis gamo xelfass ver miiRebdnen. italiam am direqtivis implementacia araTu vadis dacviT ar moaxdina, aramed saerTod ar CarTo igi Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi da aseTi sagarantio fondebic ar Seuqmnia. andrea frankoviCi 1983 wlis 11 ianvridan 1984 wlis 7 aprilamde muSaobda italiaSi dafuZnebul firmaSi (Viacenya-Si) sadac man kuTvnili xelfasis mx-olod nawili miiRo. misi mcdeloba, mieRo Tavisi xelfasi iZulebiTi aR-srulebis gziT, uSedego aRmoCnda, radgan firmas aRar gaaCnda qoneba, rom-lidanac SesaZlebeli iqneboda damsaqmeblis dakmayofileba. momCivani italiis saxelmwifosagan moiTxovda evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 80/987 direq-tiviT gaTvaliswinebul garantias xelfasis Semdgom miRebaze da aseve miRe-buli zaralis anazRaurebas.

33. gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi debulebebis sruli efeqturoba Seilaxeboda da dasaxelebuli uflebebis dacvis xarisxi Semcirdeboda, Tu erTeulebs ar eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba, im SemTxvevaSi moeTxovaT anazRaureba, romelSic maTi uflebebi wevri saxelmwifos mier gaerTianebis samarTlis darRveviT iqneboda xelyofili.

34. wevri saxelmwifos mxridan anazRaurebis gawevis SesaZlebloba upirvele-sad maSin aris aucilebeli, rodesac gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi debulebebis sruli moqmedeba saxelmwifo moqmedebazea (...) damokidebuli, da erTeulebi ki erovnul sasamarTloebSi saxelmwifos umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSi ver sargeblo-ben maTTvis gaerTianebis samarTliT miniWebuli uflebebiT.(...)

38. winapirobebi, romlebic iZlevian gaerTianebis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebu-li saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobidan gamomdinare zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas, damokidebulia gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevis saxeze, romelic gamowveul zians udevs safuZvlad.

39. Tu wevri saxelmwifo arRvevs (...) evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacidan gamomdinare Tavis valdebulebas – miiRos yvela aucilebeli zoma direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli miznis misaRwevad, -, gaerTianebis am samarTlebrivi regulirebis sruli efeqturobisaTvis saWiroa pretenziis wardgena zianis anazRaurebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, sami winapirobis ar-sebobazea damokidebuli.

95 Judgment of the Court of 19 November 1991; Andrea Francovich and Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic; Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90; European Court reports 1991 Page I-05357.

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40. pirveli, direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli mizani unda mdgomareobdes erTeulebisaTvis uflebebis miniWebaSi; meore, am uflebebis Sinaarsis gansazRvra SesaZlebeli unda iyos direqtivis safuZvelze; mesame unda arsebobdes mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri (kauzaluri kavSiri) saxelmwifosaTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebis darRvevasa (direqtivis implementaciasa) da dazaralebulisaTvis warmoSobil zarals Soris. (SeadareT aseve saqme C-91/92, Faccini Dori, 1994 wlis krebuli, I-3325, 3357, 27-e-29-e punqtebi)(...)

42. amis miuxedavad, saxelmwifom erovnuli deliqturi samarTlis farglebSi unda aRmofxvras zianis Sedegebi. gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis wesis ararsebobisas calkeuli wevri saxelmwifos erovnuli samarTlebrivi wesrigis saqmea, gansazRvros kompetenturi sasamarTloebi da gasaCivrebis procedurebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon erTeulebisaTvis gaerTianebis samarTlidan war-moSobili uflebebis sruli dacva. (...)

saqme British Telecommunications plc.96:

38. xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili samarTlebrivi wesrigis arsidan gamomdinareobs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis principi im zianisaTvis, romelic erTeulebs miadgaT saxelmwifos mier gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevis Sedegad (1991 wlis 19 noembris gaerTianebuli saqmeebi _ C-6/90 da C-9/90, Francovich da sxv., (...) 35-e punqti, da 1996 wlis 5 martis gaerTianebul saqmeebSi _ C-46/93 da C-48/93, Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame, 31-e punqti). aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom es principi wevri saxelmwifos mier gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevis nebismieri SemTxvevisaTvis moqmedebs (ganaCeni Brasserie du Pecheur and Factotame, 32-e punqti).

39. ukanasknelad dasaxelebul ganaCenSi evropulma sasamarTlom, wevri saxelm-wifos mier gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevis TvalsazrisiT, (...) gadawyvita, rom gaerTianebis samarTali zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas aRiarebs, Tu Sesrulebulia sami winapiroba. kerZod is: rom darRveuli samarTlebrivi norma miznad unda isaxavdes erTeulebisaTvis uflebebis miniWebas; rom darRveva unda iyos sakmarisad kvalificiuri da rom saxelmwifosaTvis dakisrebuli valdeb-ulebis darRvevasa da dazaralebuli pirisaTvis miyenebul zians Soris uSualo mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri unda arsebobdes (50-e da 51-e punqtebi).

40. es winapirobebi moqmedebs aseve im (...) SemTxvevaSi, rodesac wevri saxelmwifo ar axdens gaerTianebis direqtivis saTanadod implementacias Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi. (...) wevri saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis viwro winapirobebis dadgena am SemTxvevaSi (direqtivis arasaTanadod implementaciis SemTxvevaSi) im safuZvlebiTaa gamarTlebuli, romlebic evropulma sasamarTlom ukve ganaviTara gaerTianebis organoebis an wevri saxelmwifoebis deliqtebze pasuxismgeblobis viwro koncefciis gamarTlebisaTvis im sferoebSi kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis gamo, romlebic gaerTianebis samarTalSi Sedian da romlebSic isini farTo samoqmedo areals floben; amas miekuTvneba is mosazreba, rom sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebas

96 Judgment of the Court of 26 March 1996; The Queen v H. M. Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc.; Case C-392/93; European Court reports 1996 Page I-01631.

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yovelTvis ar SeiZleba SeeSalos xeli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb saCivris SesaZleblobiT, roca gaerTianebis organoebisa Tu wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan sayovelTao interesi im RonisZiebebis gatarebas moiTxovs, romlebsac SeuZliaT erTeulTa interesebis Selaxva. (SeadareT, gansakuTrebiT, 1978 wlis 25 maisis ganaCeni saqmeebSi: 83/76, 94/76, 4/77, 15/77 da 40/77, HNL da sxvebi sabWosa da komisiis winaaRmdeg, 1978 wlis krebuli, 1209, me-5 da me-5 punqtebi da ganaCeni Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame, 45-e punqti).

42. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, darRveva sakmarisad kvalificiurad unda miiCnes, Tu organom an wevrma saxelmwifom maTi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis gamoyenebisas mis sazRvrebs aSkarad da mniSvnelovnad gadaacila (...)

43. winamdebare SemTxvevaSi unda dadgindes, rom direqtivis me-8 muxlis pirveli abzaci arazustia da rom evropuli sasamarTlos mier am ganaCeniT gaTvaliswinebuli ganmartebis gverdiT aseve SesaZlebelia iseTi interpreta-ciac, rogoric keTilsindisierad gaakeTa gaerTianebulma samefom im mosazre-bebis safuZvelze, romelTa ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba (ix zemoT, me-20-22-e punqtebi). es ganmarteba, romelsac sxva wevri saxelmwifoebic uWeren mxars, aSkarad ar ewinaaRmdegeba direqtivis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobasa da mizans.

44. amasTan, gaerTianebulma samefom ver SeZlo evropuli sasamarTlo praq-tikidan sadavo normis ganmartebisaTvis moeyvana magaliTi, romlis mimarTac aseve komisiam misi regulaciebis _ (...) _ gamoSvebisas ar gamoTqva mosazreba.

45. is, rom wevrma saxelmwifom direqtivis implementaciisas saWirod miiCnia, Tavad ganesazRvra me-8 muxlis safuZvelze direqtivis moqmedebis sferodan amoRebuli samsaxurebi da amiT me-8 muxli daarRvia, am garemoebebSi ar Sei-Zleba sakmarisad kvalificiur darRvevad iqnes miCneuli, rogorc es Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame-is ganaCenSia.

46. me-4 kiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom Tu wevri saxelmwifo direqtivis im-plementaciisas sakuTar Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi Tavad gansazRvravs damkveTis samsaxurebs, romlebzec me-8 muxlis mixedviT direqtivis moqmedeba ar vrceldeba, maSin is gaerTianebis samarTlis safuZvelze ar aris valde-buli, aunazRauros damkveTs am SecdomiT gamowveuli ziani.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Dillenkofer97:

25. erTi mxriv, darRveva sakmarisad kvalificiuria, roca organo an wevri saxelm-wifo kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi misi uflebamosilebebis dadgenil sazRvrebs aSkarad da mniSvnelovnad gadascildeba (SeadareT ganaCenebi 1978 wlis 25 maisis saqmeebSi: 83/76, 94/76, 4/77, 15/77 da 40/77, HNL da sxvebi sabWosa da komisiis wi-naaRmdeg, krebuli 1978, 1209, me-6 punqti, Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame, 55-e punqti, da British Telecommunications, 42-e punqti); meore mxriv SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos mxolod gaerTianebis samarTlis darRveva, raTa dadasturdes sakmarisad kvalificiuri darRveva. es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretul wevr saxelmwifos ar hqonda arCevani samarTlis darRvevis am momentSi sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo

97 Judgment of the Court of 8 October 1996; Erich Dillenkofer, Christian Erdmann, Hans-Jürgen Schulte, Anke Heuer, Werner, Ursula and Trosten Knor v Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Joined cases C-178/94, C-179/94, C-188/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94; European Court reports 1996 Page I-04845.

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SesaZleblobas Soris da mniSvnelovnad Semcirebuli an saerTod nulamde day-vanili SesaZlebloba hqonda, emoqmeda Tavisi SexedulebiT. (SeadareT ganaCeni Hedley Lomas, 28-e punqti).

26. Tu wevri saxelmwifo, rogorc es Francovich-is saqmeSia, xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-3 abzacis darRveviT direqtivaSi gansazRvruli vadis farglebSi ar miiRebs aranair zomas, miuxedavad imisa, rom es am direqtiviT gansazRvruli miz-nis miRwevisaTvis aucilebelia, is maSin aSkarad da arsebiTad scildeba ufle-bamosilebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis dadgenil sazRvrebs.(...)

28. zianis anazRaureba ar unda iyos gansakuTrebiT imaze damokidebuli, aris Tu ara braleuli (ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT) (...) saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis piri, romelmac, savaraudod, es daarRvia.(...)

72. Semdgom erovnulma sasamarTlom, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, asanazRaurebeli zianis gansazRvrisas mudmivad unda gansajos, Seecada Tu ara dazaralebuli, Sesabamisi formiT zianis dadgomisaTvis xeli SeeSala an zianis moculoba Seemcirebina.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Brasserie du Pêcheur SA, Factortame Ltd98:

56. amdenad, gansaxilvel sakiTxebs, romlebic kompetenturma sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos, ganekuTneba: darRveuli normebis sizustisa da gasagebobis xarisxi, Tavisufali samoqmedo arealis moculoba, romelsac darRveuli norma erovnul Tu gaerTianebis organoebs utovebs; sakiTxi, darRveva Cadenilia ganzrax Tu ganzraxvis gareSe an ziani ganzrax Tu ganzraxvis gareSe aris miyenebuli; gasaTvaliswinebelia konkretuli samarTlebrivi gaugebrobis mitevebisa Tu miuteveblobis motivebi da garemoeba _ gaerTianebis organos moqmedebam SesaZloa wvlili Seitana imaSi, rom erovnuli RonisZiebebi an praqtikebi ar ganxorcielebula, an damkvidrda da xorcieldeba gaerTianebis samarTlis darRveviT.

57. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gaerTianebis samarTlis darRveva aris aSkarad kvalifici-uri, Tu is mainc ganagrZobs arsebobas ganaCenis gamotanis miuxedavad, romelSic dadasturebulia darRvevis faqti an winaswari gadawyvetilebis procesSi gamot-anili ganaCenis an evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis miuxedavad, romel-ic miuTiTebs sadavo moqmedebis aramarTlzomierebaze.

generaluri advokati saqmeSi _ Hedley Loma _ acxadebs99:

saxelmwifos mimarT pasuxismgeblobis dayenebis Sesaxeb saCivari arasruli uSualo moqmedebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebaa, sadac erTeulebs eniWebaT zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba. evropuli sasamarTlo sadavo debulebebs garkveuli saxiT uSualo moqmedebas aniWebs, radgan pirs SeuZlia daeyrdnos mis araimplementacias, raTa miiRos gadawyvetileba. kreditors ar SeuZlia, sasamarTlo wesiT direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis movales

98 Judgment of the Court of 5 March 1996; Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland and The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte: Factortame Ltd and others; Joined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93; European Court reports 1996 Page I-01029.

99 Schuetze, Bruha, Koenig; Casebook Europarecht; 2004, gv. 151.

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gadaaxdevinos, radgan es movale daudgenelia. rogorc dazaralebul pirs, SeuZlia imoqmedos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg pasuxismgeblobis dayenebis Sesaxeb saCivris meSveobiT, romelic arasakmaris implementacias eyrdnoba. pasuxismgeblobis dayenebis Sesaxeb saCivari arasakmarisi implementaciisa da naklovani uSualo moqmedebis adgils ikavebs.

ase xdeba saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis warmoSoba, konkretul SemTxvevaSi direqtivis naklovani implementaciisas (...), efeqturi sanqcia, zewolis saSu-aleba an implementaciisaken biZgi. (...)

g) gadawyvetileba:

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi S.N.U.P.A.T. I100:

(...) RonisZiebis rogorc gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi kvalifikacia damokide-bulia, upirveles yovlisa, mis sagansa da Sinaarsze.

saqme Sucrimex101:

14. amis sawinaaRmdegod momCivnebi acxadeben, rom komisiis werilma gamoamJRavna maT winaaRmdeg xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis (axla evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 249-e muxlis) mniSvnelobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganzraxva (...).

15. raTa dadgindes, aris Tu ara komisiis 1979 wlis 3 ivlisis werili gadawyvetileba, romelic momCivnebis mier xelSekrulebis 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, unda gadaisinjos, SeuZlia Tu ara mas samarTlebrivi moqmedeba. (SeadareT aseve saqme 242/81, Roquette Freres v Council (Isoglucose), krebuli 1982, 3213, 3229 da Semdegi, me-3-me-6 punqtebi, saqme 117/86, Ufade v Council and Cimmission, krebuli 1986, 3255, 3259, me-8 punqti da Semdgomi).

(1) savaldebulooba:

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Usines Emile Henricot102:

xelSekrulebis me-14 muxlis mixedviT, gadawyvetilebebi umaRlesi organos, ese igi misi wevrebis kolegiis, mier miiReba.

garda amisa, radgan isini `yvela mis nawilSia savaldebulo~, (obligatoires en tous leurs elements), unda iyvnen naTlad imisaTvis gansazRvrulni, rom mis adresatebs mianiWon uflebebi da daakisron valdebulebebi.

garda amisa, sityvebis bunebrivi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom `gadawyve-tileba~ gamoxatavs Sida administraciuli proceduris dasrulebas, romelSic umaRlesma organom sakuTari neba Camoayaliba, da amiT man es neba sabolood gamo-xa ta.

100 Judgment of the Court of 17 July 1959; Société nouvelle des usines de Pontlieue - Aciéries du Temple (S.N.U.P.A.T.) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Joined cases 32/58 and 33/58; European Court reports English special edition Page 00127.

101 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 27 March 1980; Sucrimex SA and Westzucker GmbH v Commission of the European Communities; Case 133/79; European Court reports 1980 Page 01299.

102 Judgment of the Court of 5 December 1963; Société anonyme Usines Emile Henricot and others v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Joined cases 23, 24 and 52-63; European Court reports English special edition Page 00217.

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bolos, Sesabamisi pirebis dasacavi interesebi moiTxovs, rom maT unda SeeZloT, gamoqveynebis xasiaTis mixedviT, mZime samarTlebrivi Sedegebis gaazreba da ukve misi garegani formiT gansakuTrebiT dadgenili gasaCivrebis vadis garkveva. am-denad, SesaZlebelia, gadawyvetilebad miCneul iqnes mxolod iseTi formiT gamo-qveyneba, romlis adresatebs SeuZliaT, erTmniSvnelovnad daaskvnan, rom es aseTi samarTlebrivi aqtia.

saqme Compagnie des forges de Chatillon103:

(...) gadawyvetilebebi cnobadi unda iyos, rogorc kompetenturi uwyebis ganacxadi da unda warmoSobdes samarTlebriv Sedegebs; maT unda daasrulon Sida procedura, romelSic organom sakuTari neba Camoayaliba, da asaxon saboloo dadgenilebebi, romelTa forma adresatebs saSualebas aZlevs, daadginon, rom saxezea gadawyvetileba.

saqme S.N.U.P.A.T. II104:

sadavo werili ar asaxavs arc misi formisa da arc misi Sinaarsis mixedviT um-aRlesi organos gadawyvetilebas. rac Seexeba formas, es werili sabazro ganyo-filebis xelmZRvanelis mieraa xelmowerili, kerZod, misi saxeliT da ara umaR-lesi organos saxeliT an misi davalebiT; amdenad, is ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes rogorc umaRlesi organos gadawyvetileba. Sinaarsobrivad is imis dadgeniT Semoifargleba, rom evropuli sasamarTlos 1959 wlis 17 ivlisis ganaCenebi um-aRlesi organos samsaxurebma unda gadasinjon, rom is aucilebel gadawyvetile-bebs gamouSvebs da rom sabazro ganyofilebis SexedulebiT ar arsebobs raime safuZveli samoxeleo Secdomis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnisa. aseTi gan-marteba arc sayovelTao wess adgens da arc individualur interesebSi saboloo Carevas niSnavs.

saqme International Business Machines (IBM II)105:

9. imisaTvis, rom dadgindes, aris Tu ara gasaCivrebuli RonisZiebebi 173-e mux-lis mixedviT moqmedebebi, unda daveyrdnoT maT arss. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, yvela RonisZieba aris moqmedeba an gadawyvetileba, romelsac savaldebulo samarTlebrivi xasiaTi aqvs, da romelic momCivnis in-teress mis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi CareviT laxavs. aRniSnulze SesaZlebe-lia, 173-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saCivris aRZvra. am moqmedebebis Tu gadawyvetilebis forma ki, ZiriTadad, mis gasaCivrebaze zegavlenas ar axdens.

10. moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic mravalfazian proceduraSi, gansakuTrebiT ki Sida proceduris dasasruls, gamodian, (...) gasa-Civreba, ZiriTadad, im RonisZiebebis miRebis Semdegadaa SesaZlebeli, romlebic am proceduris dasrulebisas komisiis an sabWos pozicias sabolood daadgenen, da ara Sualeduri RonisZiebebisas, romlebmac saboloo gadawyvetileba unda moamzadon.

103 Judgment of the Court of 16 June 1966; Compagnie des forges de Châtillon, Commentry & Neuves-Maisons v High Authority of the ECSC; Case 54-65; European Court reports English special edition Page 00185.

104 Judgment of the Court of 22 March 1961; Société nouvelle des usines de Pontlieue - Aciéries du Temple (S.N.U.P.A.T.) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Joined cases 42 and 49/59; European Court reports English special edition Page 00053.

105 Judgment of the Court of 11 November 1981; International Business Machines Corporation v Commission of the European Communities; Case 60/81; European Court reports 1981 Page 02639.

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11. odnav gansxvavebuli iqneboda mxolod maSin, Tu qmedebebs an gadawyvetile-bebs mosamzadebeli proceduris farglebSi eqnebodaT ara marto zemoT aRw-erili samarTlebrivi niSnebi, aramed sabolood Tavad daasrulebdnen gansa-kuTrebul proceduras, rac imisagan gansxvavdeba, romelmac komisias an sabWos gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba unda misces.(...)

19. saCivris punqtebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba ar warmoSobs konkretuli sawarmos valdebulebas, Secvalos man saqmianobis praqtika da gadasinjos is; mas ar aqvs aseve zegavlena imaze, CamoerTvas misTvis miniWebuli dacvis ufleba (...). konk-retuli sawarmo SesaZlebelia gafrTxilebul iqnes saCivris punqtebis Sesaxeb SetyobinebaSi, rom arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom komisia mas jarimas daak-isrebs, Tumc sabolood es aris faqtobrivi da ara samarTlebrivi Sedegi, romel-ic saCivris punqtebis Sesaxeb SetyobinebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamowveuli.(...)

21. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom (ar aris) saCivris punqtebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba Tavisi bunebiTa da samarTlebrivi moqmedebiT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 173-e muxlis mixedviT gadawyvetilebebma, romelTa mimarTac saCivari daiSveba. (...)

saqme Air France106:

1. imis dasadgenad, saxezea Tu ara RonisZieba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 173-e muxlis mixedviT, unda daveyrdnoT mis arss. yvela RonisZieba, romelic savaldebulo samarTlebriv Sedegebs warmoSobs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, momCivanis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi CareviT mis interesebs mniSvnelovnad laxavs, aris moqmedeba an gadawyvetileba, romlis mimarTac SesaZlebelia baTilobis Sesaxeb saCivris aRZvra.4064/89 regulaciis mixedviT, sawarmoTa gaerTianebebis kontrolis farglebSi sakonkurencio sakiTxebSi komisiis kompetenturi warmomadgenlis presmdivnis mier komisiis saxeliT gakeTebuli gancxadebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb saCi-vari aRiZra. es gancxadeba exeboda imas, rom ori sawarmos ganzraxuli gaer-Tianeba am dadgenilebis moqmedebis sferoSi ar xvdeboda, radgan, regulaciis pirveli muxlis TvalsazrisiT, es gaerTianeba umniSvnelo iyo gaerTianebis sivrcisaTvis.

amgvarad, gaJRerebuli gadawyvetileba, romelic komisiam misi kompetenciis Semowmebis Semdeg am dagegmili gaerTianebis mimarT gamosca, warmoSobs samarT-lebriv Sedegebs:

- wevri saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romelTa kompetencia sadavo gaerTianebis Sefasebaze namdvilad dasturdeba maTi erovnuli samarTliT teritori-uli Semxeblobidan gamomdinare, da meorec, wevri saxelmwifos an wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan yoveli samarTlebrivi eWvi regulaciis 22-e mux-lis mesame abzacis gamoyenebis winapirobebis Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT aR-moifxvreba;

- gaerTianebuli sawarmoebis mimarT, romlebic, regulaciis me-4 muxlis

106 Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) of 24 March 1994; Société Anonyme à Participation Ouvrière Compagnie Nationale Air France v Commission of the European Communities; Case T-3/93; European Court reports 1994 Page II-00121.

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pirveli abzacis Sesabamisad, sadavo gaerTianebis Sesaxeb komisiasTan gancxadebis valdebulebisagan gaTavisufldnen, da maT eZlevaT SesaZle-bloba maTi proeqtis myisierad ganxorcielebisa;

- konkurentebis mimarT, romelTa mdgomareobas bazarze SesaZloa uSualod Seexos gaerTianebis amgvarad warmoqmna.

2. formis arCeva arafers cvlis organos moqmedebis arsze. formas, romelSic qmedeba xorcieldeba, ZiriTadad ar aqvs zegavlenis Zala baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb saCivris aRZvraze. is, rom qmedeba uCveulo formiTaa gamoxatuli, (...) ar udgas win baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb saCivris aRZvras, imdenad, ramdenadac qmedebam mesame pirebis mimarT aCvena samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. es aris komisiis wevris saxeliT gakeTebuli gancxadebis SemTxveva, rogorc es pressaagentos mier iqna gavrcele-buli.

saqme Sucrimex107:

15. imisaTvis, rom dadgindes, komisiis 1979 wlis 3 ivlisis werili aris Tu ara gadawyvetileba, romelic xelSekrulebis 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, mosarCeleebis mier SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, gadasasinjia, SeeZlo Tu ara mas sa-marTlebrivi Sedegebis warmoqmna.

16. dadgenilia, rom gaerTianebis debulebebis aRsruleba saeqsporto xarje-bis anazRaurebis sferoSi amisaTvis gansazRvruli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi uwye-bebis kompetenciaSi xvdeba da rom komisia ar aris uflebamosili, miiRos gad-awyvetilebebi maT ganmartebaze. mas aqvs mxolod azris gamoxatvis SesaZle-bloba, romelic Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi uwyebebisaTvis savaldebulo ar aris.

17. garda amisa, arc gasaCivrebuli werilis Sinaarsidan da arc misi sityvasi-tyviTi mniSvnelobidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom is raime saxiT samarTlebrivad moqmedebs.

18. am dadgenilebebidan gamomdinareobs, rom winamdebare SemTxvevaSi komisia ise ar moqmedebs, rom misi qmedeba, SesaZlebelia, baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb sa-Civris sagani iyos.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi S.N.U.P.A.T. I108:

SeuZlia Tu ara momCivans, damatebiT gaasaCivros umaRlesi organos 1957 wlis 18 dekembrisa da 1958 wlis 17 aprilis werilebi?

evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis Tanaxmad, sawarmos, romelic asa-Civrebs individualur gadawyvetilebas, SeuZlia, am gadawyvetilebis safuZv-lad arsebuli zogadi gadawyvetilebebis aramarTlzomiereba gaasaCivros.

mxareebi eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom (...) 1958 wlis 12 maisis werili da 1958 wlis pirveli ivnisis dumiliT uaryofili gadawyvetileba Seexeba umaRlesi organos zemodasaxelebul werilSi warmodgenil principebs. es, faqtobrivad, TvalnaTeli SemTxvevaa. aqedan gamomdinare, unda gadaisinjos, aris Tu ara es werilebi gadawyvetilebebi.

aris 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werili gadawyvetileba?

107 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 27 March 1980; Sucrimex SA and Westzucker GmbH v Commission of the European Communities; Case 133/79; European Court reports 1980 Page 01299.

108 ix. me-100 sqolio.

74

umaRlesi organos 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werili gansazRvravs zogad prin-cips imdenad, ramdenadac is jarTis SemTxvevebisaTvis (jarTis im kategoriis) cnebis dadgenas Seexeba, romelsac sawarmo usasyidlod iRebs.

es werili 1958 wlis pirvel Tebervals qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianebis oficialur gamocemaSi gamoqveynda da gaerTianebis yvela sawar-mosaTvis gaxda cnobili. jarTis gamoyenebis germanuli sazogadoebis 1958 wlis 6 Tebervlis SekiTxvaze umaRlesi organos sabazro ganyofilebam Tavis 1958 wlis 19 Tebervlis pasuxSi dasaxelebul werils uwoda `gadawyvetile-ba~.

Tumca mosarCelis mosazrebis sapirispirod 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werili, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes gadaw-yvetilebad.

marTalia, 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werili iyo gancxadebis pasuxi, romliTac jarTis gamoyenebis erTianma biurom, Tavisi wevrebis araerTgvarovani mosaz-rebebis gamo, (aRniSnul) cnebaze SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa umaRles organos, 2/57 gadawyvetilebis me-15 muxlis me-2 abzacis Tanaxmad ganemarta igi. umaR-lesma organom Tavis pasuxSi ganmarta, rom biuros mier am formiT warmod-genili SekiTxva `arasworad iyo dasmuli~, radgan biuro `Tavidanve dumiliT (am cnebis sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare) moqmedebda~ da rom es kriteriumi SesanarCunebeli iyo.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom umaRles organos ar hqonda ganzraxuli, masTan dayenebuli formaluri ganacxadis Sesabamisad gamoeca gadawyvetileba, aramed sabolood undoda principebis dadastureba, romlebzec is samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod varaudobda, rom logikurad gamomdinareobda 2/57 ZiriTadi gad-awyvetilebidan. amis sasargeblod metyvelebs aseve is faqti, rom qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 53-e mux-lis b qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, 2/57 gadawyvetilebis SecvlisaTvis aucilebeli iqneboda ministrTa sabWos winaswar erTxmad miRebuli Tanxmoba, anu is, rac am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ar iyo Sesrulebuli. amasTan, ar arsebobs sababi varaudisa, rom umaRlesi organo am savaldebulo normas ganzrax daarRvevda.

es mosazrebebi ar baTildeba imiTac, rom umaRlesi organos sabazro ganyo-filebam jarTis gadamuSavebis germanuli gaerTianebis 1958 wlis 6 Tebervlis formalur werilze sapasuxod ganacxada, rom 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werili faqtobrivad iyo `gadawyvetileba~. rogorc sabazro ganyofilebis pasuxis Si-naarsidan Cans, es werili sabolood umaRlesi organos moxelis Sexedulebas gamoxatavs da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ar gadmoscems aucileblad mis ganz-raxvebs.

amasTan, zemoaRwerili subieqturi mosazrebebi ar SeiZleba iyos, absolu-turad gadamwyveti 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werilis samarTlebrivi bunebis dasadgenad, radgan erTi RonisZiebis samarTlebrivi kvalifikacia, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia mis sagansa da Sinaarsze.

dasaxelebuli werili asaxavs zemdgomi organos Sidasamsaxurebriv miTiTebas, romliTac is mis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul samsaxurebs maTi saqmianobis mi-marTulebebs aZlevs. am werils amgvarad SeeZlo uSualo valdebulebebi war-moeSva mxolod adresatebisaTvis, da ara jarTis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoe-

75

bisaTvis, rac, garda amisa, im faqtiT dasturdeba, rom werili, romelic 1957 wlis 18 dekembriTaa daTariRebuli, pirvelad gaerTianebis oficialur gamo-cemaSi 1958 wlis pirvel Tebervals gamoqveynda.zemoaRniSnuli safuZvlebis mixedviT, 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werili, xelSekrulebis TvalsazrisiT, gadawyvetileba ar aris.

aris Tu ara 1958 wlis 17 aprilis werili gadawyvetileba?

zemoaRniSnuli daskvnebi 1957 wlis 18 dekembris werilis Taobaze vrceldeba, aseve zogadad, 1958 wlis 17 aprilis werilzec.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom es werili, sabolood, gankuTvnili iyo, aRe-wera biurosaTvis is safuZvlebi, romlebiTac umaRlesma organom misi 18 de-kembris weriliT ori konkretuli sawarmo gadasaxadebisagan gaaTavisufla, kerZod am sawarmoTa saamqroebi `gaerTianda jarTis gamomuSavebis im erT Tu ramdenime saamqrosTan adgilobrivad, romlebic maT ar ekuTvniT~. es werili adgens ara axal princips, aramed, sabolood, naTlad adasturebs princips, romelic administraciam 2/57 gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisas ukve dumiliT gamoiyena.

1958 wlis 17 aprilis werili ar aris gadawyvetileba xelSekrulebis mixed-viT.

(2) individualuri moqmedeba:

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Fédération nationale de la boucherie en gros et du commerce en gros des viandes109:

evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis mixedviT, gadawyvetileba mxolod imaTTvis aris savaldebulo (...), romlebsac is asaxelebs. (...) gadawyvetilebis arsebiTi niSania is, rom igi mxolod im pirebs mimarTavs, ̀ romelTac is asaxelebs~ (...) da (...) gamoyenebadia garkveuli raodenobis dasaxelebuli an identificirebadi adresatebis mimarT.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Calpak SpA and Società Emiliana Lavorazione Frutta SpA110:

7. 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, erTeulebs SeuZliaT imoqmedon nebis-mieri gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegod, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini regulaciebis saxiT gamovidnen, maT uSualod da individualurad SeexebaT. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT xeli unda SeeSalos imas, rom gaerTianebis orga-noebs mieceT saSualeba, mxolod regulaciis formis arCeviT erTeulebs Camo-arTvan im regulirebis gasaCivrebis ufleba, romelic maT uSualod da individu-alurad SeexebaT; amgvarad, unda dadgindes, rom formis arCeva ver cvlis qmede-bis samarTlebriv bunebas. (mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtika; SeadareT saqme 117/86, Ufade v Council and Commission, 1986 wlis krebuli, 3255, 3259, me-8 punqti; dakav-Sirebuli saqmeebi T-481/93 da T-484/93, Vereniging van Exporteurs in Levende Varkens v Commission, 1995 wlis krebuli, II-2941, 2958, 39-e punqti; saqme T-122/96, Fed-

109 Judgment of the Court of 14 December 1962; Fédération nationale de la boucherie en gros et du commerce en gros des viandes and others v Council of the European Economic Communityl; Case 19/62 to 22/62; European Court reports English special edition Page 00491.

110 Judgment of the Court of 17 June 1980; Calpak SpA and Società Emiliana Lavorazione Frutta SpA v Commission of the European Communities; Joined cases 789 and 790/79; European Court reports 1980 Page 01949.

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erawione Nazionale del Cemmercio Oleario (Federolio) komisiis winaaRmdeg, 1997 wlis krebuli, II-1559, 1578, 50-e punqti).

gaerTianebul saqmeebSi Confederation Nationale des Producteurs de Fruits et Legumes; generaluri advokati111:

rogorc davadgineT, 189-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom gansxvavebuli RonisZiebebi, romelTa miReba sabWosa da komisias SeuZliaT, gansakuTrebiT regulacia da gadawyvetilebaa. regulacia moqmedebs sayovelTaod. is yvela nawilSi savaldebuloa da yovel wevr saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs uSualod. gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa yvela mis nawilSi imaTTvis, romelTac is asaxelebs. regulaciis ganmarteba emTxveva eqvsive qveynisaTvis nacnob am gansakuTrebuli administraciuli RonisZiebis saxis sayovelTaod moqmed cnebas: kerZod, formaluri TvalsazrisiT administraciul RonisZiebas, radgan gamoicema aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze damokidebuli organos an Tavad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier; materialuri TvalsazrisiT ki aris normatiuli xasiaTis norma, namdvili meoradi kanonmdebloba, romelic obieqturad adgens mis mier mocul yvela SemTxvevaze gamoyenebad normas, romelic ar aris mibmuli konkretul pirsa Tu erTeulze.

gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba eWvgareSea, rom ufro sasargeblo iyo, radgan si-tyvas ̀ gadawyvetileba~ ramdenime mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes. gansakuTrebiT xSirad is farTo gagebiT moiazreba, rac yvela administraciul RonisZiebas moicavs, romlebic samarTlebriv mdgomareobas qmnis an cvlis, an valdebule-bebs warmoSobs: regulacia am mxriv mxolod gadawyvetilebis qvesaxea, isve rogorc kolegiuri organos `dadgenileba (Delibaration)~, specialurad frangu-li samarTlidan nasesxebi cneba, romelmac evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi sirTuleebi warmoqmna. Semdgom amisa, unda gansxvavdes `zogadi~ gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ar aris aucilebeli, regulaciebi iyos (mag., gadawyvetileba, romliTac dgindeba gaerTianebaSi naklovani mdgomare-oba, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlis pirveli abzaci) da `individualuri` gadawyvetilebebi.

romis xelSekrulebas surda daedgina terminologia. gadawyvetilebis mis mier mocemuli ganmarteba (`gadawyvetileba yvela mis nawilSi imaTTvisaa savaldeb-ulo, romelTac is asaxelebs~) meCveneba, rom Zalze Seesabameba individualuri gadawyvetilebis cnebas. TavisTavad erTsa da imave gadawyvetilebas SeiZleba ramdenime adresati hyavdes (mravlobiTi `maT~ amas moiazrebs): es Seexeba maSin koleqtiur gadawyvetilebas, romelic sinamdvileSi mniSvnelovania individu-alur gadawyvetilebaTa mTeli rigisaTvis.

am TvalsazrisiT `gadawyvetileba~ moicavs ara regulacias, aramed misi sa-pirispiroa. romis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, erTi da igive RonisZieba erT-droulad ar SeiZleba iyos gadawyvetileba da regulacia, rodesac 173-e mux-lSi saubaria `gadawyvetilebebze, romlebic ... miRebulia rogorc regula-ciebi~. igi gulisxmobs iseT miTiTebebs, romlebic mxolod `garegnuladaa~ regulaciebi, realurad ki, radgan isini Sinaarsobrivad gadawyvetilebebia, ar aqvT regulaciis xasiaTi. es aris aseve safuZveli imisaTvis, rom xelSekrule-ba iTvaliswinebs maTTvis, gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, moqmedi normebis gamoyen-ebas, upirveles yovlisa ki, saCivrebis TvalsazrisiT, romlis saganic SeiZleba

111 Schuetz, Bruha, Koenig; Casebook Europarecht; 2004, gv. 163.

77

isini gaxdnen.

SeiZleba saqme sxvagvarad yofiliyo mxolod maSin, Tu sityva `gadawyvetileba~ 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacSi zogadad iqneboda gasagebi, rogorc `RonisZiebis~ sinonimi da ar eqneboda is zusti mniSvneloba, romelsac mas 189-e muxli ani-Webs. (...) magram, batonebo, am Tezisis SenarCuneba rTulia, Tu moindomebT, gansaxilveli normis srulyofilad wakiTxvas.

gasaCivrebis ufleba, `fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis~ garda, aseve eniWebaT wevr saxelmwifoebs, sabWosa da komisias, upirvelesad, `maT mimarT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis~ winaaRmdeg: es zustad Seesabameba 189-e muxlSi mocemuli gadawyvetilebis ganmartebas. gasaCivrebis uflebis orive sxva SemTxveva gana-pirobebs rogorc erTs, ise meores, rom gadawyvetileba fizikur da iuridiul pirs unda Seexebodes uSualod da individualurad~. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom vinmes mimarT ̀ individualurad Sexebadi~ gadawyvetileba SeiZleba ar iyos individualuri gadawyvetileba? ar aris aq sityvebiT TamaSi? swored es indi-vidualuri xasiaTi, romelic RonisZiebas fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris mi-marT aqvs, amis sawinaaRmdegod amarTlebs im pirisaTvis gasaCivrebis uflebis miniWebas, romelic amiT adresats uTanabrdeba.

amitom, vfiqrob, gadawyvetileba, 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iyos mxolod individualuri, romelic regulaciis saxiT aris miRe-buli.

zogierTi momCivani swored imas asabuTebs, rom gasaCivrebuli RonisZiebebi, minimum, maT gasaCivrebul debulebebSi sinamdvileSi individualuri gadaw-yvetilebebia da ara regulaciebi; (...) radgan, 189-e muxlis mixedviT, regulacia `unda moqmedebdes sayovelTaod~, rac 26-e regulaciisas ar aris saxeze; rad-gan RonisZiebebs, romlebic mxolod pirTa garkveul kategoriebsa da jgufebs Seexeboda, ar SeiZleboda hqonoda sayovelTao xasiaTi. batonebo, regulaciis cnebaze aseTi mosazreba Secdomaa. regulaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara misi Sinaarsobrivi Tu sivrceSi moqmedebis sferoze farTod Tu viwrod ganvrcoba, aramed misi arapirovnuli gamoyeneba obieqturad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebze, rogor viwrod da zustadac unda iyvnen isini Semofarglulni. regulacia, rogorc es ukve aRiniSna, individualuri gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegod moi-azreba, romelic erT an ramdenime samarTalsubieqts, erT an ramdenime indi-vids Seexeba. es cnebebi imdenad elementarulia, rom Semdgomi ganmartebebi me saWirod ar meCveneba.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Fédération nationale de la boucherie en gros et du commerce en gros des viandes112:

2. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis mixedviT regulacia sayovelTaod moqmedebs da moqmedebs yovel wevr saxelmwi-foSi, maSin roca gadawyvetileba mxolod imaTTvisaa savaldebulo, romelTac is asaxelebs. Sesabamisi ganmasxvavebeli niSani ganWvretil unda iqnes sadavo RonisZiebis sayovelTao `moqmedebis~ arsebobasa Tu ararsebobaSi.

gadawyvetilebis arsebiTi niSania is, rom igi mxolod im pirebs mimarTavs, ̀ romelT-ac asaxelebs~, maSin, roca regulacias arsebiTad normatiuli xasiaTi aqvs da gam-

112 ix. 109-e sqolio.

78

oiyeneba ara moxseniebuli anda identificirebadi adresatebis gansazRvruli raodenobis mimarT, aramed moqmedebs erTianad da abstraqtulad gamoyofil pir-Ta wreebSi. raTa naTeli iyos, saxezea gadawyvetileba Tu regulacia, gamokvleul unda iqnes, Seexeba Tu ara sadavo RonisZieba individualurad garkveul pirebs. Tu misi mimRebi organos mier regulaciad dasaxelebuli RonisZieba Seicavs normebs, romlebic garkveul fizikur da iuridiul pirebs ara mxolod uSualod, aramed individualuradac Seexeba, maSin nebismier SemTxvevaSi am normebs – miuxedavad imisa, es RonisZieba aris Tu ara sworad miRebuli regulaciis saxiT mTlianad – ar SeiZleba mieniWos regulaciis xasiaTi. isini SesaZloa amiT Sesabamisi pirebis mier 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacis Tanaxmad, gasaCivrdnen.

3. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi sadavo RonisZieba dasaxelda `regulaciad~ im or-ganos mier, romelmac is gamosca. momCivnebi ki im azrze arian, rom gasaCivre-bul debulebas sinamdvileSi `regulaciis saxiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis~ xa-siaTi aqvs. eWvgareSea, SesaZlebelia, rom gadawyvetilebas hqondes aseve Zalze farTo gamoyenebis sfero. magram dauSvebelia, RonisZieba, romelic obieqturad gansazRvrul Semadgenlobebzea gamoyenebadi da yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi warmo-Sobs uSualo samarTlebriv Sedegebs pirTa wreebisaTvis, romelTac is sayovel-Tao da abstraqtuli formiT ayalibebs, ganxilul iqnes gadawyvetilebebad, Tu ar aRmoCndeba, rom garkveuli pirebs is 173-e muxlis me-2 abzacis TvalsazrisiT individualurad exebaT.

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gasaCivrebuli debuleba yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi war-moSobs uSualo samarTlebriv Sedegebs pirTa garkveuli wreebisaTvis, romlebic sayovelTao da abstraqtuli formiT aris asaxuli. misi moqmedebis sferoSi moqceul pirTa wreebs, kerZod wevr saxelmwifoebSi sasoflo-sameurneo sf-eroSi dasaqmebulebsa da maT gaerTianebebs, is aniWebs uflebas SeTanxmebebze, gadawyvetilebebsa da moqmedebebze ufro SezRuduli winapirobebiT, vidre xelSekrulebis mxolod 85-e muxlis gamoyenebis safuZvelze mieniWebodaT maT.

dasadgenia aseve, gasaCivrebuli debuleba Seexeba Tu ara momCivans individu-alurad.Tundac es debuleba produqtiT movaWre da amiT momCivani kavSirebis wevrTa interesebs Seexebodes, da amiT es movaWreebi cotaTi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebodnen, vidre sasoflo-sameurneo sferoSi dasaqmebulebi misi uSu-alo konkurentebi, unda dadgindes, rom im movaWreebze, romlebic momCivani kavSirebis wevrebi arian, es debulebi iseve vrceldeba Tu ara, rogorc es mTels gaerTianebaSi produqciiT movaWre yvela sxva pirze. garda amisa, mosaz-reba, rom TiTqos kavSirs, rogorc sawarmoTa jgufis warmomadgenels, individu-alurad Sexeboda am jgufis zogad interesTan dakavSirebuli RonisZieba, aram-yaria. am mosazrebis gaziarebas Sedegad mohyveboda is, rom erTi jgufis wevre-bis zogadi interesi, romlebsac namdvili regulaciebi SeexebodaT, miiCneoda rogorc erTi samarTlebrivi subieqtis interesi; es xelSekrulebis sistemasTan Seusabamo iqneboda, radgan, aRniSnulis mixedviT, kerZo pirebs SeuZliaT, gaasa-Civron mxolod individualuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlis adresatebi isini ar-ian, an RonisZiebebi, romlebic maT amgvarad Seexebian.

Sedegad unda dadgindes, rom sadavo debuleba momCivans individualurad ar Se-exeba.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mopasuxem sworad daasaxela gasaCivre-

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buli debuleba regulaciad.

saqme Koninklijke Scholten Honig NV113:

20/22. regulacia, romelSic garkveuli marcvleulisa da brinjis produqtis warmoebisas anazRaureba mTeli ekonomikuri wlisaTvis Semcirdeba da Semdgomi ekonomikuri wlidan aRmoifxvreba, misi samarTlebrivi bunebiT aris sayovelTao moqmedebis RonisZieba, xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis TvalsazrisiT, radgan is obieqturad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebze gamoiyeneba da samarTlebriv Sedegebs warmoSobs zogadad da abstraqtulad SemosazRvruli pirTa jgufebis mimarT. is momCivans Seexeba mxolod rogorc xilis Saqris maRali Semcvelobis _ glukozis mwarmoebels yovelgvari sxva specifikurobis gareSe.

(...) (gadawyvetileba kategorizebul unda iqnes maSin, rodesac is) pirebis Se-mosazRvrul wres (mimarTavs), romelic moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi ar icv-leba, e.i. (...) Sesabamisi pirebis wre erTmniSvnelovnad da amomwuravadaa iden-tificirebadi (...).

(Tu RonisZieba piriqiT moqmedebs), (...) adresati pirebis araidentificirebadi wris mimarT, adresatebis abstraqtuli kategoriis mimarT (...) (maSin es regu-laciaa).

23/25. garda amisa, RonisZieba regulaciis xasiaTs imiT ar kargavs, rom is moce-mul momentSi raodenobisa Tu dasaxelebis mixedviT adresati pirebis met-nak-lebi sizustiT identificirebas SesaZlebels xdis, Tu RonisZieba, dasaxuli miz-nidan gamomdinare, mimarTulia samarTlebrivi an faqtobrivi saxis obieqtur Se-madgenlobaze. is, rom SeiZleba samarTlebrivma normam adresat erTeul pirebTan mimarTebiT konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulad imoqmedos, regulaciis xasi-aTs ar arTmevs, Tu misi Semadgenloba obieqturad dadgenilia. Tu warmoebisas anazRaurebis Sesaxeb wess regulaciis xasiaTs mxolod imitom CamoarTmevdnen, rom is erTi Semadgenlobis safuZvelze garkveul produqcias Seexeba da mis mwar-moeblebs moicavs, rac maT yvela sxva pirisgan gamoyofs, maSin gadawyvetilebis cneba im moculobiT gaizrdeboda, rom xelSekrulebis sistemas safrTxe Seeqmne-boda, romelic baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb erTeulebis saCivrebs mxolod individu-alurad, misi misamarTiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebze an im RonisZiebebze uSvebs, romlebic analogiurad miiReba.

saqme Deutz und Geldermann, Sektkellerei Breisach (Baden) GmbH v Council114:

8. RonisZieba ar kargavs Tavis xasiaTs, rogorc regulacia, mxolod imiT, rom is pirebi maTi raodenobiT an saxeliT identificirebadi arian, romelTa mi-marTac gamoiyeneba is mocemuli drois ganmavlobaSi, da Tu es RonisZieba gamoyenebadia dasaxuli miznis farglebSi im samarTlebrivi Tu faqtobrivi saxis obieqtur Semadgenlobaze, romelsac is gansazRvravs.

9. individualurad exebaT pirebs mxolod maSin, rodesac maT SeexebaT is, maTi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, im garemoebebis safuZvelze, rom-lebic maT sxva pirTa wridan gamoyofen da individualizebas ukeTeben rogorc

113 Judgment of the Court of 5 May 1977; Koninklijke Scholten Honig NV v Council and Commission of the European Communities; Case 101/76; European Court reports 1977 Page 00797.

114 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 24 February 1987; Deutz und Geldermann, Sektkellerei Breisach (Baden) GmbH v Council of the European Communities; Case 26/86; European Court reports 1987 Page 00941.

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adresatebs (mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtika; SeadareT aseve saqme 242/81, Roquette Freres v Council, me-7 punqti).

(3) uSualo moqmedeba

saqme Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein115:

5. marTalia, 189-e muxlis mixedviT, regulaciebi gamoiyenebian uSualod da Sedegad ukve maTi samarTlebrivi bunebis gamo SeuZliaT uSualod imoqmedon. aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom am muxlSi dasaxelebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis sxva kategoriebi arasodes imoqmedeben analogiurad. saxeldobr debuleba, rom gadawyvetileba yvela mis nawilSi adresatebisaTvis savaldebuloa, dasaS-vebs xdis SekiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, gadawyvetilebiT adresatebisaTvis warmoSo-bili valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gasaCivreba mxolod gaerTianebis orga-noebs SeuZliaT, Tu aseTi ufleba aseve am valdebulebis SesrulebiT dainter-esebul nebismier pirs aqvs. gadawyvetilebebisaTvis 189-e muxliT miniWebul savaldebulo xasiaTTan iqneboda SeuTavsebeli, ZiriTadad, gamogvericxa gad-awyvetilebiT dakisrebul valdebulebebze dainteresebuli pirebis dayrdno-bis SesaZlebloba. gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, romelSic gaerTianebis or-ganoebi gadawyvetilebiT erT an yvela wevr saxelmwifos garkveul moqmedebas avaleben, aseTi RonisZiebis sasargeblo moqmedeba (effet utile) Sesustdeboda, Tu am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi sasamarTlos winaSe ver daeyrdnobodnen mas da saxelmwifo sasamarTloebi ver gaiTvaliswinebdnen mas, rogorc gaerTianebis samarTlis Semadgenel nawils. marTalia, SesaZlebelia regulaciis normis mo-qmedebisagan gansxvavdebodes gadawyvetilebis moqmedeba; Tumc es gansxvaveba ar gamoricxavs, rom saboloo Sedegi, kerZod is, rom erTeuls ufleba aqvs, daeyrdnos RonisZiebas sasamarTloSi, analogiuri SeiZleba iyos imisa, rac Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi uSualod gamoyenebadi regulaciis normis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.

6. 177-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo sasamarTloebi uflebamosilni arian, evropul sasamarTlos mimarTon organoebis nebismieri moqmedebis namdvilobisa da ganmartebis moTxovniT, sxvaTa Soris warmoSobs winapirobas, rom erTeulebs SeuZliaT am sasamarTloebSi dasaxelebul qmedebebs daeyrdnon. amitom yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda Semowmdes debuleba, romelsac es Seexeba, misi samarTlebrivi bunebis, sistematikisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT aris Tu ara gamosadegi, uSualod imoqmedos mis adresatebsa da mesame pirebs Soris samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi.

d) rekomendaciebi da poziciebi

saqme Salvatore Grimaldi v Fonds des maladies professionnelles116:

saqmis fabula: italiis moqalaqe salvatore grimaldi 1953 wlidan 1980 wlamde muSaobda belgiaSi. igi daavadebuli iyo Zvlebisa da moxrilobis nervuli daa-vadebiT rac gamowveuli iyo pnevmaturi CaquCis mudmivi gamoyenebiT. SromiTi

115 Judgment of the Court of 6 October 1970; Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein; Case 9-70; European Court reports 1970 Page 00825.

116 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 13 December 1989; Salvatore Grimaldi v Fonds des maladies professionnelles; Case C-322/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 04407.

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daavadebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb ganacxadi belgiis Sesabamisma organom urayo im motiviT, rom es daavadeba ar iyo belgiis Sesabamis cxrilSi gaTvaliswinebu-li, Tumca gaTvaliswinebuli iyo SromiT daavadebaTa evropul siaSi, romlis miRebis rekomendacia komisiam wevr saxelmwifoebs misca. batonma grimaldim iCivla belgiis kompetentur sasamarTloSi, romelmac evropul sasamarTlos winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduriT mimarTa da hkiTxa, araimplementire-bul rekomendacias xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-5 abzacis mixedviT SeeZlo Tu ara uSualod emoqmeda:

7. radgan warmodgenili SekiTxva Seexeba rekomendaciis ganmartebas, romelsac evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis me-5 abzacis mixedviT ar aqvs savaldebulo moqmedebis Zala, gamosakvlevia, sasamarTlo, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis mixedviT, uflebamosilia Tu ara, miiRos gadawyvetileba.

8. amdenad, sakmarisia imis dadgena, rom 177-e muxli – sxvagvarad, vidre evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 173-e muxli, romelic evropuli sasamarTlos mier rekomendaciis xasiaTis qmedebebis gadasinjvas gamoricxavs – evropul sasamarTlos aniWebs uflebamosilebas, winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduriT gadawyvetileba miiRos gaerTianebis organoTa qmedebebis namdvilobasa da ganmartebaze yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe. (...)

10. (...) SekiTxva unda gavigoT Semdegnairad: SeuZlia Tu ara rekomendaciebs maTi aRmasrulebeli erovnuli RonisZiebebis ararsebobisas warmoSvas er-TeulTa uflebebi, romlebze dayrdnobac maT Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarT-loebis winaSe SeuZliaT.

11. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom, marTa-lia, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis Tanaxmad, regulaciebi uSualod moqmedeben da ukve maTi samarTlebrivi bune-bis gamo SeuZliaT uSualod gamoiyenebodnen, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom am muxlSi dasaxelebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis sxva kategoriebs ar Seu-ZliaT analogiurad imoqmedon (SeadareT, gansakuTrebiT, 1982 wlis 19 ianvris ganaCeni saqmeSi 8/81, Becker Finanzamt Muenster-Innenstadt, 1982 wlis krebuli, 53-e punqti).(...)

15. rac Seexeba orive rekomendacias, rogorc wina proceduris saganT, dasad-genia, miuTiTeben Tu ara isini maT dasabuTebaSi evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 155-e muxlze, romlis mixedviTac komisias re-komendaciebis gacemis zogadi uflebamosileba aqvs, da aseve evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 117-e da 118-e muxlebze. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis ganaCenSi 1987 wlis 9 ivlisis gaerTianebul saqmeebze: 281/85, 283/85, 284/85 da 287/85 (germaniis federaciuli respublika, safrangeTi, niderlandebi, dania da gaerTianebuli samefo komisiis winaaRm-deg, 1987 wlis krebuli, 3203), gadawyvita, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 118-e muxli cnobs wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetencias socialur sakiTxebSi, imdenad, ramdenadac am sakiTxebs evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis sxva normebi ar exeba da es normebi wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis farglebSi ar sruldeba, romlis ganx-orcielebasac komisia uzrunvelyofs.

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16. am garemoebebSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes eWvi, rom sadavo RonisZiebebi nam-dvili rekomendaciebia, e.i. qmedebebi, romelTac maTi adresatebis mimarT savaldebulo moqmedeba ar SeiZleba hqondeT. isini Sedegad ver warmoSoben erTeulebisaTvis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sasamarTloebSi gansaxorcielebel uflebebs.(...)

17. Tumca Suamdgomlobis aRmZvrel sasamarTlos SekiTxvaze srulyofili pa-suxis gasacemad imaze unda mieTiTos, rom ar SeiZleba samarTlebrivad sruli-ad umoqmedod iqnen miCneuli sadavo RonisZiebebi. kerZod, Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian, maTTan aRZruli samarTlebrivi davis gadawyvetisas gaiTvaliswinon rekomendaciebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isini analizs maTi aRsrulebisaTvis gamoSvebuli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sa-marTlebrivi normebis ganmartebaze akeTeben, an, rodesac maT gaerTianebis savaldebulo normebi unda Seavson.

e) dausaxelebeli samarTlebrivi aqtebi

saqme Commission v Council117:

34/37. sabWos miaCnia, rom 1970 wlis 20 martis dadgenileba 173-e muxlis pirveli abzacis pirveli winadadebis mixedviT, ar aris qmedeba, romlis gasaCivreba SesaZlebelia, radgan is arc Tavisi formiT, arc sagniTa Tu SinaarsiT ar aris regulacia, gadawyvetileba, arc direqtiva, 189-e muxlis Tanaxmad, is aris mxolod sabWos farglebSi wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri SeTanxmeba, romelic, rogorc aseTi, uflebas ar warmoSobs, aseve ar warmoSobs valdebulebas da ar cvlis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. (...)

38/42. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 173-e mux-lis mixedviT. evropuli sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobas uwevs „sabWos qmede-bis marTlzomierebas (...), Tu es ar Seexeba rekomendaciebsa da poziciebs~. es muxli maTze saCivris aRZvris SesaZleblobas aZlevs wevr saxelmwifoebsa da organoebs, xolo – 189-e muxlis bolo abzacis mixedviT arasavaldebulo – „rekomendaciebsa an poziciebze` aseT SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. es imitom, rom saCivris aRZvris SesaZlebloba unda arsebobdes organoebis nebismieri im qmedebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs. es sarCeli unda emsaxurebodes 164-e muxlis normis mixedviT xelSekrulebis gan-martebisas da gamoyenebisas samarTlis dacvis uzrunvelyofas. daSvebis wina-pirobebis SemzRudveli ganmarteba, rom sarCelis aRZvra SesaZlebeli iyos mxolod 189-e muxlSi dasaxelebuli qmedebebis saxeebis mimarT, am mizanTan Seusabamo iqneboda. saCivari organoebis yvela im qmedebis mimarT unda iyos daSvebuli, romlebic imisaTvis arian gansazRvrulni, rom warmoSvan samarT-lebrivi Sedegebi, maTi samarTlebrivi bunebisa da formis miuxedavad.

117 Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1971; Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities; European Agreement on Road Transport; Case 22-70; European Court reports 1971 Page 00263.

83

mesame nawili

diskriminaciis akrZalva da ZiriTadi uflebebi evrokavSiris samarTalSi

I. moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalva

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Phil Collins118:

32. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxli krZalavs „yovelgvar diskriminacias moqalaqeobis safuZvlebze~, ufro metic, is moiTxovs im pirebis mimarT srulyofil Tanabar mopyrobas, romlebic gaerTianebis doneze daregulirebul situaciaSi imyofebian (...)

34. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, evropuli ekonomi-kuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis pirvel abzacSi asaxuli ufleba Tanabar mopyrobaze uSualod gaerTianebis samarTlis mieraa miniWebu-li. (SeadareT 1989 wlis 2 Tebervlis ganaCeni saqmeSi 186/87 Cowan, 1989 wlis krebuli, me-11 punqti). es ufleba, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba erovnuli sasamarTlos winaSe gasaCivrdes, raTa misgan moTxovnil iqnes erovnuli kanonis im diskrimini-rebadi debulebebis gamouyeneblad cnoba, romlebic sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs ar icaven, xolo Tavis moqalaqeebs aseTi dacvis qveS ayeneben.

aRniSnul saqmeebze generalurma advokatma ganacxada119:

rTulia Seicno, ratom mianiWes xelSekrulebis avtorebma diskriminaciis akrZalvas aseTi didi roli. xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi mizania, miRweul iqnes integraluri ekonomika, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba sawarmoo faqtorebisa da nawarmis Tavisuflad da daubrkoleblad moZraoba, romelTa saSualebiTac saxsrebis efeqturi gadanawileba da samuSaos ukeTesi danawileba unda miiR-wes. am miznis ganxorcielebis udidesi dabrkoleba iyo uricxvi diskriminaci-uli debulebebi da praqtikebi, romliTac erovnuli mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, sakuTar mewarmeebsa da muSaxels icavda sazRvargareTuli konkurenciisagan. romc ar iyos sakmarisi mxolod diskriminaciuli debulebebisa da praqtikebis gauqmeba, raTa miRweul iqnes xelSekrulebiT mizandasaxuli ekonomikuri inte-graciis maRali standarti, is mainc erTmniSvnelovnad arsebiTi winapirobaa.(...)

moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalva aseve imitom aris didi sim-boluri mniSvnelobis, rom is aCvenebs, gaerTianeba ara mxolod ekonomikuri SeTanxmebaa wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs Soris, aramed saerTo sawarmoa, romelSic evropis yovel calkeul moqalaqes SeuZlia monawileobis miRe-ba. yoveli wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe uflebamosilia, icxovros sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi erTsa da imave pirobebSi, imuSaos da saxelmwifos Sida mosax-leobis msgavsad dakavdes rogorc mewarme. ar SeiZleba maTi miCneva ucxoe-bad, mimRebma saxelmwifo organoebma isini unda miiRos rogorc gaerTianebis moqalaqeebi, romlebsac „xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi~ yvela im priv-ilegiis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, romlebic mimRebi saxelmwifos moqalaqee-bisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. gaerTianebis samarTlis arcerTi sxva aspeqti

118 Judgment of the Court of 20 October 1993, Phil Collins v Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Patricia Im- und Export Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH and Leif Emanuel Kraul v EMI Electrola GmbH; Joined cases C-92/92 and C-326/92.

119 Schuetz, Bruha, Koenig; Casebook Europarecht, gv. 781.

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ar Seexeba erTeulebs ise uSualod da ar Seaqvs iseTi wvlili saerTo iden-turebisa da saerTo bedis grZnobis gasaviTareblad (rogorc diskriminaciis akrZalva), mis gareSe xelSekrulebis preambulaSi proklamirebuli „evropuli xalxebis mzardi mWidro kavSiri~ iqneboda carieli fraza.

(...)

moqalaqeobis safuZvlebze diskriminaciis akrZalva, sxvasTan erTad, gaer-Tianebis samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi principia. is aris evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis wamyvani motivi. igi evropuli ekonomi-kuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlSi zogadadaa gadmocemuli. (...) diskriminaciis es sayovelTao akrZalva evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTiane-bis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis sxva specialur normebSi ufro dawvrilebiT aris asaxuli.

SeadareT aseve saqme Criminal proceedings against Gianfranco Perfili120:

11. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-2 da me-3 muxlebi miznad isaxavs gan-sakuTrebiT erTiani bazris Seqmnas, romelSic saqoneli, pirebi, momsaxurebebi da kapitali namdvil sakonkurencio pirobebSi SesaZloa Tavisuflad gadaadgild-ebodnen. es mizani uzrunvelyofil iqneba sxvasTan erTad evropuli gaerTiane-bis xelSekrulebis me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli moqalaqeobis safuZvlebze diskriminaciis akrZalviT (...)

saqme Ian William Cowan121:

saqmis fabula: batoni kovani, britaneTis moqalaqe, imyofeboda parizSi, rode-sac masze yaCaRuri Tavdasxma moxda. radgan borotmoqmedi ver iqna identi-ficirebuli, kovanma moiTxova zianis anazRaureba, rasac franguli kanon-mdebloba msgavs SemTxvevebSi aZlevda safrangeTis moqalaqeebsa da ucxoe-lebs, romlebic flobdnen egreT wodebul ucxoelTa mowmobas an romelTa moqalaqeobis saxelmwifosTanac safrangeTs hqonda Sesabamisi xelSekruleba dadebuli. batoni kovani franguli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil wess miiCnevda diskriminaciulad.

diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sinaarsi

11. garda amisa, unda mieTiTos imaze, rom Tanabari mopyrobis moTxovna uSua-lod gaerTianebis samarTlidan gamomdinareobs da amitom ar SeiZleba damokide-buli iyos Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifos uwyebebis mier nebarTvis gacemaze.

12. bolos gasaxsenebelia, rom – rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom pirve-lad Tavis 1972 wlis 22 ivnisis saqmis 1/72 (Frilli, 1972 wlis krebuli, 457-e pun-qti) ganaCenSi aRniSna – gaerTianebis samarTalSi asaxuli moTxovnis ufleba Tanabar mopyrobaze ar unda iyos damokidebuli nacvalgebis SeTanxmebis ar-sebobaze, romelic dadebulia Sesabamis wevr saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifos Soris, romlis moqalaqec am moTxovnaze uflebamosili piria.

13. imdenad, ramdenadac moqmedebs diskriminaciis akrZalva, erT wevr saxelmwi-fos ar SeuZlia pirisaTvis, romelic gaerTianebis samarTlis mier daregulire-

120 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 1 February 1996; Criminal proceedings against Gianfranco Perfili; C-177/94; European Court reports 1996 Page I-00161.

121 Judgment of the Court of 2 February 1989, Ian William Cowan v Trésor public; Case 186/87; European Court reports 1989 Page 00195.

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bul situaciaSia, uflebis miniWeba gaxados damokidebuli imaze, flobs Tu ara is ucxoelTa mowmobas, an aris Tu ara im saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelmac nacval-gebis SeTanxmeba dado am wevr saxelmwifosTan.

saqme Criminal proceedings against Vincent Auer122:

15. am debulebebis ganmartebisas angariSi unda gaewios maT mdebareobas xelSekrulebis saerTo sistemaSi iseve, rogorc xelSekrulebis miznebs.

16/18. gaerTianebis saqmianoba, saerTo bazris Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs, sxvasTan erTad, xelSekrulebis me-3 muxlis mixedviT, pirebisa da momsaxure-bis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisaTvis dabrkolebebis aRmofxvras. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis mixedviT, am xelSekrulebis moqmedebis farglebSi moqalaqeobaze dafuZnebuli yovelgvari diskriminacia akrZalulia. Sesabamisad, pirebis Tavisufalma gadaadgilebam wvlili unda Seitanos saerTo bazris SeqmnaSi, romelSic wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs saSualeba eqnebaT, maTi ekonomikuri saqmianobebi ganaxorcielon iq dafuZnebiT an gaerTianebis mTel teritoriaze momsaxurebebis gaweviT.

1. diskriminaciis akrZalvis moqmedeba evrokavSiris samarTalSi:

saqme B.N.O. Walrave and L.J.N. Koch123:

saqmis fabula: niderlandebis moqalaqeebi _ valvare da koxi _ asaCivrebdnen saerTaSoriso velosipedistTa kavSiris (Union Cycliste Internationale; UCI) mier dadgenil wess, romlis mixedviTac velomrboleli da damxmare erTi da im-ave moqalaqeobisa unda yofiliyvnen. isini am regulirebas diskriminaciulad miiCnevdnen da aRniSnavdnen, rom mrbolelsa da mis mimyols Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba SromiTi xelSekrulebaa da amiT is gaerTianebis samarTlis mo-qmedebis sferoSi eqceoda. moqalaqeobis piroba ewinaaRmdegeboda cvlilebis Semdgom, axla ukve evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-12, 39-e da 49-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZal-vas.

26/27. erovnuli sasamarTlo svams Semdeg kiTxvas, ramdenad gamoiyeneba diskriminaciis akrZalva samarTlebriv urTierTobebze msoflio masStabiT dasaqmebuli sportuli kavSiris farglebSi. evropul sasamarTlos aseve eTxova gadawyvetileba im sakiTxze, gansxvavebulad unda iqnes Tu ara ganxiluli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba imis mixedviT, tardeba sportuli Sejibreba gaerTianebis SigniT Tu mis gareT.

28/29. diskriminaciis akrZalvaze misi savaldebulo xasiaTis gamo yuradReba unda gamaxvildes mTel im samarTlebriv urTierTobebze msjelobisas, romlebic maTi warmoSobisa Tu maTi Sedegebis dadgomis adgilis mixedviT gaerTianebis teritoriasTan sivrcobriv kavSirSi arian. TiToeuli saxelmwifos mosamarTlis

122 Judgment of the Court of 7 February 1979, Criminal proceedings against Vincent Auer; Case 136/78, European Court reports 1979 Page 00437.

123 Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1974, B.N.O. Walrave and L.J.N. Koch v Association Union cycliste internationale, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie and Federación Española Ciclismo; Case 36-74, European Court reports 1974 Page 01405.

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saqmea, TiToeuli SemTxvevis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, am sivrcobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb daadginos ganaCeni da am urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT gaakeTos daskvnebi diskriminaciis akrZalvis SesaZlo darRvevaze.

saqme Françoise Gravier v City of Liège124:

19. (...) ganaTlebisa da ganaTlebis politikis organizacia, rogorc aseTi, (ar ganekuTvneba) materiebs, romlebic xelSekrulebis mixedviT gaerTianebis or-ganoebis kompetenciaSia; Tanabrad daSveba da monawileoba gakveTilze da mowa-feTa ganaTlebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac es Seexeba profesiul ganaTlebas, ar dgas gaerTianebis samarTlis gareT.

saqme Steven Malcolm Brown125:

14. mommarTvel sasamarTlos meore SekiTxviT ainteresebs, xvdeba Tu ara ev-ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis TvalsazrisiT, am xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi iseTi gadasaxadebi, romelTac wevri saxelmwifo uxdis Tavad studentebs an universitetebs am studentebis cx-ovrebisaTvis an leqciebisaTvis.

15. 1985 wlis 13 Tebervlis saqmis 283/83 (Gravier, 1985 wlis krebuli, 606) ganaCenSi evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom moqalaqeobis safuZvelze araTanabari mopyroba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-7 muxliT akrZaluli diskriminaciaa, Tu aseTi mopyroba xelSekrulebis moqmede-bis farglebSi eqceva da rom profesiul ganaTlebaze dasaSvebi winapirobebi misi moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva. 1988 wlis 2 Tebervlis saqmis 24/86 (Blaizot, 1988 wlis krebuli, 0000) ganaCenSi evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom umaR-les saswavlebelTa specialobebi zogadad asruleben winapirobebs, romlebi-Tac isini miCneuli arian evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis mixedviT profesiul ganaTlebad.

16. (...) evropul sasamarTlos (ar dasWirda) gamoexata Tavisi pozicia gan-aCenebSi im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aqvs Tu ara sxva wevri saxelmwifos mo-qalaqes, romelic aseT swavlas iwyebs, ufleba, moiTxovos saxelmwifo dax-mareba, romelic am saxelmwifos moqalaqes eZleva.

17. im pirobiT, rom es Semweoba emsaxureba mxolod saswavlo dawesebulebaSi mis-aRebi gadasaxadebis an sxva, gansakuTrebiT ki, leqciebze daSvebisaTvis saswavlo gadasaxadebis, dafarvas, 1985 wlis 13 Tebervlis dasaxelebuli ganaCenidan gamom-dinareobs, rom profesiul ganaTlebasTan daSvebis winapirobebis SesrulebisaT-vis Semweoba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis moqmede-bis sferoSi eqceva da, amdenad, mis mimarT gamoiyeneba moqalaqeobis safuZvlebze diskriminaciis akrZalva, rac dadgenilia evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxliT.

18. am winapirobiT da dRes arsebuli gaerTianebis samarTlis ganviTarebis

124 Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1985, Françoise Gravier v City of Liège; Case 293/83, European Court reports 1985 Page 00593.

125 Judgment of the Court of 21 June 1988, Steven Malcolm Brown v The Secretary of State for Scotland; Case 197/86, European Court reports 1988 Page 03205.

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mdgomareobiT unda dadgindes, rom is daxmareba, romelic studentebs cx-ovrebisaTvis (eZlevaT) (...), ZiriTadad evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis TvalsazrisiT am xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferos gareTaa. kerZod, is, erTi mxriv, eqceva ganaTlebis politikis sferoSi, romel-ic, rogorc aseTi, gaerTianebis organoebis kompetencias ar eqvemdebareba (...), da, meore mxriv, eqceva socialur politikaSi, romelic wevri saxelmwifoe-bis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, imdenad, ramdenadac is evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebuli debulebebis sagani ar aris (...).

19. amdenad, meore kiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom gadasaxadebi, romelTac ax-orcielebs wevri saxelmwifo studentebis mimarT an maTTvis universitetebis mier leqciebisaTvis moTxovnili gadasaxadebis dafarvisaTvis, eqceva evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis TvalsazrisiT am xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi, magram, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTiane-bis xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis TvalsazrisiT, am xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi ar eqceva gadasaxadebi studentebis cxovrebisaTvis.

saqme Criminal proceedings against Horst Otto Bickel and Ulrich Franz126:

saqmis fabula: avstriis moqalaqe bikeli, satvirTo manqanis mZRoli, da germaniis moqalaqe franci, turisti, imyofebodnen italiaSi, rodesac maT winaaRmdeg italiis sasamarTlom sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZra. sasamarTlo mdebareobda samxreT tirolSi. braldebulebma moiTxoves sasamarTlo procesis germanul enaze Catareba, radgan aseTi ufleba samxreT tirolis samarTlebrivi normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo samxreT tirolSi arsebuli germanulenovani Temis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis mixedviT sasamarTlom mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos kiTxviT _ gaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT unda gamoeyenebina Tu ara mas samxreT tirolis provinciis moqalaqeebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli saproceso normebi am provinciis turistebis mimarTac, romlebic sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebi iyvnen.

14. xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlSi gadmocemuli „moqalaqeobis safuZvelze dis-kriminaciis` akrZalvidan gamomdinareobs, rom pirebs, romlebic gaerTianebis samarTliT daregulirebul situaciaSi imyofebian, iseve unda moepyron, rogorc Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifo sakuTar moqalaqeebs eqceva (1989 wlis 2 Tebervlis ganaCeni saqmeSi 186/87, Cowan, 1989 wlis krebuli, 195, me-10 punqti).

15. gaerTianebis samarTliT daregulirebul situaciebs ganekuTvneba, sx-vebTan erTad, isini, romlebic xelSekrulebis 59-e muxliT miniWebuli momsax-urebis Tavisuflad gawevis uflebaSi eqceva. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, es ufleba moicavs momsaxurebis mimRebis uflebas, wavides sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi momsaxurebis misaRebad (ganaCeni Cowan, me-15 punqti). 59-e mux-lis sferoSi eqceva wevri saxelmwifoebis nebismieri moqalaqe, romelic midis sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi da iRebs momsaxurebas, an eZleva SesaZlebloba, miiRos aseTi momsaxureba, ise rom ar isargeblos xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli sxva TavisuflebiT. am moqalaqeebs, romelTac aseve batoni bikeli da batoni fran-ci ganekuTvnebian, SeuZliaT wavidnen mimReb saxelmwifoSi da iq Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen. garda amisa, xelSekrulebis me-8a muxli gansazRvravs: „kav-

126 Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1998, Criminal proceedings against Horst Otto Bickel and Ulrich Franz; Case C-274/96, European Court reports 1998 Page I-07637.

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Siris yovel moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, wevri saxelmwifoebis suverenul terito-riaze am xelSekrulebiTa da aRmasrulebeli normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sez-Rudvebisa da pirobebis dacviT Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen da darCnen wevr saxelmwifoebSi”

16. kavSiris moqalaqeebis SesaZlebloba, erTi saxelmwifos administraciul da iusticiis uwyebebTan iurTierTos garkveul enaze, rogorc es am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom gaadvildes sxva wevr saxelmwi-foSi gadaadgilebisa da yofnis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba. ... Sedegad pirebs, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi batoni bikeli da batoni franci iyeneben sxva wevr saxelm-wifoSi gadaadgilebisa da yofnis uflebas, xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis mixedviT, aqvT ufleba, moiTxovon, moepyron maT da am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs erTnairad, Tundac iq (mimReb saxelmwifoSi) daSvebuli eniT sargeblobis TvalsazrisiT.

17. marTalia, ZiriTadad wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetenciaa sisxlis samarTali da sisxlis samarTlis procesi, romelTac ganekuTvneba saproceso enis Sesaxeb sadavo normebi, Tumca gaerTianebis samarTali, mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, am kompetencias sazRvrebs uwesebs: amgvarma samarTlebrivma normebma ar unda gamoiwvion arc pirebis diskriminacia, romelTac gaerTianebis samar-Tali Tanasworobis moTxovnis uflebas aniWebs, da arc gaerTianebis samarTliT garantirebuli ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis SezRudva (am TvalsazrisiT, ganaCeni Cowan, me-19 punqti).

18. Tu maT SeuZliaT Selaxon wevr saxelmwifoTa im moqalaqeebis ufleba, rom-lebic iyeneben Tavis uflebas, gadaadgildnen an darCnen sxva wevr saxelm-wifoSi, maSin am saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebSi gamoyeneba-di procesualuri enis Sesaxeb erovnulma regulirebam unda gaiTvaliswinos xelSekrulebis me-6 muxli.

19. warmodgenili SekiTxvis pirvel nawilze amgvarad unda gaeces pasuxi: xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis sferoSi eqceva da am xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis Sesabamisi unda iyos erovnuli regulirebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnis ufleba imaze, rom gaimarTos sisxlis samarTlis procesi sxva enaze, vidre Sesabamisi saxelmwifos ZiriTad enaze.

20. xelSekrulebis me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli diskriminaciis akrZalvis yoveli darRvevis asacileblad, batoni bikelisa da batoni francis mosazre-biT moTxovnis ufleba imaze, rom procesi germanulad warimarTos, kavSiris yvela moqalaqes eniWeba, Tu es moTxovnis ufleba yvela wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqisaTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

21. italiis mTavroba acxadebs, rom sadavo ufleba mxolod moqalaqeebs eni-WebaT, romlebic bocenis provinciis germanulenovan jgufs miekuTvnebian da am provinciaSi cxovroben. sadavo normebis mizania, aRiaros im pirovnebis eTnikur-kulturuli identuroba, romelic dacul umciresobas miekuTvneba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom ar SeiZleba konkretuli eTnikur-kulturuli um-ciresobis enis gamoyenebis moTxovnis ufleba gavrceldes sxva wevri saxelmwi-fos moqalaqeze, romelic am sadavo regionSi SemTxveviT da droebiT imyofeba, radgan mas aqvs saSualebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom is konkretuli saxelmwifos oficialur enaze ar laparakobs, Tavi daicvas saTanadod.(...)

89

24. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis germanulenovani mo-qalaqeebi, romlebic bocenis provinciaSi moZraoben da iq imyofebian, italiis germanulenovan moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT, romlebic am regionSi cxovroben, na-klebad xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi arian. maSin rodesac italiis germanulenovan moqalaqes, romelic bocenis provinciaSi cxovrobs da romlis winaaRmdegac iq brali aRiZvreba, SeuZlia miaRwios procesis germanul enaze warmarTvas, xolo am uflebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba sxva wevri saxelmwifos germanulenovan moqalaqes, romelic amave provinciaSi moZraobs, ar gaaCnia.

25. rogorc amas italiis mTavroba acxadebs, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis germanu-lenovan moqalaqeebs, romlebic bocenis provinciaSi cxovroben, SeuZliaT sa-davo normas daeyrdnon da iq germanul enaze daicvan Tavi, ise, rom ar arsebobs araTanabari mopyroba regionis macxovrebelTa Soris moqalaqeobis safuZvelze, Tumca unda dadgindes, upirates mdgomareobaSia Tu ara italiis moqalaqe sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT. kerZod, italiis germanulenovani moqalaqeebis umetesobas SeuZlia moiTxovos, rom mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi bocenis provinciaSi germanuli ena iqnes gamoyenebuli, radgan isini sadavo reg-ulirebiT gaTvaliswinebuli cxovrebis adgilis winapirobas asruleben, maSin rodesac sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis germanulenovani moqalaqeebis umravleso-bas ar SeuZliaT daeyrdnon am regulirebiT moniWebul uflebas, radgan isini am kriteriums ver akmayofileben.

26. Sedegad, am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebT-an mimarTebiT, romlebic axorcieleben maT uflebas Tavisuflad gadaadgileba-ze, upiratesobas aniWebs iseTi regulireba, rogoric amosavali samarTlebrivi davis regulirebaa, romlis mixedviTac, garkveuli organos teritoriaze konk-retuli piris enaze sisxlis samarTlis procesis gamarTvis moTxovnis ufle-ba am piris sacxovrebel adgilzea damokidebuli, da igi amiT ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul diskriminaciis akrZalvas.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Phil Collins127:

saqmis fabula: winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduriT Sesamowmebeli iyo, ewinaaRmdegeboda Tu ara saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb germanuli samarTlis regulireba gaerTianebis samarTals. am normis mixedviT, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv xelovanebs SesaZlebloba eZleodaT, maTi Tanxmobis gareSe maTi nawarmoebe-bis gavrceleba aekrZalaT. es Tanxmobis winapiroba arsebobda damoukideblad adgilisa; xolo sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis xelovanebs aseT uflebas aniWebda mxolod germaniaSi ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebze.

20. am uflebebis specifikuroba, rogorc isini erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebiTaa mowesrigebuli, isaa, rom uzrunvelyos pirovnuli uflebebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis dacva. pirovnulobis dacva saSualebas aZlevs av-torebs da dasaqmebul xelovanT, gansakuTrebiT ebrZolos nawarmoebis nebis-mier damaxinjebas, araswor interpretacias an sxvagvar Secvlas, rac SeiZleba misi pativisa Tu imijis Semlaxveli iyos. garda amisa, saavtoro uflebas da masTan dakavSirebul dacviT uflebebs aqvT ekonomikuri xasiaTi, radgan isini iTvaliswineben uflebamosilebas, gamoiyenon daculi nawarmoebi komerciuli mizniT (...).

127 ix. 118-e sqolio.

90

22. rogorc sxva samewarmeo da komerciuli sakuTrebiTi uflebebi, aseve literaturuli da xelovnebis nawarmoebTa sakuTrebiT miniWebuli eqskluziuri uflebebi Seexeba gaerTianebis farglebSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebebis gacvlas, aseve Seexeba is sakonkurencio urTierTobebs. am safuZvlis mixedviT, es uflebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebiT wesrigdebian, evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis moTxovnebs eqvemdebarebian da amdenad misi gamoyenebis sferoSi eqcevian.

23. amgvarad, isini eqvemdebarebian mag.: evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Ses-axeb xelSekrulebis 30-e da 36-e muxlebs saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, musikalur nawarmoebebs Se-icaven bgeris matareblebi/firebi, romlebic warmoadgenen saqonels, romelTa gacvla gaerTianebis sferoSi dasaxelebuli normebiT wesrigdeba (...).

24. garda amisa, sazogadoebaTa saqmianoba saavtoro uflebebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Taobaze evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e da 66-e muxlebis moq-medebis sferoSi eqceva. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom (...) saqmeSi 7/82 ( GVL v Commission, 1983 wlis krebuli, 483, 39-e punqti) aRniSna, am saqmianobam iseTi saxe ar unda miiRos, rom man momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Seferxeba da, gansakuTrebiT, dasaqmebul xelovanTa uflebebis gamoyeneba saerTo bazris danawilebis SedegiT gamoiwvios.(...)

27. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom saavtoro ufleba da dakavSirebuli damcavi uflebebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT SidagaerTianebaSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlaze misi zemoqmedebebis gamo evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis sferoSi eqcevian, Zalauneburad evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis pirvel abzacSi asaxul sayovelTao diskriminaciis akrZalvas eqvemdebarebian, ise, rom aucilebeli ar aris, dakavSirebulni iyvnen evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e, 36-e, 59-e da 66-e muxlebis gansakuTrebul normebTan.

a) gamoyeneba pirTa wris mimarT

saqme Walrave and Koch128:

16/19. me-7, 48-e da 59-e muxlebisaTvis saerToa, rom isini maTi moqmedebis sf-eroSi krZalaven moqalaqeobis safuZvelze nebismier gansxvavebul mopyrobas. gansxvavebuli mopyrobis akrZalva moqmedebs ara marto saxelmwifo organoebis mier gamocemuli aqtebisaTvis, aramed vrceldeba is aseve sxva RonisZiebebzec, romlebic samuSao da momsaxurebis sferoSi Seicaven koleqtiur regulirebas. radgan pirTa da momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisaTvis dabrkolebebis aRmofxvras – gaerTianebis erT-erTi arsebiT mizans, romelic xelSekrulebis me-3 muxlis `g~ qvepunqtSia gadmocemuli – safrTxe Seeqmneboda, Tu saxelmwifo dabrkolebebTan brZolaSi kerZo samarTlebriv gaerTianebebsa da dawesebule-bebs, maTi samarTlebrivi avtonomiurobidan gamomdinare, amgvari dabrkolebe-

128 ix. 123-e sqolio.

91

bis Seqmnis saSualeba miecemodaT; da radgan, sxvaTaSoris, SromiTi pirobebi sxva-dasxva wevri saxelmwifos mixedviT sxvadasxvagvarad, an kanonebiTa da dadgenile-bebiT, an kerZo pirebs Soris xelSekrulebebiT da sxva samarTlebrivi qmedebebiT regulirdeba, akrZalvis mxolod saxelmwifo RonisZiebaze gavrceleba safrTxes Seuqmnida sadavo akrZalvis mTel gaerTianebaSi erTian gamoyenebas (SeadareT aseve saqme 13/76, Dona v Mantero, 1976 wlis krebuli, 1333, 1341).

generaluri advokati gaerTianebul saqmeebSi Phil Collins129:

araerTi ganaCenidan (...) erTmniSvnelovnad gamomdinareobs, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian, gamouyeneblad datovon erovnuli normebi, romlebic me-7 muxls ewinaaRmdegebian. amasTan, naTelia, rom es valdebuleba ara marto saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg procesSi, aramed aseve kerZo pirTa Soris samarTlebrivi davebSic arsebobs.

imave saqmeze sasamarTlom daadgina130:

24. garda amisa, saavtoro uflebebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi sazogadoebe-bis saqmianoba eqceva momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e da 66-e muxlebis normebSi (...).(...)

33. amitom warmodgenil SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces da evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis pirveli abzaci ise unda ganimartos, rom am normasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modian wevri saxelmwifos is samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis avtorebsa da dasaqmebul xelovanebs, aseve maT, romlebic maTgan uflebebs iReben, garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobisas uflebas ar aZleven, isargeblon uflebiT, romelic am samarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aqvT. kerZod im uflebiT, rom saxelmwifos SigniT akrZalos misi Tanxmobis gareSe Cawerili xmis matareblis gasaReba, Tu is sazRvargareT Caiwera.

b) diskriminaciis Sinaarsi:

saqme Commission v Italian Republic131:

12. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom ukve gadawyvita, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 da 59-e muxlebis mixedviT, akrZalu-lia wevri saxelmwifos muzeumebTan sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis daSvebis Sesaxeb iseTi erovnuli regulireba, romelic mxolod ucxoeli tur-istebis diskriminacias Seicavs (1994 wlis 15 martis ganaCeni saqmeSi _ C-45/93, komisia espaneTis winaaRmdeg, 1994 wlis krebuli, I-911).

saqme Mund & Fester v. Hatrex Internationaal Transport132:

saqmis fabula: saqmeSi evropul sasamarTlos azri unda gamoeTqva _ Seicavda

129 Schuetz, Bruha, Koenig; Casebook Europarecht; 2004, gv. 789.130 ix. 119-e sqolio.131 Judgment of the Court of 16 January 2003 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic, Case

C-388/01.132 Judgment of the Court of 10 February 1994; Mund & Fester v Hatrex Internationaal Transport; Case C-398/92;

European Court reports 1994 Page I-00467.

92

Tu ara samoqalaqo samarTlis procesis 917-e paragrafis me-2 abzaci farul diskriminirebad normas. am debulebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia qonebis daya-daReba, Tu ganaCeni movalis mimarT sazRvargareT unda aRsruldes. maSin, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivad aRsasrulebeli ganaCeni yadaRaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiSveba, Tu misi Sefardebis gareSe aRsruleba SesaZloa arsebi-Tad garTuldes an SeuZlebeli gaxdes.

16. samoqalaqo samarTlis procesis 917-e paragrafis me-3 abzaci (ar iTval-iswinebs) aSkara diskriminacias moqalaqeobis safuZvelze, radgan debuleba vr-celdeba yvela SemTxvevaze, romlebSic ganaCeni sazRvargareT unda aRsruldes, da, kerZod, aseve maSin, roca dayadaRebuli qoneba aseve SeiZleba germanel mo-qalaqes ekuTvnodes, Tumca, rogorc amas komisia sworad aRniSnavs, aseTi SemTx-veva iSviaTia, radgan sazRvargareT iZulebiTi aRsrulebis umravlesoba Seex-eba fizikur pirebs, romlebic ar floben germanul moqalaqeobas, an iuridiul pirebs, romlebsac TavianTi adgilsamyofeli germaniis federalur respublika-Si ar aqvT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sadavo erovnuli debuleba, faqtobrivad, imave Sedegamde midis, rogorc es xdeba moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi.(...)

14. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTiane-bis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxli krZalavs xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sf-eroSi moqalaqeobis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare yovel diskriminacias. es mux-li krZalavs ara marto aSkara diskriminacias moqalaqeobis safuZvelze, aramed diskriminaciis yvela farul formas, romlebic sxva ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyenebiT analogiur Sedegamde midis (...).

15. erovnuli norma, romelsac es konkretuli procesi Seexeba, Seicavs dis-kriminaciis farul formas.

saqme Commission v Ireland133:

saqmis fabula: irlandiam Tavisi saTevzao zonebisaTvis miiRo regulirebis wesi, romlis mixedviT aikrZala iseTi gemebiT Tevzaoba, romelTa sigrZe aRe-mateboda 33 metrs, an romelTa Zravis siZliere 1100 cxenis Zalas ar aRemate-boda. es regulireba Seexeboda yvelas, Tumca im gemebs Soris, romlebic am zonebSi Tevzaobdnen, umravlesoba iyo sxva qveynis droSis qveS mcuravi gemi da am moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebdnen, faqtobrivad, gamonaklisi mxolod ir-landiuri gemebi iyo.

69/72. komisiis SexedulebiT, irlandiis mier SemoRebuli zomebi, romlebic moCvenebiTad iseT neitralur kriteriumebs efuZneba, rogorebicaa saTevzao gemebis sigrZe da Zravis simZlavre, sinamdvileSi diskriminirebadia ori safuZ-vlidan gamomdinare: aRmoCnda, rom sadavo debulebebSi arsebul SezRudvebs ar Seesabameboda irlandiuri saTevzao flotis mxolod ori gemi, romelTaganac erTs, rogorc es danamdvilebiT cnobilia, akrZalul zonaSi arasodes uTe-vzavia, maSin rodesac es RonisZieba ufro mkacrad Seexo sxva wevri saxelmwi-foebis flotebs (...); garda amisa, am RonisZiebebma gansxvavebul wevr saxelmwi-

133 Judgment of the Court of 16 February 1978; Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Sea fisheries; Case 61/77; European Court reports 1978 Page 00417.

93

foebs Soris araTanabari mopyroba gamoiwvia, radgan niderlandebis saTevzao floti, romlis arsebiTi nawili didi gemebisagan Sedgeba, TiTqmis srulad gamoeTiSa Sesabamis saTevzao zonebs, ufro naklebi moculobiT, magram aseve gamoeTiSa saTevzao zonebs franguli saTevzao floti. irlandiam am RonisZie-biT daarRvia evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxliT dadgenili diskriminaciis sayovelTao akrZalva da 101/76 regulaciis me-2 muxlis pirveli abzaci (...).(...)

78/80. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom sxva konteqstSi (...) ukve araerTxel ganacxada, gaerTianebis samarTalSi asaxuli norma Tanasworobis Sesaxeb krZa-lavs ara marto aSkara diskriminacias moqalaqeobis safuZvelze, aramed aseve diskriminaciis yvela farul formas, romelTac analogiuri Sedegi aqvT. ueWve-lad amgvarad moqmedeben sadavo RonisZiebebSi asaxuli kriteriumebi, radgan isini irlandiuri wylebidan sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis saTevzao flotebis mniS-vnelovan nawils aZeveben, maSin rodesac analogiuri RonisZiebebi irlandieli moqalaqeebisaTvis ar aris Sesabamisad mZime. amdenad, es RonisZieba ewinaaRmdegeba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxls, romelic krZalavs diskriminacias moqalaqeobis safuZvelze, da 101/76 regulaciis me-2 muxlis pirvel abzacs, romlis mixedviTac calkeuli wevri saxelmwifoebis regulirebebi gansxvavebulad ar unda epyrobodnen sxva wevr saxelmwifoebs, romlebic Tevzrewvas ewevian maT suverenitetsa Tu sajaro xelisuflebaSi arsebul sajaro wylebSi.

g) gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi:

saqme Italian v. Commission134:

saqmis fabula: italiam gaasaCivra komisiis gadawyvetileba, romlis mixedvi-Tac komisiam gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebi daawesa italiidan importirebuli macivrebisaTvis safrangeTSi, radgan italiuri macivrebi, romlebsac bev-rad ufro dabali Rirebuleba hqondaT, vidre Tavad franguli Tu sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan importirebuls, didi raodenobiT Semodioda safrangeTSi, ris gamoc safrTxe Seeqmna adgilobriv warmoebas. italiis mTavroba am gadaw-yvetilebas miiCnevda diskriminaciulad.

araTanabari mopyroba araidentur SemTxvevebSi ar aris diskriminacia. ufro metic, zog SemTxvevaSi, Sinaarsobrivi Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ar aris diskriminacia, maSin rodesac, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba aseT miiCneodes.(...)

komisia, roca is damcav RonisZiebebs nebas rTavs, aris uflebamosili, (...) saxelm-wifoebis mixedviT diferenciacia gaakeTos, Tu is, obieqturi safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, amas saWirod miiCnevs. (...)

winamdebare SemTxvevaSi es imazea damokidebuli, sirTuleebi, romelTac es Seex-eba, amarTleben Tu ara italiis importze dacviTi RonisZiebebis SezRudvas. (...)

134 Judgment of the Court of 17 July 1963; Italian Republic v Commission of the European Economic Community; Case 13-63; European Court reports English special edition Page 00165.

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(...) mopasuxes SeeZlo, azri gamoeTqva, (...) rom italiidan importis Zlieri gazrda sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan (...) importis moculobasTan SedarebiT specifikur RonisZiebebs amarTleben (...).

yvela am safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, gamarTlebulia (komisiis) mosazrebebi (...), mxolod italiis nawarms daakisros gadasaxadebi. diskriminaciis braldeba amdenad uarsayofia (SeadareT aseve C-44/94, Fishermens Organisation, 1995 wlis krebuli, I-3115, 3149, 44-e punqti).

saqme Hochstrass v Court135:

7. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, sayovelTao Tanasworobis principi gaerTianebis samarTlis ZiriTad principebs ganekuTvneba; moqalaqeo-bis safuZvlebze diskriminaciis akrZalva am principis gansakuTrebul formu-lirebas asaxavs. amis mixedviT, erTnairi mdgomareobebi ar SeiZleba gansxvave-bulad daregulirdes, Tu es diferencireba obieqturad ar aris gamarTlebuli. dasaxelebuli principi aSkarad iTxovs, rom erTnair situaciebSi moxeleebis mimarT erTnairi normebi iqnes gamoyenebuli, gaerTianebis kanonmdebels ki ar arTmevs saSualebas, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes obieqturad gansxvavebuli pirobebi an movlenebi, romelSic Sesabamisi pirebi cxovroben.

8. 912/78. regulaciis Sesabamisi debulebis namdvilobis gadasinjvisaTvis gamokvleul unda iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara gansxvavebulad mopyrobis gamamarTle-beli obieqturi niSnebi im moxeleebis mimarT, romlebic ar floben maTi sam-saxuris adgilis saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, im moxeleebTan SedarebiT, rom-lebic dasaxelebuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas floben an flobdnen.

9. Sedegad gamokvleul unda iqnes, regulireba (...) saerTo jamSi warmoSobs Tu ara Tanasworobas, romelic moxeleebs Soris unda arsebobdes, Tu warmoSobs uTanasworobas.(...)

12. (...) sadavo ar aris, rom moxeles, romelic ar flobs da ar flobda saxelm-wifos moqalaqeobas, romlis suverenul teritoriazecaa misi samsaxuris adgi-li, misi ucxouri statusis gamo, samarTlebrivi Tu faqtobrivi xasiaTis ziani SeiZleba miadges samoqalaqo, ojaxur, aRmzrdelobiT, kulturul Tu poli-tikur sferoSi, maSin, rodesac am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi amgvar zians ar ganicdian. radgan nebayoflobiT gadasaxlebisaTvis (gaerTianebis organoebSi samuSaos dasawyebad) dadgenilma danamatma yvela is ziani unda gaaTanabros, romlebic moxeleebs maTi ucxouri statusis gamo SesaZlebelia miadgeT, gaer-Tianebis kanonmdebeli am faqtobrivi mdgomareobis Tavisuflad Sefasebisas samarTlianad mxolod moqalaqeobis safuZvels daeyrdno. sazRvargareTis da-namatis gansazRvrisas, romlis mizania `gansakuTrebuli tvirTebi da zianebi gaaTanabros, rac Tan sdevs samsaxuris dawyebas gaerTianebaTa organoebSi moxelis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis iZulebiT Secvlisas~, gadamwyvet krite-riumad moxelis mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili miiCnia da moqalaqeoba mxolod meorexarisxovnad gaiTvaliswina, (saqme 21/74, Ariola, 1975 wlis 20 Tebervlis ganaCeni, me-8 punqti, 1975 wlis krebuli, 221).

135 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 16 October 1980; René Hochstrass v Court of Justice of the European Communities; Official - Foreign residence allowance; Case 147/79; European Court reports 1980 Page 03005.

95

13. maSinac ki, rodesac moxeleebs maTi eqspatriaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebi gan-sxvavebuli intensiurobiT SeiZleba SeexoT, moqalaqeobis kriteriums mainc aqvs mravali upiratesoba: is erTiania, radgan yvela moxelisTvis Tanabrad, maTi samsaxurebrivi adgilis miuxedavad, moqmedebs; misi xasiaTidan da er-Tianobidan gamomdinare, obieqturia im saSualo zianTan mimarTebiT, romelic, pirTa pirovnuli mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT Sedegad mohyveba eqspatriacias, da is uSualo kavSirSia regulirebis mizanTan, aanazRauros mimReb qveyanaSi ucxoelTa statusidan gamomdinare sirTuleebi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.

14. maSinac ki, rodesac zogadi abstraqtuli regulirebis gamocema gauTval-iswinebel araxelsayrel SemTxvevebs iwvevs, kanonmdebels ar SeiZleba bral-ad daedos zogadi kategoriebis Camoyalibeba, Tu isini, arsidan gamomdinare dasaxuli miznis TvalsazrisiT, diskriminirebadni ar arian.

generaluri advokati saqmeSi Hochstrass v Court136:

(...) moqalaqeobaze mibmul yovel gansxvavebaSi ar SeiZleba gaerTianebis samarTlis mier akrZaluli diskriminaciis danaxva. am TvalsazrisiT mas ar eyrdnoba aseve evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxli, romelic ganxilul unda iqnes gaerTianebis samarTlis safuZvlad arsebuli diskriminaciis sayovelTao akrZalvis konkretizaciad _ ara rogorc moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diferenciaciis akrZalva, aramed rogorc moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalva. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, diskriminaciaSi moiazreba mxolod obieqturad gaumarTlebeli diferencireba. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis mixedviT, wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs erTnairad unda moepyron, Tu ar arsebobs aranairi gansakuTrebuli am araTanabari mopyrobis gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi. aqedan gamomdinare, magaliTad, moqalaqeobam TiTqmis aranairi roli ar unda Seasrulos moxeleebis statutis me-7 da 24-e muxlebis mixedviT moxelis daniSvnis, gadayvanis an karierasTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebSi.

meore mxriv, rogorc ki gansxvavebuli mopyroba ucxoelTa mdgomareobiT mar-Tldeba, ar arsebobs evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is me-7 muxlis mixedviT akrZaluli diskriminacia da amiT aseve arc moxeleebis Tanabrad mopyrobis principi irRveva. garda amisa, aseve gadaadgilebisa da da-fuZnebis Tavisuflebis sferoSi, rogorc es gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisidan gamomdinareobs, SesaZloa gansxvavebulad moepyron sajaro wesrigis, usafrTx-oebisa da janmrTelobis damrRvev pirebs, romlebic am wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi ar arian, ise, rom es evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlis diskriminaciis akrZalvis darRveva ar iqneba.

136 Schuetz, Bruha, Koenig; Casebook Europarecht, 2004, 93.

96

2. diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT urTierTobebSi

saqme Defrenne v Sabena II137:

26/29. evropulma sasamarTlom ukve bevrjer daadgina, rom adamianTa ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva gaerTianebis samarTlis sayovelTao principebs ganekuTvneba, da igi man (evropulma sasamarTlom) unda uzrunvelyos. eWvi araa, rom sqesis niS-niT diskriminaciebis aRmofxvra am ZiriTad uflebebs ganekuTvneba. (...)

saqme Defrenne v. Sabena I138:

8/11. 119-e muxli emsaxureba ormag mizans: erTi mxriv, man Tavidan unda aicilos is mdgomareoba, rom calkeuli wevri saxelmwifoebis socialuri kanonmdeblo-bis gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis donis gamo im wevr saxelmwifoebSi dafuZnebu-li sawarmoebi, romlebmac Tanabari anazRaurebis principi, faqtobrivad, Seas-rules, daiCagron gaerTianebis Sida konkurenciaSi im sawarmoebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic im saxelmwifoebSi arian dafuZnebulni, romlebmac es diskriminacia qali muSaxelis mimarT jer kidev ar aRmofxvres; meore mxriv es debuleba emsax-ureba gaerTianebis socialur miznebs, romelnic Semoifargleba ara mxolod ekonomikuri kavSiriT, aramed, rogorc amas xelSekrulebis preambula gamoyofs, masSi Sedis erTiani midgomiT socialuri winsvlis uzrunvelyofa da swrafva ev-ropeli xalxebis cxovrebisa da dasaqmebis pirobebis mudmivi gaumjobesebisaken. es mizani imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom 119-e muxli socialuri politikisaTvis miZRvnil TavSia moqceuli, romlis dasawyisi debuleba, 117-e muxli, miuTiTebs `aucileblobaze (...), imoqmedon muSaxelis cxovrebisa da samuSao pirobebis gaum-jobesebisaTvis da amiT winsvlis gzaze misi harmonizacia SesaZlebeli gaxadon.

12. am ormagi ekonomikuri da socialuri mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tanabari anazRaurebis principi gaerTianebis safuZvlebs miekuTvneba.(...)

28/29. (...) radgan es gamoxatuleba, xelSekrulebis enobrivi gamoyenebis mixed-viT, emsaxureba swored imas, rom garkveuli normebi dasaxelebuliyvnen rogorc ZiriTadi normebi, rogorc es, magaliTad, `principebisaTvis~ miZRvni-li xelSekrulebis pirvel nawilis saTauridan da 113-e muxlidan gamomdinare-obs, romlis mixedviTac gaerTianebis savaWro politika unda aisaxos `erTiani principebiT~. Tu vinmes surda, es cneba imdenad Seesustebina, rom mas mxolod gaurkveveli miTiTebis rangi hqonoda, amiT uSualod gaerTianebis safuZvlebi da misi sagareo urTierTobebis erTianoba dairRveoda.(...)

40. 119-e muxliT Tanabari xelfasis Sesaxeb principze dayrdnoba SeuZliaT Sesabamis pirebs Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sasamarTloebSi. es sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian, daicvan uflebebi, romlebsac es debuleba samarTalsubieqtebs aniWebs; gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs es diskriminaciebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac saTave uSualod samarTlebriv normebSi an koleqtiur SeTanxmebebSi udevT, aseve im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qali Tu mamakaci muSaxeli erTnairi samuSaosaTvis

137 Judgment of the Court of 15 June 1978;Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena; Case 149/77; European Court reports 1978 Page 01365.

138 Judgment of the Court of 8 April 1976; Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena; Case 43-75; European Court reports 1976 Page 00455.

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erTsa da imave kerZo an sajaro sawarmoSi, an samsaxurSi araTanabar gasamrjelos iRebs.

saqme Susan Jane Worringham and Margaret Humphreys v Lloyds Bank Limited139:

23. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom wina gadawyvetilebebSi (...) aRniSna, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 199-e muxli diskriminaciebis yvela saxeobazea uSualod gamoyenebadi, romlis mixedviTac ukve normaSi miTiTebuli kriteriumebis saSualebiT ganisazRvreba Tanabari samuSao da Tanabari gasamrjelo, ise, rom ar aris aucilebeli gaerTianebis an erovnuli RonisZiebis gatareba am kriteriumebis gansazRvra-gamoyenebisaTvis. (...) am SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia, miiRos faqtis damdgeni yvela garemoeba, romelic mas saSualebas miscems, gansajos, iRebs Tu ara qali momsaxure ufro nakleb anazRaurebas, vidre mamakaci momsaxure, romelic Tanabar an analogiuri Rirebulebis samuSaos asrulebs.

saqme Kathleen Hill and Ann Stapleton140:

41. amosavali procesis yvela mxare da mommarTveli sasamarTlo Tanxmdebian imaze, rom TiTqmis yvela momsaxure, romlebic samuSao adgils irlandiis sajaro samsaxurSi inawileben, qalbatonebi arian. amosavali procesis aqtebis mixedviT, muSaxelis TiTqmis 83 procenti mxolod imitom iRebs gadawyvetilebas dasaqmdes ganakveTur samuSao adgilze, rom SeZlos urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvana samuSao da saojaxo valdebulebebisa, romelTac bavSvebis aRzrda miekuTvneba.

42. gaerTianebis politika am sferoSi unda iyos sayrdeni da Tu SesaZlebe-lia, samuSao pirobebi saojaxo valdebulebebTan SeTanxmebuli. qalis dacva ojaxsa da profesiaSi, iseve rogorc mamakacisa, aris principi, romelic, rogorc qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis bunebrivi Sedegi, gaerTianebis wevri saxelm-wifoebis samarTlebriv wesrigebSi farTodaa gaTvaliswinebuli da aRiarebulia gaerTianebis samarTliT.

a) daculi sikeTe:

saqme Defrenne v Sabena II141:

19/23. 117-e da 118-e muxlebis sawinaaRmdegod, rasac, arsebiTad, programuli xasiaTi aqvs, 119-e muxli mamakac da qal muSaxels Soris xelfasis safuZvelze diskriminaciis problemiT Semofargluli gansakuTrebuli debulebaa, romlis gamoyeneba zust winapirobebs ukavSirdeba. amdenad, am muxlis moqmedebis sfero ar SeiZleba gavrceldes dasaqmebis urTierTobaTa sxva aspeqtebze, garda imisa, romelsac is aSkarad eyrdnoba. gansakuTrebiT is faqti, rom dasaqmebisaTvis gan-sazRvruli pirobebis Seqmnas – rogoricaa gansakuTrebiT asakis zRvris dadgena – finansuri Sedegi SeiZleba hqondes, ar aris sakmarisi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom es pirobebi 119-e muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi moeqcnen, radgan es muxli TavisTa-

139 Judgment of the Court of 11 March 1981; Susan Jane Worringham and Margaret Humphreys v Lloyds Bank Limited; Case 69/80; European Court reports 1981 Page 00767.

140 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 17 June 1998; Kathleen Hill and Ann Stapleton v The Revenue Commissioners and Department of Finance; Case C-243/95; European Court reports 1998 Page I-03739.

141 ix. 137-e sqolio.

98

vad samuSaos saxesa da am samuSaos anazRaurebas Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba-zea agebuli. 119-e muxlis kriteriumi _ orive sqesis muSaxelis mier gaweuli samuSaoebis urTierTSedareba _ aris faqtori imisa, rom yvela muSaxeli, sa-varaudod, Tanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, maSin, rodesac sxva samuSao an dasaqmebis pirobebis gansja ramdenime TvalsazrisiT iseT faqtorebs rTavs TamaSSi, romlebic – imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samuSao procesSi qals gansa-kuTrebuli adgili ukavia – muSaxelis sqesTanaa dakavSirebuli. 119-e muxlis sityvebi ise ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rom uSualo moqmedeba, romelic am deb-ulebas Tavis Cveul sferoSi unda mieniWos, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba da, meore mxriv, sferoSi ereva, romlis gansjis uflebamosileba 117-e da 118-e muxlebis safuZvelze masSi dasaxelebul uwyebebs (komisiasTan erTad, pirvel rigSi, wevr saxelmwifoebs) aqvT.

saqme Arbeiterwohlfahrt der Stadt Berlin e.V. v Monika Bötel142:

12. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, (...) `anazRaurebis~ cneba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT moicavs yvela Tanamedrove an momaval naRdi angariSsworebiT Tu naturiT miRebul sikeTes, winapirobaa, rom mas damsaqmebeli dasaqmebuls, sul mcire, arapirdapiri samsaxurebrivi urTierTobebis safuZvelze aniWebs, iqneba es samuSao xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze Tu nebayoflobiT.

saqme Douglas Harvey Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group143:

31. (...) meore mxriv, mommarTvel sasamarTlos surs icodes, Tanabari anaz-Raurebis principi dacul unda iqnes anazRaurebis TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaqmebulisaTvis saerTo jamSi gadaxdili anazRau-rebis SemTxvevaSi.(...)

33. rac (am SekiTxvas) Seexeba, miTiTebul unda iqnes 1988 wlis 30 ivnisis gan-aCenze saqmeSi 318/86 (komisia safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 1988 wlis krebuli, 3559, 27-e punqti) da 1989 wlis 17 oqtombris ganaCenze saqmeSi 109/88 (Handels- OG Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund I Danmark Dansk Arbejdsgiverfireging fuer Danfoss A/S, 1989 wlis krebuli, 3199, me-12 punqti), romlebSic evropulma sasamarTlom ZiriTad mniSvnelobas gausva xazi, romelic gamWvirvaleobasa da, saxeldobr, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTloebis meSveobiT kontrolis SesaZleblobaSia, raTa yoveli diskriminacia sqesis safuZvelze Tavidan iqnes acilebuli da Tu saWiroa, aRmoifxvras igi.

34. rac Seexeba im sakiTxis gadasinjvis meTods, Tanabari anazRaurebis principi aris Tu ara daculi, dasadgenia, rom aseTi sasamarTlo kontroli rTuli iqneboda da 119-e muxlis praqtikuli efeqturoba Sesabamisad Semcirdeboda, Tu erovnuli sasamarTloebi valdebulni iqnebodnen, mTlianad SeefasebinaT qali da mamakaci muSaxelis mier gansxvavebul SemTxvevebSi miRebuli anazRaureba da SeedarebinaT isini erTmaneTTan. namdvili gamWvirvaleoba, romelic efeqturi

142 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 4 June 1992; Arbeiterwohlfahrt der Stadt Berlin e.V. v Monika Bötel; Case C-360/90; European Court reports 1992 Page I-03589.

143 Judgment of the Court of 17 May 1990; Douglas Harvey Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group; Case C-262/88; European Court reports 1990 Page I-01889.

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kontrolis nebas rTavs, mxolod maSinaa uzrunvelyofili, rodesac Tanabari anazRaurebis principi qali da mamakaci muSaxelisaTvis gadaxdili anazRaurebis yoveli calkeuli Semadgeneli nawilisaTvis moqmedebs.

35. SekiTxvas, amdenad, unda gaeces pasuxi (...). Tanabari anazRaurebis prin-cipi anazRaurebis yoveli calkeuli Semadgeneli nawilisaTvis, da ara marto muSaxelisaTvis, gadaxdili anazRaurebis saerTo Sefasebis mixedviT unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.

saqme Helga Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg144:

7. mommarTveli sasamarTlos pirveli SekiTxva Seexeba imas, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mixedviT, nebadarTulia Tu ara, rom erovnuli sajaro samsaxurisaTvis dadebuli satarifo xelSekrulebis debulebiT ufro maRalanazRaurebad jgufSi gadasvlisaTvis muSaxelis is samuSao dro, romelic regularuli samuSao drois minimum sam meoTxeds Seadgens, srulad iangariSeba, xolo im muSaxelis samuSao dro, romelic regularuli samuSao drois naxevarsa da sam meoTxeds Soris meryeobs, gamoiangariSeba mxolod rogorc regularuli samuSao drois naxevari, Tu am ukanasknelad dasaxelebuli muSaxelis jgufs ufro metad qalebi ganekuTvnebian, vidre mamakacebi.

8. am kiTxvis sagnobrivi pasuxisaTvis jer unda gadaisinjos, dawinaure-ba maRalanazRaurebad jgufSi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis moqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneba Tu ara.

9. aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, rom winamdebare SemTxvevaSi es Seexeba anazRau-rebis jgufebSi kvaziavtomaturad daxarisxebis sistemas, romelic satarifo xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli samsaxurebrivi drois normebs eyrdnoba. es normebi gansazRvraven anazRaurebis ganviTarebas, romelic aqvs muSaxels saqmianobis Seucvlelad.

10. Sedegad am garemoebebSi maRalanazRaurebad jgufSi kvaziavtomaturi daw-inaurebis Sesaxeb normebi ZiriTadad eqcevian evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli anazRaurebis cnebis qveS. (...)

12. aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, rom satarifo xelSekrulebis sadavo normis mixedviT, sruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebulis samuSao drois naxevridan or mesamedamde dasaqmebuli pirebi ormagad ufro met namsaxurobis wlebs saWiroeben ufro maRalanazRaurebad jgufSi gadasasvlelad, vidre srulad momuSaveebi. iseTi satarifo xelSekruleba, rogoric esaa da romelic damsaqmebels aZlevs uflebas, saerTo anazRaurebaSi gansxvaveba SeinarCunos dasaqmebulebis or jgufs Soris, kerZod erTi mxriv, maT, vinc samuSao saaTebis garkveul minimums kviris an Tvis ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSaveben, da meore mxriv maT, romlebic analogiur saqmeze minimalur saaTobriv raodenobas ver aRweven, faqtobrivad iwvevs qali muSaxelis diskriminacias mamakacTan SedarebiT, Tu dadgindeba, rom, qalebTan SedarebiT, procentulad mniSvnelovnad mcire

144 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 7 February 1991; Helga Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; Case C-184/89; European Court reports 1991 Page I-00297.

100

raodenoba mamakacebisa muSaobs ganakveTuri datvirTviT. (...)

saqme Dansk Handel & Service145:

32. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1989 wlis 13 ivlisis ganaCeniT saqmeSi 171/88 (Rinner-Kuehn, 1989 wlis krebuli, 2743) daadgina, xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mixedviT, gasamrjelo, romelsac dasaqmebuli damsaqmeblisagan avadm-yofobis gamo Svebulebis dros iRebs, eqceva anazRaurebis cnebaSi, romelic yvela Tanadroul sikeTes moicavs, im pirobiT, rom damsaqmebeli dasaqmebuls am sikeTes, sul mcire, arapirdapir, samsaxurebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze aniWebs, iqneba es samarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT, Tu nebayoflobiT dadebuli samuSao xelSekruleba (SeadareT 1990 wlis 17 maisis ganaCeni saqmisa _ C-262/88, Barber, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-1889, me-12 punqti, da 1996 wlis 6 Tebervlis ganaCeni saqmisa _ C-457/93, Lewark, krebuli I-243, 21-e punqti).

saqme Boetel146:

11. jer unda dadgindes, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlisa da 75/117 direqtivis mixedviT, eqceva Tu ara `anazRaurebis~ cnebaSi kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli RonisZiebebisaTvis gad-axdili Tanxa – samuSaodan anazRaurebadi gaTavisuflebisa Tu zedmeti saaTe-bis anazRaurebis formiT. (...).

12. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis Tanaxmad (1989 wlis 13 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmisa _ 171/88, Rinner-Kuehn, 1989 wlis krebuli 2743, da 1990 wlis 17 maisis ganaCeni saqmisa _ C-262/88, Barber, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-1889) `anazRaure-bis~ cneba moicavs evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mixedviT, yvela Tanadroul an momavalSi miRebul sikeTes naRdi angariSsworebiT Tu naturiT, im pirobiT, rom mas damsaqmebeli dasaqmebuls, sul mcire, arapirdapiri samsaxurebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze aniWebs, iqneba es samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze Tu nebayoflobiT dadebuli samuSao xelSekruleba.

13. es gansazRvreba moicavs aseve SemTxvevas, romelic axla mommarTvel sasa-marTloSi ganixileba.

14. maSinac ki, rodesac anazRaureba, rogorc es erovnul sasamarTlo pro-cesSia, ar gamomdinareobs samuSao xelSekrulebidan, isic damsaqmeblis mier samarTlebrivi normebis da samuSao urTierTobebis safuZvelze gadaixdevineba. sawarmos sabWos wevrebi, maTi statusidan gamomdinare, sawarmoSi dasaqmebu-lis TaviseburebiT gamoirCevian da maTi valdebulebaa personalis interese-bis dacva; isini amiT sawarmoSi harmoniuli samuSao urTierTobebis arsebobas uwyoben xels da, amdenad, es maT zogad interesebSia.

15. garda amisa, anazRaureba, romlis gadaxda iseTi regulirebis safuZvelze xdeba, rogorc es erovnul sasamarTlo procesSia, uzrunvelyofs sawarmos sabWos wevrebis Semosavals, maSinac ki, rodesac is kvalifikaciis asamaRle-

145 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 19 November 1998; Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark, acting on behalf of Berit Høj Pedersen v Fællesforeningen for Danmarks Brugsforeninger and Dansk Tandlægeforening and Kristelig Funktionær-Organisation v Dansk Handel & Service; Case C-66/96; European Court reports 1998 Page I-07327.

146 ix. 142-e sqolio.

101

beli RonisZiebebis ganmavlobaSi ar axorcielebs samuSao xelSekrulebiT gaT-valiswinebul saqmianobas.

saqme Gabrielle Defrenne v. Belgian State147:

5/6. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mixedviT, wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon Tanabar samuSaoze mamakacisa da qalis Tanabari anazRaurebis principis gamoyeneba. am normis me-2 abzacSi anazRaurebis cneba ganvrcobilia yvela Tanadroul Tu momaval naRd angariSsworebaze Tu naturiT gadaxdaze, im pirobiT, rom damsaqmebeli dasaqmebuls, sul mcire, arapirdapiri samsaxurebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze uxdis.

7/12. aqedan gamomdinare, anazRaureba, romelic misi bunebis kvalobaze social-uri usafrTxoebis momsaxurebaa, ZiriTadad, ar gamoiricxeba anazRaurebis cne-bidan, Tumca ar SeiZleba CaerTos anazRaurebis cnebaSi. rogorc 119-e muxliTaa dadgenili, iseTi anazRaurebebi, romlebic uSualod kanoniT regulirdeba, Sei-Zleba sawarmos SigniT saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebebis an Sesabamis sawarmoo sf-eroSi miRebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemebis, an momsaxurebebis sagani iyos, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba pensias asakis gamo, da savaldebuloa dasaqmebuleb-is zogadad gansazRvruli jgufebisaTvis. regulirebis es wesi uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebulebis pretenziebs sakanonmdeblo sistemebidan gamomdinare, romelTa dafinansebazec dasaqmebulebi, damsaqmeblebi da, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi, sajaro xe-lisufleba im moculebiT monawileobs, romelic ufro naklebadaa damokidebuli damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris arsebul samsaxurebriv urTierTobaze, vi-dre socialur-politikur safuZvlebze. damsaqmebelTa wili am sistemebis dafin-ansebaSi ar niSnavs arc pirdapir da arc arapirdapir gadaxdas dasaqmebulisaTvis. dasaqmebuli, garda amisa, normalur SemTxvevaSi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul mom-saxurebebs miiRebs ara damsaqmeblis Senatanis safuZvelze, aramed mxolod imi-tom, rom is asrulebs sakanonmdeblo winapirobebs, raTa miiRos es momsaxureba. es aseve Seexeba gansakuTrebul regulirebis wesebs, romlebic zogadi sakanonm-deblo socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi specialurad dasaqmeb-ulebis garkveuli jgufebisaTvis moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes, rom diskriminaciebi, romlebic aseTi sistemebis gamoyenebidan gamomdinareobs, xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis farglebSi ar eqceva.

13. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, 119-e muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, socialuri uzrunvelyofis sakanonmdeblo sistemis farglebSi miniWebuli pen-sia asakis gamo ar aris anazRaureba, romelsac damsaqmebeli dasaqmebuls uxdis samsaxurebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze.

saqme Barber148:

saqmis fabula: batoni barberi muSaobda erT-erT sawarmoSi, romelsac kano-niT daSvebuli sakuTari sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema hqonda. es sistema nebayoflobiTi iyo da pirebs SeeZloT an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sapensio uzrunvelyofa mieRoT, anda am sistemaSi mieRoT monawileoba, da maSin Sedare-biT ufro nakleb Tanxas gadaixdidnen sapensio uzrunvelyofisaTvis. batoni

147 Judgment of the Court of 25 May 1971; Gabrielle Defrenne v Belgian State; Case 80-70; European Court reports 1971 Page 00445.

148 ix. 143-e sqolio.

102

barberi swored am sistemaSi CaerTo. sawarmoo safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, misi samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba manamde moxda, vidre is sapensio asaks miaRwevda. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, rom mas pensia mieRo garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, dacda mouwevda, Tumca mis mdgomareobaSi myofi qali maSinve miiRebda pensias, im asakobrivi gansxvavebidan gamomdinare, romelic dadgenili iyo mamakacebisa da qalebis pensiaSi gasvlis SemTxvevebisaTvis. batoni barberi miiCnevda, rom es diskriminirebadi sistema iyo, romelic ar regulirdeboda pirdapir kanoniT da damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreboda.

25. amasTan dakavSirebiT, upirvelesad, unda dadgindes, rom es sistemebi social-ur partniorebs Soris SeTanxmebebis an damsaqmeblis calmxrivi gadawyvetilebe-bis safuZvelze warmoiSoba. maT, sajaro xelisuflebis yovelgvari monawileobis gareSe, srulad mxolod damsaqmebeli afinansebs. Sesabamisad, aseTi sistemebi ganekuTvneba im sistemebs, romlebsac damsaqmeblebi dasaqmebulebs aniWeben.

26. meore, es sistemebi savaldebulod ar vrceldeba dasaqmebulTa zogadad Semo-farglul jgufebze _ umeteswilad Seexeba garkveul sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulebs, ise, rom aseT sistemasTan mikuTvneba aucileblad konkretul damsaqmebelTan sam-uSao urTierTobebidan gamomdinareobs. garda amisa, dasaxelebuli sistemebisaT-vis moqmedebs sakuTari regulirebis wesebi, maSinac ki, rodesac isini Sidasaxelm-wifo samarTlebriv normebTan Sesabamisad Seiqmnnen da asruleben aRiarebisaTvis am normebiT dadgenil winapirobebs (...).

27. mesame, dasadgenia, rom 119-e muxlis gamoyeneba aseve imiT ar gamoiricxeba, rom am sistemebis farglebSi gadaxdili Senatanebi da miRebuli momsaxure-bebi nawilobriv zogadi sakanonmdeblo sistemis Senatanebisa da momsaxurebebis adgils ikaveben. rogorc es aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, sawarmoo sistemebs Seu-ZliaT, (...) maT mikuTvnebul pirebs ufro meti momsaxureba gauwion, vidre isini amas sakanonmdeblo sistemis farglebSi miiRebdnen, ise, rom maTi ekonomikuri funqcia im wevr saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli Semavsebeli sistemebis analogiu-ria, sadac dasaqmebulis dazRvevisa da Senatanis valdebuleba sakanonmdeblo sistemis farglebSi arsebobs da romlidanac gamonaklisi ar aris. evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis 1986 wlis 13 maisis ganaCenSi saqmeze _ 179/84 (Bilka Kaufhaus v. Weber von Hartz, 1986 wlis krebuli, 1607, 1625 Semdegi, me-20-22-e punqtebi) gad-awyvita, rom momsaxurebebi, romlebic socialuri uzrunvelyofis Semavsebeli sistemidan mieniWeba, 119-e muxlis mixedviT, anazRaurebis cnebaSi eqceva.

28. Sedegad, pensia, romelsac, sakanonmdeblo sistemis nacvlad, arsebuli sawar-moo sistemis farglebSi ixdian, socialuri usafrTxoebis erovnuli sakanonm-deblo sistemis momsaxurebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aris anazRaureba, romelsac damsaqmebeli dasaqmebuls samsaxurebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze uxdis; is amiT eqceva evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi.(...)

31. (sasamarTlos winaSe dasmuli) SekiTxvebi Seexeba imas, modis Tu ara wi-naaRmdegobaSi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlTan sqesis safuZvelze sapensio asakis gansxvavebuli regulirebis wesi. es regulireba, Tavis mxriv, Seesabameba sapensio asakis sistemis fargleb-Si erovnul sakanonmdeblo regulirebas. aRniSnuli regulirebis mixedviT,

103

sawarmoo safuZvlebis gamo samsaxuridan daTxovnil mamakacs mxolod Cveu-lebrivi sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdeg aqvs ufleba, miiRos pensia, maSin rodesac qals analogiur SemTxvevaSi pensiis moTxovnis ufleba daTxovnisTa-nave aqvs (...).

32. kiTxvisaTvis sakmarisia imis dadgena, rom 119-e muxli yovelgvari winapirobis gareSe, Tu ras efuZneba araTanabari mopyroba, krZalavs mamakacebisa da qalebis araTanabar mopyrobas anazRaurebis sakiTxebSi. Sedegad, sqesis mixedviT gansxvave-buli sapensio asakis dadgena sakanonmdeblo sistemis nacvlad arsebuli sawarmoo sistemis farglebSi ewinaaRmdegeba 119-e muxls, maSinac ki, rodesac es gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis sapensio asakSi erovnuli sakanonmdeblo sistemisaTvis moqmed regulirebis wess Seesabameba (SeadareT aseve saqme 152-84, Marshall South-ampton and south-west Haampshirearea v. Health Authority, 1986 wlis krebuli, 723, 745, 32-e punqti).

(1) Tanabari da TanabaranazRaurebadi samuSao:

saqme J.P. Jenkins v Kingsgate149:

9. pirveli sami kiTxvidan da momarTvis safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs, rom mom-marTvel sasamarTlos ZiriTadad surs icodes, SeiZleba Tu ara ganakveTurad gaweuli samuSaosa da analogiur samuSaos Soris, romelic mTeli samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi xorcieldeba, anazRaurebis raodenobrivi gansxvaveba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mixedviT akrZa-luli diskriminacia iyos, Tu ganakveTurad momuSaveTa jgufi mxolod an um-eteswilad qali dasaqmebulebisagan Sedgeba.

10. amgvarad gagebul SekiTxvebs ise unda gaeces pasuxi, rom 119-e muxli miznad isaxavs, uzrunvelyos erTnair samuSaoze mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanabari anaz-Raurebis principis gamoyeneba. am debulebis safuZvelze akrZaluli gansxvavebu-li mopyroba Seexeba mxolod iseT mopyrobas, romelic dasaqmebulebis gansxvave-bul sqess eyrdnoba. amdenad, mxolod faqti, rom ganakveTuri samuSaosaTvis ufro mcire saaTobrivi xelfasi gadaixdeba, vidre sruli ganakveTiT momuSavisaTvis, ar aris 119-e muxliT akrZaluli diskriminacia, Tu es saaTobrivi anazRaureba, sqesis gansxvavebis miuxedavad, orive sqesis dasaqmebulebisaTvis moqmedebs.

11. Tu amgvari gansxvaveba ar aris, maSin garemoeba, rom drois mixedviT gadaxdili samuSao kviris samuSao saaTebis raodenobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli saaTobrivi xelfasi gadaixdeba, ar ewinaaRmdegeba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Ses-axeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlSi asaxuli Tanabari anazRaurebis princips, Tu gansxvavebuli xelfasi ganakveTurad da sruli ganakveTis samuSaos faqtorebs em-yareba, romlebic obieqturad gamarTlebulia da araferi gaaCniaT saerTo sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan.(...)

20. rogorc es pirveli damasabuTebeli safuZvlidan gamomdinareobs, am direq-tivis arsebiTi mizani xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mixedviT, mamakacisa da qa-lis Tanabari anazRaurebis dasaxelebuli principis ganxorcielebaSia. amasTan,

149 Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1981; J.P. Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd; Case 96/80; European Court reports 1981 Page 00911.

104

direqtivis meoTxe damasabuTebel safuZvelSi detalurad gadmocemulia ̀ mizani (...), rom ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi normebi unda gaZlierdes Tanasworuflebi-anobis principis konkretulad gamoyenebis gasaadvilebeli debulebebiT.~

21. am direqtivis pirveli muxlis pirveli abzaci gansazRvravs, rom is imeorebs xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlSi dasaxelebuli Tanabari anazRaurebis princips, da me-2 abzacSi adgens misi gamoyenebis winapirobebs im SemTxvevisaTvis, romelSic anazRaurebis dasadgenad profesiuli niSniT daxarisxebis sistema gamoiyeneba.

22. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sabWos 75/117 direqtivis pirveli muxli, romelmac arsebiTad evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlSi dasaxelebuli Tanabari anazRaurebis principis konkretuli gamoyeneba unda gaaadvilos, am principis Sinaarssa da moqmedebis areals araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar exeba, ise rogorc es ukanasknelad dasaxelebul normaSia gansazRvruli.

saqme Mary Murphy and others v. An Bord Telecom Eireann150:

9. marTalia, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxli, Sinaarsis Sesabamisad, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis Tanabari anaz-Raurebis principis gamoyenebas mxolod Tanabari an evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT TanabarRirebulebiani samuSaos SemTxvevisaTvis iTvaliswinebs (...).

saqme Gisela Rummler v. Dato-Druck GmbH151:

11. warmodgenil kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad jer unda mieTiTos 75/117 direq-tivis pirveli muxlis pirvel abzacSi asaxul principze, romelic iTval-iswinebs Tanabari samuSaos an Tanabari Rirebulebis mqone samuSaos dros anaz-Raurebis Semadgenel nawilebsa da anazRaurebis pirobebSi sqesis safuZvelze yovelgvari diskriminaciis aRmofxvras.

12. es principi sruldeba pirveli muxlis me-2 abzaciT, romlis mixedviT, profe-siuli daxarisxebis sistema `unda eyrdnobodes saerTo kriteriumebs mamakaci da qali dasaqmebulebisaTvis da unda iyos imdenad srulyofili, rom gamo ricxavdes sqesis safuZvelze diskriminacias.~

13. garda amisa, Tanabari anazRaurebis principi arsebiTad moiTxovs, rom obieq-turad iyos gaTvaliswinebuli gasawevi samuSaos saxe. Tanabari samuSao an Tana-bari Rirebulebis mqone samuSao unda anazRaurdes Tanabrad, imisgan damoukide-blad, gaweulia es samuSao qalisa Tu mamakacis mier. rodesac xelfasis dadgeni-sas profesiuli dajgufebis sistema gamoiyeneba, mas, erTi mxriv, unda daedos erTi da igive kriteriumebi safuZvlad, imis miuxedavad, samuSao xorcieldeba mamakacisa Tu qalis mier, xolo meore mxriv, mTeli Tavisi erTianobiT, faqto-brivad, ar unda iwvevdes erTi sqesis dasaqmebulTa sayovelTao diskriminacias meore sqesis mimarT.

150 Judgment of the Court of 4 February 1988; Mary Murphy and others v An Bord Telecom Eireann; Case 157/86; European Court reports 1988 Page 00673.

151 Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 1 July 1986; Gisela Rummler v Dato-Druck GmbH; Case 237/85; European Court reports 1986 Page 02101.

105

14. Sedegad, direqtivis pirveli muxlis moTxovnebs Seesabameba kriteriumebi, Tu isini adekvaturia gasawevi saqmianobidan _ gansakuTrebuli fizikuri datvirTvidan Tu fizikurad rTulad Sesasrulebeli samuSaodan _ gamomdinare. diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan SesabamisobaSia is, rom xelfasis safexurebis diferenciaciisTvis unda gamoiyenebodes iseTi kriteriumi, romelic emyareba saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli obieqturad gazomvadi Zalis mobilizebasa Tu am samuSaos obieqtur sirTules.

15. maSinac ki, rodesac garkveulma kriteriumma, rogoric saWiro fizikuri datvirTvaa, faqtobrivad, SeiZleba mamakac dasaqmebulebs mianiWos upiratesoba, radgan iqidan unda gamovideT, rom zogadad isini fizikurad ufro Zlierni arian, vidre qali dasaqmebulebi. am kriteriumis diskriminaciul xasiaTze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli profesiuli niSniT dajgufebis sistemis farglebSi mTeli sisruliT aseve sxva kriteriumebi, romlebic xelfasis donis dadgenisas asruleben garkveul rols. sistema mxolod imitom ar aris diskriminirebadi, rom misi kriteriumebidan erTi im Taviseburebebs emyareba, romlebsac mamakacebi ufro floben. profesiuli niSniT dajgufebis sistema rom ar iyos, saerTo jamSi, diskriminirebadi da Seesabamebodes direqtivis principebs, ise unda Camoyalibdes, rom Sesabamisi saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi iseT Tanabari Rirebulebis mqone samuSao adgilebsac moicavdes, romelTa Sorisac gaTvaliswinebuli sxva kriteriumebisTvis qali dasaqmebulebi gansakuTrebulad sasargeblo SeiZleba iyvnen.

16. erovnuli sasamarTloebis saqmea, konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansajon, profe-siuli niSniT dajgufebis sistema misi erTianobiT yvela im kriteriums samar-Tlianad iTvaliswinebs Tu ara, romelTa safuZvelzec xelfasi unda diferen-cirdes mTel sawarmoSi samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT.

saqme Macarthys Ltd v Wendy Smith152:

10. (...) erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier diskriminaciis Semadgenlobis dadgenis kriteriumad evropulma sasamarTlom gansakuTrebiT miiCnia mamakaci da qali dasaqmebulebis araerTgvarovani anazRaureba, romlebic Tanabar samuSaoze erTsa da imave samsaxurSi an sawarmoSi iqnebodnen dasaqmebulebi.

11. gadamwyveti, amasTan, aris mtkicebuleba, rom mamakacsa da qals, romlebic `Tanabar samuSaos~ 119-e muxlis mixedviT asruleben, gansxvavebulad eqcevian. am cnebis moqmedebis arealis daviwroeba ar SeiZleba ise, rom am cnebam mxolod (anazRaurebis) Tanadroulobis SemTxvevaSi imoqmedos, radgan es Seexeba wminda xarisxobriv cnebas, romelic aSkarad Sesabamisi samuSaos saxes eyrdnoba.

12. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, (...) rom ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos iseTi SemTxveva, rode-sac: or dasaqmebuls gansxvavebuli anazRaureba hqondeT erTsa da imave samuSao adgilze sxvadasxva dros. am SemTxvevaSi es gansxvavebebi sxva garemoebebiT unda aixsnebodes, romlebsac araferi saerTo ar gaaCniaT sqesis safuZvelze diskrimi-naciasTan. es aris faqtebis sakiTxi, rac Sidasaxelmwifo sasamarTloebma unda ganixilon.

152 Judgment of the Court of 27 March 1980; Macarthys Ltd v Wendy Smith; Case 129/79; European Court reports 1980 Page 01275.

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13. aqedan gamomdinare, (mommarTveli sasamarTlos) pirvel kiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlSi asaxuli principi Tanabari samuSaos pirobebSi mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb ar Semoifargleba im SemTxvevebiT, romlebSic mamakacebi da qalebi erTdroulad erTsa da imave damsaqmebelTan Tanabar samuSaos asruleben.

saqme Mary Murphy153:

saqmis fabula: irlandiur sawarmoSi dasaqmebulma qalebma gaasaCivres erovnul sasamarTloSi maT mimarT araTanabari mopyroba, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom qalebis Sroma sawarmom ufro maRalRirebulad Seafasa, vidre mamakacisa, romelsac qalebTan SedarebiT ufro maRali anazRaureba hqonda,. sasamarTlom SekiTxviT mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos _ moicavda Tu ara Tanabar samuSaoze Tanabari anazRaurebis principi aseve Tanabar anazRaurebas Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaoze, Tu mosarCelis samuSao ufro maRali Rirebulebis iqneboda, vidre ufro maRalanazRaurebadi mamakaci dasaqmebulis mier gaweuli samuSao?

7. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis pirveli abzacis Tanaxmad, wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, `Tanabar samuSaoze mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanabrad anazRaurebis principi~ gamoiyenon da SeinarCunon. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, (...) es norma uSualod moqmedebs, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, roca mamakaci da qali, dasaqmebuli erTnairi samuSaoTi erTsa da imave kerZo an sajaro sawarmoSi an samsaxurSi, araTanabar anazRaurebas iRebs.

8. sazogadoeba An Bord Telecom Elreann-is azriT, es principi ar moqmedebs iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca anazRaureba dabalia maRalRirebulebiani samuSaosaTvis. Tavisi Sexedulebis dasasabuTeblad is ganmartavs, rom `Tanabari samuSaos~ gamoxatuleba 119-e muxlSi ar unda iqnes ise gagebuli, rom is araTanabar samuSaos moicavs; sawinaaRmdego ganmarteba migviyvanda iqamde, rom gansxvavebuli Rirebulebis samuSaosaTvis Tanabari anazRaureba unda gadaxdiliyo.

9. sworia, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, gaTvaliswinebulia mamakacisa da qalisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis principi mxolod Tanabari, anda rogorc es evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikiT damkvidrda, Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaos SemTxvevebSi da ara araTanabari Rirebulebis samuSaos SemTxvevaSi. Tu es principi krZalavs garkveuli sqesis dasaqmebulebisaTvis sqesis safuZvelze ufro dabali anazRaurebis gadaxdas, vidre amas sxva sqesis dasaqmebulebi analogiuri Rirebulebis samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis iReben, maSin swored rom ewinaaRmdegeba amas (am princips) naklebi anazRaurebis micema im dasaqmebulebisaTvis, romlebic maRali Rirebulebis samuSaos asruleben.

10. sawinaaRmdego ganmarteba iqamde migviyvanda, rom Tanabari anazRaurebis princips efeqturoba gamoecleboda da azrs dakargavda. rogorc irlandiis mTavrobam sworad warmoadgina, damsaqmebeli am SemTxvevaSi princips advilad auvlida gverds da garkveuli sqesis dasaqmebulebs damatebiT an ufro rTul davalebebs daakisrebda, raTa maTTvis ufro naklebi anazRaureba mieca.

153 Judgment of the Court of 4 February 1988; Mary Murphy and others v An Bord Telecom Eireann; Case 157/86; European Court reports 1988 Page 00673.

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(2) diskriminaciis akrZalvis ganvrcoba samuSao pirobebze:

saqme Elisabeth Johanna Pacifica Dekker154:

10. gansaxilvelia, aris Tu ara, direqtivis TvalsazrisiT, (evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis direqtiva 76/207) mommarTveli sasamarTlos mier dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi samuSaoze daniSvnaze uari uSualo diskriminacia sqesis safuZvelze. am SekiTxvis pasuxis Sinaarsi imazea damokidebuli, daniSvnaze uaris ZiriTadi safuZveli ganurCevlad moqmedebs orive sqesis dasaqmebulisaTvis, Tu is mxolod erTisTvis moqmedebs am ori sqesidan.

11. damsaqmebelma qalbaton dekeris daniSvnaze uari arsebiTad imiT daas-abuTa, rom mas ar SeeZlo, riskebis fondidan moeTxova anazRaureba (qalba-toni dekeris) avadmyofobis xarjebisa, romelic mas unda gadaexada misTvis orsulobis ganmavlobaSi da rom is mainc iZulebuli iqneboda, mis magivrad droebiT Semsrulebeli daeniSna. am situaciidan gamomdinareobs, rom, erTi mxriv, sadavo erovnuli regulireba orsulobas avadmyofobas uTanabrebs da, meore mxriv, avadmyofobis Tanxis regulacia ar Seicavs normas, romliTac orsulobas riskebis fondidan araanazRaurebadi avadmyofobis SemTxvevebidan gamoricxavs.

12. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom daniSvnaze uari orsulobis gamo mxolod qalebis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs da, amdenad, sqesis safuZvelze uSualo diskriminaciaa. uari (samsaxurSi) miRebaze orsulobisas gacdenili drois finansuri zegavlenis gamo ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc uari, romlis safuZveli arsebiTad orsulobaa. aseTi diskriminaciis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba finansuri zianiT, romelsac damsaqmebeli miiRebda orsuli qalis daniSvniT, misi dedobis periodSi Svebulebis gamo.(...)

14. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, pirvel warmodgenil SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom damsaqmebeli ewinaaRmdegeba uSualod sabWos 1976 wlis 9 Tebervlis 76/207 direqtivis me-2 muxlis pirveli abzacisa da me-3 muxlis pirveli abzacis Tanasworuflebianobis princips mamakacebisa da qalebis dasaqmebasTan daSvebis, profesiuli ganaTlebisa da profesiuli winsvlis, aseve samuSao pirobebis TvalsazrisiT Tanasworuflebianobis principis ganxorcielebas, Tu is uars acxadebs, gaaformos SromiTi xelSekruleba misTvis misaReb kandidatTan imis gamo, rom mas eSinia, orsuli qalis daniSvnisas ar miadges ziani, rac Sromisuunarobis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo regulirebis wesidan gamomdinareobs da romlis mixedviTac orsulobasa da mSobiarobasTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba uTanabrdeba avadmyofobas.

15. meore SekiTxva (...) Seexeba imas, aris Tu ara pirveli kiTxvis pasuxisaTvis mniSvnelovani, rom mamakacs ar miuRia monawileoba gamocxadebuli vakansiis konkursze.

16. mopasuxis azriT, meore SekiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces, radgan es Seexeba ara abstraqtuli RonisZiebis diskriminirebad xasiaTs, aramed damsaqmebli am SemTxvevaSi konkretul gadawyvetilebas iRebs, ar daniSnos

154 Judgment of the Court of 8 November 1990; Elisabeth Johanna Pacifica Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong Volwassenen (VJV-Centrum) Plus; Case C-177/88; European Court reports 1990 Page I-03941.

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konkretuli kandidati. Tu damsaqmebeli mxolod mdedrobiTi sqesis kandidatebs Soris akeTebs arCevans, ar SeiZleba aq saubari iyos sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciaze, radgan damsaqmebeli am SemTxvevaSi finansuri Tu administraciuli saxis sxva mosazrebebiT moqmedebs.

17. amasTan mimarTebiT dasadgenia, rom pasuxi SekiTxvaze, uari qalis (samsaxurSi) miRebaze aris pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri diskriminacia, damokidebulia am uaris motivze. Tu is gulisxmobs, rom Sesabamisi piri orsuladaa, maSin gadawyvetileba uSualo kavSirSia kandidatis sqesTan. aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli warmodgenili kiTxvis pasuxisaTvis ar unda iyos mniSvnelovani, miiRo Tu ara monawileoba am konkursSi mamakacma.

saqme Silke-Karin Mahlburg155:

19. mommarTvel sasamarTlos Tavisi SekiTxviT surs icodes, krZalavs Tu ara direqtivis me-2 muxlis pirveli abzaci, ar daniSnos orsuli uvado (samuSao) adgilze mxolod imitom, rom mas orsulobis ganmavlobaSi misi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli dasaqmebis kanonismieri akrZalvis gamo Tavidanve ar aqvs am adg-ilze dasaqmebis ufleba.

20. orsulobis gamo daniSvnaze uari saxezea mxolod qalebTan mimarTebiT da es aris sqesis safuZvelze uSualo diskriminacia (1990 wlis 8 noembris gan-aCeni saqmeze _ C-177/88, Dekker, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-3941, me-12 punqti).

21. sxvagvarad, vidre Dekker-is saqmeSia, araTanabari mopyroba am SemTxveva-Si emyareba ara uSualod damsaqmeblis orsulobas, aramed gamomdinareobs am mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli kanonismieri dasaqmebis akrZalvidan.

22. dedis dacvis kanoniT dadgenili es akrZalva eyrdnoba direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacs, romlis mixedviTac, is normebs qalis dacvis Sesaxeb, gan-sakuTrebiT ki orsulobisa da dedobis Sesaxeb, ar ewinaaRmdegeba.

23. amis mixedviT, gansaxilvelia, damsaqmebels, direqtivis mixedviT, aqvs Tu ara ufleba, uvado samuSao xelSekrulebis dadebaze uari imitom ganacxados, rom dasaqmebuli, rogorc momavali deda, misi dasaqmebis akrZalvis gamo da-sakavebel samuSao adgilze ar SeiZleba dasaqmdes.

24. amasTan dakavSirebiT evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom orsulis gaTavisufleba uvado Statidan ar SeiZleba imiT dasabuTdes, rom mas ar aqvs unari, daakmayofilos misi SromiTi xelSekrulebis arsebiTi winapirobebidan erTi. damsaqmeblisTvis dasaqmebulis (samsaxurSi) gamocxadeba, marTalia, Tav-isdauneburad arsebiTi winapirobaa SromiTi xelSekrulebis saTanadod Ses-rulebisaTvis, Tumca orsulobis ganmavlobaSi da mSobiarobis Semdeg qalisaT-vis gaerTianebis samarTliT garantirebuli dacva ar unda iyos damokidebuli im sakiTxze, sawarmos saTanado funqcionirebisaTvis aris Tu ara aucilebeli misi sawarmoSi yofna dekretuli Svebulebis periodis ganmavlobaSi. sawinaaRm-dego ganmartebebi direqtivis debulebebs daukargavda praqtikul efeqtur-obas (1994 wlis 14 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-32/93, Webb, 1994 wlis krebuli, I-3567, 26-e punqti).

155 Judgment of the Court of 3 February 2000; Silke-Karin Mahlburg and Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; Case C-207/98.

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25. amasTan, kanoniT orsulebis RamiT muSaobis akrZalva, romelic ZiriTadad Seesabameba direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacs, aseve ar gamodgeba ganusazRvreli droiT dadebuli SromiTi xelSekrulebis gauqmebisaTvis, (...) radgan aseTi akrZalva SesaZlebelia moqmedebdes mxolod xelSekrulebis moqmedebis mTeli periodidan mxolod gansazRvrul monakveTSi (...).

26. bolos, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina (...), rom uflebebma, romlebic qalebs aqvT direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos dasaqmebis dawyebasa da samuSao pirobebs da rom direqtiva, amdenad, Sinaarsobriv da ara formalur Tanasworobas isaxavs miznad.

27. am praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom momavali dedebis dacvis Sesaxeb norme-bis gamoyenebam ar unda SeuSalos xeli maT dasaqmebas da damsaqmebels ar aZlevs uflebas, orsuli kandidatis daniSvnaze ganacxados uari mxolod imi-tom, rom am kandidats orsulebis dasaqmebis akrZalvis gamo Tavidanve da aseve misi orsulobis ganmavlobaSi ar SeuZlia daikavos uvado Stati.(...)

30. warmodgenil SekiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom direqtivis me-2 muxlis pirveli da me-3 abzacebiT akrZalulia orsulebis uvado StatSi miRebaze uari im safuZvliT, rom maT ar SeuZliaT imuSaon am adgilze mTeli orsulobis pe-riodSi, maTi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare dasaqmebis akrZalvis gamo.

saqme Evelyne Thibault156:

19. (...) unda ganimartos Tu ara 1976 wlis 9 Tebervlis evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 76/207 direqtivis pirveli muxlis 1.2 abzaci, 1.5 abzaci, pirveli abzaci da, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi, me-2 muxlis me-4 abzaci imgvarad, rom isini krZalaven qalisaTvis uflebis CamorTmevas, moiTxovos (Tavisi saqmianobis) Sefaseba da, Sesabamisad, miiRos profesiuli winsvlis Sansi, imitom, rom is Tavisi dekretuli Svebulebis gamo sawarmos saqmianobas CamorCa?(...)

24. direqtiva uSvebs iseT erovnul normebs, romlebic qalebisaTvis uzrunve-lyofen gansakuTrebul uflebebs maTi orsulobisa da dedobis gamo, magali-Tad, dedobis Svebulebis moTxovnis ufleba (ix. 1990 wlis 8 noembris gan-aCeni saqmeze C-179/88, Hendels OG Kontorfunktionaernes Forbund, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-3979, me-15 punqti).

25. garda amisa, direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzaci wevr saxelmwifoebs utovebs uflebas, SeinarCunon an miiRon `orsulobisas da dedobis periodSi~, qalTa dacvis mizniT, normebi. Tanasworuflebianobis principTan mimarTebiT aRi-arebulia ufleba, erTi mxriv, orsulobisas da mis Semdeg qalis fizikuri mdgomareobis gamo mis dacvaze da, meore mxriv, dedasa da Svils Soris gansa-kuTrebuli damokidebulebis gamo im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic uSualod mosdevs orsulobasa da mSobiarobas (...).

156 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 30 April 1998; Caisse nationale d’assurance vieillesse des travailleurs salariés (CNAVTS) v Evelyne Thibault. Case C-136/95; European Court reports 1998 Page I-02011.

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26. direqtiviT aRiarebulma amgvarma uflebebma unda uzrunvelyon mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris Tanasworuflebianoba karieris dawyebaSi (me-3 muxlis pirveli abzaci) da SromiT pirobebSi (me-5 muxlis pirveli abzaci). im uflebebis ganxorcielebam, romlebic qalebs me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacis safuZvelze eniWebaT, ar unda SeuSalos xeli dasaqmebas da ar unda imoqmedos uaryofiTad maT samuSao pirobebze. direqtiva, Sesabamisad, miznad isaxavs Sinaarsobriv da ara formalur Tanasworuflebianobas.

27. yovelwliur Sefasebasa da amiT profesiuli winsvlis SesaZleblobaze TiToeuli dasaqmebulis ufleba, direqtivis me-5 muxlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT, SromiTi xelSekrulebis Semadgeneli nawilia.

28. amitom gadasasinjia, direqtivis me-5 muxlis pirveli abzacisa da me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacis TvalsazrisiT, sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciis gareSe aniWebs Tu ara sadavo regulireba dasaqmebulebs erTsa da imave pirobebs.

29. diskriminaciis akrZalva moiTxovs, rom dasaqmebulma, romelsac dedobis Svebulebis periodSi SromiTi xelSekrulebiT damsaqmeblis mimarT gaaCnia valdebulebebi, ar dakargos Tanabari SromiTi pirobebis moTxovnis ufleba.(...)

32. aqedan gamomdinare, qali, romelsac SromiT pirobebSi imiT miadgeba ziani, rom mas misi dekretuli SvebulebiT gamowveuli aryofniT waerTmeva ufleba, moiTxovos (misi saqmianobis) wliuri Sefaseba da, Sesabamisad, waerTmeva profesiuli winsvlis SesaZlebloba, miCneul unda iqnes diskriminirebulad misi orsulobis da dedobis Svebulebis safuZvelze. aseTi qmedeba, direqtivis mixedviT, aris diskriminacia uSualod sqesis safuZvelze.

33. aqedan gamomdinare, dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom erovnuli regulireba, romelic qals arTmevs moTxovnis uflebas Sefasebaze da amiT arTmevs profesiuli winsvlis SesaZleblobas, radgan is sawarmos misi dedobis Svebulebis gamo CamorCa, direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacsa da me-5 muxlis pirvel abzacs ewinaaRmdegeba.

saqme Belinda Jane Coote v, Granada Hospitality Ltd.157:

22. direqtivis me-6 muxlis mixedviT, (...) nebismiers aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos efeqturi samarTlebrivi dacva kompetentur sasamarTloSi im qmedebebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic, misi azriT, arRveven direqtivaSi asaxul cnebas mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb. wevr saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, uzrunvelyon efeqturi sasamarTlo kontroli gaerTianebis samarTlisa da Sidasaxelmwifo samarTlis Sesabamisi debulebebis dasacavad, romelic direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. (SeadareT ganaCeni Johnston, me-19 punqti).(...)

24. direqtivis me-6 muxlSi asaxuli efeqturi sasamarTlo kontrolis principi iqneboda gamofituli, Tu mis mier miniWebuli dacva iseT RonisZiebebze ar gavrceldeboda, romlebic moicaven Tanasworuflebianobis principis SenarCunebisaTvis dasaqmebulis saCivarze damsaqmeblis reaqcias, rogorc es

157 Judgment of the Court of 22 September 1998; Belinda Jane Coote v Granada Hospitality Ltd.; Case C-185/97; European Court reports 1998 Page I-05199.

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am konkretul SemTxvevaSia. iseTi RonisZiebebis SiSiT, romelTa gamo gasaCivreba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, dasaqmebuls, romelic diskriminirebulad igrZnobda Tavs, SeiZleba Tavi Seekavebina Tavisi uflebebis sasamarTloSi dacvisagan. aseT RonisZiebebs SeeZlo direqtiviT dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis didi safrTxe Seeqmna.(...)

26. direqtivis me-7 muxli wevr saxelmwifoebs aSkarad avaldebulebs, SeimuSaon (...) aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTa daicvan dasaqmebulebi (samuSao adgilebidan) gaTavisuflebisagan, romelzec damsaqmebeli iRebs gadawyvetilebas Tanabaru-flebianobis principis dacvis mizniT mis winaaRmdeg wardgenil sasamarTlo sa-Civarze pasuxad.

27. (...) mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris Sansebis faqtobrivad Tanabrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb direqtiviT dasaxuli miznisa (1993 wlis 2 agvistos ganaCeni Marshall, 24-e punqti) da efeqtiani sasamarTlos gziT samarTlebrivi dacvis moTx-ovnis uflebis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, direqtivis me-7 mux-lis mixedviT, erTmniSvnelovnad sawinaaRmdego debulebis ararsebobis gamo ar SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kanonmdebels surda dasaqmebulis dacva Semoefargla mxolod damsaqmeblis iseTi sadamsjelo RonisZiebiT, rogoricaa (samuSao adg-ilidan) ganTavisufleba, romelic, marTalia, gansakuTrebiT rTuli magram ara erTaderTi RonisZiebaa, romliTac dasaqmebuli efeqturad SeiZleba SeSindes da Tavi Seikavos sasamarTlo gziT uflebis dacvis moTxovnisagan. aseT SemaSinebel RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba aseve RonisZiebebi, romlebic, rogorc am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg saCivarze reaqciiT gamoixateba da (samuSao adgilidan) gaTavisuflebul dasaqmebuls axali adgilis moZebnaSi SeuSlis xels.

28. mommarTvel sasamarTlos pasuxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi, direqtivis me-6 muxlis mixedviT, valdebulni arian, gamoscen Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normebi, romlebic aucilebelia, direqtivis mixedviT, sasamarTlos gziT dasaqmebulis uflebis dacvis im SemTxvevisaTvis uzrunvelsayofad, romelSic damsaqmebeli Tanasworuflebianobis principis dasacavad aRZruli saCivris sapasuxod SromiTi urTierTobis damTavrebis Semdeg uars acxadebs, gasces SromiTi dokumentacia.

saqme Tanja Kreil and Bundesrepublik Deutschland158:

saqmis fabula: momCivanma 1996 wels ganacxada pretenzia, Caricxuliyo ger-maniis federaciuli respublikis SeiaraRebul jarSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom momCivani qali iyo, xolo germaniis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT qalebs ekrZa-lebodaT, samxedro Zalebis sanitariuli da musikis samsaxurebis garda, sxva samxedro samsaxurSi Caricxva, amitom mas uari uTxres miRebaze. momCivan-ma gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 76/207 direqtivis safuZvelze da ganacxada, rom es diskriminacia iyo. germania, Ziri-Tadad, Tavs icavda im argumentiT, rom Tavdacva gaerTianebis samarTals ar ganekuTvneboda, igi evrokavSiris saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika iyo, romelSic wevr saxelmwifoebs suvereniteti hqondaT.

158 Judgment of the Court of 11 January 2000; Tanja Kreil and Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Case C-285/98.

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15. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom C-273/97 saqmeze (Sirdar, 1999 wlis krebuli, I-7403) 1999 wlis 26 oqtombers dadgenili ganaCenis me-15 punqtSi aRniSna, wevri saxelmwifoebis saqmea, miiRon Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi Sida da gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad da aseve gadawyvetilebebi maTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis organizebis mizniT. aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, magram amgvari gadawyvetilebebi mTlianad gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebidan amoRebulia.

16. saxeldobr, xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs, rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom es ukve daadgina, gamonaklisebs sajaro usafrTxoebis safuZvlebidan mxolod 36-e, 48-e, 56-e, 22-e da 224-e muxlebSi; isini Seexebian sruliad gansazRvrul uCveulo SemTxvevebs. am muxlebidan ar gamomdinareobs zogadi, xelSekrulebisaTvis Tvisebrivi daTqma, romlis mixedviTac yoveli RonisZieba, romelic ki sajaro usafrTxoebis interesidan gamomdinare miiReba, gaerTianebis samarTlis gamoyenebis sferodan amoRebul iqneba. Tu aseTi daTqma xelSekrulebis debulebebis gansakuTrebuli Semadgeneli nawilebisagan damoukideblad iqneboda aRiarebuli, maSin mas SeeZlo Seelaxa gaerTianebis samarTlis valdebulebiTi Zala da erTiani gamoyeneba. (SeadareT 1986 wlis 15 maisis ganaCeni saqmeze 222/84, Jonston, 1986 wlis krebuli, 1651, 26-e punqti da Sirdar, me-16 punqti).

17. sajaro usafrTxoebis cneba, xelSekrulebis zemoT dasaxelebuli muxlebis mixedviT, moicavs rogorc wevri saxelmwifos Sida usafrTxoebas, romelsac Seexeba es procesi da romelic Johnston-is ganaCens edo safuZvlad, aseve gare usafrTxoebas, romelic procesis sagani iyo, ramac Sirdar-is ganaCenamde migviy-vana (...).

18. garda amisa, xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebi Seexeba mx-olod saqonlis, pirebisa da momsaxurebebis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas da ara xelSekrulebis socialur normebs, romelTac ganekuTvneba qalbatoni krailis mier gasaCivrebuli principi mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanasworuflebi-anobis Sesaxeb. mudmiv sasamarTlo praqtikas Seesabameba is, rom am princips sayovelTao moqmedeba aqvs da rom direqtiva sajarosamarTlebrivi samsaxure-brivi urTierTobebisaTvis gamoiyeneba (...).

19. Sedegad, im SemTxvevaSi, rogoric es amosavali procesia, direqtiva gamoi-yeneba.

20. direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, wevr saxelmwifoebs aqvT uflebamosileba, iseTi profesiuli saqmianobebi, romelTaTvisac sqesi misi saxeobisa Tu pirobebis gamo upirobo winapirobaa, gamoricxul iqnes direq-tivis gamoyenebis sferodan, sadac gasaxsenebelia is, rom es debuleba, rogorc gamonaklisi, direqtivaSi asaxuli individualuri uflebidan viwrod unda iqnes ganmartebuli. (SeadareT ganaCenebi: Johnston, 36-e punqti da Sirdar, 23-e punqti).

21. amgvarad daadgina evropulma sasamarTlom, magaliTad, rom sqesi upirobo winapiroba SeiZleba iyos iseT SromiT urTierTobebSi, rogorebicaa sasjelaR-srulebis dawesebulebebSi zedamxedvelisa da ufrosi zedamxedvelis Tanamde-boba (1988 wlis 30 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze 318/86, Commission v. France, 1988 wlis

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krebuli, 3559, me-11-me-18 punqtebi), garkveuli saqmianobebisaTvis, rogoricaa policia, mZime Sida daZabulobebSi (ganaCeni Johnston, 36-e da 37-e punqtebi) an aseve samsaxuri specialur sabrZolo erTeulebSi (ganaCeni Sirdar, 29-e-31-e punqtebi).

22. wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia, aseTi saqmianobebisaTvis mosamzadebeli profe-siuli ganaTleba SemTxvevis mixedviT mamakacebisaTvis, an qalebisaTvis gansaz-Rvros. wevri saxelmwifoebi, rogorc es direqtivis me-9 muxlis me-2 abzacidan gamomdinareobs, valdebulni arian, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi saqmianobebi regularuli periodulobiT gadasinjon, raTa socialuri ganviTarebis gaT-valiswinebiT daadginon, direqtivis zogadi daregulirebis wesidan gamonaklisi SeiZleba Tu ara SenarCundes. (SeadareT ganaCenebi: Johnston, 37-e punqti da Sirdar, 25-e punqti).

23. iseTi ZiriTadi uflebidan, rogoricaa Tanasworuflebianoba gamonakli-sis moculobis dadgenisas, garda imisa, rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom Johnston-is ganaCenis 38-e punqtsa da Sirdar-is ganaCenis 26-e punqtSi aRniSna, proporciulobis principi unda iqnes daculi, romelic gaerTianebis samar-Tlis sayovelTao principebs ganekuTvneba. amis mixedviT, gamonaklisebi ar unda scildebodes im sazRvrebs, rac dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad zomieri da aucilebelia; Semdgom Tanasworuflebianobis principi SesabamisobaSi unda iqnes moyvanili, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia sajaro usafrTxoebis moTx-ovnebTan, romlebic ganmsazRvrelia Sesabamisi saqmianobebis ganxorcielebis pirobebisaTvis.

24. Tumca erovnul dawesebulebebs garemoebebis mixedviT aqvT garkveuli mo-qmedebis areali, rodesac isini iReben zomebs wevri saxelmwifos sajaro usa-frTxoebisaTvis (...).

25. aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom Sirdar-is ganaCenis 28-e punqtSi aRniSna, gadasasinjia, faqtobrivad emsaxurebian Tu ara mizans _ uzrunvelyofil iqnes sajaro usafrTxoeba _ konkretuli SemTxvevis ga-remoebebSi RonisZiebebi, romlebic miiRes erovnulma dawesebulebebma maTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi, da arian Tu ara isini zomieri da aucilebeli am miznis misaRwevad.

26. rogorc winamdebare ganaCenis me-5, me-6 da me-7 punqtebSia dadgenili, Ziri-Tadi procesis momCivanis moTxovna, daeniSnaT is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis samsax-urSi, uaryofilia germanuli samarTlis debulebebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa mixedviT, qalebs srulad ekrZalebaT iaraRiT samsaxuri da maTi daSveba neba-darTulia mxolod sanitariul da samxedro samusiko samsaxurebSi.

27. moculobiTi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, aseTi gamoricxva, romelic Seiara-Rebuli Zalebis TiTqmis yvela samxedro samsaxurs Seexeba, ar SeiZleba miC-neul iqnes gamonaklis RonisZiebad, romelic gamarTlebuli iqneboda Sesabami-si saqmianobebis specifikuri xasiaTiT an misi ganxorcielebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT. direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT ki, gamonaklisebi SeiZleba exebodes mxolod specifikur saqmianobebs (...).

28. garda amisa, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis arsis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki mxolod is faqti, rom mis wevrebs iaraRis gamoyeneba SeiZleba daevaloT, ver gaamarT-

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lebs qalebisaTvis uflebis CamorTmevas, daiwyon samxedro samsaxuri. rogorc germaniis mTavrobam ganmarta, federaluri armiis samsaxurebSi arsebobs ia-raRis Seswavlis saSualeba, sadac qalebic daiSvebian, raTa am samsaxurebis personals SeeZlos Tavdacva da ukiduresi aucileblobisas daxmareba.

29. amiT erovnul uwyebebs, TavianTi uflebamosilebisa da SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar SeeZloT SeenarCunebinaT aRniSnuli gamonaklisi, da proporciulobis principis darRvevis gareSe zogadad iqidan amosuliyvnen, rom federaluri armiis mTliani SeiaraRebuli erTeulebi Semdgomac mxolod mamakacebisagan unda Sedgebodes.

30. xolo sabolood, rac direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-2 abzacis gamoyenebas Seex-eba, romelsac germaniis mTavroba aseve daeyrdno, am debulebam, rogorc es ev-ropulma sasamarTlom Johnston-is ganaCenis 44-e punqtSi aRniSna, unda daicvas, erTi mxriv, qalis fizikuri mdgomareoba da, meore mxriv, dedasa da Svils Soris gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba. aRniSnulis mixedviT, qalebi ar SeiZleba gamo-eTiSon dasaqmebas im dasabuTebiT, rom isini mamakacebTan SedarebiT ufro metad unda iyvnen daculebi safrTxeebisagan, rac gansakuTrebul direqtivaSi qalis dacvis aSkarad gamoxatuli aucileblobisagan gansxvavdeba.

31. iaraRiT samsaxuridan qalebis sruli gamoricxva ar ganekuTvneba im ara-Tanabar mopyrobas, romelic, direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacis mixedviT, qalis dacvisaTvisaa daSvebuli.32. warmodgenil kiTxvas Sesabamisad unda gaeces pasuxi, rom direqtivas ewi-naaRmdegeba erovnuli debulebebis gamoyeneba, romlebic, rogorc germanuli samarTlis debulebebi, qalebis samsaxurs iaraRiT zogadad gamoricxaven da maT mxolod sanitariul da samxedro samusiko samsaxurebSi uSveben.

saqme Alexander Dory and Bundesrepublik Deutschland159:

30. amdenad, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier miRebuli zomebi ar arian gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebidan amoRebulni, saerTo jamSi, ukve ara imitom, rom isini miiRes sajaro usafrTxoebis an qveynis Tavdacvis interesidan gamomdinare.

31. kerZod, xelSekruleba, rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom ukve daadgina, gamonaklisebs iTvaliswinebs sajaro usafrTxoebis safuZvlebidan gamomdin-are, mxolod evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 30-e, 39-e, 46-e, 58-e, 64-e 296-e da 297-e muxlebiT; isini exebian sruliad gansazRvrul gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs. am debulebebidan ar gamomdinareobs zogadi, xelSekrulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli piroba, rom yoveli RonisZieba, romelic sajaro usafrTx-oebis interesidan gamomdinare miiReba, gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferodan aris amoRebuli. Tu aseTi piroba xelSekrulebis debulebebis gan-sakuTrebuli Semadgeneli nawilebisagan damoukideblad aRiarebul iqneboda, maSin mas gaerTianebis samarTlis savaldebulooba da erTiani gamoyeneba See-Zlo Seelaxa. (SeadareT 1986 wlis 15 maisis ganaCeni saqmeze _ 222/84, Johnston, 1986 wlis krebuli, 1651, 26-e punqti, ganaCeni Sirdar, me-16 punqti da Kreil, me-16 punqti).(...)

159 Judgment of the Court of 11 March 2003; Alexander Dory and Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Case C-186/01.

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34. (...) evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom 76/20 direqtiva gamoiyeneba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi dasaqmebaze da rom gadasasinjia, RonisZiebebi, romlebic erovnulma uwyebebma maTTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis gziT miiRes, faqtobrivad sajaro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizans emsaxurebian Tu ara da arian Tu ara isini Tanazomieri da aucilebeli, raTa am mizans miaRwion (ganaCenebi: Sirdar, 28-e punqti da Kreil, 25-e punqti).

35. ar SeiZleba gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferodan wevr saxelmwifoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis organizaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis srulad amoReba, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac es Seexeba SromiT urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanasworuflebianobis principis dacvas, upirveles yovlisa, am principis dacvas samxedro profesiasTan daSvebisas. Tumca aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom wevri saxelmwifoebis gadawyvetilebebi, samxedro organizaciis TvalsazrisiT, romlis mizanicaa misi suverenuli teritoriisa da misi upirobo interesebis dacva, gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva.

36. marTalia, rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom es ganaCenebSi _ Sirdar (me-15 punqti) da Kreil (me-15 punqti) _ aRniSna, sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis or-ganizeba im wevri saxelmwifoebis saqmea, romlebmac unda miiRon Sesabamisi zomebi TavianTi Sida da gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad,.

37. germaniis mTavrobam aRniSna, rom sayovelTao samxedro samsaxurs germa-niaSi, rogorc politikurad, ise SeiaraRebul Zalebis organizaciis Tval-sazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs. man Tavis werilobiT gancxadebebsa da zepir procesze aRniSna, rom samxedro valdebulebas SeuZlia wvlili Seitanos samx-edro aparatis demokratiul gamWvirvaleobaSi, erovnul erTobaSi, SeiaraRe-bul Zalebsa da mosaxleobas Soris mWidro kontaqtis SenarCunebaSi, aseve, Tavdacvis SemTxvevaSi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aucilebeli mobilurobis un-aris arsebobaSi.

38. ZiriTad kanonSi asaxuli aseTi gadawyvetilebiT samxedro valdebuleba teritoriuli usafrTxoebis interesidan gamomdinare wesdeba, miuxedavad im-isa, rom es xSir SemTxvevaSi axalgazrdebisaTvis samuSao bazris xelmisawvdo-mobaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. mas upiratesoba aqvs axalgazrda adamianebis samuSao bazarSi CarTvis politikur miznebTan mimarTebiT.

39. germaniis federaciuli respublikis gadawyvetileba, ganamtkicos Tavisi Tavdacva nawilobriv samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuriT, aseTi gadawyvetileb-is gamoxatulebaa samxedro organizebis TvalsazrisiT, romlis mimarTac gaer-Tianebis samarTali amave samarTlis mixedviT ar gamoiyeneba.

40. mxolod mamakacebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli savaldebulo samxedro samsax-uri, marTalia, niSnavs, rogorc wesi, Sesabamisi pirebis mimarT marTi profe-siuli karieris dayovnebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom samxedro samsaxuri erTeul gawveulebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, miiRon damatebiTi ganaTleba an mogvianebiT samxedro kariera daiwyon.

41. profesiul karieraSi Seferxeba gawveulebisaTvis aris wevri saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebis araTavidanacilebadi Sedegi samxedro organizebis Tvalsaz-risiT da ar midis im Sedegamde, romliTac es gadawyvetileba gaerTianebis sa-marTlis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva. radgan wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetenciaSi

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Careva iqneboda, Tu mas uaryofiTi zegavlena eqneboda dasaqmebasTan daSvebaze, romliTac Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifo iZulebuli iqneboda, samxedro samsaxur-Si arsebuli valdebuleba qalebze ganevrco da maTTvis amiT analogiuri ziani dasaqmebasTan daSvebaze mieyenebina, an samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuri gaeuqme-bina.

42. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mommarTveli sasamarTlos SekiTx-vas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom gaerTianebis samarTals ar ewinaaRmdegeba samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuri mxolod mamakacebisaTvis.

saqme Roks and others160:

34. (...) arCeuli meTodebi wevri saxelmwifos socialuri politikis legitimur mizans emsaxurebian, romlis samarTlebriv normebzecaa axla saubari, da am miznis misaRwevad gamosadegi da aucilebelia (1992 wlis 19 noembris ganaCeni saqmeze C-226/91, Molenbroek, 1992 wlis krebuli, I-5943, me-13 punqti).

35. sabiujeto mosazrebebi SesaZloa wevri saxelmwifos socialur-politikur gadawyvetilebebs edos safuZvlad da socialuri dacvis RonisZiebebis saxesa Tu moculobaze, romelic mas surs miiRos, zemoqmedebdes. maT ara aqvT am politikiT dasaxuli mizani da erT-erTi sqesis diskriminaciis gamarTleba aqedan gamomdinare ar SeuZliaT.

36. Tu, garda amisa, aRiarebuli iqneboda, rom sabiujeto safuZvlebs mamakacebisa da qalebis araTanabari mopyrobis gamarTleba SeeZlo, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi 79/7 direqtivis me-4 muxlis pirveli abzaciT akrZaluli SualobiTi diskriminacia sqesis safuZvelze iqneboda, maSin mas Sedegad eqneboda, rom gaerTianebis samarT-lis iseTi ZiriTadi regulirebis wesis gamoyeneba da misi moculoba, rogoricaa mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanasworoba droisa da sivrcis mixedviT, wevri saxelm-wifoebis saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomareobis Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli Sei-Zleboda yofiliyo.

b) gamoyeneba pirTa wris mimarT:

saqme Gerardus Cornelis Ten Oever161:

13. am ganmartebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba is, rom gonebrivad SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa pensias, misi cnebidan gamomdinare, ara dasaqmebuls, aramed SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqones uxdian, romlis saTave aseTi piris meuRlis sapensio sistemasTan mikuTvnebaSia, ise, rom am pirs pensiis moTxovnis ufleba misi meuRlisa da mis damsaqmebels Soris saqmiani urTierTobis farglebSi aqvs da pensia misi meuRlis dasaqmebis safuZvelze eZleva.

14. pirvel SekiTxvas unda vupasuxoT, rom sawarmoo sapensio sistemis farg-lebSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli pensia, romelsac iseTive niSnebi aqvs, rogoric sadavo sakiTxs erovnul sasamarTlo

160 Judgment of the Court of 24 February 1994; M. A. De Weerd, née Roks, and others v Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Gezondheid, Geestelijke en Maatschappelijke Belangen and others; Case C-343/92; European Court reports 1994 Page I-00571.

161 Judgment of the Court of 6 October 1993; Gerardus Cornelis Ten Oever v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds voor het Glazenwassers- en Schoonmaakbedrijf; Case C-262/88 Barber; Case C-109/91; European Court reports 1993 Page I-04879.

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procesSi, eqceva evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi.

saqme Defrenne v. Sabena II162:

38/39. aseve aramyaria argumenti, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier Tanabari anazRaurebis principis gamoyeneba Secvlida SeTanxmebebs, romlebic xelSekrulebis mxareebma maTi piradi Tu profesiuli avtonomiurobis ganxorcielebis gziT miiRes individualuri Tu koleqtiuri samuSao xelSekrulebebis saxiT; 119-e muxlis mixedviT, mamakac da qal dasaqmebulebs Soris diskriminaciebis akrZalva savaldebuloa ara mxolod sajaro dawesebulebebisaTvis, aramed is vrceldeba, aseve, damokidebuli saqmianobis koleqtiurad momwesrigebel nebismier satarifo xelSekrulebasa da nebismier xelSekrulebaze kerZo pirTa Soris (SeadareT aseve saqme C-33/89, Kowalska, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-2591, 2611 da Semdgom, me-12, me-16 punqtebi; saqme C-184/89, NIMZ, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-297, 318, me-11 punqti; saqme C-281/97, Krueger, 1999 wlis krebuli, I-5127, 5147, me-20 punqti).

d) diskriminaciis formebi

(1) pirdapiri/Ria diskriminacia:

saqme Macarthys Smith163:

10. evropulma sasamarTlom rogorc Tavis 1976 wlis 8 aprilis ganaCenSi (Defrenne II) ganmarta, es norma (119-e muxli), uSualo (...) Ria diskriminaciebis yvela saxeobazea gamoyenebadi (...)

saqme Defrenne v Sabena II164:

16/20. 119-e muxlis pirveli abzacis Tanaxmad, wevri saxelmwifoebi mowodeb-ulni arian, `Tanabar samuSaoze mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanabari anazRaurebis principi~ gamoiyenon da SeinarCunon. muxlis me-2 da me-3 abzacebi umateben mTel rig detalur ganmartebebs pirvel abzacSi gamoyenebuli ̀ anazRaurebisa~ da `samuSaos~ cnebebs. am debulebebis gamoyenebisaTvis 119-e muxlis mTliani gamoyenebis sferos farglebSi unda gakeTdes gansxvaveba, erTi mxriv, pirdapir, Ria diskriminaciebsa, romlebic ukve normaSi gamoyenebuli niSnebis mixedviT erTnair samuSaosa da Tanabar anazRaurebas adgenen, da, meore mxriv, arapirda-pir, farul diskriminacias Soris (...).

21/24. pirdapiri diskriminaciebi, romlebic gansazRvrulia 119-e muxlSi gamoy-enebuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze, gamomdinareobs samarTlebrivi normebi-dan an koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebidan da maTi mikvleva wminda samarTlebrivi analiziT SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, maTSi moiazreba erTnair samuSaoze erTsa da imave sajaro Tu kerZo samsaxursa Tu sawarmoSi mamakaci da qali dasaqmeb-ulebisaTvis araTanabari anazRaurebis SemTxveva (...)(...)

162 ix. 137-e sqolio.163 ix. 152-e sqolio.164 ix. 137-e sqolio.

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40. amis mixedviT, pirvel kiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces: Tanabari samuSao anaz-Raurebis Sesaxeb 119-e muxlSi asaxuli principis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT Sesabamis pirebs erovnul sasamarTloebSi. es sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian, daic-van uflebebi, romlebsac es debuleba samarTalsubieqtebs aniWebs; es gansa-kuTrebiT Seexeba diskriminaciebis SemTxvevas, romlebic warmoiSobian uSualod samarTlebrivi normebisa Tu koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze, aseve im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis dasaqmebulebi erTnairi samuSaosaTvis erTsa da imave kerZo an sajaro sawarmoSi araTanabar anazRaurebas iReben.

saqme Worrunhamund v. Humphreys Lloyds Bank165:

saqmis fabula: moqalaqeebi asaCivrebdnen regulirebas, romlis mixedviTac 25 wlamde mamakaci dasaqmebulebi sapensio uzrunvelyofis fondSi ixdidnen garkveul Tanxas, romelic anazRaurdeboda damsaqmeblis mier xelfasze 5%-iani danamatis saxiT, maSin, rodesac qali dasaqmebulebi, romlebic aseve 25 wlamde iyvnen, ar ixdidnen am Tanxas da, Sesabamisad, mamakac dasaqmebuls mTliani xelfasi ufro maRali hqonda, vidre analogiuri samuSaoTi dakavebul qals. garda amisa, samsaxurebrivi urTierTobis dasrulebis Semdeg mamakac dasaqmebulebs am Senatanebis safuZvelze ufro meti socialuri xasiaTis SeRavaTebi hqondaT, vidre qalebs.

24. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac Senatanis valdebuleba mxolod mamakaci, da ara qali dasaqmebulebisaTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli. am dros mamakac dasaqme-bulebs savaldebulo Senatanebi damsaqmeblisagan danamatis formiT mTlian xelfasze ericxebaT. aRniSnulis Sedegad, mamakaci dasaqmebulebisaTvis ufro maRali anazRaurebaa gaTvaliswinebuli 119-e muxlis me-2 abzacis SinaarsiT, vidre qali dasaqmebulebisaTvis, romlebic analogiur samuSaos an analogiuri Rirebulebis samuSaos asruleben.

25. maSin rodesac qali dasaqmebulebisTvis ar arsebobs Setanis valdebule-ba, Senatanebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg mamakaci dasaqmebulebis xelfasi Tanabaria qali dasaqmebulebis SenatanebiT dautvirTav xelfasTan; Tumca mamakaci da qali dasaqmebulebis mTlian xelfasebs Soris gansxvaveba aris diskriminaciis wyaro, romelic evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxls ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan mamakaci dasaqmebulebi am araerTgvarovne-bis safuZvelze iReben momsaxurebas, da ar iReben qali dasaqmebulebi, romlebic analogiur an analogiuri Rirebulebis samuSaos asruleben, an am faqtis safuZ-velze iseT momsaxurebebs an socialur SeRavaTebs iReben, romlebic ufro metia, vidre qal dasaqmebulebs SeuZliaT moiTxovon.

26. es gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa imiTac, rom – rogorc winamdebare SemTxvevaSi – dasaqmebulebs, romlebic garkveul asaks miRwevis Semdeg samuSao urTierTobas axorcieleben, gansazRvruli winapirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ubrundebaT, sul mcire, `Senatanebis anlogiuri Rirebulebis premiis~ saxiT damsaqmeblis saxeliT gadaxdili Senatanebis nawili da dasaqmebulisaTvis gadaxdili mTliani xelfasis raodenoba gansazRvravs garkveul momsaxurebebsa da socialur SeRavaTebs – rogoricaa anazRaureba (samuSao urTierTobidan) gasvlisaTvis, Semweobebi umuSevrobis gamo, ojaxuri daxmarebebi Tu SeRavaTebi

165 ix. 139-e sqolio.

119

saipoTeko da sxva saxis sesxebze, romelTa moTxovnis ufleba orive sqesis dasaqmebulebs unda hqondeT.

27. am SemTxvevaSi garemoeba, rom damsaqmebeli Senatanebs mxolod mamakaci dasaqmebulebis saxeliT ixdis da ara qali dasaqmebulebis, romlebic analogiur an analogiuri Rirebulebis samuSaos asruleben, dasaqmebulTa am ori jgufis anazRaurebis araerTgvarovnebas iwvevs. maTi dadgena uSualod mommarTvel sasamarTlos SeuZlia anazRaurebis Sesabamisi Semadgeneli nawilebis saSualebiT da evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlSi dasaxelebuli kriteriumebiT.

28. am safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, mesame SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom ev-ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlze yura-dRebis gamaxvileba SeuZliaT erovnul sasamarTloebs da isini valdebulni arian, am debulebiT erTeulebisaTvis miniWebuli uflebebi (...) (daicvan) (...).

saqme Dansk Handel & Service166:

saqmis fabula: daniis sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduris farglebSi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis safuZvelze SekiTxviT, ewinaaRmdegeboda Tu ara evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxls Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi debulebebi, romelTa mixedviTac orsuls, romelic orsulobis gamo Sromisuunaro iyo, ufleba hqonda, moeTxova ara sruli xelfasi, aramed mxolod dRiuri Tanxis gadaxda adgilobrivi dawesebulebisagan, maSin rodesac dasaqmebulebi Sromisuunarobisas avadmyofobis gamo iRebdnen srul xelfass damsaqmeblisagan.

33. miuxedavad imisa, rom orsuloba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar uTanabrdeba avad-myofur mdgomareobas (1994 wlis 14 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmisa _ C-32/93, Webb, 1994 wlis krebuli, I-3567, 25-e punqti), SesaZlebelia, am drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobdes Civilebi da garTulebebi, romlebic qals aiZulebs, eqimis mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS iyos da Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi mTeli orsulobis peri-odSi sakuTar Tavs gaufrTxildes nebismieri TvalsazrisiT. es Civilebi da garTulebebi, romlebmac SesaZloa gamoiwvion Sromisuunaroba, orsulobasTan dakavSirebul riskebs ganekuTvneba da mdgomareobis gansakuTrebulobas iwvevs (1998 wlis 30 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze C-394/96 Brown, 1998 wlis krebuli, I-4185, 22-e punqti).

34. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, yovel dasaqmebuls, mo-qmedi erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT, avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi sruli xelfasis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs.

35. Sedegad, is garemoeba, rom qali Tavisi dekretis dawyebisas ar iRebs srul gasamrjelos, Tu misi Sromisuunaroba orsulobaze damokidebuli avadmyofuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinareobs, ZiriTadad, emyareba orsulobas da, amdenad, aris diskriminacia.

166 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 19 November 1998; Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark, acting on behalf of Berit Høj Pedersen v Fællesforeningen for Danmarks Brugsforeninger and Dansk Tandlægeforening and Kristelig Funktionær-Organisation v Dansk Handel & Service; Case C-66/96; European Court reports 1998 Page I-07327.

120

(2) arapirdapiri/faruli diskriminacia

saqme Jenkins v. Kingsgate167:

13. Tu aRmoCndeba (...), rom im dasaqmebulebidan, romlebic kviris samuSao saaTebis minimums srulad asruleben da Sedegad saaTobrivi xelfasis srulad moTxovnis ufleba aqvT, qalebs mniSvnelovnad mcire procentuli wili uka-viaT, vidre mamakacebs, maSin aseTi araTanabari anazRaureba evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxls ewinaaRmdegeba. (am muxlis darRveva saxezea), Tu im siZneleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac qali dasaqmebulebi awydebian kviris samuSao saaTebis minimumis Sesrulebisas, Sesa-bamisi sawarmos saxelfaso politika iseTi garemoebebiT ar aixsneba, romlebic gamoricxaven diskriminacias sqesis safuZvelze.(...)

15. SekiTxvebs (...) pasuxi unda gaeces, rom gansxvavebuli anazRaureba srulad da ganakveTurad dasaqmebulebisaTvis (...) maSin aris evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxliT akrZaluli diskriminacia, Tu re-alurad es mxolod arapirdapiri meTodia, ganakveTur samuSaoze dasaqmebulis xelfasi imitom dawion, rom dasaqmebulTa es jgufi mxolod, an umeteswilad, qalebisagan Sedgeba.

saqme Nimz168:

7. mommarTveli sasamarTlos pirveli SekiTxva aseTia: evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxliT dasaSvebia Tu ara, erovnu-li sajaro samsaxurisaTvis dadebuli satarifo xelSekrulebiT ufro maRal-anazRaurebad jgufSi gadasvlisaTvis im dasaqmebulebis samuSao dro gamoian-gariSebodes srulad, romlebic, sul mcire, Cveulebrivi samuSao drois sami meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi muSaoben, xolo dasaqmebulebis samuSao dro, romelic Cveulebrivi samuSao drois naxevarsa da sam meoTxeds Soris meryeobs, mxolod naxevrad iangariSebodes, da es maSin, rodesac dasaqmebulebis am ukanasknelad dasaxelebul jgufSi ufro meti qalebi arian, vidre kacebi.(...)

12. aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, rom, satarifo xelSekrulebis sadavo debuleba-Ta mixedviT, muSaxeli, romelic dasaqmebulia sruli ganakveTis samuSao drois sam meoTxedze mcire da amave drois naxevarze meti samuSao droiT, saWiroebs maRalanazRaurebad jgufSi gadasasvlelad namsaxurebis ormagad met wlebs, vidre es srul ganakveTze dasaqmebulisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. iseTi sa-tarifo xelSekruleba, rogoric winamdebarea, romelic damsaqmeblebs aZlevs uflebas, dasaqmebulTa or jgufs Soris – pirebs, romlebic kviris an Tvis ganmavlobaSi samuSao saaTebis gansazRvrul minimums asruleben da pirebs So-ris, romlebic analogiuri davalebebisas am saaTebis minimums ver asruleben – SeinarCunos saerTo anazRaurebis araerTgvarovneba, iwvevs, faqtobrivad, qali dasaqmebulebis diskriminacias mamakac dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT, Tu dadgindeba, rom procentulad mniSvnelovnad ufro cota mamakacia ganakveTur samuSaoze, vidre qali. aseTi satarifo xelSekruleba ZiriTadad miCneul unda iqnes evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxl-

167 ix. 145-e sqolio.168 ix. 140-e sqolio.

121

Tan Seusabamod. (...)(...)

15. aqedan gamomdinare, mommarTveli sasamarTlos pirvel kiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces: evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e mux-li unda ganimartos ise, rom igi ar uSvebs erovnuli sajaro samsaxurisaT-vis dadebuli satarifo xelSekrulebiT ufro maRali anazRaurebis jgufSi gadasvlisaTvis dasaqmebulis samsaxurebrivi drois srulad gamoangariSebas, romelic regularuli samuSao drois, sul mcire, sami meoTxedia, maSin, rode-sac dasaqmebulebis samsaxurebrivi dro, romelTa samuSao dro regularuli samuSao drois naxevarsa da sam meoTxeds Soris meryeobs, mxolod naxevrad gamoiangariSeba, Tu aRmoCnda, rom ukanasknelad dasaxelebul dasaqmebulTa jgufSi mniSvnelovnad naklebi raodenobiT mamakacia, vidre qali. (es debuleba moqmedebs), im SemTxvevis garda, Tu damsaqmebeli daamtkicebs, rom satarifo xelSekrulebis debuleba obieqturi kriteriumebiTaa gamarTlebuli, rom-lebic gansakuTrebiT imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra kavSiria saqmianobis saxesa da im gamocdilebas Soris, romelsac piri gaweuli samuSao saaTebis garkveuli raodenobis mixedviT moipovebs.

saqme Rinner Kuehn FWW v. Spezial Gebaeudereinigung169:

8. warmodgenili SekiTxvidan da warmodgenili dadgenilebis safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs, rom mommarTvel sasamarTlos ZiriTadad surs icodes, evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlsa da sab-Wos 75/117 direqtivas xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba erovnuli regulireba, romelic damsaqmeblebs uflebas aZlevs, ar gadauxadon avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi im dasaqmebulebs, romelTa regularuli samuSao dro kviris ganmavlobaSi 10 saaTs an Tvis ganmavlobaSi 45 saaTs ar aRemateba, maSin, rodesac dasaqmebulTa am kategorias, umeteswilad, qalebi Seadgenen.

9. 119-e muxlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT wevri saxelmwifoebi mowodebulni iyvnen, pirvel safexurze mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanabari anazRaurebis prin-cipi gamoeyenebinaT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom 119-e muxli wevr saxelmwi-foebs Sedegis dadgomis valdebulebas akisrebs, romelic savaldebulo ZaliT garkveuli vadis ganmavlobaSi unda Sesrulebuliyo (1976 wlis 8 aprilis gan-aCeni saqmeze _ 43/75, 1976 wlis krebuli, 455).

10. rogorc es aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, germanuli kanonis sadavo debuleb-is Tanaxmad, avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi mxolod im dasaqmebulebs aqvT ufleba, damsaqmeblisagan moiTxovon xelfasis gadaxda, romelTa samuSao dro kviris ganmavlobaSi 10 saaTs, anda Tvis ganmavlobaSi 45 saaTs aRemateba. radgan es gadaxda eqceva 119-e muxlis me-2 abzacSi gamoyenebuli anazRaurebis cnebaSi, germanuli kanonis sadavo debuleba damsaqmebels uflebas aZlevs, saerTo xe-lfasis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT dasaqmebulTa ori kategoria ganasxvavos: isini, romlebic kviris an Tvis ganmavlobaSi samuSao saaTebis minimums asrule-ben da isini, romlebic, marTalia, analogiur samuSaos asruleben, Tumca mini-maluri odenobis saaTebs ar muSaoben.

warmodgenili dadgenilebidan gamomdinareobs aseve, rom procentulad mniS-

169 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 13 July 1989; Ingrid Rinner-Kühn v FWW Spezial-Gebäudereinigung GmbH & Co. KG; Case 171/88.

122

vnelovnad ufro cota qali asrulebs kvirisa Tu Tvis minimalur samuSao saaTebs, vidre mamakaci da rom xelfasis Semdgomi gadaxdis moTxovnis winapi-roba avadmyofobis gamo Sromisuunarobaa.(...)

12. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda dadgindes, rom iseTi debuleba, rogoric axla ganixileba, Sedegad qal dasaqmebulebs, mamakac dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT, diskriminirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs da, ZiriTadad, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlis mizans ar Seesa-bameba.

saqme Boetel170:

16. meore mxriv, dasadgenia, ganasxvaveben Tu ara sawarmos sabWos wevrebisagan, romlebic sruli ganakveTiT muSaoben, amave sabWos ganakveTurad dasaqmebul wevrebs erovnuli regulirebebi, romelnic kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel RonisZiebebze monawileobisas maT materialur anazRaurebas Seexeba.

17. sawarmos sabWos wevrebis orive jgufi kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel am RonisZiebebze erTnairi raodenobis saaTebs atareben. magram maSin, Tu sawarmos samuSao dros Catarebuli RonisZiebebi ganakveTurad momuSave sawarmos sabWos wevrebis individualur samuSao dros aRemateba, isini damsaqmeblisagan ufro dabal materialur anazRaurebas iReben, vidre sruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebuli wevrebi da Sedegad gansxvavebulad udgebian maT.(...)

24. garda amisa, argumentacia, rom kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel RonisZiebebze monawileobisaTvis erovnuli samarTliT dadgenili anazRaureba gamoiangariSe-ba im samuSao saaTebis mixedviT, romlebic maT ar umuSaviaT, ar cvlis arafers imaSi, rom sawarmos sabWos ganakveTurad dasaqmebuli wevrebi ufro nakleb materialur sikeTes iReben, vidre sruli ganakveTiT momuSave maTi kolegebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaqmebulTa orive jgufi sabolood, ganurCevlad, am kursebs saaTebis Tanabari raodenobiT gadian, raTa kargad muSaobisa da sawar-mos zogadi keTildReobisaTvis SesaZlebeli iyos efeqturi moqmedeba dasaqme-bulTa interesebisaTvis.

25. sabolood, aseTi mdgomareoba aseve gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom ganakveTurad dasaqmebulebma, romlebic umeteswilad qalebisagan Sedgeba, Tavi Seikavon sawarmos sabWos wevris saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobisagan an am saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebeli codnis miRebisagan, rac arTulebs dasaqmebulTa am kategoriiT sawarmos sabWos kvalificiuri wevrebis Sevsebas.(...)

27. mommarTvel sasamarTlos pasuxi unda gaeces, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxls da sabWos 75/117 direqtivas ewinaaRmdegeba erovnuli regulireba, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad ufro qalebisaTvis moqmedebs, vidre mamakacebisaTvis da damokidebuls xdis maT individualur samuSao droze im materialur anazRaurebas, romelsac sawarmos sabWos ganakveTurad momuSave wevrebi maTi damsaqmeblisagan samuSao dros anazRaurebadad gaTavisuflebisas an kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel

170 ix 142-e sqolio.

123

kursebSi monawileobisas zedmeti saaTebis anazRaurebis saxiT iReben. es kursebi sawarmos sabWos saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel codnas iZleva da ewyoba sawarmos samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi, Tumca maTi xangrZlivoba ganakveTurad dasaqmebulebis individualur samuSao dros scildeba. sruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebuli sawarmos sabWos wevrebi ki imave kursebSi monawileobisaTvis iReben imdensave materialur anazRaurebas, ramdensac isini sruli ganakveTiT muSaobisas miiRebdnen.

saqme Johanna Lewark171:

24. germaniis mTavroba, iseve rogorc mommarTveli sasamarTlo, im azrzea, rom samarTlebrivi normebidan ar gamomdinareobs ganakveTurad da srulad dasaqmebulTa mimarT araTanabari mopyroba. ufro metic, maT Tanabrad icaven Semosavlis Semcirebisagan, romelic gamomdinareobs kvalifikaciis asamaRleb-el kursebSi maTi monawileobidan.

25. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom amasTan dakavSirebiT ganmarta, araTanabari mopyroba mxolod maSin aris saxeze, rodesac samuSao saaTebis Tanabari raode-nobis dros sruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebulTaTvis gadaxdili saerTo Tanxa ufro metia, vidre ganakveTurad dasaqmebulisa.

26. am SemTxvevaSi ar aris sadavo, rom sawarmos sabWos ganakveTurad momuSave wevrebi samuSao saaTebis imave raodenobiT muSaobis Sedegad ufro nakleb anazRaurebas iReben, vidre sruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebuli wevrebi im SemTx-vevaSi, rodesac sawarmos sabWos muSaobisaTvis aucilebeli sakvalifikacio kursebi sawarmos sruli samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi, magram maTi individu-aluri samuSao drois Semdeg, tardeba.

27. amis sapirispirod ar gamodgeba argumenti, rom sawarmos sabWos wevrebis drois xarjva aseT kursebze uSualod samuSao xelSekrulebidan ar gamomdin-areobs, radgan sakmarisia is, rom drois aseTi daxarjva samuSao xelSekruleb-is safuZvelze moxdes, radgan es anazRaurebis cnebis Sesaxeb 22-e da 23-e punqtebSi gamoTqmuli daskvnebis farglebSi xdeba.

28. Tu arsebobs araTanabari mopyroba, rogorc es am SemTxvevaSia, maSin ganakveTurad dasaqmebulebis gamoricxva garkveuli anazRaurebis miRebisa-gan, mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, ewinaaRmdegeba 119-e muxls, roca mamakacebTan SedarebiT qalebis mniSvnelovnad ufro naklebi procentuli raodenobaa dasaqmebuli srul ganakveTze da es RonisZieba – qali dasaqmeb-ulebisaTvis arsebuli sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imuSaon srul ganakve-Tze – ver aixsneba im faqtorebiT, romlebic sqesis safuZvelze diskrimina-cias gamoricxaven (1981 wlis 31 martis ganaCenebi saqmeze 96/80, Jenkins, 1981 wlis krebuli da 1986 wlis 13 maisis saqmeze 170/84, Bilka, 1986 wlis krebuli, 1607).

rogorc es warmodgenili dadgenilebidan gamomdinareobs, Sromisa da social-uri statistikis oficialuri monacemebis 1991 wlis ivnisis bolos ganakveTurad dasaqmebulebis 93,4%-s Seadgendnen qalebi, xolo 6,6%-s mamakacebi. Sromis samxareo sasamarTlom warmoadgina mosazreba, rom ganakveTurad dasaqmebuli

171 Judgment of the Court of 6 February 1996; Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V. v Johanna Lewark; Case C-457/93; European Court reports 1996 Page I-00243.

124

mamakacebisa da qalebis eqstremalurad araTanabari raodenobrivi Sefardebis safuZvelze unda vivaraudoT, rom aseve qalebisa da mamakacebis wili sawarmos sabWos wevrebs Soris ganakveTurad dasaqmebulTa Sorisac, rogorc minimum, analogiuri SefardebebiT iarsebebda.

30. radgan es debulebebi saeWvod ar iqna miCneuli, unda vivaraudoT, rom erovnul sasamarTlo procesSi sadavo samarTlebrivi normebis gamoyenebas, ZiriTadad, qali dasaqmebulebis arapirdapir diskriminaciamde mivyavarT, rac ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlsa da direqtivas.

(3) pozitiuri diskriminacia:

saqme Kalanke172:

22. iseTi erovnuli regulireba, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs qalebs (samsaxurSi) daniSvnisa an waxalisebisas, ar uwyobs xels Tanabari Sansebis Camoyalibebas da scildeba direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-4 abzaciT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisis sazRvrebs.(...)

24. mommarTveli sasamarTlos SekiTxvaze Sesabamisad pasuxi unda gaeces, rom direqtivis me-2 muxlis pirveli da me-4 abzacebs ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi erovnu-li regulireba, romliTac (...) qal kandidatebs avtomaturad eniWebaT upirate-soba Tanabari kvalifikaciis mqone gansxvavebuli sqesis kandidatebs Soris imis gamo, rom waaxalison isini im sferoebSi, romelSic qalebi naklebad arian warmodgenilni.

saqme Marshall173:

25. im regulirebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Kalanke-s ganaCenis sagani iyo, am SemTxvevaSi sadavo debuleba Seicavs erT daTqmas, romlis mixedviTac, qalebs ar mieniWebaT upiratesoba (samsaxurSi daniSvnisas), Tu mamakaci kandidatis pirovnuli Tvisebebi ufro misaRebi iqneba (`Ria daTqma~).(...)

26. ukanasknelad dasaxelebuli normiT (evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 76/207 direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-4 abzaci) gansazRvruli da Semofarglulia mizani, rom neba darTos iseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, romlebic TiTqosda diskriminirebadia, realurad ki miznad isaxavs socialur sinamdvileSi ar-sebuli faqtobrivi uTanasworobis aRmofxvrasa da Semcirebas (1988 wlis 25 oqtombris ganaCeni saqmeze 312/86, Commission v France, 1988 wlis krebuli, 6315, 6336 Semdegi, me-15 punqti, da ganaCeni saqmeze Kalanke, me-18 punqti).

27. amdenad, karieris dawyebisa da winsvlis sferoebSi dasaSvebia iseTi erovnu-li RonisZiebebis gatareba, romlebic qalebs ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ayenebs da uumjobesebs maT SesaZleblobas, Sromis bazarze sxvebTan konkurenciaSi Caeban da Tanabari pirobebis arsebobisas, mamakacebis msgavsad, profesiuli kariera

172 Judgment of the Court of 17 October 1995; Eckhard Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen; Case C-450/93; European Court reports 1995 Page I-03051.

173 Judgment of the Court of 11 November 1997; Hellmut Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; Case C-409/95; European Court reports 1997 Page I-06363.

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Seiqmnan (ganaCeni saqmeze Kalanke, me-19 punqti).

28. rogorc es sabWom qalebisaTvis pozitiuri RonisZiebebis xelSewyobis Ses-axeb 1984 wlis 13 dekembris 84/635 rekomendaciaSi aRniSna, ar aris sakmarisi `Tanasworuflebianobis sferoSi erTeulebis uflebebis dacvisaTvis moqmedi samarTlebrivi normebi yvela uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad, Tu mTavrobebi, socialuri partniorebi da sxva monawile uwyebebi erTdroulad ar imuSaveben, raTa Sromis sferoSi ibrZolon qalebis diskreditaciis winaaRmdeg, rac war-modgenebiT, qcevis wesebiTa da sazogadoebrivi struqturebiT aris gamowveu-li~ (ganaCeni Kalanke, me-20 punqti).

29. rogorc mopasuxem da ramdenime monawile mTavrobam xazgasmiT aRniSna, na-Telia, rom Tavad Tanabari kvalifikaciisas arsebobs tendencia, rom mamakac kandidatebs qal kandidatebTan mimarTebiT upiratesoba mieniWoT; es damok-idebuleba, upirveles yovlisa, profesiul saqmianobaSi qalis rolisa da un-aris Sesaxeb cru warmodgenebsa da stereotipebs efuZneba, aseve, magaliTad, SiSs imisas, rom qalebi Tavis karieras ufro iolad Sewyveten, rom maTi sam-uSao dro saxlisa da ojaxuri saqmeebis gamo naklebad moqnili SeiZleba iyos an mas isini orsulobis, mSobiarobisa Tu Svilis bunebrivad kvebis gamo ufro xSirad Sewyveten.

30. amis mixedviT, marto is faqti, rom gansxvavebuli sqesis ori kandidati Tanabrad kvalificiuria, ar niSnavs imas, rom maT Tanabari Sansebi aqvT.

31. Sedegad, me-2 muxlis me-4 abzacis moqmedebis sferoSi SesaZloa moeqces iseTi erovnuli regulireba, romliTac Tanabari kvalifikaciis mamakac kan-didatebTan SedarebiT qalebs Ria daTqmis pirobiT upiratesoba mieniWebaT iseT sferoebSi, romlebSic isini naklebad arian warmodgenilni, radgan aseT regulirebas SeuZlia, wvlili Seitanos im uaryofiTi Sedegebis gaTanabrebaSi, romlebic zemoT aRwerili warmodgenebisa da qcevis wesebidan gamomdinareo-ben, da amiT mas SeuZlia, socialur sinamdvileSi arsebuli faqtobrivi uTa-nasworoba Seamciros.

32. radgan me-2 muxlis me-4 abzaci gamonaklisia direqtivaSi asaxuli indi-vidualuri uflebidan, qali kandidatebis Taviseburad wamaxalisebelma am erovnulma RonisZiebam ar unda mianiWos maT absoluturi da upirobo upi-ratesoba da am debulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisis sazRvrebi ar unda gadailaxos (ganaCeni saqmeze _ Kalanke, 21-e-22-e punqtebi).

33. Kalanke-s ganaCenSi sadavo regulirebis sawinaaRmdegod iseTi erovnuli regulireba, rogorc es am konkretul SemTxvevaSia da romelic Seicavs Ria daTqmas, ar scildeba dadgenil sazRvrebs, roca is mamakac kandidatebs, rom-lebic qali kandidatebis Tanabar kvalifikacias floben, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi vakansiaze ganacxadebis obieqturad ganxilvis garantias aZlevs. am dros gaTvaliswinebul iqneba kandidatis pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kriteriumebi da qali kandidatebisaTvis miniWebuli upiratesoba ar imoq-medebs, Tu erTi an ramdenime kriteriumi mamakaci kandidatis sasargeblod iqneba. Tumca am kriteriumebs qal kandidatebTan mimarTebiT ar unda hqondeT diskriminaciuli xasiaTi.

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e) gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi:

saqme Brunnhofer Bank v. Der Oesterreichischern Postkasse AG174:

saqmis fabula: momCivani Civis rom mopasuxes, romelic mamakacia, damqiravebeli ufro maRal anazRaurebas uxdis, vidre mas. orive dasaqmebuli koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze moxvda erTsa da imave saxelfaso jgufSi. Sesabamisad, momCivani askvnis aqedan, rom isini Tanabar an Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaos eweodnen. Tumca mopasuxes hqonda ufro meti danamati, vidre momCivans. amasTan, momCivani mimagrebuli iyo sazRvargareTTan muSaobis ganyofilebasTan da garkveuli saswavlo drois Semdeg unda gamxdariyo am ganyofilebis ufrosi. magram piradi da profesiuli problemebis gamo is ar dainiSna iq da gadayvanil iqna samarTlebriv ganyofilebaSi, vidre saerTod mopasuxe dainiSneboda am damsaqmebelTan. Tumca iqac ver gaamarTla imedebi da daiTxoves.

mopasuxe acxadebs, rom realurad maT eZleodaT Tanabari xelfasi, xolo da-namati gansxvavebuli iyo, rac eyrdnoboda obieqtur faqtorebs, kerZod imas, rom is mniSvnelovan saqmianobas eweoda: zrunavda mniSvnelovan klientebze da hqonda aseve mindobiloba – damsaqmeblis saxeliT savaldebulo Tanxmobebi gaeca, maSin rodesac momCivani ar zrunavda klientebze da arc aseTi mindobi-loba hqonia. garda amisa, maTi saqmianobebi xarisxobrivad bevrad gansxvavde-boda erTmaneTisagan da momCivanis kariera bevrad adre wavida ukan, vidre mopasuxe dainiSneboda.

62. (...) damsaqmebels SeeZlo, gansxvavebuli anazRaureba gaemarTlebina obieq-turi kriteriumebiT, romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan, romelSic is daamtkicebda, rom qalTan SedarebiT ma-makaci kolegisaTvis ufro meti Tviuri danamatis gadaxda emyareba sqesisagan damoukidebel gansxvavebas.

saqme Jenkins v Kingsgate175:

10. (...) 119-e muxli miznad isaxavs, uzrunvelyos Tanabar samuSaoze mamaka-cisa da qalis Tanabari anazRaurebis principi. gansxvavebuli mopyrobis dros, rac am debulebis mixedviT akrZalulia, sakiTxi Seexeba mxolod imas, rom es dasaqmebulTa gansxvavebul sqess emyareba. aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod is faq-ti, rom ganakveTurad dasaqmebuls srul ganakveTze dasaqmebulTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb xelfass uxdian, ar aris 119-e muxliT akrZaluli diskrimina-cia, Tu es saaTobrivi anazRaurebebi sqesisagan damoukideblad orive jgufis dasaqmebulebisaTvis moqmedebs.

11. Tu ase (sqesis safuZvelze) gansxvavebulad ar moepyrobian, maSin is garemoeba, rom drois mixedviT anazRaurebadi samuSao gansxvavebulad anazRaurdeba kviris samuSao saaTebis mixedviT, ar ewinaaRmdegeba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlSi asaxuli Tanabari anazRaurebis princips, Tu ganakveTuri da sruli samuSaos gansxvavebuli anazRaureba im faqtorebs eyrdnoba, romlebic obieqturadaa gamarTlebuli da araferi aqvT saerTo sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan. (...)174 Judgment of the Court of 26 June 2001; Case C-381/99, Susanna Brunnhofer and Bank der österreichischen

Postsparkasse AG.175 ix. 149-e sqolio.

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12. es SesaZlebelia gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac damsaqmebeli imiT, rom is ganakveTuri samuSaosaTvis ufro nakleb saaTobriv anazRaurebas ixdis, vidre sruli samuSaosaTvis, obieqturad gamarTlebuli ekonomikuri safuZvlebidan gamomdinare mizans isaxavs _ dasaqmebulis sqesisagan damoukideblad srul samuSao dros mimzidveloba SesZinos.

saqme Bilka v. Weber von Hartz176:

35. komisiis SexedulebiT, ar aris sakmarisi, 119-e muxlis darRvevis gamoricx-va mxolod imiT, rom damsaqmebeli saxelfaso politikiT sxva mizans isaxavs, vidre qalebis diskriminacias, romelsac sabolood qal dasaqmebuls ayenebs ufro cud mdgomareobaSi. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1981 wlis 31 mar-tis ganaCenSi daadgina, damsaqmebelma aseTi saxelfaso politika am debulebis TvalsazrisiT rom gaamarTlos, unda moiyvanos obieqturad gamarTlebuli ekonomikuri safuZvlebi, rac misi sawarmos gaZRolasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. Semdgom, sadavo saxelfaso politika imis mixedviT unda ganixilebodes, aris Tu ara is damsaqmeblis mier dasaxuli miznebisaTvis aucilebeli da proporciuli.

36. mommarTveli sasamarTlos saqmea, – romelic aris saqmis Semadgenlobis ganxilvaze kompetenturi, – daadginos, aris Tu ara da ramdenad SeiZleba iyos is safuZvlebi obieqturad gamarTlebuli ekonomikuri safuZvlebi, romlebic, marTalia, dasaqmebulis sqesisagan damoukideblad gamoiyeneba, Tumca Sede-gad qalebs ufro metad Seexeba, vidre mamakacebs. Tu mommarTveli sasamarTlo daadgens, rom mopasuxis mier arCeuli meTodebi sawarmos namdvil moTxovnebs emsaxurebian da am miznis misaRwevad gamosadegi da aucilebelia, maSin garemoeba, rom es RonisZieba arsebiTad meti raodenobis qals Seexeba, vidre mamakac dasaqme-buls, ar aris sakmarisi imis dasadgenad, rom is winaaRmdegobaSi modis 119-e mux-lTan.

saqme Rinner Kuehn FWW v. Spezial Genaeudereinigung177:

14. (...) Tu wevr saxelmwifos amis sawinaaRmdegod SeuZlia warmoadginos, rom SerCeuli meTodebi misi socialuri politikis aucilebel mizans emsaxurebian da am miznis misaRwevad gamosadegi da aucilebelia, maSin mxolod im garemoebiT, rom kanonis debulebebi, arsebiTad, meti raodenobis qals Seexeba, vidre mamakac dasaqmebulebs, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes 119-e muxlis darRvevad.

generaluri advokati saqmeze Johanna Lewark178:

evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, mommarTvel sasamarTlos, romelic aris mxolod kompetenturi saqmis Semadgenlobis ganxilvasa da Si-dasaxelmwifo samarTlis ganmartebaze, ekisreba valdebuleba, daadginos, aris Tu ara da Tu aris, maSin ramdenadaa gamarTlebuli obieqturi safuZvlebiT kanonis regulireba, romelic, marTalia, dasaqmebulis sqesisagan damoukide-blad moqmedebs, magram Sedegad qalebs ufro metad Seexeba, vidre mamakacebs da am obieqtur safuZvlebs ar gaaCniaT araferi saerTo sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan (ganaCenebi saqmeebze 171/88, Rinner Kuehn (1989 wlis krebuli

176 Judgment of the Court of 13 May 1986; Bilka - Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz; Case 170/84; European Court reports 1986 Page 01607.

177 ix. 157-e sqolio.178 Schuetz, Bruha, Koenig; Casebook Europarecht, 2004, gv. 824.

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2734), me-15 punqti da 170/84, Bilka (1986 wlis krebuli, 1607) 36-e punqti).

Tumca evropulma sasamarTlom gamarTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT garkveu-li principebi daadgina. man rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialur-politi-kuri safuZvlebi obieqturad gamarTlebulad aRiara. misi praqtikis mixedviT, obieqturad gamarTlebulma safuZvlebma – Tu isini sawarmos moTxovnebi-dan da miznebidan gamomdinareoben – sxvadasxva kriteriumi unda moicvas, rogorebicaa: dasaqmebulis moqniloba, samuSao droze da adgilTan morgebis SesaZlebloba, misi ganaTleba, an misi sawarmoSi muSaobis gamocdilebis xangr-Zlivoba (ganaCeni saqmeze 109/88, Handeks OG Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund v. Den-mark, 1989 wlis krebuli, 3199, 22-e-24-e punqtebi). saqmeSi _ Enderby _ evropul-ma sasamarTlom daadgina: obieqturad gamarTlebuli ekonomikuri safuZvlebi Sromis bazris mdgomareobaze aris damokidebuli. Sromis bazarma damsaqmebeli SeiZleba miiyvanos im mdgomareobamde, rom garkveuli saqmianobisaTvis anaz-Raureba gazardos kandidatebis mozidvis mizniT (ganaCeni saqmeze C-172/92, Endebry, 1993 wlis krebuli, I-5535, 26-e punqti). evropulma sasamarTlom xazi gausva imas, rom erovnulma uwyebebma gaerTianebis samarTlis gamoyenebisas proporciulobis principi unda daicvan. aqedan gamomdinare, erovnulma sasa-marTlom, sadac man SeZlo ganesazRvra, rom sabazro mdgomareobis gamo moxda gasamrjelos gazrda, unda miiCnios anazRaurebis momateba gamarTlebulad (ganaCeni saqmeze Endebry, 27-e punqti).(...)

obieqturad gamarTlebis TvalsazrisiT, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan SeiZleba Semdegi daskvnebi gamovitanoT: dadgenilia, rom, Tu RonisZieba erTi sqesis dasaqmebulebis arsebiTad met raodenobas Seexeba, vidre meores, ma-Sin mtkicebis tvirTi imisa, rom araTanabari mopyroba obieqturi miznebiT gamarTlebulia, mas awevs, vinc aseTi obieqturi gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebis arsebobaze akeTebs apelirebas. Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi es aris konkretuli SemTxvevis garemoebebidan gamomdinare _ an damsaqmebeli, an wevri saxelmwifo. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropul sasamarTlos SeuZlia, ZiriTadi principebi gadmosces, xSirad imis dadgena, proporciulobis principis dacviT gamarTle-bulia Tu ara konkretuli SemTxvevis garemoebebis mixedviT mamakacebisa da qalebis araerTgvarovani mopyroba, ekisreba erovnul sasamarTlos. Tumca ev-ropul sasamarTlos SeuZlia, garkveuli mosazrebiT, Tavad uaryos, rodesac es, rogorc man saqmeSi _ Rinner Kuehn and Nimz –daadgina, sabolood exeba sayo velTao mosazrebebs dasaqmebulebis garkveul kategoriaze, an rodesac es aSkarad aradamajerebelia da misi Sefaseba calkeuli SemTxvevis gansa-kuTrebul garemoebebze ar aris damokidebuli, rac mxolod erovnul sasa-marTlos SeuZlia gaakeTos.

garda amisa, Cemi azriT, SesaZloa, ekonomikur da socialur-politikur safuZ-vlebs Soris gansxvavebul iqnes. maSin rodesac ekonomikuri safuZvlebiT gama-rTlebas saWiroebs mamakacebisa da qalebis mimarT gansxvavebuli mopyroba, rogorc wesi, aucilebelia, ganxilul iqnes calkeuli SemTxvevis gansakuTrebu-li garemoebebi, amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia bazris moTxovnebi da Sesabamisi damsaqmeblis moTxovnebic. xolo maSin, rodesac gansxvavebuli mopyroba uSua-lod erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebidan momdinareobs da maTi gamarTlebi-saTvis socialur-politikuri safuZvlebia moyvanili, naklebad mosalodnelia,

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Sesabamisi dasaqmebulisa da damsaqmeblis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas gadamw-yveti zegavlena hqondes. aseT SemTxvevaSi evropulma sasamarTlom SesaZlebelia erovnul sasamarTlos ufro zusti miTiTebebi misces.

saqme Kathleen Hill and Ann Stapleton179:

40. gamamarTlebel ekonomikur safuZvlebTan dakavSirebiT unda dadgindes, rom damsaqmebels (aq: irlandiis saxelmwifo) ar SeuZlia samuSao adgilebis gadanawilebis regulirebis diskriminaciuli xasiaTi gaamarTlos mxolod imiT, rom aseTi diskriminaciis aRmofxvra mas damatebiT xarjebs warmouqmnida (SeadareT, aseve, saqme C-343/92, Rocks da sxvebi, 1994 wlis krebuli, I-571, 600, 34-e-36-e punqtebi).

v) samarTlebrivi Sedegebi:

saqme Kowalska180:

17. meore kiTxva exeba Sedegebs, romlebic dgeba, – gansakuTrebiT, satar-ifo xelSekrulebis mxareebis avtonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT, – roca mom-marTveli sasamarTlo daadgens evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlTan erovnuli debulebis SeuTavseblobas, rogoric warmodgenili satarifo SeTanxmebis daTqmaa (Seexeba gardamaval Tanxas sam-uSao xelSekrulebidan gamosvlis gamo).

18. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1976 wlis 8 aprilis ganaCenSi saqmeze _ 43/75 (Defrenne II) _ gadawyvita, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxli sakmarisad gansazRvrulia, raTa Sesabamisma pirma SeZlos Sidasaxelmwifo sasamarTloSi am debulebis gamoyenebis moTxovna, ise, rom sasamarTlo erovnul samarTlebriv normebs, satarifo xelSekrulebis reg-ulirebebis CaTvliT, romlebic 119-e muxlTan SeusabamobaSia, ar gamoiyenebs.

19. 1989 wlis 13 dekembris ganaCenidan saqmeze _ C-102/88 (Ruzious Wilbrink, 1989 wlis krebuli, 4311) _ gamomdinareobs, rom arapirdapiri diskriminaciis SemTx-vevaSi diskriminirebuli jgufis wevrebs, iqnebian eseni mamakacebi Tu qalebi, maTi saqmianobis moculobis Sesabamisad, aqvT ufleba, sxva dasaqmebulTa ms-gavsad moiTxovon erTnairi regulirebis gamoyeneba, es moqmedebs aseve satar-ifo xelSekrulebebSi arsebuli diskriminirebadi regulirebebisaTvis.

saqme Coloroll Pension Trustees181:

30. kiTxvis meore nawilTan mimarTebiT, romelic Seexeba Tanasworuflebianobis aRdgenis meTodebs, unda mieTiTos imaze, rom evropulma sasamarTlom progresis gzaze 119-e muxlsa da Sromis pirobebis daaxloebasTan dakavSirebiT dasaxelebuli ganaCenis Defrenne me-15 punqtSi erovnuli sasamarTlo procesis konteqstSi, romelic xelfasis mixedviT diskriminaciisas Seexeboda anazRaurebis

179 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 17 June 1998; Kathleen Hill and Ann Stapleton v The Revenue Commissioners and Department of Finance; Case C-243/95; European Court reports 1998 Page I-03739.

180 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 27 June 1990; Maria Kowalska v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; Case C-33/89; European Court reports 1990 Page I-02591.

181 Judgment of the Court of 28 September 1994; Coloroll Pension Trustees Ltd v James Richard Russell, Daniel Mangham, Gerald Robert Parker, Robert Sharp, Joan Fuller, Judith Ann Broughton and Coloroll Group plc.; Case C-200/91; European Court reports 1994 Page I-04389.

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moTxovnis uflebas, is mosazreba uaryo, rom am muxlis gamoyeneba dabali xelfasebisa da gasamrjeloebis gazrdis garda sxva gziT ar SeiZleboda.

31. Semdgom evropulma sasamarTlom 1991 wlis 7 Tebervlis ganaCenSi saqmeze _ C-184/89 (Minz, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-297, me-18-me-20 punqtebi) aRniSna, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebi mowodebulni arian, ar gamoiyenon arc erTi erovnu-li diskriminirebadi debuleba, ise, rom ar unda moiTxovon maTi winaswari aRmofxvra satarifo SeTanxmebebisa Tu raime sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi proceduris meSveobiT da ar unda daelodon maT; diskriminirebuli jgufis wevrebis mimarT gamoyenebul unda iqnes analogiuri regulireba, rogorc es sxva dasaqmebulebisaTvis moqmedebs, amasTan, regulirebis es wesi manam, sanam evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxli Si-dasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi ar aris wesisamebr aRsrulebuli, erTaderT moqmed sayrden sistemad rCeba.

32. rogorc ki evropulma sasamarTlom anazRaurebis sferoSi diskriminacia daadgina da manam, sanam sapensio sistemis farglebSi Tanasworuflebianobis aR-dgenisaTvis RonisZiebebi ar aris miRebuli, 119-e muxlis dacva SesaZlebelia, mxolod imiT iqnes uzrunvelyofili, rom diskriminirebuli jgufis wevrebs miecemaT iseTive materialuri anazRaureba, rogoric privilegirebuli jgufis wevrebs aqvT.

33. sxva ram moqmedebs diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb normebis ZalaSi Sesv-lis Semdeg dadgenil samuSao saaTebTan mimarTebiT, radgan RonisZiebebi, rom-lebiTac aRdgeba Tanabaruflebianoba manamde privilegirebuli pirebisaTvis materialuri sikeTeebis SezRudvis gziT, ar ewinaaRmdegeba 119-e muxls. 119-e muxli mxolod imas moiTxovs, rom mamakacebi da qalebi Tanabar samuSaoze Tana-bar anazRaurebas iRebdnen, ise, rom anazRaurebis raime raodenobas ar adgens.

3. sayovelTao Tanasworobis principi rogorc sayovelTao samarTlebrivi prin­cipi

a) sakuTari moqalaqeebis diskriminacia:

evrokavSiris samarTali ar aregulirebs wminda Sidasaxelmwifoebriv SemTxvevebs. aRniSnuls ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, iseTi kazusebi, romelTa drosac sazRvris gadakveTis elementi ar aris saxeze. aseT SemTxvevebSi evrokavSiris samarTali pirdapir ar aregulirebs saxelmwifosa da mis moqalaqes Soris urTierTobas diskriminaciis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinarec. sakuTari moqalaqis mimarT, romlis moqmedeba ar eqceva evrokavSiris samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi, diskriminaciis pirdapiri akrZalva evrokavSiris samarTalSi ar arsebobs, radgan am sakiTxs saxelmwifosa da mis moqalaqes Soris urTierTobisas aRniSnuli samarTali zogadad ganixilavs saxelmwifos Sida saqmed.

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saqme Vilker Steen v. Deutsche Bundespost182:

saqmis fabula: momCivans, romelic mopasuxesTan dawinaurebul iqna teqnikur samsaxurSi, ar undoda gamxdariyo moxele, radgan mas am SemTxvevaSi ufro dabali anazRaureba eqneboda. maSin mopasuxem igi rangiT ufro dabal Tanam-debobaze daniSna, ramac momCivnis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. maSindeli kanonm-deblobis mixedviT, samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi mxolod germaniis moqalaqeebs SeeZloT daekavebinaT. momCivani acxadebda, rom mis, rogorc germaneli mo-qalaqis, mimarT diskriminaciulad moqmedebda is regulireba, rom mas unda mieRo moxelis rangSi ufro naklebanazRaurebadi samsaxuri, maSin, rodesac analogiuri samsaxuri ucxoels SeeZlo daekavebina SromiTi xelSekrulebis sa-fuZvelze. momCivani eyrdnoboda evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 da 48-e muxlebis normebs.

9. diskriminaciis problema, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlis mixedviT, warmoCndeba wevri saxelmwifos midgomiT sxva wevri saxelmwifos im moqalaqis dasaqmebasTan, romlebsac surT pirvelad dasaxelebul saxelmwifoSi muSaoba. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, (...) Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebi ar gamoiyeneba im saqmianobebze, romelTa elementebi wevri saxelmwifos sazRvrebs ar scdeba; aris Tu ara es aseTi SemTxveva, damokidebulia faqtobriv garemoebebze, romelnic erovnulma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos.

10. mommarTveli sasamarTlos mier warmodgenili dadgenilebiT miRebuli deb-ulebebi Seexeba samarTlebriv davas germaniis federaciul respublikaSi fos-tis samsaxurSi daniSvnis Sesaxeb germaniis federalur fostasa da germaniis moqalaqes Soris, romelsac ar gamouyenebia gaerTianebis SigniT Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba.

11. saqmis aseTi Semadgenloba arafers gvTavazobs iseTs, riTac gaerTianebis samarTlis mier moculi sakiTxebi kavSirSi iqneboda dasaqmebulebis Tavisu-flad gadaadgilebis sferosTan.

12. amitom warmodgenil SekiTxvebze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwi-fos moqalaqes, romelsac arasodes usargeblia gaerTianebis SigniT Tavisu-flad gadaadgilebis uflebiT, saqmis Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, ar Seu-Zlia daeyrdnos evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 da 48-e muxlebs.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Morson and Jhanhan v. Netherlands183:

15. Tumca naTelia, rom dasaxelebuli debulebebi SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes, Tu Sesabamisi saqmis Semadgenloba gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebis SigniT dasaqmebulis Tavisu-flad gadaadgilebis sferoSi. es daskvna gamomdinareobs ara mxolod am muxlis Semadgenlobidan, aramed Seesabameba aseve mis mizans, kerZod, wvlili Seitanos saerTo bazris SeqmnisaTvis yvela dabrkolebis aRmofxvraSi, romelSic wevri

182 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 28 January 1992; Volker Steen v Deutsche Bundespost. Case C-332/90; European Court reports 1992 Page I-00341.

183 Judgment of the Court of 27 October 1982; Elestina Esselina Christina Morson v State of the Netherlands and Head of the Plaatselijke Politie within the meaning of the Vreemdelingenwet; Sweradjie Jhanjan v State of the Netherlands; Joined cases 35 and 36/82; European Court reports 1982 Page 03723.

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saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, am saxelmwifoebis suverenul teritoriaze Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen ekonomikurad dasaqmebis mizniT.

16. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom dasaqmebulebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Tao-baze evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis normebi da maTi aRsrulebisaTvis miRebuli regulirebebi ver gamoiyeneba saqmeebis iseT Se-madgenlobebze, romlebsac ar aqvT Sexebis wertilebi saqmis SemadgenlobasTan, romelsac gaerTianebis samarTali emyareba.

17. es danamdvilebiT xdeba im dasaqmebulebTan mimarTebiT, romlebsac arasodes usargebliaT gaerTianebis farglebSi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis uflebiT.

saqme Hurd v. Jones184:

56. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 muxlze dayrdnobiT wevr saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba aekrZaloT, sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT ufro araxelsayreli sagadasaxado regulireba gaavrcelon sakuTar moqalaqeebze, rodesac isini mis teritoriaze ganlagebuli evropuli skolis saswavlo dawesebulebis wevrebi arian.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Land Nordrhein-Westfalen185:

23. amasTan, unda dadgindes, rom evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-8 mux-liT gaTvaliswinebuli sakavSiro moqalaqeoba ar isaxavs miznad, xelSekruleb-is moqmedebis sfero iseT Sida Semadgenlobebze ganavrcos, romlebsac ar aqvT Sexeba gaerTianebis samarTalTan (...). iseTi diskreditacia, romelsac SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi am saxelmwifos samarTlis mixed-viT, misi moqmedebis sferoSi eqcevian da, amdenad, am saxelmwifos SidasamarT-lebrivi sistemis farglebSi unda gadawydes maTi sakiTxi.

saqme J.Knoors Staatssrecretaris van Economische Zaken186:

saqmis fabula: niderlandebis moqalaqe didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda belgiaSi. Tavdapirvelad dasaqmebuli iyo is, rogorc daqiravebuli, sainstalacio firmaSi da Semdgom damoukideblad eweoda aseT momsaxurebebs. man moqalaqeobis qveynisagan moiTxova nebarTvis gacema, raTa Tavis moqalaqeobis saxelmwifoSi ganexorcielebina es saqmianoba, razec kompetenturi uwyebebisagan uari miiRo. uari efuZneboda imas, rom mas, niderlandebis samarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT, ar hqonda Sesabamisi kvalifikacia. amasTan, am organoebis mosazrebiT, mas, rogorc niderlandebis moqalaqes, ar SeeZlo dayrdnoboda evrogaerTianebis direqtivas, romlis mixedviTac piri, Tuki erT wevr saxelmwifoSi legalurad eweoda garkveul ekonomikur saqmianobas, sxva wevri saxelmwifo valdebulia, aRiaros misi kvalifikacia da dauSvas igi aseTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad sakuTar suverenul teritoriazec. am davaSi evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom niderlandebis moqalaqesac SeeZlo dayrdnoboda direqtivis debulebebs da niderlandebi valdebuli iyo, eRiarebina misi kvalifikacia.

184 Judgment of the Court of 15 January 1986; Derrick Guy Edmund Hurd v Kenneth Jones (Her Majesty’s Inspector of Taxes); Case 44/84; European Court reports 1986 Page 00029.

185 Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 5 June 1997; Land Nordrhein-Westfalen v Kari Uecker and Vera Jacquet v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; Joined cases C-64/96 and C-65/96; European Court reports 1997 Page I-03171.

186 Judgment of the Court of 7 February 1979; J. Knoors v Staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken; Case 115/78; European Court reports 1979 Page 00399.

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24. marTalia, dafuZnebisa da momsaxurebis gawevis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebi wminda Sidasaxelmwifoebriv Semadgenlobebze ar gamoiyeneba, Tumca 52-e muxliT apelireba ̀ wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeobaze~, romelsac ̀ sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze~ surs dafuZndes, ar unda ganimartos ise, rom wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze ar moqmedebs gaerTianebis samarTali, Tu isini warmoSobis qveyanasTan iseTsave mdgomareobaSi arian, rogorc yvela sxva piri xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis TvalsazrisiT da Tu es mdgomareoba gamowveulia imiT, rom moqalaqeebi sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze iyvnen dafuZnebulebi da iq gaerTianebis samarTliT aRiarebuli profesiuli kvalifikacia miiRes.

saqme The Queen Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh187:

saqmis fabula: indoeTis moqalaqe daqorwinda 1982 wels did britaneTSi britanelze. 1983 wlidan 1985 wlamde meuRleebi germaniaSi iyvnen dasaqmebulebi daqiravebiT samuSaoze. amis Semdeg isini dabrundnen did britaneTSi, raTa maRazia gaexsnaT. mas Semdeg, rac 1987 wels droebiTi gayris ganaCeni iqna gamocemuli, indoel meuRles mosTxoves didi britaneTis datoveba. mas Semdeg, rac man es ar gaakeTa, gamosces deportaciis gankarguleba, romlis gamoc man sarCeli Seitana. erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT, aniWebda Tu ara evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 52-e muxli da evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 73/148 direqtiva momCivans uflebas, rogorc britaneTis moqalaqis meuRles, romelic sxva wevri saxelmwifodan did britaneTSi dabrunda, raTa iq maRazia gaexsna, darCeniliyo did britaneTSi. britaneTis mTavroba acxadebda, rom konkretul SemTxvevaze gaerTianebis samarTali ar moqmedebda.

19. wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes SeeZlo, Tavi Seekavebina Tavisi warmoSobis qveynis datovebisagan sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze evrop-uli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mixedviT damoukidebeli Tu daqiravebuli saqmianobis gawevis mizniT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is misi mo-qalaqeobis wevr saxelmwifoSi dabrunebisas, im mizniT, rom damoukidebeli Tu daqiravebuli saqmianoba ganaxorcielos, ver isargeblebda Semosvlis an dar-Cenisas im SeRavaTebiT, romlebic, sul mcire, Tanabaria im SeRavaTebisa, rom-lebic maT aqvT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebiT an meoradi samarTliT sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze.

20. igi Tavs Seikavebda aseve, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, Tu mis meuRleebs da mis bavSvebs ar eqnebodaT nebarTva, am saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze im pirobebiT Semosuliyvnen da iq darCeniliyvnen, Tu, sul mcire, Tanabari iqne-boda im pirobebisa, romlebsac gaerTianebis samarTali sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze aniWebs maT.

21. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelic sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze Sevida, raTa iq, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlis Tanaxmad, damoukidebeli saqmianoba ganexorcielebina, da brundeba, raTa Tavisi moqalaqeobis wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze dafuZndes da damoukidebeli saqmianoba

187 Judgment of the Court of 7 July 1992; The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal et Surinder Singh, ex parte Secretary of State for Home Department; Case C-370/90; European Court reports 1992 Page I-04265.

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ganaxorcielos, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 52-e muxlis mixedviT, ufleba aqvs, am ukanasknelad dasaxelebuli saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze Tavis meuRlesTan erTad, romelic mesame saxelmwi-fos moqalaqeobas flobs, 1612/68 direqtiviT, 68/360 an 73/148 direqtivebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT erTad icxovron.

22. marTalia, erTi wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqis Semosvlasa da yofnas am saxelmwifoSi, rogorc amas gaerTianebuli samefo acxadebs, ganapirobebs misi moqalaqeobidan gamomdinare uflebebi da ara is uflebebi, romlebsac gaer-Tianeba mas aniWebs. gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifos, rogorc es adamianis ufle-bebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-4 oqmis me-3 muxlSia gaTvaliswinebuli, ar SeuZlia, sakuTari moqalaqe gaaZevos Tavisi su-verenuli teritoriidan, an uari uTxras Semosvlaze.

23. am SemTxvevaSi saqme Seexeba ara erovnul samarTals, aramed Tavisuflad gad-aadgilebisa da dafuZnebis uflebas, romelsac gaerTianebis moqalaqes evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e da 52-e muxlebi aniWeben. es uflebebi ver imoqmedebdnen srulad, Tu gaerTianebis moqalaqe Tavs Seikavebda maTi ganxorcielebisagan im dabrkolebebis gamo, romlebic misi warmoSobis qvey-anaSi arseboben misi meuRlisaTvis am saxelmwifoSi Sesvlisas da iq darCenisas. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, gaerTianebis moqalaqis meuRles, romelmac es ufle-bebi gamoiyena, unda hqondes misi (gaerTianebis moqalaqis) warmoSobis qveyanaSi dabrunebisas, sul mcire, Sesvlisa da iq darCenis iseTive uflebebi, romelTac gaerTianebis samarTali mas mianiWebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi meuRle sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi Sevidoda an am wevr saxelmwifoSi darCeboda. garda amisa, evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e da 52-e muxlebis safuZvelze wevr saxelmwifoebs ar erTmevaT ufleba, sakuTari moqalaqeebis ucxoel meuRleebze Semosvlisa da darCenis damaregulirebeli iseTi debule-bebi gamoiyenon, romlebic maT ufro met uflebebs aniWebT, vidre gaerTiane-bis samarTali.

saqme Mary Carpenter v. Secretary of State for the Home Department188:

saqmis fabula: qalbatoni karpenteri, romelic filipinebis moqalaqe iyo, did britaneTSi aralegalurad imyofeboda, vidre is 1996 wels piter karpenterze ar daqorwinda. es ukanaskneli britaneTis moqalaqe iyo. mas sareklamo saagen-to did britaneTSi hqonda. saqmis mniSvnelovan nawils igi sxva wevri saxelmwi-foebis klientebTan awarmoebda, romlebTanac batoni karpenteri xSirad miemg-zavreboda. qalbatoni karpenteris mier gakeTebuli ganacxadi yofnis uflebis miniWebis Sesaxeb uaryofil iqna 1996 wels, da mas daemuqra gaZeveba. aRniSnuli gaasaCivra man. is acxadebda, rom misi meuRle momsaxurebis gawevis Tavisufle-bas iyenebda da eyrdnoboda qveyanaSi Semosvlisa da yofnis meorad samarTals _ evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 73/148 direqtivas. mopasuxe uwyeba da komisia ki edavebodnen, rom es Seexeboda Sida Semadgenlobas, radgan batoni karpenteri Tavis ojaxTan erTad mxolod did britaneTSi iyo nacxovrebi.

28. winaswar imaze unda mieTiTos, rom xelSekrulebis debulebebi momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb da misi aRsrulebisaTvis miRebuli normebi

188 Judgment of the Court of 11 July 2002 Mary Carpenter and Secretary of State for the Home Department; Case C-60/00.

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ar SeiZleba gamoiyenebodnen saqmis iseT Semadgenlobebze, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT kavSiri gaerTianebis samarTliT mocul erT-erT sakiTxTan (...).

29. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom (...) batoni karpenteris profesiuli saqmianoba mniSvnelovanwilad iyo sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi dafuZnebuli klientebisaTvis gasamrjelos safuZvelze momsaxurebis gaweva. aseTi momsax-urebebi, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 49-e muxlis mixedviT, momsax-urebebis cnebaSi im SemTxvevaSi moiazreba, Tu momsaxurebis gamwevi am mizniT momsaxurebis mimRebis wevr saxelmwifoSi miemgzavreba, aseve maSin, rodesac is sazRvris iqiT eweva momsaxurebebs, gausvlelad im wevri saxelmwifodan, sadac is cxovrobs (...).

30. batoni karpenteri amiT iyenebs evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 49-e muxliT misTvis garantirebul uflebas momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadg-ilebis Sesaxeb. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom ganmeorebiT gadawyvita, sx-vasTan erTad momsaxurebis gamwevs, im saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sadac is da-fuZnebulia, SeuZlia am uflebas daeyrdnos, Tu momsaxureba gaiweva sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli momsaxurebis mimRebis mimarT (...).(...)

39. naTelia, rom karpenteris dacileba ojaxuri cxovrebidan masze uaryofiTad imoqmedebda da amiT im pirobebze imoqmedebda uaryofiTad, romelSic batoni karpenteri Tavis ZiriTad Tavisuflebas iyenebs. es Tavisufleba ver aRsrul-deboda srulad, Tu batoni karpenteri Seikavebda Tavs misi ganxorcielebisagan iseTi dabrkolebebis gamo, romlebic misi warmoSobis qveyanaSi misi meuRlisaT-vis iq Sesvlisas da darCenisas iarsebebda (...).(...)

41. qalbatoni karpenteris gamoZevebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba aris ojaxuri cx-ovrebis pativiscemaze batoni karpenteris uflebaSi 1950 wlis 4 noembers romSi xelmowerili adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis mixedviT Careva, rac im ZiriTad uflebebs gane-kuTvneba, romlebic daculia gaerTianebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi erTiani evro-puli aqtebis preambulaSic da evropuli kavSiris xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis me-2 abzaciT evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT.(...)

43. qalbatoni karpenteris gamoZevebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba, rac im pi-robebSi, rogorc es erovnul procesSia miRebuli, ar icavs Tanazomierebas, erTi mxriv, Sesabamisi piris interesebsa, kerZod, batoni karpenteris uflebas ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemaze da, meore mxriv, sajaro wesrigisa da usa-frTxoebis SenarCunebas Soris.(...)

46. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan warmodgenil SekiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 49-e muxli ojaxuri cxovrebis pa-tiviscemaze, ZiriTadi uflebis TvalsazrisiT, ise unda iqnes ganmartebuli, rom is iseT situaciaSi, rogoric aRniSnuli mdgomareobaa, krZalavs, rom warmoSobis wevrma saxelmwifom aukrZalos am saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebul da sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi momsaxurebis gamwevi piris meuRles, romelic mesame saxelmwifos moqalaqea, darCes Tavis suverenul teritoriaze.

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II. ZiriTadi uflebebi evrokavSiris samarTalSi

evropuli kavSiris xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis pirveli abzaci:

`kavSiri eyrdnoba Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebisa da Ziri-Tadi Tavisuflebebis principebs, aseve samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princips.~

1. ZiriTadi uflebebi rogorc gaerTianebis samarTliT daculi sayovelTao principebi da maTi moqmedeba

saqme Erich Stauder v. City of Ulm189:

1. 1969 wlis 18 ivnisis dadgenilebiT Stutgartis administraciulma sasamarT-lom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 177-e mux-lis safuZvelze waradgina SekiTxva, Seesabameboda Tu ara moqmedi gaerTiane-bis samarTlis sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs is faqti, rom evropuli gaerTianebebis komisiis 1969 wlis 12 Tebervlis evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis 69/71 gadawyvetilebis me-4 muxliT garkveuli socialuri daxmarebis gacema iafi karaqis saxiT daiSveboda mxolod mimRebi piris mier, sakuTari saxelisa da gvaris gamyidvelisaTvis gandobis SemTxvevaSi.(...)

6. Sesabamisad, sadavo norma ganmartebisas ar iTvaliswinebs uflebamosili piris saxelisa da gvaris dasaxelebas, magram aseve ar krZalavs amas. amitom komisias SeeZlo, amis Sesasworeblad 1969 wlis 29 ivniss mieRo gadawyvetile-ba, rom yovel wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansxvavebul individualizebad me-Todebs Soris SearCios erT-erTi.

7. am ganmartebisas sadavo norma ar Seicavs iseTs, rac adamianis ZiriTad ufle-bebs, romlebsac gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis sayovelTao principebi moicaven, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebda. aRniSnuli principebis dacvas uzrunve-lyofs evropuli sasamarTlo.

generaluri advokati saqmeze _ Liselotte Hauer190:

(...) Sexeduleba, rom TiTqos dasaSvebia, evropuli sasamarTlos nacvlad umaR-lesi instanciis sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva gaerTianebisagan ZiriTadi uflebe-bis dacvis moTxovnis mizniT, ar aris misaRebi. gansakuTrebiT ar aris es misaRebi gaerTianebebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobebiT gamowveuli darRvevebis dadgenis mizniT. mxolod gaerTianebis sasamarTlos saqmea uzrunvelyos (adami-anis ZiriTadi uflebebis) dacva misi kompetenciebis farglebSi. gaerTianebis sa-marTlis erTiani gamoyeneba da wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv sistemebTan SedarebiT misi upiratesi moqmedebis Zala ar unda dadges safrTxis qveS erovnu-li sasamarTloebis Carevis gziT, Tu es Seexeba imis dadgenas, SesabamisobaSia Tu ara is gaerTianebis noembris adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebul principebTan.

189 Judgment of the Court of 12 November 1969, Erich Stauder v City of Ulm – Sozialamt, Case 29-69.190 Judgment of the Court of 13 December 1979, Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz, Case 44/79.

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saqme Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH191:

gaerTianebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi ZiriTad uflebaTa dacva:

3. gaerTianebis samarTlis erTiani moqmedeba Seilaxeboda, Tu gaerTianebis organoTa qmedebebis namdvilobis sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas erovnuli samarTlis normebsa da principebs gamoiyenebdnen. aseTi qmedebebis namdviloba SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod gaerTianebis samarTlis safuZvelze, radgan xelSekrulebiT Seqmnil da amiT avtonomiuri samarTlebrivi wyarodan momdinare samarTals misi damoukideblobis gamo ar SeiZleba win uswrebdes Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebi, damoukideblad imisa, Tu ra saxisa da Sinaarsis arian es normebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rom mas, rogorc gaerTianebis samarTals, unda CamoerTvas Tavisi buneba da Tu Tavad gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli unda dadges kiTxvis niSnis qveS. amitom gaerTianebis qmedebis samarTlebriv Sedegebsa Tu mis namdvilobas erT wevr saxelmwifoSi ver Seexeba is faqti, Tu gasaCivrdeba am saxelmwifos konstituciis mier mocemuli gamoxatulebiT ZiriTadi uflebebis an erovnuli konstituciis struqturuli principebis darRvevis sakiTxi.

4. amasTan, unda gadamowmdes, ugulebelyofilia Tu ara gaerTianebis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi garantia, radgan ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva sayovelTao samarT-lebriv principebs ganekuTvneba, romelTa dacvasac evropuli sasamarTlo uz-runvelyofs. am uflebebis uzrunvelyofa wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakon-stitucio tradiciebidan gamomdinare unda xdebodes, Tumca isini gaerTianebis struqturasa da miznebSi unda Tavsdebodes. amitom administraciuli sasamarT-los mier gamoTqmuli eWvis safuZvelze unda gadamowmdes, giraos regulire-bam daarRvia Tu ara ZiriTadi uflebebi, romelTa dacvac gaerTianebis samar-Tlis wesrigma unda uzrunvelyos.

saqme Nold v. Commission192:

saqmis fabula: qvanaxSiriT movaWre momCivanma Nold-ma moiTxova komisiis gad-awyvetilebis baTilad aRiareba, romelic Ruhrkohle AG-s nebas rTavda, qvanax-SiriT pirdapiri miwodeba imaze damokidebuli gaexada, iyo Tu ara dadebuli orwliani xelSekruleba wliuri kontingentis _ 6000 tonis SemadgenlobiT.

firma Nold-i asaCivrebda, sxvasTan erTad, komisiis gadawyvetilebiT gaTval-iswinebuli regulirebiT ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevas, radgan is pirveli xelidan gaaZeva, imis gamo, rom mas ar SeeZlo aseTi raodenobis kontingentis miReba.

9. komisiam Tavisi gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebSi aRniSna, rom mas Segnebuli hqonda, axali savaWro regulirebis wesis damkvidreba movaWreebis nawils waarTmevda SesaZleblobas, uSualod SeeZinaT nedleuli mwarmoeblisagan, radgan es movaWreebi ver SeZlebdnen zemoT dasaxelebuli valdebulebebis aRebas. komisia Tavis pozicias imiT xsnis, rom Ruhrkohle AG-s qvanaxSiris gayid-vebis Zlieri ukusvlis gamo, Tavisi gasaRebis sistemis racionalizacia da misi uSualo TanamSromloba im movaWreebis wreze unda SeezRuda, romlebsac Ses-

191 Judgment of the Court of 17 December 1970, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel, Case 11-70.

192 Judgment of the Court of 14 May 1974, J. Nold, Kohlen- und Baustoffgroßhandlung v Commission of the European Communities, Case 4-73.

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aZlebloba eqnebodaT, misTvis garantia miecaT Sesabamisi moculobis gasaRe-bis Taobaze. wliur minimalur raodenobasTan dakavSirebuli xelSekrulebiTi valdebulebis aucilebloba, kerZod, samTo-sawarmoo sazogadoebisaTvis unda uzrunvelyos regularuli gasaReba im odenobiT, rac maTi produqciis war-moebis tempze iqneba morgebuli.

10. komisiisa da davis mxareTa ganmartebebidan gamomdinareobs, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli kriteriumebis dadgena ara marto sawarmos saamqroTa teqnikuri pirobebiT, aramed marTldeba gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri siZneleebiT, rom-lebic qvanaxSiris mopovebis donis ukusvlam ganapiroba. (...)

12. momCivani asaCivrebs, rom is zogierT ZiriTad uflebaSi SezRudulia, rad-gan SezRudvebi, rac gamoiwvia komisiis mier nebadarTulma axalma savaWro regulirebam, ar aZlevda mas saSualebas, uSualod pirveli xelidan mieRo nedleuli, riTac misi rentabeluroba da misi sawarmos saqmianobis Tavisu-flad ganviTareba ilaxeboda imgvarad, rom misi arseboba safrTxis qveS dge-boda. amgvarad, axali regulirebis wesi mis uflebas, rac sakuTrebis uflebas uTanabrdeba, aseve uflebas Tavisufal profesiul saqmianobaze laxavda. orive ufleba germaniis federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanoniT, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis konstituciiTa da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT, kerZod, 1950 wlis 4 noembris adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebe-bis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciiTa da 1952 wlis 20 martis damatebiTi oqmiTaa daculi.

13. evropulma sasamarTlom ukve gadawyvita, rom ZiriTadi uflebebi sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs ganekuTvnebian, romlebsac is icavs, da rom is am ufle-bebis uzrunvelyofisas wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonstitucio tradicie-bs eyrdnoba. amis mixedviT, mas ar SeuZlia RonisZiebis samarTlianad aRiareba, romelic am saxelmwifoebis konstituciebiT aRiarebul da dacul ZiriTad uflebebTan SeuTavsebelia. aseve adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb saerTaSor-iso xelSekrulebebma, romelTa dadebaSi wevri saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen, an romelTac isini SeuerTdnen, SeiZleba miTiTebebi mogvcen, romlebic gaerTianeb-is samarTlis farglebSi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. am principebis meSveobiT, momCivnis mier gasaCivrebul punqtebze unda moxdes gadawyvetilebis miReba.

14. marTalia, wevri saxelmwifoebis konstituciuri wesrigi icavs sakuTrebas da amgvarad uzrunvelyofs muSaobis, vaWrobisa da sxva profesiul saqmiano-baTa Tavisuflebebs, magram amgvarad garantirebuli uflebebi Sorsaa imisgan, isargeblon SeuzRudavi upiratesobiT; maTi ganxilva unda moxdes daculi sa-marTlebrivi sikeTeebisa da saqmianobebis socialuri funqciis TvalsazrisiT. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, am saxis uflebebi, rogor wesi, mxolod im pirobi-Taa daculi, rom daeqvemdebaron sajaro interesebSi arsebul SezRudvebs. gaer-Tianebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi gamarTlebulia, rom am uflebebs garkveuli Sez-Rudvebi dauweson, romlebic gamarTlebulia gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReo-bis miznebiT, manam, sanam es SezRudvebi uflebebis arsebiT Semadgenel nawils ar Seexebian. rac Seexeba gansakuTrebiT sawarmos dacvas, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba is wminda savaWro interesebsa da perspeqtivebze gavrceldes, romlis bundovaneba ekonomikuri saqmianobis arss ganekuTvneba.

139

15. momCivnis mier gasaCivrebuli ziani ufro metad ekonomikurma ganviTare-bam gamoiwvia, vidre gasaCivrebulma gadawyvetilebam. ekonomikaSi cvlilebebis fonze, rac qvanaxSiris gamomuSavebis dacemam gamoiwvia, momCivnis saqme iyo, axal mdgomareobas Segueboda da Tavis mxriv aucilebeli cvlilebebi ganex-orcielebina.

saqme Liselotte Hauer193:

13. administraciulma sasamarTlom Tavis dadgenilebaSi gamoxata Sexeduleba: Tu 1162/76 dadgenilebis interpretireba imgvaradaa saWiro, rom is zogad, mevenaxeobisaTvis gamosadeg niadagze yovlismomcvel akrZalvas adgendes, aRniSnuli debuleba germaniis federaciul respublikaSi gamouyenebadad unda iqnes miCneuli, radgan eWvi arsebobda mis Sesabamisobaze ZiriTadi kanonis me-12 da me-14 muxlebiT garantirebul ZiriTad uflebebTan, kerZod, sakuTrebisa da Tavisuflad profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebasTan.

14. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis 1970 wlis 17 dekembris (Inteernation-ale Handelsgesellschaft, 1970 wlis krebuli, 1125) ganaCenSi aRniSna, gaerTianebis organoebis mier ZiriTadi uflebebis nebismieri darRvevis faqti ar SeiZleba Se-fasdes sxvagvarad, vidre Tavad gaerTianebis samarTlis farglebSi. gansakuTreb-uli an garkveuli wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis an konstituciur wesrigze damokidebuli SefasebiTi kriteriumebis dadgena gaerTianebis samarTlis mate-rialur erTianobasa da mis efeqturobas Selaxavda da Sedegad uciloblad eqne-boda saerTo bazris erTianobis dabrkoleba da gaerTianebis erTobis safrTxis qveS dayeneba.

15. evropulma sasamarTlom dasaxelebul ganaCensa da Semdgom Tavis 1974 wlis 14 maisis ganaCenSi (Nold, 1974 wlis krebuli, 491), garda amisa, aRniSna, rom ZiriTadi uflebebi im sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs ganekuTvneba, rom-lebsac evropuli sasamarTlo icavs. am uflebebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis evro-pulma sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos wevri saxelmwifoebis konstituciebis saerTo tradiciebidan gamomdinare, ise, rom gaerTianebaSi arcerTi RonisZieba ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes samarTlebrivad, romlebic am saxelmwifoebis konsti-tuciebSi dacul ZiriTad uflebebTan SeusabamobaSi arian; aseve adamianis ufle-bebis dacvis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebma, romelTa dadebaSic wevri saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen, anda romlebsac isini SeuerTdnen, SesaZloa mogvces miTiTebebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac saWiroa gaerTianebis samarTlis farglebSi. es Sexeduleba mogvianebiT asambleis, sabWosa da komisiis 1977 wlis 5 aprilis saerTo gancxadebaSi iqna aRiarebuli, romelic, – evropul sasamarTlo praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, – erTi mxriv, wevri saxelmwifoebis konstituciebiT ga-rantirebuli uflebebisa da, meore mxriv, adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tav-isuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb 1950 wlis 4 noembris evropul konvenciaze miuTiTebs (oficialuri gamocema, 1977, C 103/1).

saqme Max.Mobil Telekommunikation Service GmbH194:

48. winamdebare saCivari mimarTulia samarTlebrivi aqtis winaaRmdeg, romli-Tac igi iqna uaryofili. saCivris gulisyuriT da miukerZoeblad ganxilvaze

193 ix me-18 sqolio.194 30 January 2002, Max.Mobil Telekommunikation Service GmbH, established in Vienna (Austria) v Commission of

the European Communities, Case T-54/99.

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arsebobs moTxovnis ufleba mowesrigebul mmarTvelobaze uflebis farglebSi, romelic samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos sayovelTao principebs ganekuTvneba da wevri saxelmwifoebis konstituciuri tradiciebisaTvis saerToa. 2000 wlis 7 de-kembers nicaSi proklamirebuli evropuli kavSiris ZiriTadi uflebebis qartiis 41-e muxlis pirveli abzaci (oficialuri gamocema C 364, gv. 1; Semdgom ZiriTadi uflebebis qartia) ganamtkicebs, rom yovel pirs aqvs ufleba, misi saqmeebi kav-Siris organoebisa da dawesebulebebis mier miukerZoeblad, samarTlianad da sa-Tanado vadis farglebSi iqnes ganxiluli. amitom, upirvelesad, am uflebisa da mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi valdebulebis xasiaTi da moculoba unda gadaisinjos gaerTianebis sakonkurencio samarTlis gamoyenebis gansakuTrebul farglebSi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, rogorc amas winamdebare saqmeSi momCivani amt-kicebs.(...)

57. garda amisa, aseTi sasamarTlo kontroli aseve miekuTvneba wevri saxelmwi-foebis sakonstitucio tradiciebisaTvis saerTo sayovelTao samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoebriobis principebs, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebebis qartiis 47-e mux-li adasturebs, romlis mixedviTac TiToeul pirs, romelsac CamoerTva kavSiris samarTliT garantirebuli uflebebi, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos efeqturi samarTlebrivi meqanizmiT.

generaluri advokati saqmeze _ BECTU195:

ufro mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia is faqti, rom es pretenzia evropuli kavSiris ZiriTadi uflebebis qartiaSi sazeimod ukve dadasturebulia, romelic 2000 wlis 7 dekembers evropuli parlamentis, sabWosa da komisiis mier proklamire-bulia, romlis mixedviTac – xSirad erovnuli parlamentebis mkafio manda-tis safuZvelze – saxelmwifoebisa da mTavrobebis meTaurTa mier miRebulia. qartiis 31-e muxlis me-2 abzaci, kerZod, adgens: yovel dasaqmebuls ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos samuSao drois maqsimumis dadgena, dRiuri da kviris dasven-ebis droisa da aseve fasiani wliuri Svebulebis dadgena. es debuleba gamom-dinareobs, erTi mxriv, evropuli socialuri qartiis me-2 muxlidan da gaer-Tianebis qartiis dasaqmebulis uflebebis me-8 nomridan, xolo meore mxriv, iTvaliswinebs aseve 93/104 evropuli gaerTianebis direqtivas samuSao drois Sedegebis garkveuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.

evropuli kavSiris ZiriTadi uflebebis qartiis, iseve rogorc manamde miRebu-li samarTlebrivi normebis, avTentikuri normatiuli moqmedeba ar aRiarebu-la, ese igi, is aris wminda formaluri dokumenti damoukidebeli savaldebulo moqmedebis gareSe. romc ar iyos saWiro, ukve dawyebulia farTo debatebi. isini Seexeba im moqmedebebs, romelTa gavrcoba qartias sxva formebiTa da sxva gze-biT SeuZlia. naTelia, rom is iseT debulebebs Seicavs, romelTa meSveobiTac sxva adgilas dadgenili uflebebis mniSvnelovani nawili aSkarad aRiarebul iqneba. preambulaSi, garda amisa, ikiTxeba: es qartia adasturebs gaerTianebis da kavSiris kompetenciebisa da amocanebis da subsidiurobis principis dacviT im uflebebs, romlebic gamomdinareobs wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakon-stitucio tradiciebidan da saerTo saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan, evro-puli kavSiris Sesaxeb da gaerTianebis xelSekrulebebidan, adamianis ufle-

195 Opinion od Advocate General Tizzano delivered on 8 February 2001; Case C-173/99; Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematographic and Theatre Union (BECTU) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.

141

bebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciidan, gaerTianebisa da evropis sabWos mier miRebuli socialuri qartiis, aseve ev-ropuli gaerTianebebis sasamarTlo praqtikidan da adamianis uflebebis evro-puli sasamarTlo praqtikidan.

amdenad, Cemi azria, rom ar SeiZleba ZiriTadi uflebis xasiaTisa da moculo-bis Sesaxeb samarTlebriv davaSi qartiiis Sesabamisi debulebebis ignorireba da, upirvelesad, maTi aSkara definicia, rogorc arsebiTi masStabi gaerTiane-bis farglebSi moqmedi yvela subieqtisaTvis, – wevri saxelmwifoebis, (gaer-Tianebis) organoebis, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis, _ manam, sanam maTi debulebebi amaze nebas darTaven. am TvalsazrisiT, Cemi azriT, qartia Seicavs yvelaze ufro kvalificiur da erTmniSvnelovan dadasturebas imisas, rom ar-sebobs ZiriTadi uflebis xasiaTis moTxovnis ufleba fasian wliur Svebule-baze.

saqme Hermann Schräder HS Kraftfutter GmbH & Co. KG v. Hauptzollamt Gronau196:

14. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT (ix. gansakuTrebiT 1979 wlis 13 dekembris ganaCeni saqmeSi 44/79, Hauer, 1979 wlis krebuli, 3727) ZiriTadi uflebebi ganekuTvneba sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs, romelTac evropuli sasamarTlo icavs. am uflebebis uzrunvelyofisas evropulma sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos wevri saxelmwifoebis sakonstitucio tradiciebiT, ise, rom gaerTianebaSi arcerTi RonisZieba ar unda iqnes samarTlebrivad aRiarebuli, romelic Seusabamo iqneba am saxelmwifoebis konstituciebiT dacul ZiriTad uflebebTan.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Hoechst AG v. Commission197:

13. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, ZiriTadi uflebebi miekuTvnebian sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs, romlebsac (evropuli) sasamarTlo icavs wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonstitucio tradiciebidan da saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebebidan gamomdinare, romelTa dadebaSic wevri saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen an Semdgom miuerTdnen maT. (...) amasTan, adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb 1950 wlis 4 noembris evropul konven-cias gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs (...).

a) sakuTrebis ufleba, profesiis Tavisufleba:

saqme Liselotte Hauer198:

17. sakuTrebis ufleba uzrunvelyofilia gaerTianebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi wevri saxelmwifoebis sakonstitucio tradiciebis Sesabamisad, romlebic asaxu-lia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis damatebiT oqmSi.

18. am oqmis pirveli muxli adgens:

`yovel fizikur pirs an iuridiul pirs aqvs sakuTrebis dacvis ufleba. aravis ar unda CamoerTvas sakuTreba, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu sajaro interesi amas moiTxovs, da esec mxolod kanoniT da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTao

196 Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 11 July 1989; Hermann Schräder HS Kraftfutter GmbH & Co. KG v Hauptzollamt Gronau; Case 265/87.

197 ix. me-14 sqolio.198 ix. me-18 sqolio.

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principebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebSi.

winamdebare debulebebi aranairad ar laxaven saxelmwifos uflebas, gamoiyenon iseTi kanonebi, romlebsac is aucileblad miiCnevs sayovelTao interesebis Sesabamisad sakuTrebis daregulirebisa Tu gamoyenebisaTvis, anda gadasaxade-bisa Tu sxva gadasaxadebis da fuladi jarimebis gadaxdis uzrunvelsayofad.~

19. sakuTrebis dacvis uflebis dadasturebis Semdeg am normaSi sakuTrebis uflebis SesaZlo SezRudvis ori formaa gaTvaliswinebuli: erTi SezRudvaa mesakuTrisaTvis am uflebis CamorTmeva, xolo meore _ am uflebis ganxor-cielebisaTvis xelis SeSla. winamdebare SemTxvevaSi akrZalva, dairgos axali nergebi, udavoa, rom ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes sakuTrebis xelyofis RonisZie-bad, radgan mesakuTres SeuZlia, Tavisi sakuTreba ganagos da sxva nebadarT-uli gziT gamoiyenos. amis sapirispirod udavoa, rom es akrZalva zRudavs sakuTrebiT sargeblobas.

20. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aseve gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes miTiTebebi, romlebic cxra wevri saxelmwifos sakonstitucio normebidan da sakonsti-tucio praqtikidan gamomdinareoben. amasTan, upirvelesad unda dadgindes, rom kanonmdebels am normebisa da dasaxelebuli praqtikis mixedviT, neba aqvs darTuli, kerZo sakuTrebiT sargebloba sayovelTao interesebis mixedviT daareguliros. am mizniT ramdenime konstitucia miTiTebas iZleva sakuTrebis arsSi Semaval valdebulebebze (germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis me-14 muxlis me-2 abzacis pirveli winadadeba), sakuTrebis socialur funqciaze (italiis kon-stituciis 42-e muxlis me-2 abzaci), misi gamoyenebis damokidebulebaze saer-To keTildReobis moTxovnebTan (germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis me-14 muxlis me-2 abzacis me-2 winadadeba da irlandiuri konstituciis 43.2.2. muxli). mraval wevr saxelmwifoSi uamravma sakanonmdeblo aqtebma sakuTrebis uflebis am socialur funqcias konkretuli gamoxatuleba mianiWes. amgvarad, yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi arsebobs miwisa da sasoflo-sameurneo sferoSi, wylis samar-TalSi, garemos dacvaSi, regionuli infrastruqturisa da urbanizaciis sf-eros samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic zRudaven miwaze sakuTrebiT sarge-blobas, rac mniSvnelovania am konkretul SemTxvevaSi.

21. gaerTianebis, gansakuTrebiT, yvela mevenaxeobis mimdevar qveyanaSi, mar-Talia, arsebobs gansxvavebulad mkacri, magram savaldebulo samarTlebrivi normebi vazis saxeobaTa arCevasa da dargvis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT. arcerT qveyanaSi ar ganixileba es normebi sakuTrebis uflebis dacvasTan Seusabamod.

22. amdenad, wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonstitucio koncefciebis gaT-valiswinebiT da mudmivi sakanonmdeblo praqtikis mixedviT, gansxvavebul sfer-oebSi garemoeba, rom vazis dargva 1162/76 regulaciis SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba, principulad ar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes. am SemTxvevaSi es Seexeba mravali wevri saxelmwifos sakonstitucio wesrigSi arsebuli da Tanabrad an msgavsi formiT marTlzomierad aRiarebuli SezRudvis saxes.

23. am dadgenilebiT administraciuli sasamarTlos mier wamoWrili prob-lema jer kidev srulad ar aris gadaWrili. maSinac ki, rodesac gaerTianebas ar SeiZleba CamoerTvas SesaZlebloba, sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcieleba saerTo bazris organizaciisa da struqturul-politikuri safuZvlebis farglebSi Sez-

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Rudos, gadasamowmebelia, faqtobrivad Seesabameba Tu ara sadavo regulirebaSi arsebuli SezRudvebi gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebs da gvevlinebi-an Tu ara isini, dasaxuli miznis TvalsazrisiT, araproporciul, miuRebel Care-vad mesakuTris uflebebSi, rac sakuTrebis uflebis arss Seexeba. realurad am pretenzias gamoTqvams momCivani sadavo procesSi. misi azriT, kanonmdebels SeuZlia SezRudos mevenaxeobis sakuTrebiT sargebloba mxolod xarisxobrivi politikis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare; is, amdenad, flobs Seuval uflebas, radgan misi nakveTis mevenaxeobisaTvis mzaoba aRiarebulia. amdenad, gadasas-injia, ra mizans emsaxureba sadavo regulacia da arsebobs Tu ara am regu-laciiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebebsa da aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi komisiis mier dasaxul mizans Soris Sesabamisi mimarTeba.

24. 1162/76 regulacia ganxilul unda iqnes mxolod RvinisaTvis saerTo baz-ris organizaciis konteqstSi, rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli gaerTianebis mier dasaxul struqturul-politikur miznebTan am sferoSi. es miznebi gamomdin-areobs 816/40 direqtividan (...), romelic sadavo regulacias safuZvlad ude-vs.

25. yvela am samarTlebrivi aqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom saerTo bazris orga-nizaciazea mimarTuli gaerTianebis mier dawyebuli da nawilobriv ganxorciele-buli politika, romelic Seexeba Rvinis seqtoris struqturul gaumjobese-bas. am midgomiT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 39-e muxlis miznebis farglebSi ormagi mizani unda iqnes miRweuli, kerZod, pirveli, warmoSvas Rvinis bazris xangrZlivi balansi mwarmoeblisaTvis moge-bis momtani da momxmareblisaTvis misaRebi fasis doneze, da, meore, gaaum-jobesos mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli Rvinis xarisxi, raTa miRweul iqnes raodeno-brivi balansisa da xarisxobrivad gaumjobesebis ormagi mizani. gaerTianebis regulireba RvinisaTvis investiciebis farTo sferos iTvaliswinebs, romelic rogorc Rvinis produqciis, ise misi gasaRebis safexurze moqmedebs.

26. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT miTiTebul unda iqnes 816/17 direqtivis me-17 muxlze, romelic asaxulia 337/79 direqtivis 31-e muxlSi ufro detalurad. amis mixedviT, wevrma saxelmwifoebma gaerTianebis programis farglebSi unda ganaxorcielon dargvisa da gamomuSavebis procesis koordinebuli winaswari dagegmva. am dagegmvisaTvis SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnes debulebebi dargvis wesebze, axal nargavebze, (...) da vazis farTobebiT sargeblobis amocanebze.

27. am farglebSi gamocemul iqna 1162/76 regulacia (...). man SesaZlebeli unda gaxados Warbi raodenobis mudmivi zrdis gandevna myisieri moqmedebiT da gaerTianebis organoebs unda misces aucilebeli dro struqturuli politi-kis gansaxorcieleblad, romelmac dasanergi farTobebisa da vazis saxeobebis amorCevis gziT, gaerTianebis calkeuli savenaxe teritoriebis moTxovnebisa da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT aseve warmoebis meTodebis regulirebis gziT xeli unda Seuwyos Zvirfasi produqciebis ganvrcobas.

28. imisaTvis, rom am ormag mizans gaewios angariSi, sabWom 1162/76 regulaciiT gamoacxada axali nergebis dargvis zogadi akrZalva, ise, rom ar ganasxvava – garda srulad gansazRvruli gamonaklisebisa – niadagis Taviseburebebi. misi zogadi xasiaTis mixedviT sabWos mier gamocxadebuli akrZalva mxolod droebiTi dadgenilebaa. is imisTvisaa gankuTvnili, koniunqturulad Warbi

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produqcia myisieri moqmedebiT aRmofxvras da erTdroulad moamzados sabo-loo struqturuli RonisZiebebi.

29. am gagebiT gakritikebuli RonisZieba ar iwvevs sakuTrebis uflebis ganxor-cielebis gaumarTlebel SezRudvas. radgan iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelic xa-siaTdeba mzardi Warbi produqciiT, mevenaxeobis axali farTobebis aTvisebas ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ar eqneboda sxvagvari zemoqmedeba, garda zedmeti produqciis moculobis gazrdisa. garda amisa, aseTi ganvrcobis SemTxvevaSi am safexurze iarsebebda gaerTianebis doneze struqturuli politikis ganxor-cielebis garTulebis safrTxe, Tu is mevenaxeobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli niada-gis SerCevis ufro mkacri kriteriumebis gamoyenebas daeyrdnoba, vidre amas moq-medi erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebi iTvaliswinebs.

30. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom sakuTrebiT sargeblobis SezRudva, rac gulisxmobs 1162/76 direqtiviT gamocxadebul droebiT akrZal-vas vazis axlad dargvasTan dakavSirebiT, gamarTlebulia gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebiT da gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigiT aRiarebuli da garantirebul sakuTrebis uflebis arss ar Seexeba.

saqme Germany v. Council199:

saqmis fabula: germaniam bananebis saerTo bazris organizebis Sesaxeb sabWos 1993 wlis 13 Tebervlis regulaciis (404/93) baTilad cnoba moiTxova. regu-laciis safuZvlebSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom manamde arsebobda erovnuli sabazro wesrigebi, romlebic gansxvavadebodnen erTmaneTisagan. zog wevr saxelmwifos, romelnic ar awarmoebda banans afrikis, karibisa da wynari okeanis qveynebidan (SemdgomSi _ AKP-is qveynebi) importirebuli bananis produqciis privilegire-bul imports aniWebda upiratesobas, garkveul wevr saxelmwifoebs hqondaT liberaluri importis reJimi, xolo garkveuls damcavi barierebi. aRniSnuli xels uSlida gaerTianebis doneze bananis produqciis saerTo bazris Camoya-libebas. swored am gansxvavebebma ganapirobes erTiani regulaciis miReba. am regulaciiT saerTo bazris miznebidan da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare (igulisxmeba LOME-s konvencia AKP-is qveynebTan) SemoRebul iqna sxvadasxva sabaJo kontingentebi AKP-is qveynebidan da mesame saxelmwifoe-bidan, amasTan, pirveli jgufis qveynebidan importi nulovani tarifiT ibe-greboda, maSin rodesac mesame saxelmwifoebidan Semotanil bananis produq-ciaze garkveuli baJi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. garda amisa wesdeboda nebarTva importze, romelic gaicemoda komisiis mier dadgenili pirobebis Sesabamisad. aRniSnul regulirebebs asaCivrebda germania, radgan mas manamde arsebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, romlis moqmedebis vada amowuruli iyo, wliurad me-same qveynebidan Semohqonda bazris moTxovnaze moWrili bananis produqciis moculoba nulovani tarifiT. Sedegad germaniis mier mesame qveynebidan Semot-anil bananis produqcias konkurencias ver uwevda verc gaerTianebisa da verc AKP-is saxelmwifoebidan Semotanili bananis produqcia, romelTa Rirebuleba bazarze mniSvnelovanwilad aRemateboda mesame qveynebidan Semotanil bananis produqcias. germania sxvasTan erTad acxadebda, rom am regulaciiT irRveoda sakuTrebis ufleba da profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba.

199 Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1994; Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union; Case C-280/93; European Court reports 1994 Page I-04973.

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77. sakuTrebis uflebaSi CarevasTan dakavSirebiT momCivani acxadebs, rom sadavo regulaciiT im ekonomikur subieqtebs, romlebic tradiciulad mesame qveynebis bananebis imports axorcielebdnen, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi CamoerTvaT sabazro wilebi da amiT maTi sakuTrebis ufleba dairRva da Careva moxda profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebaSi.

78. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc sakuTrebis ufleba, ise Tavisufali profesiuli saqmianoba gaerTianebis samarTlis sayovelTao principebs ganekuTvneba. es principebi ki ar SeiZleba SeuzRudavad moqmedebdnen, aramed ganxilul unda iqnen maTi sazogadoebrivi funqciis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare. Sedegad sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcieleba da Tavisufali profesiuli saqmianoba SeiZleba SeizRudos saerTo bazris organizaciis farglebSi, Tu es SezRudvebi faqtobrivad gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebs emsaxureba da dasaxul mizanTan mimarTebiT ar aris iseTi miuRebeli araproporciuli Careva, romelic amgvarad garantirebul uflebebis arss Seexeba (...).

79. mesame qveynis bananis gamsaRebelTa sakuTrebis ufleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dgeba gaerTianebis kvotis SemoRebiT da misi gadanawilebis Sesaxeb deb-ulebebiT. arcerT ekonomikur subieqts ar SeuZlia bazris nawilis sakuTrebis uflebaze ganacxados pretenzia, romelsac is flobda saerTo sabazro orga-nizaciis dawesebis dros, radgan aseTi sabazro wili mxolod wamieri ekono-mikuri poziciaa da damokidebulia garemoebebis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebul riskebze.

80. ekonomikur subieqts ar SeuZlia, pretenzia ganacxados keTilsindisierad miRebul uflebaze an arsebuli situaciis SenarCunebis mxolod samarTlian ndobaze, romlebic gaerTianebis organoebis gadawyvetilebebiT da maTi Sexed-ulebiT SeiZleba Seicvalos (SeadareT 1982 wlis 28 oqtombris ganaCeni saqmeze _ 52/81, Faust v. Kommission, 1982 wlis krebuli, 3745, 27-e punqti), gansakuTrebiT maSin ara, rodesac arsebuli situacia saerTo bazris wesebs Seesabameba.

81. profesiis ganxorcielebis TavisuflebaSi sadavo CarevasTan dakavSirebiT unda dadgindes, rom sabaJo kvotisa da misi ganawilebis meqanizmis SemoRebam, gansakuTrebiT, germanul bazarze, faqtobrivad, Secvala ekonomikuri sub-ieqtis konkurenciuli mdgomareoba. am subieqts, rogorc erTaderTs, aqamde SeeZlo mesame saxelmwifoTa bananis produqcia yovelgvari sabaJo SezRudvis gareSe wliurad bazris moTxovnebze moWrili kvotis farglebSi Semoetana. magram gadasasinjia aseve, Seesabamebian Tu ara regulaciiT SemoRebuli Sez-Rudvebi gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebs da Seexeba Tu ara is am uflebis arss.

82. ekonomikuri subieqtisaTvis mesame qveynebis bananis produqciis germanul bazarze Semotanis SesaZleblobis SezRudva bunebrivad dakavSirebulia saer-To bazris SeqmnasTan, rac miznad isaxavs, uzrunvelyos evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 39-e muxlis miznebis dacva da LOME-s SeT-anxmebis safuZvelze gaerTianebis mier aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis uzrunvelyofa. radgan gansxvavebuli erovnuli regulirebebis gauqmebam, gan-sakuTrebiT gamonaklisi regulirebisa, romlidanac ekonomikuri subieqtebi germanuli bazridan Semdgomac iRebdnen sargebels, da damcavi regulirebebis

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gauqmebam, romlebiTac sargeblobdnen sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis Sida bazre-bze gaerTianebisa da AKP-is bananis produqciis gamsaReblebi, aucilebeli gaxada mesame qveynebidan bananis produqciis importis moculobis SezRudva gaerTianebaSi. aq saqme, saxeldobr, exeboda imas, rom erTdroulad garantire-buli yofiliyo saerTo bazris organizacia da Tavidan acilebuliyo im dam-cavi barierebis gauqmebis Sedegad gaerTianebisa da AKP-is bananis produqciis gandevna saerTo bazridan, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen maT gasaRebas mesame qveynebis bananis produqciasTan konkurenciis gareSe.

83. bananis produqciis gamsaRebelTa gansxvavebuli situacia, wevri saxelmwi-foebis mixedviT, moiTxovda, Tavis mxriv, calkeuli Sida bazrebis integraciis TvalsazrisiT, sabaJo kontingentis gadanawilebis meqanizmis SemoRebas Sesa-bamisi ekonomikuri subieqtebis sxvadasxva jgufis mimarT. es meqanizmi miznad isaxavs, aiZulon gaerTianebisa da tradiciuli AKP-is bananis produqciis gamsaReblebi, Semoitanon mesame qveynebis bananis produqcia, iseve rogorc miznad isaxavs, mesame qveynebis bananis produqciis importiorebs ubiZgos imi-sken, rom gaasaRon gaerTianebisa da AKP-is bananis produqcia. garda amisa, man mesame qveynebis bananis produqciis Semomtan ekonomikur subieqtebs unda misces xangrZlivvadiani SesaZlebloba, gaerTianebis saerTo kvotis mixedviT, monawileoba miiRon saimporto kvotebis orive nawilSi.

84. rac Seexeba gansakuTrebiT momCivanis kritikas, TiTqosda regulaciis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia importze nebarTvebiT vaWroba erTi mxriv, gaerTianebis da tradiciuli partniori AKP-is qveynebis bananis produqciis gamsaReblebsa da meore mxriv mesame saxelmwifoebidan tradiciul importiorebs Soris am importiorebis sazianod, unda mieTiTos imaze, rom regulacia me-20 muxlSi nebarTvebis gadacemis princips aRiarebs. am princips im praqtikul Sedegamde mivyavarT, rom nebarTvis mflobels, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavad Semoitanos da gayidos mesame saxelmwifos bananebi, SeuZlia gadasces Tavisi ufleba impor-tze sxva ekonomikur subieqts, romelsac Tavad surs produqciis Semotana.

85. gadacemis principi (...) vrceldeba ara marto bananis produqciis saerTo sa-bazro organizebaze, aramed Seexeba aseve agraruli politikis sxva seqtoreb-sac, gansakuTrebiT ki mesame qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobebs.

86. garda amisa, importze nebarTvis gadacema aris SesaZlebloba, romliTac sargebloba ekonomikuri subieqtebis sxvadasxva jgufs, maTi saqmiani interesis mixedviT, regulaciis safuZvelze SeuZliaT. finansuri upiratesoba, romelic gayidvis am saxem gaerTianebisa da tradiciuli AKP-is bananebis gamsaReblebs SeuZlia Seuqmnas, aris nebarTvebis gadacemis principis aucilebeli Sedegi da unda ganixilebodes saerTo RonisZiebebis zogad konteqstSi. es RonisZiebebi gamosca sabWom gaerTianebisa da tradiciuli AKP-is produqciis gasaRebis ga-rantirebis TvalsazrisiT. am konteqstSi es upiratesoba unda ganixilebodes saSualebad, romelmac ekonomikuri monawileebis konkurentunarianobaSi, gaasaRon gaerTianebisa da AKP-is bananebis produqcia, wvlili unda Seitanos da gaamartivos wevri saxelmwifoebis bazrebis integracia.

87. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom mesame qveynebis bananis produqciis tradiciuli gamsaReblebis Tavisufal profesiul saqmianobaSi regulaciiT

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ganxorcielebuli Careva Seesabameba gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miz-nebs da am uflebis arss ar exeba.

88. momCivani, garda amisa, asaCivrebs, rom mesame qveynebTan vaWrobis reguli-rebis wesi arRvevs proporciulobis princips, radgan AKP-is qveynebis mwar-moeblebis mxardaWerisa da aseve gaerTianebis mwarmoebelTa Semosavlis uz-runvelyofis miznis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo iseTi RonisZiebebiT, romlebic ekonomikuri subieqtebis garkveuli jgufebis interesebsa da konkurencias naklebad Selaxavda.

89. amdenad, gasaxsenebelia is, rom gaerTianebis kanonmdebels aqvs gadawyvetilebis miRebis farTo areali saerTo agraruli politikis sferoSi, rac Seesabameba politikur pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac mas evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-40 da 43-e muxlebi akisreben.

90. evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom am sferoSi miRebuli RonisZiebis marTlzomiereba mxolod maSin SeiZleba Seilaxos, Tu es RonisZieba kompe-tenturi organos mier dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aSkarad gamoudegaria. Tu gaerTianebis kanonmdebeli, gansakuTrebiT regulirebis wesis gamocemisaTvis, iZulebulia am regulirebis wesis momavali zemoqmedebebi Seafasos da am zemo-qmedebebis zustad ganWvreta ver xdeba, maSin misi Sefaseba mxolod maSin unda iqnes gaprotestebuli, roca is regulirebis wesis miRebisas mis xelT arsebuli daskvnebis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad mcdari Cans (...).

91. evropuli sasamarTlo kontrolis aseTi SezRudva gansakuTrebiT maSin aris misaRebi, roca sabWo Tavs Tvlis iZulebulad, saerTo bazris organizaciis ganxorcielebisas gansxvavebuli interesebi gaawonasworos da am Tvalsaz-risiT sakuTar pasuxismgeblobaSi arsebuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis farglebSi gaakeTos arCevani.

92. winamdebare SemTxvevaSi evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe gamarTuli msjelobe-bidan gamomdinareobs, rom sabWo Seecada SeeTanxmebina, gansakuTrebiT, garkveu-li bananis produqciis mwarmoebeli wevri saxelmwifoebis urTierTsapirispiro interesebi. erTmaneTTan SeeTanxmebina, erTi mxriv, maTi interesebi, romlebic miiswrafodnen iqiTken, rom ekonomikurad mezobel regionebSi mcxovrebi sa-soflo meurneobiT dakavebuli mosaxleobisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis produqciis gasaReba uzrunveleyoT da amiT Tavidan aecilebinaT socialuri areuloba, da, meore mxriv, im wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebi, romlebic ar awarmoeben bananis produqcias da romelTac surT TavianTi momxmareblebi-saTvis saukeTeso fasebisa da mesame qveynis produqciaze SeuzRudavi daSvebis uzrunvelyofa.

93. germaniis mTavroba miuTiTebs imaze, rom dasaxuli mizani SeiZleba miR-weuli yofiliyo naklebad mkveTri RonisZiebiT (...).

94. kerZod, ar gamoiricxeba, rom SeiZleboda, dasaxuli Sedegis misaRwevad sxva meTodebi gamoeyenebinaT, Tumca evropul sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia Tavi-si SexedulebiT Secvalos sabWos Sefaseba im sakiTxSi, met-naklebad mizanSe-wonilia Tu ara gaerTianebis kanonmdeblis mier SerCeuli RonisZieba, Tu ar arsebobs imis mtkicebuleba, rom es RonisZiebebi dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aSkarad gamousadegari iyo.

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95. momCivanma ki ar daasabuTa, rom sabWom aSkarad gamousadegari RonisZiebebi miiRo, an rom amave sabWom daskvnebis mixedviT, romelic mas am regulirebis wesis miRebisas hqonda, aSkarad mcdari Sefaseba ganaxorciela.

96. amdenad, mesame qveynebTan vaWrobis regulirebis wesi, gansakuTrebiT saba-Jo kontingentisa da gadanawilebis meqanizmis SemoReba, saerTo xarisxobrivi da gasaRebis normebis, aseve subsidiebis regulirebasTan erTad, erTi instru-mentia, rac regulaciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, raTa gaerTianebis produqciis gasaReba uzrunvelyos.

97. garda amisa, ar aris aSkara, rom momCivnis mier SemoTavazebuli alterna-tiuli RonisZieba gamodgeboda bazrebis integraciis miznis misaRwevad, rac saerTo bazris nebismier organizebas udevs safuZvlad.

98. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom saCivrebi sakuTrebis uflebis, keTilsindisi-erad SeZenili uflebebis darRvevaze, profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebaSi Carevasa da proporciulobis principis daucvelobaze uaryofil unda iqnes.

saqme Fishermens’s Organisation200:

saqmis fabula: didi britaneTis sasamarTlom mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 234-e muxlis (winaswari gadawyvetilebis procedura) farglebSi meTevzeTa organizaciis mier wamoWrili problemis Taobaze. organizacia asaCivrebda erovnul RonisZiebas, romelic komisiis mierac iyo nebadarTuli da romlis mixedviTac 10 metrze ufro did saTevzao gemebs wlis ganmavlobaSi garkveuli raodenobis dReebze meti ekrZalebodaT zRvaSi yofna. am regulirebas isini sakuTrebisa da profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebaSi uxeS Carevad miiCnevdnen. sasamarTlom erovnuli RonisZieba gaamarTla dasaxuli miznebidan gamomdinare. kerZod, TevzWerisa da zRvis produqtebis moculobebis urTierTgaTanabrebisa da amiT seqtoruli ganviTarebis mosazrebebidan gamomdinare da aRniSna:

55. am principebis darRvevis braldebasTan dakavSirebiT unda dadgindes, rom mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, rogorc sakuTrebis ufleba, ise pro-fesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcieleba ganekuTvneba gaerTianebis samarTlis say-ovelTao principebs. am principebs ar SeuZliaT sayovelTao moqmedeba da unda ganixilebodnen sazogadoebrivi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. Sedegad, sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcieleba da profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcieleba SeiZleba, saxeldobr ki saerTo sabazro organizaciis farglebSi, daeqvemdebaros SezRud-vebs. amasTan, es SezRudvebi, faqtobrivad, unda Seesabamebodnen gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebs da, dasaxuli miznis TvalsazrisiT, ar unda iyos saxeze araproporciuli miuRebeli Careva, rac amgvarad garantirebul uflebis arss Seexeba (ganaCeni Germany v. Council, 78-e punqti).

200 Judgment of the Court of 17 October 1995; The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations and others and Federation of Highlands and Islands Fishermen and others; Case C-44/94; European Court reports 1995 Page I-03115.

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56. sadavo erovnuli RonisZiebebi, romlebsac moicavs komisiis sanebarTvo gadawyvetileba, romlis namdviloba sadavo araa, faqtobrivad, Seesabameba Tevzrewvis seqtorSi gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebs, radgan isini mimarTulia am seqtoris struqturul gaumjobesebaze da ara araproporciul, miuRebel Carevaze, rac garantirebuli uflebis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia.

saqme SMW Winzersekt201:

20. momCivnis azriT, sadavo debuleba mas uzRudavda rogorc sakuTrebis uflebas, ise misi profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebas, orive ki gaerTianebis samarTlis sayovelTao principebs ganekuTvneboda. is acxadebs, rom `methode champenoise~-s, anu `Sampanuris meTodis~, miTiTebas (nawarmze) misi saqmianobisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs, sajaroobisaTvis naTeli gaxados produqciis Seqmnis procesi. es procesi mas upiratesobas aniWebs germanuli SuSxuna Rvinis mwarmoeblebis umravlesobasTan mimarTebiT, romlebic an egreT wodebuli `cuve-close~ proceduriT (SuSxuna Rvinis saxeobis proceduriT) an transvaziurobis proceduriT awarmoebdnen, ori procedura, romlebic naklebxarjiania, vidre `methode champenoise~, anu `Sampanuris meTodi~, da mwarmoeblebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas, TavianTi produqcia momxmarebels bevrad ufro nakleb fasSi SesTavazon, vidre momCivans aqvs amis SesaZlebloba. amasTan, es monacemi misi samewarmeo qonebis aqtivebs ganekuTvneba, rac sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis qveSaa. Tuki momCivans aRar SeeZleboda `methode champenoise~-s, anu `Sampanuris meTodis~ markirebis gamoyeneba, is konkurentebTan mimarTebiT araxelsayrel pirobebSi iqneboda da saerTod mis, rogorc sawarmos, arsebobasac Seeqmneboda safrTxe.(...)

24. profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebaSi CarevasTan dakavSirebiT unda dadg-indes, rom (sadavo regulacia) ar ereva momCivnis mier gasaCivrebuli profesiis ganxorcielebis uflebis arsebiT Semadgenel nawilSi, radgan is mxolod aseTi uflebis ganxorcielebis modalobebs Seexeba, ise, rom mis arsebobas TviT sa-frTxes ar uqmnis. amdenad, gadasasinjia, emsaxurebian Tu ara am debulebebiT dasaxuli miznebi saerTo keTildReobas, axorcieleben Tu ara isini arapropor-ciul Carevas mwarmoeblebis mdgomareobaSi da sabWo gascilda Tu ara am SemTx-vevaSi misi gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosilebas.

25. Rvinoebis warmoSobisa da geografiuli adgilmdebareobis dacva, rac 2333/92 direqtivis miznebs ganekuTvneba, emsaxureba saerTo keTildReobas. am miznis misaRwevad sabWos SeeZlo mieCnia, arsebiTad, is, rom, erTi mxriv, sabo-loo momxmarebeli yofiliyo zustad informirebuli, rac aucilebelia Sesa-bamisi produqciis SefasebisaTvis, da, meore mxriv, mwarmoebels ar hqonoda SesaZlebloba, mieRo sargebeli Tavisi produqciis garegnuli msgavsebidan im produqciasTan mimarTebiT, romelic mwarmoebelma sxva teritoriaze awarmoa. es niSnavs, rom Rvinis mwarmoebels ar SeiZleba mieces ufleba, misi produqciis warmoSobis meTodebis monacemebSi gamoiyenos geografiuli monacemebi, rom-lebic ar Seesabamebian Rvinis faqtobrivi warmoSobis adgils.

201 Judgment of the Court of 13 December 1994; SMW Winzersekt GmbH v Land Rheinland-Pfalz; Case C-306/93; European Court reports 1994 Page I-05555.

150

26. es mizani gansakuTrebiT xorcieldeba 2333/92 direqtivis me-6 muxliT, romlis mixedviTac warmoSobis meTodebis Sesaxeb monacemebis gamoyenebisas mxolod maSin SeiZleba geografiuli erTeulis saxelwodebaze miTiTeba, roca am konkretul Rvinoze nebadarTulia am geografiuli monacemis gamoyeneba.

27. Sedegad, am debulebaSi arsebuli akrZalva, sadavo regulaciiT dasaxuli miznis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris aSkarad araproporciuli.

saqme Metronome Musik GmbH202:

saqmis fabula: evropul sasamarTlos mimarTes winaswari gadawyvetilebis pro-ceduriT 1992 wlis 19 noembris evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 92/100 direqtivis debulebebis marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli direqtiviT gaT-valiswinebuli iyo inteleqtualuri samarTlis sferoSi garkveuli reguli-rebis wesebi. mommarTveli sasamarTlo svamda kiTxvas, Seesabameboda Tu ara direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli regulireba, romlis mixedviTac nebadarTuli iyo am direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqtebisa da saavtoro uflebebiT daculi nawarmoebebis originalebisa da gasamravlebeli sagnebis gaqiraveba da sargeblobaSi gadacema, gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigiT garantirebul ZiriTad uflebebs, kerZod ki uflebas ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavisufle-baze.

21. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, profesiis Tavisuflad ganxor-cieleba, iseve rogorc sakuTrebis ufleba, gaerTianebis samarTlis sayovelTao principebs ganekuTvneba. am principebs ar SeuZliaT sayovelTaod imoqmedon, isi-ni maTi sazogadoebrivi funqciis TvalsazrisiT ganixilebian. Sedegad, profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcieleba, iseve rogorc sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcieleba, SezRudvebs SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros, imdenad, ramdenadac es SezRudvebi, faq-tobrivad, saerTo keTildReobis miznebs Seesabamebian da dasaxul mizanTan mi-marTebiT ar arian araproporciulebi, da ar axorcieleben iseT gaumarTlebel Carevas, romelic amgvarad garantirebul uflebebis arss Seexeba. (SeadareT, gansakuTrebiT, 1995 wlis 17 oqtombris ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-44/94, Fishermen’s Organisations, 1995 wlis krebuli, I-3115, 55-e punqti).

22. direqtivis mixedviT, gaerTianebaSi unda damkvidrebuliyo inteleqtua-luri sakuTrebis sferoSi gaqiravebis, droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacemisa da garkveul saavtoro uflebebTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis erTiani dacva. direqtivis pirveli sami damasabuTebeli safuZvliT, es harmonizeba miznad isaxavs erovnul samarTlebriv normebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis aRmofx-vras, rac vaWrobaSi dabrkolebebisa da sakonkurencio samarTlis wesebis dar-Rvevis mizezi xdeba da, amdenad, SeuZlia, xeli SeuSalos Sida bazris Seqmnasa da funqcionirebas. rogorc specialurad direqtivis meoTxe, mexuTe da me-eqvse safuZvlebidan irkveva, gaqiravebis ufleba, romelsac mzardi mniSvnelo-ba eniWeba gaerTianebis ekonomikuri da komerciuli ganviTarebisaTvis am sf-eroSi arsebuli mekobreobis gamo, saxeldobr uzrunvelyofs SesaZleblobas, avtorma da moqmedma xelovanebma miiRon Sesabamisi Semosavali da saTanadod iyos uzrunvelyofili uCveulod maRali da riskiani investiciebi, rac, gansa-kuTrebiT, aucilebelia firebisa da xmis Casaweri sagnebis warmoebisaTvis.

202 Judgment of the Court of 28 April 1998, Metronome Musik GmbH v Music Point Hokamp GmbH, Case C-200/96.

151

23. es miznebi, faqtobrivad, Seesabamebian gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReo-bas. amdenad, gansakuTrebiT imaze unda mieTiTos, rom literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebze saavtoro uflebis dacva, rac xelSekrulebis 36-e muxlis mixedviT, samewarmeo da komerciul sakuTrebas miekuTvneba, saerTo keTildReobis safuZvlebia, romlebmac saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudvebi SeiZleba gaamarTlos (...).

24. rac Seexeba specialurad procesis mopasuxis mier wamoweul sakiTxs gaqiravebis gansakuTrebuli uflebis mqoneTa wreSi xmis Casaweri sagnebis mwarmoeblis CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT, is gamarTlebulia ukiduresad maRali da riskis Semcveli investiciebis uzrunvelsayofad, rac aucilebelia xmis Casaweri sagnebis warmoebisaTvis da avtoris mier axali nawarmoebebis Semdgomi SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc generalurma advokatma Tavisi daskvnis 26-e punqtSi ganmarta, mwarmoeblisaTvis gansakuTrebuli uflebis miniWeba dacvis efeqturi formaa axali teqnologiebiTa da mekobreobis mzardi safrTxis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac xmis Casaweri nawarmis ukiduresad martivad gamravlebis SesaZlebloba uwyobs xels. aseTi uflebis gareSe ar iqneboda uzrunvelyofili imaTi anazRaureba, romlebic deben investiciebs am produqciis warmoebaSi, rasac yovel SemTxvevaSi axali nawarmoebebis Seqmnis saqmianobaze zegavlena eqneboda.

25. garda amisa, rogorc es monawileebis umravlesobam aRniSna, xmis Casaweri nawarmis mwarmoeblebisaTvis da am nawarmze sxva uflebebis mesakuTreebisaT-vis gansakuTrebuli uflebis miniWebis valdebuleba, romliTac maT saSualeba aqvT, neba darTon an akrZalon am produqciis samewarmeo miznebisaTvis gaq-iraveba, Seesabameba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis savaWro aspeqte-bis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-11 da me-14 muxlebs (TRIPS) (...).

26. amdenad, ar SeiZleba, profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis sayovelTao principi sayovelTao principebisagan damoukideblad iqnes ganmartebuli, rom-lebic inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvasa da am sferoSi gaerTiane-bis da wevri saxelmwifoebis mier aRebul saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv valdeb-ulebebs Seexebian. radgan ar aRmoCnda, rom dasaxuli miznebi iseTi RonisZiebebi-Tac miiRweoda, romlebic xmis Casaweri nawarmis samewarmeo mizniT gaqiravebaze specializebuli pirebis an sawarmoebis profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebas ufro Zlierad daicavdnen, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes araproporciulad da mi-uReblad gaqiravebis gansakuTrebuli uflebis dawesebis Sedegebi.(...)

29. mommarTvel sasamarTlos, amdenad, pasuxi unda gaeces, rom winamdebare sakiTxis gadasinjvam Sedegad ar mogvca iseTi ram, rac direqtivis pirveli muxlis pirveli abzacis namdvilobas Selaxavda.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi SpA Ferriera Valsabbia203:

88. ramdenime momCivani acxadebs, rom fasebis minimumis dadgena, Tu is SenarCundeba, iseT urTierTobamde migviyvans, rom adamianis uflebebisa

203 Judgment of the Court of 18 March 1980, SpA Ferriera Valsabbia and others v Commission of the European Communities, Concrete reinforcement bars, Joined cases 154, 205, 206, 226 to 228, 263 and 264/78, 39, 31, 83 and 85/79.

152

da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis pirvel damatebiT oqmSi asaxuli sakuTrebis uzrunvelyofis darRvevis Sedegad sawarmoebi TavianTi biznesis gareSe darCebian.

89. evropulma sasamarTlom ukve 1974 wlis 14 maisis ganaCenSi saqmeze _ 4/73 (Nold, 1974 wlis krebuli, 491) xazi gausva, rom sakuTrebis uzrunvelyofa ar SeiZleba savaWro interesebis dacvaze iqnes ganvrcobili, romlis bundovane-ba ganekuTvneba ekonomikuri saqmianobis arss. garda amisa, ar aris arc erTi SemTxveva cnobili, romlis drosac sawarmo iZulebuli iqneboda, SeeCerebina saqmianoba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 962/77 gadawyvetilebis gamo.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Zuckerfabrik Süderdithmarschen AG204:

72. duseldorfis finansuri sasamarTlos azriT, sakuTrebaze ZiriTadi ufle-ba da sawarmoebis Tavisufleba aramarTlzomierad Seilaxeboda, Tu sawarmo ver SeZlebda ekonomikuri wlis ganmavlobaSi dagrovebuli gadasaxadebis Ses-abamis ekonomikur welSi miRebuli mogebidan dafarvas, da valdebuli iqneboda daefara is mxolod misi rezervebidan, anu misi Semadgenlobidan.

73. evropulma sasamarTlom ukve gadawyveta (SeadareT gansakuTrebiT 1989 wlis 11 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze _ 265/87, Schraeder, 1989 wlis krebuli, 2237, me-15 punqti), rom sakuTrebis ufleba da profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcieleba, gansakuTrebiT saerTo sabazro organizaciis farglebSi, SezRudvebs SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron, ramdenadac es SezRudvebi, faqtobrivad, gaerTianebis saerTo keTildReobis miznebs Seesabameba da dasaxuli miznis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris araproporciuli da arc miuRebeli Carevaa, romelic ase garantirebul ufle-bebs mis arsebiT nawilSi Seexeba.

74. rogorc gaerTianebulma samefom sworad aRniSna, gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebuleba ar SeiZleba sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevad iqnes miCneuli.

75. amdenad, unda dadgindes, rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebi Saqris mwarmoe-blebis sakuTrebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.

b) gaerTianebis Tavisufleba:

saqme Jean-Marc Bosman205:

79. gaerTianebis TavisuflebasTan (...) mimarTebiT aRiarebul unda iqnes, rom es adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli kon-venciis me-11 muxlSi asaxuli principia, rac wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakon-stitucio tradiciebidan gamomdinareobs da ganekuTvneba im ZiriTad uflebebs, romlebic gaerTianebis samarTlis wesrigSi daculia evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT (...).

204 Judgment of the Court of 21 February 1991, Zuckerfabrik Süderdithmarschen AG v Hauptzollamt Itzehoe and Zuckerfabrik Soest GmbH v Hauptzollamt Paderborn, Joined cases C-143/88 and C-92/89.

205 Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1995, Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club liégeois SA v Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des associations européennes de football (UEFA) v Jean-Marc Bosman; Case C-415/93.

153

g) piradi sferos dacva:

saqme X v. Commission206:

17. (piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis ZiriTadi ufleba) moicavs gansakuTrebiT piris uflebas, saidumlod Seinaxos Tavisi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.

d) sacxovrebeli binis xelSeuxebloba:

saqmeebi _ Hoechst207:

17. radgan momCivani, garda amisa, daeyrdno im aucileblobebs, rac sacxovrebeli binis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi uflebidan gamomdinareobs, unda dadgindes, rom aseTi ufleba fizikuri pirebis piradi sacxovrebeli binisaTvis aRiarebul unda iqnes gaerTianebis samarTlebriv wesrigSi, rogorc wevri saxelmwifoebis samar-Tlis saerTo principi, magram sawarmoebisaTvis ara, radgan wevri saxelmwifoe-bis samarTlebrivi wesrigebi arcTu umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan oficialuri uwyebebis mier am uflebaSi Carevisagan dacvis saxisa da moculobis TvalsazrisiT.

18. sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs aseve adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb evropuli kon-venciis me-8 muxlidan, romlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT, `yovel adamians (...) aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis, misi sacxovrebeli binisa da mimoweris pativiscema~. am muxlis dacvis sfero Seexeba pirovnulobis Tavisu-fal ganviTarebas da amitom ar vrceldeba ofisebze. garda amisa, unda dadgindes, rom amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarT-lo praqtika.

saqme Roquette Freres208:

29. (...) sawarmoebis ofisebis dacvis moculobis dadgenisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Hoechst v. Commission ganaCenis Semdeg adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlos mier miRebuli sasamarTlo praqtika, romlidanac gamomdinareobs, rom, erTi mxriv, sacxovrebeli binis dacva, romelsac adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli Seexeba, garkveul garemoebebSi ofisebzec SeiZleba gavrceldes da, meore mxriv, am Carevis gamarTleba evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT, ufro farTo SeiZleba iyos profesiuli an samsaxurebrivi saqmianobebisaTvis, vidre sxva SemTxvevebSi (...).

e) azris, presis, mediisa da informaciis Tavisufleba:

saqme Familiapress209:

24. Tu wevri saxelmwifo eyrdnoba iZulebiT moTxovnebs, raTa gaamarTlos regulireba, romelmac SesaZlebelia daabrkolos saqonlis Tavisufali gad-

206 Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1994; X v, Commission of the European Communities; Case C-404/92 P.207 ix. me-14 sqolio.208 Judgment of the Court of 22 October 2002, Roquette Frères SA v Directeur général de la concurrence, de la

consommation et de la répression des fraudes, Third party: Commission of the European Communities, Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour de cassation, C-94/00.

209 Judgment of the Court of 26 June 1997, Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Case C-368/95.

154

aadgileba, es gamarTleba, garda amisa, unda ganimartos sayovelTao samarT-lebrivi principebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ZiriTadi uflebebis mixedviT (...).

25. am ZiriTad uflebebs ganekuTvneba adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tav-isuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-19 muxlSi arsebuli azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba (...).

saqme Connolly210:

37. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, ZiriTadi uflebebi ganekuTvnebian sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs, romelTa dacvasac uzrunvelyofs evropuli sasamarTlo. amasTan, evropuli sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonstitucio tradiciebiT da aseve im miTiTebebiT, romlebsac iZlevian adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romelTa dadebaSic wevri saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen da romlebsac isini SeuerTdnen. amasTan, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb evropul konvencias (SeadareT, sxvasTan erTad, aseve 1991 wlis 18 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-260/89, ERT, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-2925, 41-e punqti).

38. es principebi, sxvasTan erTad, asaxulia evropuli kavSiris xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis me-2 abzacSi, romelic adgens: `kavSiri pativs scems ZiriTad ufle-bebs, rogorc es garantirebulia 1950 wlis 4 noembris adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciiT (SemdgomSi _ evropuli konvencia) da rogorc es gamomdinareobs wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonsti-tucio tradiciebidan gaerTianebis samarTlis sayovelTao principebis saxiT.~

39. rogorc adamianis uflebebis evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aris `(demokratiuli sazogadoebis) erT-erTi arsebiTi fundamenti da misi winsvlisa da yoveli individis realizaciis erT-erTi umniS-vnelovanesi winapiroba. evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacis Sesabam-isad, is moqmedebs ara mxolod `informaciebisa~ da `ideebisaTvis~, romelTac Tanxmoba sWirdebaT an romlebic miCneulia uvneblad an umniSvnelod, aramed aseve informaciebisa da ideebis mTeli rigisaTvis, romlebic saxelmwifos an mosaxleobis nawils Seuracxyofas ayeneben, moTminebas akargvineben an xels uSlian. amas moiTxovs, kerZod, pluraluri sazogadoeba, tolerantoba da did-sulovneba, romlis gareSec ar iqneba `demokratiuli~ sazogadoeba~ (adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, Handyside, ganaCenebi 1976 wlis 7 dekembris, seria `a~, #24, $49; Muller 1988 wlis 24 maisi, seria `a~, #133, $33, da Vogt v. Ger-many 1995 wlis 26 seqtemberi, seria `a~, #323, $52).

40. azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis ufleba evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT, SesaZloa SeizRudos, romlis Tanaxmad, am Tavisuflebis ganx-orcieleba valdebulebebTan da pasuxismgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli; amdenad, is SesaZlebelia, daeqvemdebaros formalur normebs, pirobebs, SezRudvebs an sasjelis safrTxeebs, romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis, teritoriuli xel-Seuxeblobis an sajaro usafrTxoebisaTvis, wesrigis SenarCunebis an danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebisaTvis, janmrTelobis an moralis dacvisaTvis, kargi reputaciis

210 Judgment of the Court of 6 March 2001, Bernard Connolly v Commission of the European Communities, Case C-274/99 P.

155

an sxvaTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis, saidumlo informaciebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis an avtoritetisa da marTlmsajulebis dacvisaTvis~.

41. Tumca es SezRudvebi unda ganimartos viwrod. adamianis uflebebis evro-puli sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, Tvisebrivi sityva `aucilebeli~ me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacis Tanaxmad, niSnavs `aucilebel sazogadoebriv moTxovnas~; amis mixedviT, ̀ wevri saxelmwifoebi floben garkveuli gadawyvetilebis miReb-is Tavisuflebas imaze, arsebobs TuU ara es moTxovna~; Tumca Careva ̀ dasaxul gamarTlebul mizanTan swor mimarTebaSi~ unda iyos da ̀ safuZvlebi, romlebsac erovnuli uwyebebi Tavisi gamarTlebisaTvis eyrdnobian~, unda iyos ̀ Sesabamisi da sakmarisi~ (SeadareT gansakuTrebiT ganaCenebi Vogt v. Germany, §52 da Wille v. Liechtenstein 1999 wlis 28 oqtomberi, procesi #28396/95, §§61-63). amasTan, yoveli winaswari SezRudva saWiroebs gansakuTrebul gadasinjvas (SeadareT 1996 wlis 25 noembris ganaCeni Wingrove v. United Kingdom, Reports of Judgments and Decisions, 1996-V, gv. 1957, §§58 da 60).

42. Semdgom amisa, SezRudvebi samarTlebriv normaSi ise zustad unda gaiwe-ros, rom Sesabamis pirebs SeeZloT, Tavisi qceva warmarTon, saTanado kvali-ficiuri rCevis miRebis Semdeg (SeadareT adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasa-marTlo, ganaCeni Sunday Times v. United Kingdom, 1979 wlis 26 aprili, seria `a~, #30, §49).

43. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom ukve gadawyvita, moxeleebi da evropu-li gaerTianebebis mosamsaxureebi sargebloben azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis uflebiT, romlebic gaerTianebis organoebis saqmianobaSi Sedian. es ufleba moicavs Tavisuflebas, gamoxato zepirad an werilobiT Sexedulebebi, romlebic im gaerTianebis organos Sexedulebisgan gansxvavdeba, romelSic is dasaqmebu-lia, anda romlebic umciresobis azrs gamoxataven am organos sawinaaRmdegod.

44. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aseve legitimuria, moxeleebi maTi mdgomare-obis gamo iseT valdebulebebs dauqvemdebaron, rogoric gaTvaliswinebulia statutis me-11 da me-12 muxlebSi. aseTi valdebulebebi, ZiriTadad, dadgenil-ia ndobis urTierTobis SesanarCuneblad, rac unda arsebobdes gaerTianebis organosa da mis moxeleebsa Tu mosamsaxureebs Soris.

45. ar aris sadavo, rom am valdebulebebis moculoba damokidebulia im samsax-uris xasiaTze, sadac Sesabamisi piria dasaqmebuli, an Tanamdebobaze, romel-sac is ikavebs samsaxurebriv ierarqiaSi (SeadareT am TvalsazrisiT adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, ganaCeni Wille v Liechtenstein, §63, da komisiis moxseneba (adamianis uflebebis evropuli komisia) 1984 wlis 11 maisi, saqme Gla-senapp, seria `a~, #104, §124).

46. azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis uflebis ganxorcielebis gansakuTrebuli SezRudvebi, ZiriTadad, legitimuri mizniT SeiZleba gamarTldnen, kerZod, imiT, rom dacul iqnes sxvaTa uflebebi evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacis mixedviT. winamdebare SemTxvevaSi es instituciebis uflebebia, romelTac sayovelTao interesebSi arsebuli amocanebis Sesruleba akisriaT da am amocanebis saTanadod Sesrulebis molodini moqalaqeebs unda hqondeT.

47. debulebebi, romlebic aregulireben evropuli sajaro samsaxurisaTvis dakisrebul valdebulebebsa da mis pasuxismgeblobas, am mizans emsaxurebian.

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amitom sajaro mosamsaxurem gansakuTrebiT statutis me-11, me-12 da me-17 mux-lebidan gamomdinare Tavisi valdebulebebi gaerTianebis im organos mimarT, romelTac is emsaxureba, werilobiT an zepirad azris gamoTqmiT ar unda daarRvios, radgan is ndobis urTierTobas angrevs, romelic mas gaerTianebis am organosTan akavSirebs, da amitom misTvis mogvianebiT Zneli an SeuZlebeli iqneba, moxeleebTan TanamSromlobis gziT Seasrulos dakisrebuli amocanebi.

48. misi kontrolis ganxorcielebisas gaerTianebis sasamarTlom unda gad-aamowmos Sesabamisi SemTxvevis garemoebaTa mixedviT, daculia Tu ara saTana-do balansi azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze erTeulebis ZiriTad uflebasa da gaerTianebis organos im samarTlian interess Soris, rom misma moxeleebma da sxva mosamsaxureebma maTi valdebulebebisa da maTi pasuxismgeblobis dacviT imuSaon.

49. rogorc adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom amasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvi-ta, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, `me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacis TvalsazrisiT, mox-eleebis mier azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs maT valdebulebebsa da pasuxismgeblobas, romlebic amarTleben erovnu-li uwyebebisaTvis garkveuli uflebamosilebis miniWebas, raTa Seafason, aris Tu ara gasaCivrebuli SezRudva zemoT dasaxelebul mizanTan samarTlian mi-marTebaSi~ (SeadareT adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, ganaCenebi _ Vogt v. Germany (...)).

50. am zogadi safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, rogorc es (adamianis uflebaTa evropulma) sasamarTlom gasaCivrebuli ganaCenis 148-edan 155-e punqtebamde moiyvana, ganmartebul da gamoyenebul unda iqnes statutis me-17 muxlis me-2 abzaci.

51. am debulebis mixedviT, gaerTianebebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb teqstebis gamo-qveyneba TanxmobiT xdeba. am Tanxmobaze uaris gancxadeba mxolod maSin SeiZle-ba, Tu mas SeuZlia `Selaxos gaerTianebebis interesebi~. am SemTxvevaSi sabWos regulaciaSi, rogorc uaris erTaderTi safuZveli, aris `sxvaTa uflebebis (...) dacva~. es evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacisa da adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mier azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis SezRudvis gan-martebis mixedviT gamamarTlebeli safuZvelia. amdenad, momCivnis saCivrebi imis Sesaxeb, rom statutis me-17 muxlis me-2 abzaci ar isaxavs legitimur mizans da rom azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis SezRudvisaTvis ar arsebobs sa-marTlebrivi norma, uarsayofia.

52. azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis ZiriTad uflebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba am SemTx-vevaSi arsebuli SezRudva mxolod imiT, rom mas winaswari Tanxmobis forma aqvs, rogorc es sasamarTlom gasaCivrebuli ganaCenis 152-e paragrafSi gadaw-yvita.

53. statutis me-17 muxlis me-2 abzaci erTmniSvnelovnad adgens Tanxmobis gacemis princips, romlis gacemazec uari mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. radgan es debuleba organoebs nebas rTavs, ar gascen Tanxmoba gamoqveynebaze, da amiT qmnis mZime Carevis SesaZleblobas azris gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi, romelic demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebiTi fundamen-tia, is viwrod unda iqnes ganmartebuli da winamdebare ganaCenis 41-e punqtSi wamoyenebuli winapirobebis mkacri dacviT gamoyenebuli. amdenad, gamoqveyne-

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baze Tanxmoba mxolod maSin SeiZleba ar gaices, rodesac aman SesaZloa, gaer-TianebaTa interesebs mZime ziani miayenos.(...)

57. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs aseve, rom Sesabamisma organom statutis me-17 muxlis me-2 abzacis gamoyenebisas unda gaiTvaliswinos gansxvavebuli interesebi da, amasTan, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaerTianebebis interesebis Selaxvis xarisxs unda miaqcios.

saqme Grogan211:

saqmis fabula: am SemTxvevaSi davis sagans Seadgenda sakiTxi, zRudavda Tu ara momsaxurebis gawevis Tavisuflebas is wevri saxelmwifo, sadac akrZaluli iyo orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyveta da sadac studenturi gaerTianebebi avrcelebdnen broSurebs sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi arsebuli im klinikebis saxelebisa da misamarTebis miTiTebiT, romlebic aseT momsaxurebas legalurad eweodnen. evropulma sasamarTlom, gamomdinare iqidan, rom es gaerTianebebi sakuTari surviliT, da ara klinikebis davalebiT, moqmedebdnen, ar dauqvemdebara es SemTxveva evrogaerTianebis samarTals da aRniSna, rom aq sakiTxi ufro metad azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas Seexeboda, romelic am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli sasamarTlos gansjadi iyo.

24. rac, upirvelesad, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxls Seexeba, romelic Tavisuflad momsaxurebis gadaadgilebis yovelgvar SezRudvas krZalavs, ZiriTadi procesis saqmis Semadgenlobidan gamomdinareobs, rom kavSiri studenturi gaerTianebebis (...) saqmianobasa da orsulobis samedicino gziT Sewyvetas Soris, romelic sxva wevri saxelmwifos klinikebSi xorcieldeba, Zalze sustia imisaTvis, rom informaciebis gavrcelebis akrZalva ganvixiloT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlis SezRudvad.

25. Tu am procesis mixedviT, sadavo informaciebis gamavrcelebeli studenturi gaerTianebebi ar muSaoben klinikebTan, romelTa misamarTebs isini aqveyneben, maSin es situacia gansxvavdeba imaTgan, romelTa safuZvelzec evropulma sasamarTlom 1990 wlis 7 martis ganaCenSi saqmeze C-362/88 (GB INNI BM, 1990 wlis krebuli, I-667) azri gamoTqva, rom saqmiani reklamis gavrcelebis akrZalvam SesaZloa Selaxos saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba da amitom eqceva evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e, 31-e da 36-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi.

26. informaciebi, romelTac mommarTveli sasamarTlos SekiTxvebi Seexeba, ar vrceldeba sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri subieqtis davalebiT. ufro metic, isini azrisa da informaciis gavrcelebis Tavisuflebis gamoyenebaa, rac damoukidebelia sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli klinikebis ekonomikuri saqmianobisagan.

27. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yovel SemTxvevaSi informaciebis gavrcelebis akrZalva garemoebebis mixedviT, rogorc am procesSia aRwerili, ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlis SezRudvad. (...)

211 Judgment of the Court of 4 October 1991;The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v Stephen Grogan and others; Case C-159/90; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04685.

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31. rogorc sxvasTan erTad, aseve 1991 18 ivnisis ganaCenidan saqmeze C-260/89 (Elleniki Radiophonia Tileorassi, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-2925, 42-e punqti)) gamomdinareobs, evropulma sasamarTlom winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduris dros, maSin, rodesac erovnuli regulireba gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva, mommarTvel sasamarTlos unda miuTiTos yvela im sainterpretacio kriteriumze, romelic mas sWirdeba, raTa SeZlos im regulirebis ZiriTad uflebebTan Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, romelTac icavs evropuli sasamarTlo da romlebic gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciidan gamomdinareoben. amis sapirispirod mas ar gaaCnia es kompetencia im erovnul regulirebasTan mimarTebiT, romelic gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi ar eqceva. am procesis saqmis Semadgenlobisa da evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e da 62-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferosTan mimarTebiT gakeTebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, mommarTvel sasamarTloSi warmoebuli davis sagani _ akrZalva – swored aseTi SemTxvevaa.

32. amdenad, mommarTveli sasamarTlos meore da mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwifo ar arRvevs gaerTianebis samarTals, rodesac mis mier akrZalulia orsulobis samedicino gziT xelovnurad Sewyveta da ukrZa-lavs studentur gaerTianebebs, gaavrcelon informaciebi sxva wevr saxelm-wifoSi arsebuli klinikebis saxelebisa da misamarTebis Sesaxeb, sadac lega-luria orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyveta, (...) Tu am informaciebis gavrceleba aranairad ar gamomdinareobs Sesabamisi klinikebidan.

saqme Augustin Oyowe and Amadou Traore212:

saqmis fabula: ori redaqtori, romlebic muSaobdnen komisiis mier daarsebuli TanamSromlobis evropul sazogadoebaSi da afrikis, karibisa da wynari okeanis qveynebis sainformacio Jurnals gamoscemdnen, asaCivrebdnen imas, rom ar ganixilebodnen komisiis moxeleebad. isini, aqedan gamomdinare, komisias diskriminaciul mopyrobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. komisiam, sxvasTan erTad, Tavi imarTla imiT, rom maTi moxeleebad daniSvna gansakuTrebuli erTgulebis valdebulebis gamo Seusabamo iqneboda maT saredaqcio saqmianobasTan.

16. (...) gaerTianebis mimarT komisiis moxeleebis, maTi samoxeleo statusis mixed-viT, erTgulebis valdebuleba yovel SemTxvevaSi ise ar unda ganimartos, rom is azris gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan Seusabamoa. es aris ZiriTadi ufleba, romlis dacvasac evropuli sasamarTlo gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis farg-lebSi uzrunvelyofs da es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu igi, rogorc es am SemTxvevaSia, Jurnalistebs exeba, romelTa umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa daweron, sruliad damoukideblad, rogorc afrikis, karibisa da wynari okeanis saxelmwi-foebis, aseve gaerTianebis TvalTaxedvidan.

17. amdenad, dadginda, rom komisiam moxeleebad daniSvnaze momCivnebis ganacx-adis uaryofis gamarTleba ver SeZlo (...).

212 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 13 December 1989; Augustin Oyowe and Amadou Traore v Commission of the European Communities; Case C-100/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 04285.

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v) sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi:

saqme Vivien Prais v. Council of the European Communities213:

6/9. momCivani, upirvelesad, asaCivrebs imas, rom Tavisi religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo misi gancxadebis uaryofiT mas xeli SeeSala, SerCeviT procesSi mieRo monawileoba, da kerZod dairRva statutis 27-e muxlis me-2 abzaci, romlis mixedviTac moxeleebi arCeul unda iqnen rasis, sarwmunoebisa da sqesis miuxedavad. garda amisa, is acxadebs, rom gaerTianebis samarTali krZalavs nebismier diskriminacias religiuri safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, radgan aseTi diskriminaciebi ewinaaRmdegeba adamianTa ZiriTad uflebebs, romelTa dacvasac uzrunvelyofs evropuli sasamarTlo; garda amisa, is adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxlis me-2 abzacs eyrdnoba, romlis mixedviTac: `religiisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba SeizRudos, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebisa, rac aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro usafrTxoebis, sajaro wesrigis, janmrTelobisa da moralis an sxvebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis interesebidan gamomdinare~. (...)(...)

12/19. (...) Tu es Seexeba gamocdebiT (moxelis vakantur Tanamdebobaze) SerCevas, Tanasworuflebianobis principi moiTxovs, rom gamocdebi yvela monawilisaTvis Tanabar pirobebSi Catardes, xolo weriTi gamocdebis SemTxvevaSi, monawileTa samuSaoebis Sedarebis praqtikuli sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, es gamocdebi yvelasTvis Tanabari iyos. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, yvela monawilem weriTi gamocdebi erTsa da imave dros Caabaros. am moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT, monawileebis interesSia, Seafasos, rom gamocdebi ar Catardes maTTvis araxelsayrel dRes. Tu monawile atyobinebs Sesabamis uwyebas, rom religiuri cneba mas xels uSlis, garkveul dReebSi monawileoba miiRos gamocdebSi, maSin uwyebam mas angariSi unda gauwios da sagamocdo dRis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisas unda Seecados, aseTi TariRebis daniSvna Tavidan aicilos (...). marTalia, sasurvelia, Sesabamisma uwyebam zogadad informacia moipovos im TariRebis Sesaxeb, romlebic, religiuri safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, ar aris daSvebuli, da am TariRebSi gamocdebis daniSvnis Tavidan aridebas Seecados; Tumca, dasaxelebuli safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, ar unda moxdes imiT xelmZRvaneloba, rom samoxeleo statuti an dasaxelebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi damniSnav uwyebas valdebulebas akisreben, Tavidan airidos im religiur moTxovnasTan konfliqti, romlis Taobazec isini ar yofilan gafrTxilebulni. (...)

saqme Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany214:

5. 1612/68 direqtivis me-10 muxlis pirveli da me-2 abzacebi droebiT sxvadasxva adgilze dasaqmebulis ojaxis wevrebs aniWebs uflebas, icxovros dasaqmebulis binaSi misi samuSao adgilis wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze, Tu es dasaqmebuli erTi wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqea; me-10 muxlis me-3 abzacis

213 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 27 October 1976, Vivien Prais v Council of the European Communities, Case 130-75.

214 Judgment of the Court of 18 May 1989, Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany, Case 249/86.

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mixedviT, `pirveli da me-2 abzacebis gamoyenebis winapirobaa (...) is, rom Tavisi ojaxisaTvis dasaqmebuli misi samuSao adgilis saxelmwifoSi arsebuli iseTi biniT unda sargeblobdes, rogoric Seesabameba samuSao adgilis saxelmwifos dasaqmebuli moqalaqis normalur moTxovnilebebs; am debulebam ar unda gamoiwvios samuSao adgilis saxelmwifos dasaqmebul moqalaqeebsa da gaerTianebis sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis dasaqmebulebs Soris diskriminacia~. mxareebi am debulebis ganmartebas sadavod xdian.(...)

8. sabWos 1612/68 regulacia ufro dawvrilebiT ganmartavs dasaqmebulTa Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis principis Sinaarss, rogorc es evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e da 49-e muxlebSia asaxuli. amitom regulacia evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis dasaxelebuli debulebebis TvalsazrisiT unda iqnes ganmartebuli, romlis mixedviTac yvela aucilebeli RonisZieba unda iqnes miRebuli, raTa dasaqmeb-ulebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis sakiTxi progresulad daregulirdes.

9. aseve evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis 1976 wlis 8 aprilis ganaCenSi saqmeze 48/75 (Royer, 1976 wlis krebuli, 497) gadawyvita, rom wevri saxelmwifos mo-qalaqeebis ufleba, Sevidnen sxva wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze da darCnen iq xelSekrulebiT dasaxelebuli miznebiT – gansakuTrebiT imis-aTvis, rom moZebnon iq damoukidebeli Tu damokidebuli saqmianoba, an ganax-orcielon aseTi saqmianoba, an iyvnen meuRlesTan Tu ojaxis sxva wevrebTan, gamomdinareobs uSualod xelSekrulebidan an, saqmis mdgomareobis mixedviT, misi aRsrulebisaTvis miRebuli debulebebidan da, Sedegad, es uflebebi ar-sebobs wevri saxelmwifos kompetenturi uwyebis mier binadrobis nebarTvis gacemisagan damoukideblad.

10. Semdgom, 1612/68 regulacia unda ganimartos adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlSi dasaxelebuli ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemaze uflebis WrilSi. es ufleba ganekuTvneba ZiriTad uflebebs, romlebic erTiani evropuli aqtebis preambu-laSi dadasturebulia da mudmivi evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikiT gaerTiane-bis samarTliTaa aRiarebuli.

11. sabolood, 1612/68 regulaciis me-10 muxlis me-3 abzaci, am regulaciis sistemisa da miznis mixedviT, unda ganimartos. amaTi saerTo kavSiridan gamom-dinareobs, rom dasaqmebulis ojaxis wevrebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis in-teresebisaTvis sabWo, erTi mxriv, daeyrdno imas, rom, adamianuri Tvalsaz-risidan gamomdinare, dasaqmebulisaTvis mniSvnelovania Tavis ojaxTan erTad cxovreba da, meore mxriv, dasaqmebulisa da misi ojaxis integracia mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi mniSvnelovania, am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan Tanasworu-flebianobis nebismieri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.

saqme Dieter Krombach and André Bamberski215:

25. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, ZiriTadi uflebebi ganekuTvnebian sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs, romelTa dacvasac uzrunvelyofs ev-ropuli sasamarTlo (...).

215 Judgment of the Court of 28 March 2000, Dieter Krombach and André Bamberski, Case C-7/98.

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26. amgvarad, evropulma sasamarTlom naTlad aRiara am ZiriTadi uflebebidan ganviTarebuli gaerTianebis sayovelTao samarTlebrivi principi, rom yovel pirs aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos samarTliani sasamarTlo procesi (...).(...)

42. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan, romelic zemoT 25-e punqtSi asaxuli principebis safuZvelze ganviTarda, (...) gamomdinareobs, rom dacvis uflebe-bis ganxorcieleba nebismier sasamarTlo procesSi, romelmac SeiZleba gam-oiwvios Sesabamisi pirisaTvis damamZimebeli RonisZiebis miReba, gaerTianebis samarTlis fundamenturi principia, romelic maSinac unda iqnes uzrunvelyo-fili, roca sadavo procedurisaTvis regulirebis wesi ar arsebobs (...).

43. evropulma sasamarTlom aseve gadawyvita, rom SeTanxmebam, marTalia, unda uzrunvelyos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis ormxrivi aRiarebisa da aR-srulebis formalobebis gamartiveba, magram am miznis miRweva ar SeiZleba sa-marTlebriv mosmenaze moTxovnis uflebis SelaxviT (...).

2. ZiriTadi uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis kolizia

saqme Familiapress216:

saqmis fabula: warmodgenili sakiTxis Seswavlidan irkveoda, rom avstriaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, kerZod ki konkurenciis sakanonmdeblo regulirebiT, ikrZaleboda periodul gamocemebSi momgebiani gamocanebis an TamaSebis dabeWdva. germanuli kanonmdebloba amas ar krZalavda. germanuli gamomcemloba, romelic Tavis gamocemebSi xSirad iyenebda maRalfasiani prizebis gaTamaSebisaTvis Sesabamis gamocanebs, amas miiCnevda saqonlis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad. avstriis mTavroba irwmuneboda, rom avstriaSi perioduli gamocemebi koncentrirebuli iyo, da amgvari TamaSebis daSveba aSkarad araTanabar pirobebSi Caayenebda msxvil da wvril gamomcemlobebs, es ukanasknelni ki ver gauZlebdnen konkurencias da bazridan gaqrebodnen.

18. mediis mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba SesaZloa, savaldebulo aucile-blobaa, romelic saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudvas amarT-lebs. mravalferovnebas wvlili Seaqvs, kerZod, azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis uflebis dacvaSi, romelic adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxliTaa daculi da romelsac gaerTiane-bis samarTlebrivi wesrigiT daculi ZiriTadi uflebebi ganekuTvneba (...).

19. aseTi erovnuli normebi mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT (...) mx-olod maSinaa dasaSvebi, rodesac is dasaxul mizanTan Tanazomieria da rode-sac es mizani ver miiRweva RonisZiebiT, romelic SidagaerTianebis savaWro urTierTobas naklebad zRudavs.(...)

216 ix. 209-e sqolio.

162

24. maSin, rodesac wevri saxelmwifo eyrdnoba savaldebulo aucileblobas, raTa gamarTlebul iqnes regulireba, romelmac SesaZloa saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba Selaxos, is sxvasTan erTad unda ganimartos sayovelTao samarTlebrivi principebisa da gansakuTrebiT ZiriTadi uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. (...)

25. am ZiriTad uflebebs miekuTvneba adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-10 muxlSi asaxuli azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba (...).

26. iseTi gazeTebis gayidvis akrZalvam, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian prizebis gaTamaSebaSi monawileobas, SesaZloa, Selaxos azris Tavisufleba. Tumca ada-mianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli kon-venciis me-10 muxli uSvebs am Tavisuflebidan gamonaklisebs mediis mraval-ferovnebis SenarCunebis mizniT, Tu is kanoniTaa mowesrigebuli da demokra-tiul sazogadoebaSi aucilebelia (...).

27. amdenad, me-19-26-e punqtebSi gamoxatuli mosazrebebis safuZvelze gamokv-leul unda iqnes, aris Tu ara am sasamarTlo procesSi sadavo erovnuli akrZalva mediis mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis Tanazomieri da es mizani SeiZleba Tu ara miiRwes RonisZiebebiT, romlebic SidagaerTianebis savaWro urTierTobas, aseve azris Tavisuflebas naklebad zRudaven.

28. am mizniT, erTi mxriv, gamokvleul unda iqnes, arian Tu ara gazeTebi, rom-lebic saprizo gaTamaSebebiT, gamocanebisa Tu momgebiani TamaSebis farglebSi mogebis Sanss iZlevian, beWdviTi mediis sxva mcire sawarmoebTan konkurenciaSi, romelTaganac ivaraudeba, rom maT ar SeuZliaT Sesabamisi prizebis daweseba, da romlebsac surT, sadavo regulirebis dacva, meore mxriv, SeiZleba Tu ara aseTma momgebianma Sansma myidveli moizidos, ramac moTxovnis gadanawileba SeiZleba gamoiwvios.

29. erovnuli sasamarTlos saqmea, avstriis presis bazris Seswavlis safuZ-velze Seafasos, sruldeba Tu ara es winapirobebi.

30. am Seswavlis farglebSi Sesabamisi produqciis bazari unda gaimijnos da sa-bazro wili, romlebsac erTeuli gamomcemlebi Tu presis koncernebi floben, aseve gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes.

31. amasTan, erovnulma sasamarTlom garemoebaTa mTeli rigis safuZvelze, – rogorebicaa: reklama ydaze, romelic mogebis Sansebze miuTiTebs; mogebis al-baToba; prizis Rirebuleba; amocanis gadaWraze mogebis damokidebuleba, rac garkveul fantazias, moqnilobasa Tu codnas moiTxovs; _ romlebmac SeiZleba Sesyidvis gadawyvetilebaze zegavlena moaxdinon, unda Seafasos, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, am produqtma momxmareblis TvalSi Secvalos is gazeTebi, rom-lebic ar sTavazoben maT raime saxis mogebis Sansebs.

32. belgiisa da niderlandebis mTavroba gamoxatavs azrs, rom avstriis kanon-mdebels SeeZlo mieRo iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis uflebas naklebad Selaxavda, vidre im gazeTebis gasaRebis pirdapir akrZalva, romlebic mogebis Sansebs iZleoda; magaliTad avstriisaT-vis gansazRvrul gamocemaSi im gverdis gaSaveba an Camocileba, romelzec gan-Tavsebulia momgebiani TamaSi an miTiTeba, rom mogebis Sansi avstriis mkiTx-

163

velebze ar vrceldeba.

33. aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, rom sadavo akrZalva gazeTebis brunvaSi gaS-vebas ewinaaRmdegeba, romlis drosac aseTi RonisZiebebi iqna gamoyenebuli. Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo daadgens, rom mainc aseT SemTxvevasTan aqvs saqme, akrZalva iqneboda araproporciuli.

34. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, erovnul sasamarTlos pasuxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi normebis gamoyeneba, romelTa mixed-viTac mis teritoriaze sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi warmoebuli perioduli gazeTis gasaReba am saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli sawarmos mier akrZalulia, imis gamo rom es gazeTi saprizo gamocanebsa Tu momgebian TamaSebs Seicavs, rac ukanasknelad dasaxelebul saxelmwifoSi marTlzomieradaa Sefasebuli, ar ewinaaRmdegeba ev-ropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 30-e muxls, Tu es akrZalva mediis mraval-ferovnebis SenarCunebasTan Sesabamis proporciaSia da es mizani RonisZiebebiT ver miiRweva, romlebic ufro naklebad SemzRudavia. es gansakuTrebiT ganapi-robebs imas, rom gazeTebis, romlebic momgebiani TamaSebis, gamocanebisa Tu pri-zebis gamocxadebebis farglebSi mogebis Sansebs iZlevian, beWdviTi mediis sxva ufro mcire sawarmoebTan konkurenciaSi imyofebian, romelTaganac ivaraudeba, rom maT Sesabamisi prizebis daweseba ar SeuZliaT, da rom mogebis aseTma Sansma moTxovnis gadanawileba SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Semdgom erovnuli akrZalva ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes gazeTebis brunvaSi gaSvebas, romlebic, prizebis gaTa-maSebas, gamocanebsa Tu momgebian TamaSebs Seicavs, Tumca mkiTxvelebs Sesabamis wevr saxelmwifoSi aseTi mogebis Sanss ar aZlevs. erovnuli sasamarTlos saqmea, Sesabamisi erovnuli presis bazris gamokvlevis safuZvelze gadawyvitos, aris Tu ara es winapirobebi Sesrulebuli.

saqme Terrapin (Overseas) Ltd. V. Terranova217:

5. saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis normebis safuZvelze, gansakuTrebiT ki 30-e muxlis mixedviT, importze raodenobrivi SezRudvebi da yvela analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebi wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris akrZalulia. 36-e muxlis mixedviT, ar ewinaaRmdegeba importze akrZalvebsa da SezRudvebs iseTi debulebebi, romlebic samewarmeo da komerciuli sakuTrebis dacvis interesebiTaa gamarTlebuli. amasTan, am muxlis Sinaarsidan da mdebareobidan gamomdinareobs, rom xelSekruleba, marTalia, wevri saxelmwifos erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samewarmeo uflebebis dacvis arsebobas ar Seexeba, magram am uflebebis ganxorcieleba, garemoebebis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis akrZalviTi normebiT SeiZleba SeizRudos.

saqme Sirena S.r.l. v. Eda S.r.l. and others218:

5. saqonlis Tavisuflad mimoqcevis Sesaxeb normebis sferoSi 36-e muxli uSvebs importis akrZalvasa da importze SezRudvebs, romlebic gamarTlebulia samewarmeo da komerciuli sakuTrebis dacvis safuZvlebiT. es mxolod im mkafio pirobiT, rom `isini ar unda iyvnen wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis SezRudvis arc TviTneburi diskriminacia da arc faruli SezRudva~.

217 Judgment of the Court of 22 June 1976, Terrapin (Overseas) Ltd. v Terranova Industrie CA Kapferer & Co, Case 119-75.

218 Judgment of the Court of 18 February 1971, Sirena S.r.l. v Eda S.r.l. and others, Case 40-70.

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36-e muxli, marTalia, ganekuTvneba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaSi raodenobrivi SezRudvebis Sesaxeb Tavs, Tumca is im principis gamoxatulebaa, romelic sakonkurencio samarTalSi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes. miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebis 85-e da 86-e muxlebi wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli samewarmeo dacvis uflebebs ar exeba, SesaZlebelia, am uflebebis dacva am normebSi dasaxelebul akrZalvebSi moeqces.

meoTxe nawili

ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi

Sida bazris ideis gansaxorcieleblad erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia saqonlis, pirebis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgileba. aRniSnuli evropis gaerTianebis samarTalSi cnobilia ZiriTadi Tavisufle-bebis saxeliT.

I. saqonlis Tavisufali gadaadgileba:

1. saqonlis cneba:

saqme xelovnebis nawarmoebebi I219:

xelSekrulebis me-9 muxlis Sesabamisad, gaerTianebis safuZveli aris sabaJo kavSiri, `romelic saqonlis mTel mimoqcevaze vrceldeba~. saqoneli, am normis mixedviT, gulisxmobs produqcias, romelsac fuladi Rirebuleba aqvs da amitom savaWro garigebebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos.

saqmeSi Giuseppe Sacchi220:

4. orive pirveli SekiTxva Seexeba imas, gamoiyeneba Tu ara saerTo bazris far-glebSi saqonlis Tavisufali moZraobis principi satelevizio gadacemebTan mimarTebiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es maT ekonomikur aspeqtebs exeba, da arRvevs Tu ara am princips erTi wevri saxelmwifos mier saaqcio sazogadoe-bisaTvis miniWebuli erTpirovnuli ufleba, gaaSuqos nebismieri saxis satele-vizio gadacemebi, maT Soris sareklamo miznebisTvisac.

5. pasuxi damokidebulia sakiTxis winaswar garkvevaze, uTanabrdeba Tu ara satelevizio gadacemebi produqcias, anu saqonels, me-3 muxlis ̀ a~ da me-9 mux-lis mixedviT, da aseve xelSekrulebis meore nawilis I Tavis dasaxelebas.

6. xelSekrulebaSi naTlad gamoxatuli sawinaaRmdego debulebebis ararsebobis gamo satelevizio gadacemebi Tavisi bunebiT unda ganixilebodes rogorc mom-saxureba. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom momsaxurebebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, garkveuli gadasaxadis gadaxdis safuZvelze gaiweva, saqonlis Tavisu-fali moZraobis Sesaxeb debulebebis moqmedebis arealSi moeqcnen. Tumca me-60 muxlis mixedviT, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac isini am debulebebis moqmedebis farglebSi eqcevian. Sesabamisad, satelevizio gadacemebi, rogorc aseTi, sare-

219 Judgment of the Court of 10 December 1968; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 7-68.220 Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1974; Giuseppe Sacchi; Case 155-73; European Court reports 1974 Page 00409.

165

klamo miznebis CaTvliT, momsaxurebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebis mo-qmedebis farglebSi eqceva.

7/8. amis sapirispirod, sxva nivTebiT, xmovani firebiTa da sxva produqciiT vaWroba, romelic satelevizio gadacemebisaTvis gamoiyeneba, saqonlis Tav-isufali moZraobis Sesaxeb debulebebs eqvemdebareba.

saqme ASBL Vereniging van Vlaamse Reisbureaus221:

28. am SekiTxvasTan mimarTebiT erovnul sasamarTlos ainteresebs, Seesabamebian Tu ara sadavo belgiuri debulebebi, turistul biuroebs Soris, turistul saagentoebsa da turistul mogzaurobaTa ganmaxorcieleblebs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e da 34-e muxlebs.

29. amasTan. imaze unda mieTiTos, rom 30-e da 34-e muxlebi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis pirvel nawils ganekuTvnebian, rac saqonlis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas Seexeba. amis mixedviT, wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris akrZalulia importsa da eqsportze raodenobrivi SezRudvebi da analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebi.

30. gamomdinare iqidan, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxli Seexeba mxolod saxelmwifoebriv RonisZiebebs da ara sawarmoTa moqmedebebs, gadasasinjia, Seesabameba Tu ara iseTi erovnuli debulebebi, rogorebic am saqmeSi figurireben, am muxlebs.

31. amgvar erovnul debulebebTan mimarTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom isini arc miznad isaxaven da arc iwveven wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonlis moZraobis SezRudvas.

32. mogzaurobebi, Sesabamis profesiul jgufebSi misTvis gamoyenebuli dasaxelebis miuxedavad, aris saqoneli da ara momsaxurebebi. amdenad, debulebebi, rogorebicaa sadavo belgiuri normebi, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e an 34-e muxlebTan Seusabamod.

saqme Regina v Ernest George Thompson222:

23/25. gansakuTrebiT 106-e muxli valdebulebas akisrebs `TiToeul wevr saxelmwifos (...), neba darTon saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis moZraobaze dawesebuli gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa aseve im wevri saxelmwifos valutiT, romelSic dafuZnebulia kreditori an mosargeble, aseve neba darTon kapitalisa da gasamrjeloebis transfers, ramdenadac am xelSekrulebiT wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris liberalizebulia saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da pirebis moZraoba.~ am debulebam unda uzrunvelyos gadaxdebi, romlebic kapitalis moZraobis liberalizaciisaTvis da aseve saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da pirebis Tavisuflad moZraobisaTvisaa aucilebeli. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom gadaxdis saSualeba xelSekrulebis sistemaSi ganxiluli ar unda iqnes

221 Judgment of the Court of 1 October 1987; ASBL Vereniging van Vlaamse Reisbureaus v ASBL Sociale Dienst van de Plaatselijke en Gewestelijke Overheidsdiensten; Case 311/85; European Court reports 1987 Page 03801.

222 Judgment of the Court of 23 November 1978; Regina v Ernest George Thompson, Brian Albert Johnson and Colin Alex Norman Woodiwiss; Reference for a preliminary ruling: Court of Appeal (England) - United Kingdom; Case 7/78; European Court reports 1978 Page 02247.

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rogorc saqoneli, romelic xelSekrulebis 30-e-37-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva.

26. xurdebi vercxlis SenarevebiT, romlebic wevr saxelmwifoSi kanonieri gadaxdis saSualebaa, Tavisi SinaarsiT gadaxdis saSualebad unda iqnes miCneuli; aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom maTi transferi xelSekrulebis 30-e-37-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi ar eqceva.

27/28. miuxedavad imisa, rom bundovania, ramdenadaa (konkretuli) moneta kano-niT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaxdis saSualeba, naTelia, rom am monetebiT vaWroba wevri saxelmwifoebis savaluto bazarze daSvebulia da, Sesabamisad, maT fulis funqcia aqvT. maTi transferic, Sesabamisad, klasificirebul unda iqnes rogorc gadaxdebi, romlebic ar eqcevian xelSekrulebis 30-e-37-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi.(...)

30/31. pirveli `g~ SekiTxva Seexeba wevri saxelmwifos vercxlis minarevebian monetebs, romlebic am wevr saxelmwifoSi gadaxdis kanonieri saSualeba iyo, da aRar aqvT es funqcia da arc ganadgurebas eqvemdebarebian. aseTi monetebi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes gadaxdis saSualebad zemoT dasaxelebuli gagebiT, maTi klasificireba SeiZleba saqonlad, romelic xelSekrulebis 30-e-37-e muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva.

saqme Commission v. Kingdom of Belgium223:

23. udavoa, rom meoradi gadamuSavebisa da meoradi gamoyenebis narCenebs Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Semdeg sakuTari savaWro Rirebuleba aqvT da aris saqoneli, romlis mimarTac moqmedebs xelSekruleba. isini amgvarad evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e da Semdgomi muxlebis moqmedebis sferoSi eqcevian.

24. amis sapirispirod, evropul sasamarTloSi dava iyo, ganixilebian Tu ara saqonlad evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e mux-lis mixedviT is narCenebi, romlebic ar miiRebian meoradi gadamuSavebisa da meoradi gamoyenebis Sedegad, imdenad, ramdenadac maT ar gaaCniaT savaWro Rirebuleba da, Sedegad, ar SeiZleba iyvnen nasyidobis xelSekrulebis sagani. aseTi narCenebis ganadgurebisa Tu dasawyobebis procesebi xelSekrulebis momsaxurebis Tavisuflad moZraobis Sesaxeb debulebebSi eqceva.

26. am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod sakmarisia imaze miTiTeba, rom sagnebi, rom-lebic savaWro garigebebis TvalsazrisiT sazRvarze gadaitaneba, miuxedavad am garigebebis xasiaTisa, 30-e muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi eqcevian.

27. rogorc es evropul sasamarTloSi iqna warmodgenili, meoradi gamoyenebisa da arameoradi gamoyenebis narCenebs Soris gansxvaveba, praqtikuli Tvalsaz-risidan gamomdinare, Zalze Znelia, rac gansakuTrebiT sazRvarze kontrols Seexeba. aseTi gansxvaveba, kerZod, eyrdnoba bundovan kriteriumebs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi teqnikuri progresis mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos. amasTan, narCenebis gamoyeneba damokidebulia gadamuSavebis xarjebze da amiT meoradi gamoyenebis rentabelurobaze, ase rom, am sakiTxis Sefaseba aucileblad subieq-

223 Judgment of the Court of 9 July 1992; Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium; Case C-2/90; European Court reports 1992 Page I-04431.

167

turia da damokidebulia cvlad faqtorebze.

28. Sesabamisad, narCenebi, aris meoradi gamoyenebis Tu ara, unda CaiTvalos produqciad, romelTa moZraoba, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT, ZiriTadad, ar SeiZleba SeizRudos.

sayuradReboa evrokavSiris 1992 wlis 12 oqtombris regulaciiT 2913/92 gaT-valiswinebuli debulebebi saqonlis warmoSobis adgilTan dakavSirebiT:

muxli 4

7. gaerTianebis saqoneli:- saqoneli, romelic 23-e muxlSi dasaxelebuli winapirobebiT, mTlianad

gaerTianebis sabaJo teritoriazea mopovebuli an warmoebuli, ise, rom maT ar aqvT damatebuli gaerTianebis sabaJo teritoriis gareT arsebuli qveynebisa Tu mxareebidan importirebuli saqoneli. (...)

- saqoneli, romelic gadayvanilia sabaJo, samarTlebrivad Tavisufal, mi-moqcevaSi da importirebulia im qveynebidan Tu mxareebidan, romlebic ar Sedian gaerTianebis sabaJo teritoriis farglebSi;

- saqoneli, romelic gaerTianebis sabaJo teritoriaze an mxolod meore abzacSi dasaxelebuli saqonlis gamoyenebiT an pirvel or abzacSi dasaxele-buli saqonlis gamoyenebiTaa mopovebuli an warmoebuli;(...)

muxli 23

(1) warmoSobis qveynis saqonelia, romelic mTlianad am qveyanaSia mopovebuli an warmoebuli.

(2) mTlianad qveyanaSi mopovebuli an warmoebuli saqonelia:a) mineraluri nivTierebebi, romlebic am qveyanaSia mopovebuli;b) mcenareuli produqcia, romelic qveyanaSia moyvanili;g) cocxali cxovelebi, romlebic am qveyanaSi daibadnen an gamoiCeknen da

gaizardnen;d) produqcia, romelic am qveyanaSi arsebuli cocxali cxovelebisagan mi-

iReba;e) nanadirevi da daWerili Tevzi, romlebic am qveyanaSia mopovebuli;v) zRvaSi TevzWeriT mopovebuli produqcia da zRvis sxva produqcia, rom-

lebic qveynis Sida wylebis gareT gemidanaa daWerili da romlebic am qveynis gemebis reestrSia daregistrirebuli an Setanili da am qveynis droSis qveS dacuraven;

z) saqoneli, romelic Tevzis gadamamuSavebel gemze v qvepunqtSi dasaxele-buli produqciidan aris warmoebuli, Seiqmna am qveyanaSi, Tu es Tevzis gadamamuSavebeli gemi am qveynis gemebis reestrSia daregistrirebuli an Setanili da am qveynis droSis qveS dacuraven;

T) produqcia, romelic zRvis fskeridan an zRvis fskeris qvemodan Sida wylebis gareTaa mopovebuli, Tu es qveyana zRvis am fskeris Tu fsker-is qvemoT arsebuli resursebiT sargeblobis gansakuTrebul uflebebs flobs;

i) naSTi da narCenebi, romlebic rCeba warmoebis procesSi, da Zveli nivTebi, Tu isini am qveyanaSia Segrovebuli da mxolod bunebrivi resursebis mop-

168

ovebisaTvis SeiZleba gamodgnen;k) saqoneli, romelic am qveyanaSi mxolod `a~-dan `i~ qvepunqtebis CaTvliT

am qvepunqtebSi dasaxelebuli saqonlidan an warmoebis nebismier doneze maTi saboloo produqciidanaa warmoebuli.

(3) me-2 abzacis mixedviT, `qveynis~ cneba moicavs am qveynis Sida wylebs.

muxli 24

saqonlis, romlis warmoebaSic ori an meti qveyana monawileobda, warmoSo-bis qveyanaa is, romelSic bolo arsebiTi da ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli da-muSaveba an gadamuSaveba moxda, rac ganaxorciela amisaTvis Seqmnilma sawarmom da awarmoa axali produqcia, an rac warmoebis mniSvnelovani safexuria.

saqme Brother International GmbH224:

saqmis fabula: `Brother International~-s 1984 da 1985 wlebSi taivanidan germani-is federaciul respublikaSi Semohqonda eleqtronuli saweri danadgarebi, romelTac igi aregistrirebda rogorc taivanSi warmoebul saqonels. 1986 wlis seqtemberSi ganxorcielebuli Semowmebis Semdeg germaniis Sesabamisi uw-yebebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom am sawarmos mier taivanidan Semotanili nawarmi miCneuli unda yofiliyo sinamdvileSi iaponiaSi warmoebul saqonlad da amiT is moeqceoda iaponiaSi warmoebuli eleqtronuli saweri danadgarebis impor-tze antidempinguri baJis Sesaxeb sabWos mier gamocemuli regulaciis moq-medebis sferoSi. gisenis mTavarma sabaJo samsaxurma sawarmosagan moiTxova 3 210 277, 83 germanuli markis odenobis antidempinguri baJis gadaxda.

`Brother International~-ma es moTxovna gaasaCivra da finansur sakiTxebze hesenis sasamarTlosgan moiTxova aRsrulebis gauqmeba. igi Tavis moTxovnas asabuTeb-da imiT, rom taivanSi srulyofilad aRWurvili fabrika iyo, romelSic, arse-biTad, iaponiaSi warmoebuli da taivanSi Setanili calkeuli nawilebis monta-Ji xdeboda da mza produqcia iqmneboda. Sesabamisad, es danadgarebi miCneuli unda yofiliyo taivanSi warmoebulad. antidempinguri sabaJo regulirebi-saTvis gverdis avlad ar SeiZleboda es CaTvliliyo, radgan am regulirebis SemoRebamde, 1982 wlidan arsebobda es fabrika da maSinac amgvarad SehqondaT germaniaSi saweri danadgarebi. mTavari sabaJo samsaxuris SexedulebiT, ta-ivanSi arsebuli fabrika mxolod `saxraxnisis fabrika~ iyo, radgan iq bolos da bolos mxolod calkeuli nawilebis gaxsna da SeerTeba xdeboda. es samuSao ar iyo arsebiTi da arc ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli, imisaTvis, rom am da-muSavebisa Tu gadamuSavebis adgili miCneuliyo warmoebis adgilad.

11. pirveli kiTxviT mommarTvel sasamarTlos surs icodes, ra winapirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT aris sakmarisi winaswar sxva qveyanaSi damzadebuli calkeuli nawilebis mxolod montaJi, rom amgvarad warmoebuli produqcia miCneul iqnes im qveyanaSi warmoebulad, sadac moxda montaJi.(...)

13. Brother International-is SexedulebiT, regulaciis me-5 muxli (#802/68; Seesa-bameba dRes moqmedi regulaciis 24-e muxls) teqnikuri xasiaTis kriteriumebs adgens da montaJi gadamuSavebis klasikuri procesia am normis mixedviT, Tu

224 Judgment of the Court of 13 December 1989; Brother International GmbH v Hauptzollamt Gießen; Case C-26/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 04253.

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calkeuli nawilebisagan axali Sinaarsobrivad mTliani produqcia warmoiSoba, rogorc es am SemTxvevaSia. (...)

14. komisiis SexedulebiT, amis sapirispirod mxolod winaswar damzadebuli calkeuli nawilebis montaJi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arsebiT damuSavebad an gadamuSavebad regulaciis me-5 muxlis mixedviT, rodesac es procesi gasawevi samuSaos, sagnobrivi danaxarjisa da miRebuli Rirebulebis mixedviT ufro naklebi mniSvnelobisaa, vidre sxva qveyanasa Tu qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli damuSaveba-gadamuSavebis procesebi.

15. evropuli sasamarTlos ganmartebiT regulaciis me-5 muxlidan gamom-dinareobs, rom gadamwyveti kriteriumi bolo arsebiTi damuSaveba-gadamuSave-baa. (...)

16. regulaciis me-5 muxli ar aregulirebs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli m on taJis procedura arsebiTi damuSaveba-gadamuSaveba iyos. kiotos SeTanxmebis me-6 mux-li (sabaJo procedurebis gamartivebisa da harmonizebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba) ayalibebs:

`araarsebiTi damuSaveba-gadamuSavebaa samuSao procesebi, romlebsac mcired SeaqvT wvlili saqonlis arsebiT niSnebsa Tu TaviseburebebSi, gansakuTrebiT iseTebi, romlebic mxolod erTi an ramdenime momdevno procesebisagan Sedgeba: martivi awyobiTi samuSaoebi;(...)~

17. martivia awyobiTi samuSaoebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven gansakuTre bu lad k valificiur samuSao Zalas da arc maRalganviTarebul danadgarebs, gansa-kuTrebiT arc montaJisaTvis aRWurvil fabrikebs. aseTi procesebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT procesebad, romlebsac Sesabamisi saqonlis arsebiTi niSnebisa Tu Taviseburebebis SeqmnaSi wvlili SeaqvT.(...)

19. montaJis adgili SeiZleba iyos warmoebis adgili maSin, rodesac is, teqnikuri da aseve Sesabamisi saqonlis definiciis TvalsazrisiT, warmoebis gadamwyveti fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSi (...) saqonels gansakuTrebuli xarisxobrivi Tavise-bureba eniWeba (...).

20. montaJis cnebaSi arsebuli procedurebis mravalricxovnebisas SesaZlebelia moiazrebodes iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saqonlis warmoebis adgilis dadgena teqnikuri kriteriumebiT ar xerxdeba. am SemTxvevebSi dasaxmareblad montaJiT miRebuli Rirebulebis kriteriumi unda wamoiwios win.

21. am kriteriumis mniSvneloba, sxvaTa Soris, kiotos SeTanxmebiTac dasturdeba; am SeTanxmebis d.1 danarTis me-3 muxlis SeniSvnaSi gaTvaliswinebulia, rom arse-biTi gadamuSavebis kriteriumi praqtikaSi, rogorc wesi, Rirebulebis procen-tul wilze SeiZleba movides, Tu gamoyenebuli saqonlis saerTo Rirebulebis es procentuli wili an RirebulebiTi namatis procentuli wili garkveul raode-nobas Seadgens.

22. am kriteriumis gamoyenebisas da, gansakuTrebiT, SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemi-sas, ramdens unda Seadgendes RirebulebiTi namati, raTa ganisazRvros am saqon-lis warmoSobis adgili, imiT unda vixelmZRvaneloT, rom montaJis procesebma

170

mTlianobaSi saboloo produqciis savaWro Rirebulebis sagrZnobi amaRleba unda gamoiwvios. amdenad, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gadasamowmebelia, ama-rTlebs Tu ara montaJis qveyanaSi RirebulebiTi namatis odenoba sxva saxelm-wifoebSi RirebulebiT namatTan SedarebiT, imisaTvis, rom montaJis qveyana miC-neul iqnes warmoSobis qveynad.

23. Tu saqonlis warmoebaSi monawileobs mxolod ori qveyana da teqnikuri kri-teriumebiT Semowmeba aRmoCndeba gamousadegari saqonlis warmoSobis adgilis dasadgenad, maSin am saqonlis mxolod montaJi am qveyanaSi winaswar sxva qveyanaSi damzadebuli calkeuli nawilebiT ar aris sakmarisi imis dasadgenad, rom war-moebuli produqciis warmoSobis adgili is qveyanaa, sadac montaJi ganxorciel-da, es maSin, Tu iq ganxorcielebuli RirebulebiTi namati sagrZnoblad mcirea sxva qveyanaSi ganxorcielebul RirebulebiT namatTan SedarebiT. dasadgenia, rom saqmis aseTi Semadgenlobisas Rirebulebis 10%-ze naklebi procentuli na-mati – rasac komisiis mier gakeTebul ganmartebebSi asaxuli Sefasebac Seesabam-eba _ araviTar SemTxvevaSi sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom warmoSobis qveyana ganisazRvros.(...)

25. pirvel SekiTxvas, Sesabamisad, pasuxi unda gaeces, rom winaswar erT qveyanaSi damzadebuli calkeuli nawilebis meore qveyanaSi wminda montaJi sakmarisia imi-saTvis, rom amiT Seqmnil produqcias warmoSobis qveynad ganusazRvro montaJis qveyana, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu montaJi, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT da Sesabamisi saqon-lis definiciis TvalsazrisiT, warmoebis gadamwyveti fazaa, romelzec (...) Sesa-bamisi saqoneli SeiZens misTvis gansakuTrebul xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebs; Tu am kriteriumis gamoyenebas Sedegamde ver mivyavarT, maSin unda Semowmdes, mTeli samontaJo procedurebi iwveven Tu ara saboloo produqciis savaWro Rireb-ulebis sagrZnob gazrdas saboloo fazaze.(...)

26. meore kiTxviT mommarTvel sasamarTlos surs icodes, Semadgeneli nawilebis warmoebis qveynidan samontaJo procesis sxva qveyanaSi gadatana, romelSic ukve arsebuli saamqroebi gamoiyeneba, amarTlebs Tu ara varauds, rom aseTi gadatana miznad isaxavs mxolod regulirebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki antidempinguri baJis regulirebis, Tavidan acilebas, direqtivis me-6 muxlis mixedviT.

es regulireba adgens:

27. damuSaveba-gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dadgenilia an rodesac dadge-nili faqtebi iseT varauds amarTleben, rom isini miznad isaxaven, Tavidan aici-lon regulirebebi, romlebic gaerTianebaSi an wevr saxelmwifoebSi garkveuli qveynebis saqonlisaTvis moqmedeben, maSin amgvarad miRebuli saqonlis me-5 mux-lis mixedviT, damuSaveba-gadamuSavebis qveyanas warmoSobis maxasiaTebeli unda CamoerTvas.

28. montaJis gadatana Semadgeneli nawilebis warmoebis qveynidan sxva qveyanaSi ukve arsebuli saamqroebis gamoyenebiT TavisTavad ar warmoSobs aseT varauds. SesaZlebelia, saxeldobr, arsebobdes uamravi sxva safuZveli, romlebmac Sesa-Zloa gaamarTlon aseTi gadatana. Tumca, Tu arsebobs drois mixedviT kavSiri Sesabamisi regulirebis ZalaSi Sesvlasa da montaJis gadatanas Soris, maSin Se-sabamis ekonomikur subieqts ekisreba valdebuleba, daamtkicos, rom man sagno-

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brivad gamarTlebuli safuZvlis gamo, da ara Sesabamisi debulebebis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, im qveyanaSi ganaxorciela samontaJo procedurebi, romlidanac saqoneli iqna eqsportirebuli.

29. mommarTveli sasamarTlos meore SekiTxvaze, Sesabamisad, pasuxi unda gaeces, rom montaJis gadatana Semadgeneli nawilebis warmoebis qveynidan sxva qveyanaSi, romelSic ukve arsebuli saamqroebi gamoiyeneba, TavisTavad ar amarTlebs va-rauds, rom aseTi gadatana mxolod regulirebebis moqmedebisaTvis Tavis aride-bas isaxavs miznad, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu arsebobs drois mixedviT kavSiri Sesa-bamisi regulirebis ZalaSi Sesvlasa da montaJis gadatanas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamis ekonomikur subieqts ekisreba valdebuleba, daamtkicos, rom samon-taJo procedurebi sagnobrivad gamarTlebuli safuZvliT, da ara Sesabamisi deb-ulebebis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, im qveyanaSi ganaxorciela, saidanac saqoneli iqna importirebuli.

2. akrZalvebi obieqtebis mixedviT

a) baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebis akrZalva

saqme Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic225:

3. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-9 muxlis mixed-viT, gaerTianebis safuZvelia sabaJo kavSiri, rac emyareba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebis akrZalvas da aseve mesame saxelmwifoebis mimarT saerTo sabaJo tarifis dadgenas.(...)

11/14. (baJi _ esaa) finansuri valdebuleba, romelic warmoiSoba sazRvris gadakve-Tis mizeziT da saqonlis Tavisufal moZraobas abrkolebs.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Commission v. Grand Duchy226:

me-9 muxlis mixedviT, gaerTianebis safuZvelia sabaJo kavSiri, romelic baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebis akrZalvas eyrdnoba.

me-12 muxlis mixedviT, importze axali baJis (...) an analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxa-debis SemoReba, xolo moqmedebis gazrda akrZalulia.

mxolod is faqti, rom am muxlma adgili pova `gaerTianebis safuZvlebisaTvis~ miZRvnili nawilis TavSi, me-9 muxlma pirveli karis `saqonlis Tavisuflad gad-aadgilebis Sesaxeb~ dasawyisSi, me-12 muxlma `baJis gauqmebisadmi~ miZRvnili nawilis SesavalSi, sakmarisad usvams xazs maTSi asaxuli akrZalvebis mniSvnelo-van rols.

xelSekrulebam amiT am akrZalvebs mianiWa SeZlebisdagvarad didi Zala; im su-liskveTebiT, rom mravalgvari sabaJo da sagadasaxado samarTlebrivi praqtike-

225 Judgment of the Court of 1 July 1969; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 24-68; European Court reports 1969 Page 00193.

226 Judgment of the Court of 14 December 1962; Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium; Joined cases 2/62 and 3/62; European Court reports English special edition Page 00425.

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bis meSveobiT am akrZalvebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis SeeSala xeli, Seecada, igi am akrZalvebis moqmedebisas aRmoefxvra yvela SesaZlo Secdoma. me-17 muxli iTval-iswinebs (gauqmebulia amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT), rom me-9 muxlis akrZalvebi aseve maSin moqmedeben, rodesac es Seexeba finansur baJebs. 95-e muxli, romel-mac Tavisi adgili `gaerTianebis politikisadmi~ miZRvnil nawilSi, `sagadasaxado normebis~ TavSi pova, imisaTvisaa gansazRvruli, rom Tavidan aicilos akrZalve-bis moqmedebis sferoSi SeWra, romlebic fiskaluri RonisZiebebiT SeiZleba mi-iRwes. es suliskveTeba iqamde midis, rom es muxli saxelmwifoebs ukrZalavs, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis saqoneli nebismieri formiT finansurad ufro mZimed datvirTon, vidre sakuTari an am saxelmwifoebis saqonelze akrifon Sidasaxelm-wifo gadasaxadebi, romlebic gamodgeba Sidasaxelmwifo saqonlis arapirdapir `dasacavad~.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom me-9 da me-12 muxlebi garkveuli, gansazRvruli da upi-roboa, aseve am debulebebsa da mTel xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli logikidan gamom-dinareobs, rom axali baJebis dawesebis akrZalva saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis principebTan kavSirSi ZiriTadi normaa da amitom nebismieri gamonaklisi, rom-lebic, sxvaTa Soris, viwrod iqneboda gansamarti, erTmniSvnelovnad unda Camoy-alibdes.

baJis `analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadis~ cneba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes ganxiluli rogorc baJis akrZalvis sayovelTao principidan gamonaklisi, piriqiT, is misi aucilebeli Sevsebaa, romlis daxmarebiTac am akrZalvas SeuZlia imoqmedos.

am gamonaTqvamTan rom mudmivad gamoiyeneba sityva ̀ baJi~, es gamoxatavs xelSekruleb-is Semqmnelis ganzraxvas, akrZalos ara marto iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic sak-maod TvalsaCinod baJis klasikuri formiT gamoixatebian, aramed aseve nebismieri iseTi, romelsac sxva dasaxeleba aqvs an sxva SemovliTi gzebiT wesdeba, magram baJis analogiuri diskriminaciuli an proteqcionistuli moqmedeba aqvs.

raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes imis dadgena, rom gadasaxads baJis analogiuri moqmedeba aqvs, es moqmedeba ganxilul unda iqnes xelSekrulebis miznebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT im nawilis, im karisa da im Tavis miznebis mixedviT, sadac me-9 da me-12 muxlebia ganTavsebuli, ese igi, saqonlis Tavisuflad gad-aadgilebasTan mimarTebiT da, sazogadod, me-3 muxlis miznebis TvalsazrisiT, romelic mimarTulia arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis winaaRmdeg.

amdenad, araa es imaze damokidebuli, saxezea mTeli rigi sabaJo moqmedebebisa, Tu mxolod erTi imaTgani, anda es moqmedebebi sxva arsebiT Tu araarsebiT miznebs misdeven, aramed sakmarisia, laxavdes gadasaxadi xelSekrulebaSi dasaxelebul miznebs da calmxrivi gadawyvetilebiT iyos miRebuli da ara gaerTianebis samar-TliT gaTvaliswinebuli proceduris gziT.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, baJis analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxa-debi me-9 da me-12 muxlebis Tanaxmad, maTi dasaxelebisa da akrefis saxis miuxeda-vad, aris importisas an, mogvianebiT, calmxrivad dakisrebuli finansuri valde-buleba, romelic Seexeba erTi wevri saxelmwifodan importirebul saqonels da ar Seexeba msgavs Sidasaxelmwifo saqonels. amiT is am importirebul saqonels aZvirebs da saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebaze iseve zemoqmedebs, rogorc baJi.

173

belgiaSi 1957 wlis 16 agvistos samefo dadgenilebiTa da luqsemburgSi 1957 wlis 20 agvistos didi hercogis dadgenilebiT dawesebuli gadasaxadi or-cxobilaze aris `importze gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi~, `romelic aikrifeba importze nebarTvis gacemisas~.

xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg, magram mis ZalaSi Sesvlamde, dawesebuli gadasaxadis marTlzomiereba ar dgas kiTxvis niSnis qveS.

sadavoa 1958 wlis pirveli ianvris Semdeg am gadasaxadis gazrda da misi gavr-celebac saerTo sabaJo tarifis satarifo nomriT 19.08 orcxobilis msgavs produqciaze, romelic ganxorcielda orive saxelmwifoSi 1960 wlis 14 da 17 Tebervlis dadgenilebebiT.

gadasaxadis aseTi gazrda da ganvrcoba Sesabamisi produqciis importze da misi mizeziT akrefil gadasaxadze, romelic am saqonels sabolood maTi im-portis mizeziT exeba, warmoSobs diskriminaciisa da proteqciis varauds. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis arsebiT princips, romel-ic amgvari praqtikebis ganzogadebiT srulad dakargavda arss.

mopasuxeebi amis sapirispirod acxadeben, rom 95-e muxlis pirveli abzaci ase-Ti gadasaxadis dawesebas uSvebs, maSin, rodesac is Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi fi-nansuri valdebulebebis sapirwonea, romlebic damoukidebeli sabazro poli-tikis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare Sidasaxelmwifoebriv warmoebas akisria.

isini sadavo gadasaxads dotaciuri fasis logikur Sedegad asaxeleben, rac maT Sidasaxelmwifo (...) warmoebis sasargeblod xelSekrulebis agraruli normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi regulirebebis safuZvelze daaweses.

95-e muxlis gamoyeneba, romelic xelSekrulebis me-3 nawilis `sagadasaxado normebisadmi~ miZRvnil me-2 Tavis dasawyisSia, ar vrceldeba survilisamebr finansuri valdebulebebis yvela formaze. am SemTxvevaSi sadavo gadasaxadi arc misi formisa da arc misi naTlad gamoxatuli ekonomikuri mizniT ar Cans, rogorc sagadasaxado samarTlebrivi norma, romelic SesaZlebeli iqneboda, 95-e muxlis moqmedebis arealSi mogveqcia.

garda amisa, am muxlis moqmedebis sfero imgvarad ver gafarTovdeba, rom gaaTanabros importirebul saqonelTan dakavSirebuli sagadasaxado valde-buleba sxvagvarad, magaliTad, msgavsi Sidasaxelmwifo saqonlis ekonomikur finansur valdebulebebTan. Tu aseTi gaTanabreba dasaSvebi iqneboda, maSin ne-bismier saxelmwifos Tavisi Sida suverenitetis safuZvelze, survilis mixed-viT, SeeZleboda am mxriv mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul romelime saqonelze dakisrebuli valdebulebebi gaeTanabrebina, rac migviyvanda xelSekrulebis principebis gamousworebel darRvevamde.

importirebul saqonelze `gadasaxadebis~ dawesebas 95-e muxlis pirveli abza-ci mxolod im odenobiT uSvebs, ra odenobiTac igive gadasaxadebi analogi-uri saxiT msgavs Sidasaxelmwifo saqonelze wesdeba. garda amisa, imaze unda mieTiTos, rom sadavo gadasaxadi mocemul SemTxvevaSi miznad isaxavs ara Si-dasaxelmwifo da importirebul saqonelze araTanabari gadasaxadebis gaTan-abrebas, aramed am saqonlis fasebis gaTanabrebas. saxeldobr, mopasuxeebma ganacxades, rom gadasaxadi imisaTvisaa gansazRvruli, `gauTanabron ucxouri saqonlis fasi belgiuri produqciis fass~. maT aseve eWvi gamoTqves, aris Tu

174

ara Seusabamo xelSekrulebis miznebTan, rom erTiani bazris farglebSi erTi qveynis mwarmoebels SeeZlos nedleulis ufro iafad SeZena, vidre sxva wevri saxelmwifos mwarmoebels.

amasTan, isini gverds uvlian princips, romlis mixedviTac gaerTianebis saqmianoba moicavs iseTi sistemis Seqmnas, romelic saerTo bazris farglebSi konkurencias icavs falsifikaciisagan. mopasuxis Tezisis gaTvaliswineba gamoiwvevda im mdgomareobas, romelic sruliad sapirispiro iqneboda imisa, rasac xelSekruleba eswrafvis da, amdenad, absurduli iqneboda.(...)

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, belgiasa da luqsemburgSi xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg gadasaxadebis gazrda da maTi gavrcele-ba orcxobilis msgavs saqonelze aris baJis analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadi, me-9 da me-12 muxlebis mixedviT.

saqme Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic227:

saqmis fabula: am SemTxvevaSi saqme Seexeboda iseT mosakrebels, romelic italiam daawesa importirebul da eqsportirebul saqonelze. am gadasaxadiT finansdeboda statistikis warmoeba, romlis mizani iyo, Seedgina srulyofili da zusti informacia eqsportirebuli da importirebuli saqonlis moculobasa da saxeobaze. procesis ganmavlobaSi italia amtkicebda, rom es statistika gamosadegi da sasargeblo iyo aseve ekonomikuri subieqtebisaTvis, radgan maT amiT SesaZlebloba eZleodaT, Tvalyuri edevnebinaT saqonlis moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvis ufro zustad, riTac ukeT SeZlebdnen konkurenciaSi sakuTari poziciebis danaxvas. amdenad, es mosakrebeli italiis uwyebebis mxridan momsaxurebis gawevis safasuri iyo.

3. me-12 muxlis mixedviT akrZalulia importsa da eqsportze axali baJebisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebis daweseba. me-13 da me-16 muxlebis mixed-viT (gauqmebulia amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT), wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris mo-qmedi baJebi importsa da eqsportze da aseve analogiuri moqmedebis gadasax-adebi unda gauqmdes am muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli calkeuli debulebebis mixedviT da miTiTebul vadebSi.

4/5. adgili, romelsac es muxlebi xelSekrulebis `gaerTianebis safuZvlebi-sadmi~ miZRvnil nawilSi ikaveben, – me-9 muxli `saqonlis Tavisuflad moZ-raobis~ karis dasawyisSi, me-12, me-13 da me-16 muxlebi `baJis gauqmebis~ Sesaxeb nawilSi, _ masSi gamoTqmuli akrZalvebis mniSvnelobas sakmarisad usvams xazs. am akrZalvebs iseTi iZulebiTi Zala aqvT, rom xelSekruleba eswrafvis, aR-mofxvras maTi gamoyenebisas yovelgvari xarvezi, raTa xeli SeuSalos sabaJo Tu sagadasaxado praqtikebiT maTTvis gverdis avlas. amgvarad, me-17 muxli ad-gens (amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT gauqmebulia), rom me-9 muxlis akrZalvebi mo-qmedebs aseve finansuri baJebisaTvis. 95-e muxlma, romelic mdebareobs `gaer-Tianebis politikis~ nawilsa da ̀ sagadasaxado normebis~ karSi, Sidasaxelmwifo saqonelTan SedarebiT importze ufro maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebis akrZal-viT yvela xarvezi unda aRmofxvras, raTa sagadasaxado RonisZiebebiT ar dair-Rves akrZalviTi normebi.

227 Judgment of the Court of 1 July 1969; Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 24-68; European Court reports 1969 Page 00193.

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6/7. xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli baJis gadasaxadis akrZalva ar aris damokidebuli importirebuli saqonlis konkurentunarianobaze importis mimRebi qveynis produqciasTan. sabaJo barierebis gauqmebiT unda gauqmdes aramarto maTi damcavi funqcia; xelSekrulebas surda, ufro meti _ sayov-elTao _ moqmedeba mieniWebina baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebis akrZalvebisaTvis, raTa saqonlis Tavisufali moZraoba uzrunveleyo. mTeli am sistemidan, misi miznebidan, aseve wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonlis moZ-raobisas yvelanairi baJis akrZalvis sayovelTaoobidan da absoluturi xasi-aTidan gamomdinareobs, rom yovelgvari baJis akrZalva moqmedebs, miuxedavad im miznisa, risTvisac is Seiqmna da miuxedavad am baJiT miRebuli Semosavlebis gamoyenebis miznisa. am akrZalvis gamarTleba imiT SeiZleba, rom finansuri valdebulebebi, romlebsac ixdian sazRvrebis gadakveTis niadagze, saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobas abrkolebs, maSinac ki, rodesac es valdebuleba raode-nobrivad aseTi mcirea.

8/9. analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadebze baJis akrZalvis ganvrcobam unda sru-lyos da efeqturad Camoayalibos baJisagan warmoSobili savaWro dabrkolebe-bis gauqmebis sakiTxi. am ori urTierTSemavsebeli cnebis gamoyenebiT xeli unda SeSloda wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaSi gaerTianebis SigniT saqonlis mi-moqcevaze maT mier sazRvris gadakveTis gamo finansuri valdebulebebis dawese-bas. imisaTvis, rom gairkves, aqvs Tu ara baJis analogiuri moqmedeba gadasaxads, gansakuTrebiT saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa misi Se-dareba im miznebTan, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs xelSekrulebis me-9, me-12, me-13 da me-16 muxlebi. calmxrivad, Sida da ucxour saqonelze sazRvris gadakveTis gamo dawesebuli finansuri valdebuleba, miuxedavad misi raodenobrivi simcirisa da imisa, rom is ar aris baJi Cveulebrivi gagebiT da miuxedavad misi dasaxelebisa da dabegvris formisa, igi analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxadia xelSekrulebis me-9, me-12, me-13 da me-16 muxlebis mixedviT, maSinac ki rodesac is saxelmwifos sasargeblod ar aikrifeba da ar gaaCnia diskriminaciuli an proteqcionistu-li moqmedeba da roca am valdebulebiT datvirTuli saqoneli Sidasaxelmwifo produqciasTan konkurenciaSi ar aris.

10. saerTo jamSi dasaxelebuli normebidan da xelSekrulebis sxva debule-bebTan maTi mimarTebidan gamomdinareobs, rom saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadg-ilebis principTan dakavSirebuli baJisa da analogiuri moqmedebis gadasaxade-bis akrZalva arsebiTi normaa, romelic sxva xelSekrulebis sxva debulebebis daurRvevlad ar uSvebs gamonaklisebs.

b) raodenobrivi SezRudvebisa da analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebis akrZalva:

saqme Gustave Dassonville228:

saqmis fabula: gustav dasonvilma (Gustave Dassonville), romelsac biznesi hqonda safrangeTSi, da misma Svilma, romelic mamis sawarmos filials uZRveboda, 1970 wels belgiaSi Seitanes ̀ joni volkerisa~ (Johnnie Walker) da ̀ vat 69~ (Vat 69) markis Sotlandiuri viski (Scotch Whisky). es markebi gustav dasonvilma franguli

228 Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1974; Procureur du Roi v Benoît and Gustave Dassonville; Case 8-74; European Court reports 1974 Page 00837.

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sawarmosagan SeiZina. boTlebze gakeTebul etiketebze iyo warwera `britanuli sabaJos warmoSobis sertifikati~ (British Customs Certificate of Origin). garda amisa, masze iyo warwera franguli sabaJo registridan saqonlis gasaRebaze nebarTvis nomrisa da am nebarTvis gacemis TariRis Sesaxeb. es nebarTva iyo oficialuri dokumenti, romelic, franguli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, im produqciasTan erTad unda yofiliyo, romelic warmoSobis adgilis saxelwodebas atarebda. belgiaSi warmoSobis adgiliT dasaxelebuli `Sotlandiuri viski~ daSvebuli iyo, Tumca ikrZaleboda iseTi spirtiani sasmelis Semotana-gasaReba, romelsac ar gaaCnda warmoSobis qveynidan Sesabamisi dokumenti, saidanac Canda, rom igi marTlzomierad atarebda am saxelwodebas. radganac aseTi dokumenti dasonvilebis produqcias ar gaaCnda, prokuraturam aRZra maT winaaRmdeg saqme, xolo erovnulma sasamarTlom winaswari gadawyvetilebis proceduriT mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos SekiTxviT: belgiis aRniSnuli regulireba iyo Tu ara raodenobrivi SezRudva an analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZieba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT. amas amtkicebdnen braldebulebic. aRniSnuli regulirebis wesi gamoricxavda sxva qveynidan saqonlis Semotanas, garda warmoSobis qveynisa da amiT zRudavda wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobas.

wevri saxelmwifoebis yoveli savaWro regulireba, romelic gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom gaerTianebis SigniT pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad xeli SeuSalos vaWrobas, miCneul unda iqnes raodenobrivi SezRudvis analogi-uri moqmedebis RonisZiebad.

saqme Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland229:

1. evrokavSiris komisiam saCivriT mimarTa evropuli sasamarTlos kancelarias 1981 wlis 15 seqtembers imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom irlandiam daarRvia Tavisi valdebulebebi, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, imiT, rom man saxelmwifoSi organizeba gaukeTa irlandiuri produqciis gasaRebisa da Sesyidvis xelSewyobis kampanias.

I. davis sagani

2. argumentirebul poziciaSi, romliTac komisiam mimarTa irlandias 1981 wlis 25 Tebervals kampaniis gamo, _ saxelwodebiT: `iyideT irlandiuri~, _ adgenda, rom irlandiis mTavrobam 1978 wlis ianvarSi Seadgina samwliani programa ir-landiuri produqciis xelSewyobis mizniT. kampania daiwyo 1978 wlis 18 ianvars irlandiis industriis, vaWrobisa da irlandieli ministris sityviT gamosvliT. ministrma am gamosvlaSi ganacxada, rom kampaniis mizani iyo `importze momx-marebelTa saerTo danaxarjebis 3%-is irlandiuri produqciiT Canacvleba~. kampania Sedgeboda `mravali kargad mofiqrebuli iniciativisagan, romlebic erTad Seadgendnen irlandiuri saqonlis xelSewyobis integralur programas specialuri SemoTavazebebiT imisaTvis, rom mwarmoebeli, movaWre da momxmare-beli miezidaT~.

irlandiis mTavrobam mTeli rigi RonisZiebebisa gaatara da atarebs, irlan-

229 Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1982; Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Case 249/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 04005

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diuri produqciis am ganmartebebis Sesabamisad wasaxaliseblad. argumentire-buli pozicia asaxelebs Semdeg RonisZiebebs:

a) im momxmareblisaTvis ufaso sainformacio samsaxuris Seqmna, romlebsac surT icodnen saqonlis garkveuli jgufis romeli produqcia aris irlan-diaSi warmoebuli da sad SeiZleba maTi miReba (`Shoplink-Service~);

b) gamofenis SesaZleblobebis Seqmna mxolod irlandiuri produqtisaTvis dublinis did sagamofeno centrSi, romelic ekuTvnis irlandiuri saqon-lis sabWos (Irish Goods Council), Tavis mxriv, aris oficialuri uwyeba;

g) `garantirebulad irlandiuri~ (Guaranteed Irish) etiketis gamoyenebis waxa-liseba irlandiaSi warmoebuli produqciis irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos mier dawesebuli gansakuTrebuli regulirebis wesiT, romlis mixedviTac am etiketis produqciaze saCivris ganxilvis procedura iqmneboda;

3. d) irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos mier didi sareklamo kampaniis Catareba ir-landiuri produqciis sasargeblod, gansakuTrebiT am dawesebulebis mier gamoqveynebuli da gavrcelebuli broSurebiT, romelSic momxmarebels mouwodeben, SeiZinos mxolod Sidasaxelmwifo saqoneli.

4. komisia Tavis saCivarSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom irlandiis mTavroba axla Shop-link Servise-sTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas asrulebs da dublinSi gamofenis Ses-aZleblobebi gaauqma. amis sawinaaRmdegod ki orive sxva saqmianoba gaagrZela, kerZod sami wlis gasvlis Semdegac, romlis ganmavlobaSic igegmeboda kampaniis gamarTva. sareklamo kampania, garda amisa, TandaTan gafarTovda, gansakuTrebiT irlandiuri produqciis gafarToebuli reklamiT presasa da televiziaSi.(...)

6. rac Seexeba sareklamo kampanias, irlandiis mTavroba acxadebs, rom is ir-landiuri saqonlis sabWos saqmianobebis nawilia. es dawesebuleba ki ar Sei-Zleba CaiTvalos irlandiur uwyebad, is mxolod kavSiria, romliTac irlan-diiis industriis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi TanamSromlobas axorcieleben saerTo interesidan gamomdinare. irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos saqmianobebi ar efuZneboda araviTar oficialur regulirebas, da mTavrobis monawileoba ganisazRvreboda mxolod finansuri daxmarebiTa da moraluri mxardaWeriT.

7. komisiis moxsenebis mixedviT, irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos qmedebebi, udavod, irlandiur mTavrobas unda mieweros. is, sxvasTan erTad, aRniSnavs, rom kavSiris sameTvalyureo saWos wevrebi am dawesebulebis wesdebis mixedviT iniSnebian industriis, vaWrobisa da energetikis ministris mier.

8. komisiis SexedulebiT, irlandiaSi irlandiuri produqciis gasaRebisa da Sesyidvis waxalisebis kampania importis SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebaa. irlandia acxadebs, rom irlandiis mTavrobas arasodes miuRia `zoma~ xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT, da, meore, irlandiuri saqonlis sabWosaTvis gaweuli finansuri daxmareba unda Sefasdes ara xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis, aramed 92-e da 93-e muxlebis mixedviT.

9. sanam am argumentebs SevexebiT, gasarkvevia irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos pozicia.

178

II. irlandiuri saqonlis sabWo

10. irlandiuri saqonlis sabWo daarsda 1978 wlis 25 agvistos sadavo kampani-is dawyebidan ramdenime TveSi, rogorc SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-doeba kapitalis gareSe; Sesabamisad is daregistrirda kapitaluri sazoga-doebebis Sesaxeb irlandiis kanoniT (Companies Act 1963). irlandiuri saqonlis sabWo sinamdvileSi ori organos SerwymiT warmoiSva: erovnuli ganviTarebis sabWosa (National Developmens Council), romelic iyo kapitaluri sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb kanonis Sesabamisad daregistrirebuli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, da irlandiuri produqciis xelSewyobisa da gasaRebis samuSao jgufisagan.

11. irlandiis mTavroba acxadebs, rom irlandiuri saqonlis sabWo daarsebu-lia mTavrobis meTaurobiT, raTa siZneleebis dasaZlevad moaxdinos irlandiis industriis stimulireba. sabWo daarsda im CarCoebis Sesaqmnelad, romelSic industriis gansxvavebul sferoebs, saerTo interesidan gamomdinare, SeeZloT epovaT saTanamSromlo punqtebi.

12. irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos wesdebis Tanaxmad, am organos sameTvalyureo sabWo Sedgeba aTi wevrisagan. TiToeul wevrs iwvevs industriis, vaWrobisa da energetikis ministri; ministri sameTvalyureo sabWos erT wevrs niSnavs prez-identad. wevrebi da aseve prezidenti xuTi wlis vadiT moiwvevian, da maTi vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes. praqtikaSi sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi ministris mier ise airCeva, rom maT warmoadginon irlandiis ekonomikis Sesabamisi sfero.

13. cnobidan, romelic irlandiis mTavrobam evropul sasamarTlos misca, gamomdinareobs, rom irlandiuri saqonlis sabWos saqmianobebi im saxsrebiT finansdeba, romelic irlandiis mTavrobisa da kerZo industriis mier gaiRe-ba.(...)

15. aRniSnulis mixedviT, irlandiis mTavroba iwvevs irlandiuri saqonlis sab-Wos sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs, mxars uWers mas sajaro saxsrebiT, rom-lebic misi xarjebis did nawils Seadgens da adgens sabolood irlandiuri produqciis gasaRebisa da Sesyidvis waxalisebisaTvis am dawesebulebis mier warmoebuli kampaniis xangrZlivvadian miznebs. am garemoebebSi irlandiur mTavrobas xelSekrulebis muxlebiT misTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebis Tavi-dan acilebis mizniT ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos imas, rom kampanias kerZo samarT-lis sazogadoeba awarmoebs.(...)

21. irlandiis mTavroba acxadebs, rom 30-e muxlSi raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebis akrZalva Seexeba mxolod `RonisZiebebs~, ese igi uwyebis mier gamocemul savaldebulo samarTlebriv aqtebs. irlandiis mTavrobas ki aseTi samarTlebrivi aqti ar gamoucia, mxolod imiT Semoifar-gla, rom irlandiis industrias moraluri mxardaWera gamoucxada da finan-surad daexmara.

26. irlandiuri produqciis gasaRebisa da Sesyidvis xelSemwyobi sareklamo kampania ar SeiZleba calke iqnes ganxiluli: is, rogorc warmoSobiT mTavrobis programis nawili, dakavSirebuli iyo etiketis _ `garantirebulad irlandi-

179

uris~ damkvidrebasa da am etiketis mqone produqciaze saCivrebis ganxilvis gansakuTrebul procedurasTan. irlandiur produqciaze saCivrebis ganxil-vis regulireba adasturebs mis saorganizacio donesTan erTad aseve kampaniis saxelwodebiT _ `iyideT irlandiuris~ _ diskriminaciul xasiaTs.

27. am garemoebebSi es orive saqmianoba scildeba irlandiis mTavrobis mier dawyebuli da misi mxardaWeriT ganxorcielebuli erovnuli praqtikis saz-Rvrebs. sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan importze (am praqtikis) SesaZlo zegav-lena uTanabrdeba savaldebulo xasiaTis mTavrobis aqtebs.

28. aseT praqtikaze xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis akrZalvis gauvrcelebloba ar SeiZleba mxolod imitom, rom is im gadawyvetilebebs ar eyrdnoba, romlebic sawarmoebisaTvis savaldebuloa. TviT wevri saxelmwifos mTavrobis aqtebsac, romelTac savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCniaT, SeuZliaT am saxelmwifoSi movaWree-bisa da momxmareblis moqmedebaze zegavlena moaxdinon da amiT ar dauSvan xelSekrulebis me-2 muxlSi dasaxelebuli da me-3 muxlSi gaerTianebis detalu-rad aRwerili miznebis ganxorcieleba.

29. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac aseTi SemzRudveli praqtika gamoixateba mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli programis ganxorcielebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saerTo jamSi erovnul ekonomikas Seexeba da wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobas zRu-davs; da romelic, Tavis mxriv, stimulirebas ukeTebs erovnuli produqciis Se-syidvas erovnul farglebSi sareklamo kampaniis daxmarebiT da gansakuTrebuli, mxolod Sidasaxelmwifo saqonlisaTvis moqmedi proceduris damkvidrebiT, rodesac es saqmianobebi saerTo jamSi miewereba mTavrobas da organizebuli formiT mTel qveyanaSi xorcieldeba.

30. irlandiam amiT xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi daarRvia, rodesac man qveynis SigniT irlandiuri produqciis gasaRebisa da Sesyidvis xelSewyobis kampania ganaxorciela.

saqme Commission v. French Republic230:

saqmis fabula: komisiam safrangeTi daadanaSaula xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis darRvevaSi. kerZod imaSi, rom safrangeTma ar miiRo Sesabamisi zomebi, rom daubrkoleblad momxdariyo bostneulisa da xilis Semotana safrangeTSi. amas safuZvlad daedo is, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi frangi glexebi aprotestebdnen sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan am produqciis Semotanas da protests gamoTqvamdnen iseTi formebiT, rogorebicaa: satvirTo manqanebis ganadgureba, muqara mZRolebisa da distributorebis mimarT. frangi samarTaldamcavebi an arafers akeTebdnen amis Tavidan asacileblad, an arasakmaris zomebs iRebdnen.

28. gansakuTrebiT 30-e muxlis mixedviT akrZalulia importze raodenobrivi SezRudvebi da aseve analogiuri moqmedebis nebismieri RonisZieba.

29. es am debulebis konteqstis mixedviT niSnavs, rom gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobaSi importis nakadis yvela pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri, faqtobrivi Tu potenciuri SezRudva unda aRmoifxvras.

30. Sida sazRvrebis gareSe bazris ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia 30-e muxli.

230 Judgment of the Court of 9 December 1997; Commission of the European Communities v French Republic; Case C-265/95; European Court reports 1997 Page I-06959.

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is amiT krZalavs ara marto iseT RonisZiebebs, romlebic saxelmwifos miewereba da wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris savaWro dabrkolebebs qmnian, aramed is SeiZleba gavrceldes aseve iseT SemTxvevebze, rodesac wevri saxelmwifo ar iRebs zomebs, Caerios saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudvebSi, romlis gamomwvevi mizezebic saxelmwifodan ar momdinareobs.

31. gaerTianebis Sida savaWro mimoqceva SesaZloa imiTac Seilaxos, rom wevri saxelmwifo umoqmedodaa an SesaZleblobas uSvebs xelidan, miiRos sakmarisi zomebi saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebis aR-mofxvrisaTvis, romlebsac am teritoriaze gansakuTrebiT kerZo pirebis moq-medebebi ganapirobeben da romlebic sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqciis wi-naaRmdegaa mimarTuli.

32. 30-e muxli wevr saxelmwifoebs ukrZalavs ara marto iseTi sakuTari moqmedebebisa Tu qcevebis ganxorcielebas, romlebsac SeuZliaT vaWrobaSi dabrkoleba gamoiwvion, aramed avaldebulebs maT evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlTan kavSirSi miiRon yvela aucilebeli da gamosadegi RonisZieba, rom TavianT teritoriaze am ZiriTadi uflebis dacva uzrunvelyon.

saqme Commission v. Germany 231:

14. saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis normebi, kerZod ki 30-e muxli krZalavs raodenobriv SezRudvebs importze da analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebs wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris. komisiis evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 70/50 direqtivis me-2 muxlis me-3 abzacis ̀ t~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis 30-e da Semdgomi muxlebis mixedviT akrZalulia iseTi RonisZiebebi, `romlebic mxolod erovnuli saqonlisaTvis iTvaliswineben garkveuli saxelwodebebis miniWebas, romlebic arc warmoSobis adgilis dasaxelebaa da arc Tavdapirveli dasaxeleba~. imiT, rom 1971 wlis Rvinis Sesaxeb samarT lebri vi regulireba aseTi dasaxelebebis tarebis uflebas mxolod erovnul produq cias aniWebs da sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqcias ucnobi an momxmareblis mier naklebad dafasebuli dasaxelebebisaken ubiZgebs, gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom upiratesoba misces erovnul produqcias germanul bazarze sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqciis sazianod. amdenad, es regulireba Seicavs raodenobrivi SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebas dasaxelebuli debulebebis mixedviT, romelic mesame qveynebidan SuSxuna Rvinis importTan dakavSirebiT sabWos 816/70 direqtivis me-12 muxlis me-2 abzacis `b~ qvepunqts ewinaaRmdegeba. imisaTvis, rom am akrZalvam imoqmedos, ar saWiroebs dadgenas, aseTi RonisZieba, faqtobrivad, zRudavs Tu ara aRniSnuli produqciis imports; (...).

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: Criminal proceedings against Jan van de Haar and Kaveka de Meern BV 232:

13. 30-e muxli ar ganasxvavebs RonisZiebebs, romlebic raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebad SeiZleba ganixilebodnen, im niSniT, Tu ra xarisxiT iwveven isini wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis dabrkolebas. Tu

231 Judgment of the Court of 20 February 1975; Commission of the European Communities v the Federal Republic of Germany; Case 12-74; European Court reports 1975 Page 00181.

232 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 5 April 1984; Criminal proceedings against Jan van de Haar and Kaveka de Meern BV; Joined cases 177 and 178/82; European Court reports 1984 Page 01797.

181

erovnuli RonisZieba gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom xeli SeuSalos imports, maSin is Tavad kvalificirebul unda iqnes raodenobrivi SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebad, maSinac ki, Tu dabrkoleba mcirea da Tu importirebuli produqciis gasaRebis sxva SesaZleblobebic arsebobs.

3. akrZalvebis formebi:

a) diskriminaciis akrZalva

xelSekrulebaSi dafiqsirebuli akrZalvebi Seexeba mxolod saqonlis importsa da eqsports. es akrZalvebi TavisTavad mimarTulia im RonisZiebebisaken, romlebic ganarCevs erTmaneTisagan Sida produqcias da gare produqcias da am kriteriumebiT axdens maT diskriminacias im mizniT, rom SeizRudos saqonlis moZraoba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris. Sesabamisad, evropulma sasamarTlomac imsjela am RonisZiebebis diskriminaciulobaze da ganasxvava diskriminaciis ori saxe: egreT wodebuli Ria diskriminacia, romelic gansxvavebul regulirebebs awesebs Sida da gare produqciaze da faruli diskriminacia, romelic erTnair regulirebebs Seicavs, magram, faqtobrivad, gansxvavebulad moqmedebs.

saqme Association des Centres distributeurs Édouard Leclerc 233:

23. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT, akrZalulia raodenobrivi SezRudvebi importze, aseve akrZalulia raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebi wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaSi. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebad miCneul unda iqnes nebismieri RonisZieba, romelic gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom SezRudos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro urTierToba pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad. es gansakuTrebiT iseTi erovnuli regulirebisas xdeba, romelic Sida da importirebuli produqciis diferenciacias axdens an importirebuli produqciis gasaRebas SidaproduqciasTan SedarebiT raime saxiT arTulebs.

saqme Riccardo Tasca 234 Tezisi:

2. erovnuli RonisZieba ukve miCneuli unda iqnes raodenobrivi SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebad, rodesac mas SeuZlia SezRudos importi wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad.

3. Sida da importuli produqciisaTvis ganurCevlad moqmedi fasebis maqsimumis dadgena, rogorc aseTi, marTalia, ar aris raodenobrivi SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZieba, magram mas SeuZlia aseTi moqmedeba hqondes, Tu is imgvarad ganisazRvreba, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeba importuli produqciis gasaReba an Sida produqciasTan SedarebiT gaZneldeba misi gasaReba. amdenad, fasebis maqsimumis dadgena moqmedebs importul produqciaze rogorc raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZieba, Tu is ise dabalia, rom movaWre, romelsac surs aRniSnuli produqciis Sesabamis wevr saxelmwifoSi Semotana, – impor-

233 Judgment of the Court of 10 January 1985; Association des Centres distributeurs Édouard Leclerc and others v SARL “Au blé vert” and others; Case 229/83; European Court reports 1985 Page 00001.

234 Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1976; Riccardo Tasca; Case 65-75; European Court reports 1976 Page 00291.

182

tuli produqciis zogadi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT Sida produqciasTan SedarebiT – mxolod zarals miiRebs.

b) zogadi SezRudvis akrZalva

saqme Joseph Henri Thomas Blesgen235:

saqmis fabula: belgiaSi moqmedebda akrZalva, romlis mixedviTac sasmelebis Camosasxmeli jixurebis mflobelebs, romlebic adgilze asxamdnen da yiddnen uSualo moxmarebisaTvis, ekrZalebodaT garkveul adgilebSi Senaxva, gayidva da SeTavazeba im alkoholuri sasmelebisa, romelTa alkoholuri Semcveloba 15 gradus celsiusze 22%-s aRemateboda.

7. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaSi importze akrZalulia raodeno-brivi SezRudvebi da aseve analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebi. aqedan gamom-dinareobs, rom yoveli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi RonisZieba, romelic gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom gaerTianebis Sida savaWro urTierToba pirdapir Tu arapirda-pir, faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad SezRudos, unda ganixilebodes raodeno-brivi SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebad. rogorc evropulma sasa-marTlom Tavis 1980 wlis 10 ivlisis ganaCenSi (saqme 152/78, komisia safrange-Tis respublikis winaaRmdeg, 1980 wlis krebuli, 2299) aRniSna, garkveuli produqciis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb samarTlebrivma normebma, romlebic imports uSualod ar aregulireben, saqmis Semadgenlobis mixedviT, SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifoebidan produqciis Semotanis SesaZleblobebi Selaxon da amiT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis akrZalvis sferoSi moeqcnen.

8. garda amisa, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalva komisiis 1969 wlis 22 dekembris 70/50/EWG direqtiva (oficialuri gamocema L 13, 1970 wlis 19 ianvris, gv. 29) importze raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiuri moqmedebis im RonisZiebebis aRmofxvr-is Sesaxeb, romlebic ar eqcevian evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis safuZvelze miRebuli normebis moqmedebis sferoSi, moicavs iseT RonisZiebebsac saqonlis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic Sida da Semotanil saqonelze ganurCevlad gamoiyeneba da romelTa SemzRudavi xasiaTi saqonlis mimoqcevaze amgvari savaWro regulirebebis farglebSi Cveu-lebriv moqmedebebs scdeba.

9. es, upirvelesad, ar Seexeba im samarTlebriv normebs, romlebic aregulire-ben uSualo moxmarebisaTvis maRali alkoholuri Semcvelobis sasmelis gayid-vas im adgilebSi, romlebic sajaroa, da ar exebian amgvari sasmelebis gasaRe-bis sxva formebs. amasTan mimarTebiT unda dadgindes, rom sadavo alkoholuri sasmelebis gayidvisaTvis dadgenili SezRudvebi ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan sasmels misi saxisa Tu warmoSobis mixedviT. amgvari sakanonmdeblo RonisZieba sinamdvileSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris saqonlis SemotanasTan da, am safuZvli-dan gamomdinare, ar SeuZlia Selaxos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWroba.

235 Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1982; Joseph Henri Thomas Blesgen v Belgian State; Case 75/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 01211.

183

saqme Torfaen Borough Council236:

10. mommarTvel sasamarTlos misi pirveli SekiTxviT surs icodes evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT, moicavs Tu ara raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebebi iseT samarTlebriv normebsac, romlebic individualur mewarmeebs ukrZalavs kviraobiT maRaziebis gaRebas, Tu es akrZalva iwvevs sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan Semotanili saqonlis CaTvliT saqonlis gasaRebis Semcirebas.

11. upirvelesad, unda dadgindes, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulirebebi, romlebic indmewarmeebs ukrZalaven TavianTi maRaziebis gaRebas, erTnairad Seexeba rogorc Semotanil, aseve Sida produqcias. ZiriTadad wevri saxelmwi-foebidan Semotanili produqciis gasaReba ar aris gaZnelebuli Sida produq-ciasTan SedarebiT.

12. evropulma sasamarTlom 1985 wlis 11 ivlisis ganaCenSi (gaerTianebul saqmeebSi _ 60 da 61/84 (Cinetheque 1985 wlis krebuli, 2605, 2618)) Semotanil da Sida produqciaze ganurCevlad moqmed akrZalvasTan (videokasetebis real-izaciis akrZalva) dakavSirebiT gadawyvita, rom aseTi akrZalva mxolod maSin Seesabameba xelSekrulebaSi asaxuli saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis princips, rodesac gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobis dabrkolebebi, romlebic aseTi akrZalvebi-dan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes, ar scdeba dasaxuli miznis farglebs da rodesac es mizani gaerTianebis samarTliTaa gamarTlebuli.

13. am SemTxvevaSi ki, pirvel rigSi, unda gadaisinjos, sadavo regulirebis wesi gaerTianebis samarTliT gamarTlebul mizans emsaxureba Tu ara. amasTan dakavSirebiT evropulma sasamarTlom 1981 wlis 14 ivlisis ganaCenSi (saqme 155/80, Oebel, 1981 wlis krebuli, 1993) daadgina, rom sacxobi da sakonditro mewarmeobis samuSao, gadasazidi da gasaRebis drois Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulireba samarTliani ekonomikur-politikuri da socialur-politikuri gadawyvetilebaa, rac xelSekrulebis sayovelTao interesSi arsebul miznebs Seesabameba.

14. es Sexeduleba sacalo vaWrobis gasaRebis drois Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulirebebisaTvisac moqmedebs. aseTi regulirebebi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis gamoxatulebaa, romlebic qveyanaSi an re-gionSi socialur da kulturul Taviseburebebs unda Seesabamebodnen. maTi Sefasebac gaerTianebis samarTlis arsebuli mdgomareobiT wevri saxelmwifoe-bis saqmea. garda amisa, aseTi regulirebebi ar aris imisaTvis, rom moawesrigon wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro nakadebi.

15. Semdgom unda gadaisinjos, aseTi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis mo-qmedebebi scildeba Tu ara imas, rac saWiroa dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. rogorc, kerZod, komisiis 1969 wlis 22 dekembris 70/50/EEC direqtivis me-3 muxlidan gamomdinareobs (oficialuri gamocema, 1970 weli, L 13, gv. 29), 30-e muxlis akrZalva Seexeba saqonlis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb erovnul RonisZiebebs, romelTa SemzRudavi moqmedebebi saqonlis moZraobaze amgvari savaWro regulirebebis Cveulebrivi moqmedebis farglebs scildeba.

236 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 23 November 1989; Torfaen Borough Council v B & Q plc; Case C-145/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 03851.

184

16. kiTxva _ realurad jdeba Tu ara garkveuli erovnuli regulirebis mo-qmedebebi am farglebSi _ faqtobriv xasiaTs atarebs da amdenad Sidasaxelm-wifo sasamarTloebis gadasawyvetia.

17. amdenad, pirvel SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxli unda ganimartos ise, rom masSi gamoTqmuli akrZalva ar moqmedebs iseTi erovnuli regulirebisaTvis, romel-ic sacalo movaWreebs ukrZalavs, Tavisi maRaziebi gaxsnan kviraobiT, Tu amg-varad SesaZlo SemzRudavi moqmedebebi gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobaze aseTi reg-ulirebis Cveuli moqmedebis farglebs ar scildeba.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard237:

saqmis fabula: 1989 wels safrangeTSi araerT savaWro centrSi garkveuli produqti aramomgebian fasSi gaiyida, anu am produqciis fasi realur fasze dabali iyo. Tumca aseT fasebSi meore xelidan gayidva akrZaluli iyo fran-guli kanoniT. prokuraturam am savaWro centrebis xelmZRvanelebis kekisa da mituaris winaaRmdeg aRZra saqme. erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarT-los mimarTa SekiTxviT, aseTi akrZalva Seesabameboda Tu ara evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebiT dadgenil saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da Tavisufali konkurenciis Seqmnis principebs da ewinaaRmdegeboda Tu ara moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskrimi-naciis akrZalvas.

11. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis mixedviT, wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris akrZalulia raodenobrivi SezRudvebi da analogiuri moqmedebis nebismieri RonisZieba. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, raodenobrivi SezRudvis analogiuri moqmedebis RonisZiebaa nebismieri RonisZieba, romelic gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom SezRudos gaerTianebis Sida vaWroba pirdapir Tu arapirdapir faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad.

12. erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic zogadad krZalaven aramomge-bian fasSi meore xelidan gayidvas ar isaxavs miznad wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonlis moZraobis regulirebas.

13. marTalia, aseT samarTlebriv normebs SeuZliaT SezRudon sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqciis gasaRebis moculoba imdenad, ramdenadac isini ekonomikur subieqtebs arTmeven gasaRebis xelSewyobis meTods. Tumca sakiTx-avia, sakmarisia Tu ara es SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom sadavo samarTlebrivi normebi ganxilul iqnes rogorc importze raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analo-giurad moqmedi RonisZieba.

14. radgan ekonomikuri subieqtebi ufro da ufro xSirad eyrdnobian evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxls, raTa yoveli reg-ulireba gaasaCivron, rasac maT saqmian Tavisuflebaze zegavlena aqvs, evropul sasamarTlos aucileblad miaCnia, gadasinjos da naTlad daadginos am sferoSi Tavisi praqtika.

237 Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1993; Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard; References for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal de grande instance de Strasbourg – France; Free movement of goods - Prohibition of resale at a loss; Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91; European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097.

185

15. Cassis de Dijon-is ganaCenis mixedviT (1979 wlis 20 Tebervlis ganaCeni, saqme 120/78, reve-central (Rewe-Zentral), 1979 wlis krebuli, 649), 30-e muxliT akrZaluli analogiurad moqmedi RonisZiebebia saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis is dabrkolebebi, romlebic warmoiSobian samarTlebrivi normebis harmonizebis ararsebobis gamo da adgenen sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi marTlzomierad warmoebuli da mimoqcevaSi marTlzomierad gaSvebuli saqonlis mimarT garkveul normebTan Sesabamisobis moTxovnebs (rogorebicaa: maTi dasaxeleba, forma, zoma, wona, Semadgenloba, gaxsna, etiketireba da SefuTva), maSinac ki, rodesac es normebi moqmedebs ganurCevlad yvela produqciis mimarT da Tu am normebis moqmedeba ar marTldeba mizniT, romelic sayovelTao interesSia da saqonlis Tavisuflad moqmedebis moTxovnebze maRla dgas.

16. amis sawinaaRmdegod da dRemde arsebuli praqtikis sapirispirod, saqonlis gasaRebis garkveuli modalobebis SemzRudveli an amkrZalavi erovnuli debulebebi ar zRudaven, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad, wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobas, dasonvilis ganaCenis mixedviT (1974 wlis 11 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze 8/74, 1973 wlis krebuli, 837), im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es debulebebi moqmedeben yvela Sesabamisi ekonomikuri subieqtis mimarT, romlebic saqmianoben saxelmwifoSi, da Tu isini Sida produqciis gasaRebas da sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqcias samarTlebrivad da faqtobrivadac erTnairad Seexebian.

17. Tu, kerZod, es winapirobebi Sesrulebulia, maSin amgvari regulirebebi ar krZalavs da Sida produqciasTan SedarebiT ufro metad ar zRudavs sxva wevri saxelmwifos produqciis gasaRebas, Tu es produqcia am saxelmwifos mier dadge-nil debulebebs Seesabameba,. amdenad, es regulirebebi ar eqcevian evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis moqmedebis sfero-Si.

4. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

a) xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

saqme Régina v. Pierre Bouchereau238:

Tavis 1974 wlis 4 dekembris ganaCenSi (saqme 41/74, Van Duyn, 1974 wlis krebu-li, 1337, 1350) evropulma sasamarTlom xazi gausva imas, rom sajaro wesrigis cneba gaerTianebis samarTalSi viwrod unda iqnes gagebuli, kerZod, rodesac is muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis arsebiTi principidan gamonakliss ama-rTlebs; amdenad, misi moculobiToba yoveli wevri saxelmwifos mier calmxri-vad gaerTianebis organoebis gadasinjvis gareSe ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros. imave ganaCenSi aseve dadginda, rom gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, romlebic SesaZloa sajaro wesrigis cnebaze apelirebas amarTleben, qveynidan qveyanaSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos, ise, rom kompetentur Sidasaxelm-wifo uwyebebs Sefasebis areali xelSekrulebisa da misi gamoyenebisaTvis miRe-buli normebiT dadgenil sazRvrebSi aqvT. erovnuli uwyebis apelireba sajaro

238 Judgment of the Court of 27 October 1977; Régina v Pierre Bouchereau; Case 30-77; European Court reports 1977 Page 0199.

186

wesrigis cnebaze, Tu man gaerTianebis samarTals daqvemdebarebuli pirebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis garkveuli SezRudvebi unda gaamarTlos, yovel SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebs, rom garda sajaro wesrigis darRvevisa, romelsac ne-bismieri kanonis darRveva iwvevs, faqtobrivi da sakmarisad mZime safrTxe unda arsebobdes, romelic sazogadoebis ZiriTad interess Seexeba.

saqme Association des Centres distributeurs Édouard Leclerc and others v SARL “Au blé vert” and others239:

29. amasTan, unda iTqvas, rom iseTi erovnuli regulireba, romelic movaWres avaldebulebs, saboloo gayidvisas garkveuli fasebi SeinarCunos da romelic importirebuli produqciis gasaRebas zians ayenebs, mxolod evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 36-e muxlSi miTiTebuli safuZvlebiT SeiZleba gamarTldes.

saqme Conegate Limited v. HM Customs & Excise240:

saqmis fabula: samarTlebrivi dava Seexeboda germaniidan gadmogzavnil saqonlis partias, romelic daayadaRes gaerTianebuli samefos sabaJo samsaxurebma. gadasinjvisas daadgines, rom es saqoneli ZiriTadad Sedgeboda gasaberi Tojinebisa da sxva nivTebisagan, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad erotikuli xasiaTis iyo. maT es saqoneli miiCnies `uzneod da gamryvnelad~, sabaJo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. sabaJo sammarTvelos moTxovniT, sasamarTlom konfiskacia gaukeTa am saqonels. momCivani asaCivrebda, rom es evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis darRveva iyo, romelic sajaro zneobis safuZvliT ar marTldeboda, radgan rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeSi 34/79 henn da derbi (Henn and Derby) aRniSna, importis akrZalva SeiZleba gamarTldes sazogadoebrivi zneobis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare da rom, ZiriTadad, wevri saxelmwifoebis saqmea gansazRvros es cneba, magram aseTi akrZalva TviTneburi diskriminaciaa 36-e muxlis me-2 winadadebis mixedviT, rodesac Sesabamis wevr saxelmwifoSi analogiuri saqonliT marTlzomieri vaWroba daiSveba.

13. pirveli kiTxva warmoSobs zogad problemas, SeiZleba Tu ara garkveuli saqonlis importis akrZalva sazogadoebrivi zneobis safuZvlebidan gamomdin-are iqnes gamarTlebuli, Tu es Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifos samarTalSi analo-giuri produqciis warmoebisa da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebisaTvis erovnuli sajaro teritoriis farglebSi ar ikrZaleba.

14. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 36-e muxlis Ta-naxmad, gaerTianebis SigniT saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis Sesaxeb debule-bebi, sxvasTan erTad, maSinac ar ewinaaRmdegebian importis akrZalvas, rodesac es akrZalva `sazogadoebrivi zneobis safuZvlebiTaa~ gamarTlebuli. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis 1979 wlis 14 dekembris dasaxelebul ganaCenSi gadawyvita, ZiriTadad yoveli wevri saxelmwifos saqmea, sazogadoebrivi usa-frTxoebis cneba Tavis teritoriaze sakuTari RirebulebebiTa da mis mier arCeu-li formiT gansazRvros.

239 ix. 233-e sqolio.240 Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 11 March 1986; Conegate Limited v HM Customs & Excise; Case 121/85;

European Court reports 1986 Page 01007.

187

15. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebis samarTali wevr saxelmwifoebs uflebas aZlevs garkveuli sagnebis mimarT garyvnilebisa da uzneobis kriteriumebi sakuTari masStabebiT Seafasos, ar SeiZleba saqonlis gamomwvevi moqmedeba sakmarisad mZimed miiCnio saqonlis Tavisufali moZraobis SezRudvebis gasamarTleblad, roca igive wevri saxelmwifo analogiuri saqonlis mimarT, romelic mis suverenul teritoriaze iwarmoeba da mimoqcevaSi gaiSveba, ar iRebs aranair sisxlissamarTlebriv Tu sxva seriozul da efeqtur RonisZiebebs misi gasaRebis Tavidan asacileblad.

16. amdenad, wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos sazogadoebrivi zneobis safuZvlebs sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan saqonlis importis akrZalvis gasamarTleblad, rodesac misi samarTliT aranairi akrZalva ar arsebobs mis teritoriaze analogiuri saqonlis warmoebasa Tu mimoqcevaSi gaSvebaze.

saqme Campus Oil Limited and others v. Minister for Industry and Energy and others241:

32. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom ganmeorebiT gadawyvita (1979 wlis 12 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze 153/78, komisia germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg, 1979 wlis krebuli, 2555 da iq dasaxelebuli ganaCenebi), xelSekrulebis 36-e muxli wevri saxelmwifoebis gansakuTrebuli kompetenciis garkveul sferoebSi Sedis, ufro metic, is saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis principidan gamonaklisebs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebiT mxolod imdenad uSvebs, ramdenadac es am muxlSi dasaxelebuli miznebiTaa gamarTlebuli da aseTad rCeba.

33. am Tvalsawieridan unda gadaisinjos, faravs Tu ara pirvel SekiTxvaSi dasaxelebul safuZvlebs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis cneba, romelsac irlandiis mTavroba gansakuTrebelad eyrdnoba da romelic sxvagvaradaa mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi, vidre sazogadoebrivi wesrigis cneba.

34. am TvalsazrisiT dadgenilia, rom navTobproduqtebi, maTi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo, rogorc energiis wyaro Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis arsebiTia, radgan ara marto misi ekonomikis funqcionirebaa masze damokidebuli, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, aseve misi dawesebulebebisa da mniSvnelovani sajaro samsaxurebis funqcionireba da Tavad mosaxleobis gadarCena. navTobproduqtebiT momaragebis Sewyvetasa da amiT saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnas SeuZlia mZimed Selaxos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba, romlis dacvasac 36-e muxli iTvaliswinebs.

35. marTalia, rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom araerTxel, bolos ki Tavis 1982 wlis 9 ivnisis ganaCenSi saqmeze 95/81 (komisia italiis winaaRmdeg, 1982 wlis krebuli, 2187) gadawyvita, 36-e muxli miznad isaxavs araekonomikuri saxis interesebis dacvas. radgan wevr saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba ufleba mieces, xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli normebis moqmedebas Tavi aaridos ekonomikur sirTuleebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobis dabrkolebebis aRmofxvriT warmoiqmnebian. saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis im farTo Sedegebis gamo, romlebic SesaZloa hqondes navTobproduqtebiT momaragebis Sewyvetas, unda vixelmZRvaneloT imiT, rom navTobproduqtebiT minimaluri uzrunvelyofis ganzraxva scildeba wminda ekonomikuri saxis mosazrebebs da amiT, SesaZloa, asaxavdes mizans, romelic sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis cnebis qveS eqceva.

241 Judgment of the Court of 10 July 1984; Campus Oil Limited and others v Minister for Industry and Energy and others; Case 72/83; European Court reports 1984 Page 02727.

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36. dasamatebelia, rom 36-e muxlis gamoyeneba damokidebulia imaze, gamarTle-bulia Tu ara aRniSnuli regulireba obieqturi, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis moTxovnebisaTvis sakmarisi garemoebebiT. rogorc ki es gamarTleba arsebobs, ma-Sin 36-e muxlis gamoyenebas ar gamoricxavs faqti, rom regulireba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis miznebisaTvis, aramed aseve sxva wevri saxelmwi-fos mier dasaxuli ekonomikuri saxis miznebisaTvisac gamodgeba.

37. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna (SeadareT 1987 wlis 12 oqtom-bris ganaCenis saqmeze 12/78, Eggers, 1978 wlis krebuli, 1935, da 1983 wlis 22 martis ganaCeni saqmeze 42/82, komisia safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 1983 wlis krebuli, 1013) 36-e muxli unda ganimartos rogorc xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi principidan gamonaklisi, rom is Tavis moqmedebebSi ar unda scildebodes imas, rac mis mier garantirebuli interesebis dacvisaTvisaa aucilebeli; am muxlis safuZvelze miRebulma RonisZiebebma ar unda Seqmnan dabrkolebebi importze, romlebic am miznebTan araTanazomieria. 36-e muxlis safuZvelze miRebuli RonisZiebebi SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin gamarTldes, rodesac isini gamodge-bian am xelSekrulebiT daculi interesebisaTvis (...).

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

saqme Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein242:

saqmis fabula: saaqcio sazogadoeba `reve centrales~ (Rewe Zentrale), romlis saTavo ofisi iyo kelnSi, Semohqonda 15-idan 20%-amde alkoholuri Semcvelo-bis liqiori `Cassis de dijon~-i germaniaSi. germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, liqiori unda yofiliyo mxolod 32%-iani alkoholuri Semcvelobis, amitom `Cassis de dijon~-i ver gaiSveboda mimoqcevaSi. es akrZalva Seexeboda importul da Sida produqcias ganurCevlad. xolo `reve centrales~ azriT, es reguli-reba, faqtobrivad, gamodevnida bazridan frangul spirtian sasmelebs, radgan tradiciulad franguli sasmelebi dabalprocentiani iyo.

8. gamomdinare iqidan, rom ar arsebobs gaerTianebis mier miRebuli debuleba Rvinis spirtis warmoebisa da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb, (...), wevri saxelmwifoe-bis saqmea, miiRon Rvinis spirtisa da alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebisa da mi-moqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi normebi sakuTar teritoriaze. gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobaSi dabrkolebebi misaRebia, Tu es debulebebi aucilebelia savalde-bulo moTxovnebis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT iseTi moTxovne-bisa, rogorebicaa: efeqturi sagadasaxado kontroli, sazogadoebrivi janmrTe-lobis dacva, savaWro urTierTobis keTilsindisiereba da momxmarebelTa dacva.

9. germaniis federaciuli respublikis mTavrobam, romelmac am sasamarTlo procesSi ganmartebebi gaakeTa, araerTi sakiTxi wamowia alkoholuri sas-melebis alkoholuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb debulebebis gasamarTleblad, romlebic eyrdnobian, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvas da, meore mxriv, arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisagan momxmareblis dacvas.

242 Judgment of the Court of 20 February 1979; Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein; Reference for a preliminary ruling: Hessisches Finanzgericht – Germany; Measures heaving an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions; Case 120/78; European Court reports 1979 Page 00649.

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10. rac Seexeba sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvas, germanuli mTavroba acxadebs, rom alkoholuri Semadgenlobis minimumis dadgenam erovnul samarTalSi xeli unda SeuSalos erovnuli bazris aseTi alkoholuri sasmelebiT da, gansakuTrebiT, aseTi zomieri alkoholuri Semadgenlobis sasmelebiT gadavsebas, radgan aseTma produqciam SeiZleba ufro advilad gamoiwvios SeCveva, vidre maRali alkoholuri Semadgenlobis sasmelebma.

11. aseTi mosazrebebi aramyaria. radgan momxmarebels bazarze aqvs auracxeli SemoTavazeba gansxvavebuli produqciisa ufro mcire Tu saSualo alkoholuri Semadgenlobis da, garda amisa, germanul bazarze Tavisuflad gasaRebuli sasmelebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic maRali alkoholuri Semcvelobisaa, rogorc wesi, gazavebulad moixmareba.

12. germaniis mTavroba acxadebs, rom garkveuli liqiorebis alkoholuri Se-madgenlobis minimumis dadgenam momxmarebeli unda daicvas mwarmoeblisa Tu movaWreebis arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisagan. es argumentacia emyareba imas, rom garkveul sasmelebSi alkoholuri Semadgenlobis Semcireba maT moutanda upiratesobas ufro maRali alkoholuri Semcvelobis sasmelebTan SedarebiT, radgan Rvinis spirti aris masze dakisrebuli maRali gadasaxadis gamo sasmelis yvelaze Zviri Semadgeneli nawili. Tu moxdeboda ise, rom dauS-vebdnen Tavisufal mimoqcevas iseTi alkoholuri produqciisas, romelic al-koholuri Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT mxolod warmoSobis qveynis reguli-rebas Seesabameboda, maSin es gamoiwvevda imas, rogorc amas germaniis mTavroba fiqrobs, rom gaerTianebaSi saerTo standartad iqneboda erT romelime wevr saxelmwifoSi daSvebuli yvelaze dabali alkoholuri procentulobis Rvinis spirti (...).

13. rogorc komisiam sworad aRniSna, (...) ar SeiZleba ase Sors wasvla. ar Sei-Zleba, rom alkoholuri Semadgenlobis minimumis dadgena miviCnioT keTilsin-disieri savaWro urTierTobis aucilebel arsebiT garantad, radgan yovelg-vari garTulebebis gareSe myidvelisaTvis Sesabamisad Setyobineba SesaZlebe-lia imiT, rom produqciis SefuTvaze mieTiTos misi warmoSobisa da alkohol-uri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb monacemebi.

14. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, alkoholuri sasmelebis alkohol-uri Semadgenlobis minimumis dadgenis Sesaxeb debulebebi ar isaxaven iseT mizans, romelic ufro maRlaa, vidre saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis sayovelTao interesi, romelic gaerTianebis safuZvelia. praqtikulad aseTi debulebebi, up-irveles yovlisa, upiratesobas aniWeben maRali alkoholuri Semadgenlobis sas-melebs, riTac sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqcias, romlebic am winapirobebs ar asruleben, erovnuli bazridan gandevnian. amdenad, xelSekrulebis 30-e muxl-Tan Seusabamo savaWro dabrkolebas qmnis is faqti, rom wevri saxelmwifo samarT-lebrivi normebiT calmxrivad adgens saqonlis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis winapirobad alkoholuri Semadgenlobis minimums.

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saqme Eugen Schmidberger243:

saqmis fabula: avstriis garemos dacvis kavSirma, avstriuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, ganacxadi gaakeTa breneris avtobanze paraskevs, 1998 wlis 12 iv-nisis 11 saaTidan SabaTamde _ 13 ivnisis 16 saaTamde manifestaciis gamarTvis Taobaze. xuTSabaTi _ 11 ivnisi dasvenebis dRe iyo, xolo SabaTsa da kviras, Cveulebriv, satvirTo manqanebis moZraobis SezRudva moqmedebda. gamomdin-are iqidan, rom Sekrebis Tavisufleba konstituciiTaa daculi, avstriis sa-marTaldamcavebi iTmendnen am Sekrebis ganxorcielebas. amasTan, yvelanairad cdilobdnen (SemovliTi gzebis miTiTebiT, gansakuTrebuli matareblebiT), SeemcirebinaT blokadiT gamowveuli SezRudvebi. momCivanma, romelic avstri-idan Crdilo italiaSi rkinisa da xis gadazidvebiT iyo dakavebuli, gaasaCivra avstriis saxelmwifos qmedeba, romelmac ver uzrunvelyo xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraoba.

64. (...) garemoeba, rom wevri saxelmwifos kompetenturma uwyebebma uari ar ganacxades Sekrebis ganxorcielebaze, romelmac iseTi mniSvnelovani sagzao kavSiris 30-saaTiani Seuwyveteli blokada gamoiwvia, rogoricaa breneris avtobani, SesaZloa asaxavdes gaerTianebaSi saqonlis moZraobis SezRudvas (...) da ganxilul unda iqnes amdenad raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiurad moqmed RonisZiebad (...), romelic, ZiriTadad, SeuTavsebelia gaerTianebis samarTliT, kerZod ki evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 30-e da 34-e muxlebsa da me-5 muxlSi gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebTan, Tu uaris ganucxadebloba SesaZloa obieqturad gamarTldes. (...)

65. mommarTvel sasamarTlos Tavisi me-4 SekiTxviT arsebiTad surs icodes, SesaZloa Tu ara, gaerTianebis valdebuleba gadafaros saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis sferoSi 1998 wlis 12 da 13 ivnisis Sekrebis mizanma. kerZod mizanma, rom demonstrantebma miuTiTon breneris avtobanis satvirTo manqanebis mudmivad mzardi moZraobiT gamowveul safrTxeze, romelic eqmneba garemosa da janmrTelobas da amiT aiZulon kompetenturi uwyebebi, gaamkacron moZraobis mosawesrigebeli zomebi da Seamciron ekologiurad maRali mgrZnobelobis alpebis regionSi aseTi moZraobiT gamowveuli garemos dabinZureba. (...)

67. imisaTvis, rom wevri saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebi da, gan-sakuTrebiT, am wevri saxelmwifos mier gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevis sakiTxi Sefasdes (...), ganxilul unda iqnes mxolod am wevri saxelmwifos moq-medeba Tu umoqmedoba.

68. aq, amdenad, gasaTvaliswinebelia mxolod mizani, romliTac xelmZR-vanelobdnen erovnuli dawesebulebebi maSin, rodesac maT mdumared misces Tanxmoba, anu uari ar ganucxades am Sekrebis ganxorcielebaze.

69. amasTan, sasamarTlo aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, rom avstriuli uwyebebi azris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebis mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobd-nen, rac adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropul kon-venciasa da avstriis konstituciaSia asaxuli da garantirebuli.(...)

243 Judgment of the Court of 12 June 2003; Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge and Republik Österreich; Case C-112/00.

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71. amdenad, unda gavixsenoT, rom mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, ZiriTadi uflebebi ganekuTvnebian sayovelTao samarTlebriv principebs, romelTa dacvasac evropuli sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, evropuli sasamarTlo eyrdnoba wevri saxelmwifoebis saerTo sakonstitucio tradiciebs da aseve miTiTebebs, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebebidan gamomdinareoben da romelTa dadebaSi wevri saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen, an romlebsac isini Semdgom miuerTdnen. amave dros, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis evropul konvencias aqvs (...).

72. am sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gamomuSavebuli principebi xelaxla dadasture-bulia erTiani evropuli aqtebis preambulasa da evropuli kavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis me-2 abzacSi. (...)

73. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom gaerTianebaSi ar iqneba arc erTi RonisZieba aRiarebuli samarTlebrivad, romelic Seusabamo iqneba adamianis uflebebis amgvarad aRiarebul da garantirebul dacvasTan. (...)

74. gamomdinare iqidan, rom amis mixedviT, ZiriTad uflebebs rogorc gaer-Tianebam, ise wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda scen pativi. am uflebebis dacva samarTliani interesia, romliTac ZiriTadad SesaZlebelia gaerTianebis sa-marTliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis SezRudvis gamarTleba da aseve xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli iseTi ZiriTadi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gama-rTleba, rogoricaa saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba.(...)

78. amasTan, erTi mxriv, unda dadgindes, rom saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadg-ileba, marTalia, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis sistemis ZiriTad princips asaxavs, magram is garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobisas SeiZleba Seiz-Rudos am xelSekrulebis 36-e muxlSi CamoTvlili safuZvlebis an sayovelTao interesebis savaldebulo moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, rogorc amas evropuli sasamarTlo Tavisi mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT 120/78 saqmeze (Rewe-Zentral, `Cassis de Dijon~, 1979 wlis krebuli, 649) 1979 wlis 20 Tebervals dadgenili ganaCenidan moyolebuli aRiarebs.

79. meore mxriv, ZiriTadi uflebebi, romelsac sasamarTlo procesi Seexeba, marTalia, adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciiTaa aRiarebuli da demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebiT safuZvle-bad gvevlinebian, Tumca, rogorc es adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli kon-venciis me-10 muxlis me-2 abzacisa da me-11 muxlis Sinaarsidan naTlad gamom-dinareobs, azris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia daeqvem-debaros SezRudvebs. aseTi SezRudvebi unda iyos gamarTlebuli sayovelTao interesidan gamomdinare miznebiT da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos kanoniT. es SezRudvebi unda isaxavdnen am muxlebis erTi an ramdenime debulebiT gaT-valiswinebul gamamarTlebel mizans da saWiro unda iyos demokratiuli sa-zogadoebisaTvis, ese igi, SezRudvebi gamarTlebuli unda iyos savaldebulo sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebiT da, gansakuTrebiT, Tanazomieri unda iyos dasaxuli miznisa (SeadareT am TvalsazrisiT 1997 wlis 26 ivnisis ganaCeni (saqme C-368/95, Familiapress, 1997 wlis krebuli, I-3689, 26-e punqti) (...)

192

80. amgvarad, azris gamoxatvisa da mSvidobianad Sekrebis Tavisufleba, romlebic garantirebulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis Ses-axeb evropuli konvenciiT, (...) SeuZlebelia moqmedebdes SeuzRudavad, aucile-belia maTi danaxva maTive sazogadoebrivi funqciidan gamomdinare. Sedegad, am uflebebis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros SezRudvebs, Tu es SezRudve-bi, faqtobrivad, gaerTianebis keTildReobis miznebs Seesabamebian da ar erevian dasaxul miznebSi gaumarTleblad, romelic amgvarad daculi uflebebis arss Seexeba (...)

81. Sesabamisad, unda Sefasdes arsebuli interesebi da yoveli konkretuli SemTx-vevis garemoebaTa mTeli rigis gaTvaliswinebiT unda dadgindes, aris Tu ara dac-uli balansi am interesebs Soris.

82. am TvalsazrisiT, kompetenturi uwyebebi floben moqmedebis farTo speqtrs, Tumca gadasasinjia, Tanazomieria Tu ara gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobaze dadgenili SezRudvebi samarTlian mizanTan, romliTac isini xelmZRvaneloben, am SemTx-vevaSi, ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvasTan.

83. am sasamarTlo procesSi imaze unda mieTiTos, rom misi maxasiaTebeli ga-remoebebi erTmniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba im saqmeSi arsebuli garemoebebidan, ramac saqmeSi _ komisia safrangeTis winaaRmdeg _ dadgenil ganaCenamde migviy-vana da romelic momCivanma avstriaSi wayenebul Tavis saCivarSi rogorc prec-edentuli SemTxveva ise gamoiyena.

84. faqtebis sapirispirod, romlebzec evropulma sasamarTlom komisia sa-frangeTis winaaRmdeg saqmis ganaCenSi 38-e punqtidan 53-e punqtamde imsjela, jer erTi, unda dadgindes, rom am procesSi sadavo Sekreba Catarda mas Semdeg, rac erovnuli samarTliT gasacem nebarTvaze ganacxadi iqna wardgenili da kompetenturma dawesebulebebma uari ganacxades.

85. meorec, breneris avtobanze demonstrantebis yofnam sagzao moZraoba erT monakveTze erTxel daaxloebiT 30 saaTis ganmavlobaSi SeaCera. garda amisa, geografiuli sivrcisa da uwesrigobebis simZimis TvalsazrisiT, am SekrebiT saqonlis Tavisufali gadaadgileba ufro naklebad SeizRuda, vidre komisia safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi.

86. mesame, udavoa, rom aq saqme Seexeboda Sekrebas, romliTac moqalaqeebi Tavis ZiriTad uflebebs axorcielebdnen da romlis drosac isini sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad miCneul azrs gamoxatavdnen; garda amisa, dadgenilia, rom es sajaro demonstracia miznad ar isaxavda garkveu-li saxisa Tu warmoSobis saqonliT vaWrobis SezRudvas. amis sapirispirod, saqmeSi _ komisia safrangeTis winaaRmdeg _ demonstrantebi erTmniSvnelovnad isaxavdnen miznad, SeeCerebinaT safrangeTis respublikis garda sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis garkveuli produqciis moZraoba, rodesac isini ara marto abrkolebdnen sadavo produqciis transportirebas aramed anadgurebdnen maT safrangeTSi da safrangeTis gavliT transportirebisas da aseve maSin, rode-sac am produqcias ukve am wevri saxelmwifos maRaziebSi awyobdnen.

87. meoTxe, unda dadgindes, rom kompetenturi dawesebulebebi am SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva CarCo da Tanmdev RonisZiebebs atarebdnen, raTa sagzao moZrao-bis Seferxeba SeZlebisdagvarad SeemcirebinaT. amdenad, isini gansakuTrebiT

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policiis ZalebTan, demonstraciis organizatorebisa da sxva saavtomobilo klubebTan erTad eswrafodnen, uzrunveleyoT Sekrebis wesrigis farglebSi mimdinareoba. am TariRamde bevrad ufro adre farTo sainformacio kampania gaimarTa mediisa da saavtomobilo klubebis meSveobiT avstriasa da mosazRvre qveynebSi da SeTavazebul iqna gansxvavebuli SemovliTi gzebi, ise, rom Se-sabamisi ekonomikuri subieqtebi saTanadod iyvnen informirebulebi Sekrebis dadgenili adgilisa da drois ganmavlobaSi moZraobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb da droulad SeeZloT emoqmedaT, rom am SezRudvebs momzadebuli Sexvedrodnen. amasTan, Sekrebis adgilas Seqmnili iyo momwesrigebeli samsaxuri.

88. garda amisa, naTelia, rom es calkeuli qmedeba, romelzec aqaa saubari, ar qmnis safrTxis SegrZnebis zogad atmosferos sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mZ-ime da ganmeorebiT im darRvevebis sapirispirod, romlebic aRiniSna saqmeSi _ komisia safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, rasac saerTo savaWro nakadze TavisTavad uaryofiTad SeiZleba emoqmeda.

89. sabolood, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, (...) erovnul uwyebebs SeeZloT evarau-daT, rom iseT garemoebebSi, rogorc es am sasamarTlo procesSia warmod-genili, Sekrebis akrZalva SesaZloa demonstrantebis sajarod mSvidobianad Sekrebisa da azris gamoxatvis ZiriTad uflebaSi Careva yofiliyo.

90. sadavo Sekrebis adgilis, magaliTad, breneris avtobanis gverdiT, aseve misi xangrZlivobis – mxolod ramdenime saaTiT – mkacri SezRudvebi Sesa-Zloa aRqmuli yofiliyo rogorc gadaWarbebuli SezRudva, romelsac am aqci-is zegavlenisaTvis arsis dakargva SeeZlo. marTalia, kompetenturi erovnuli dawesebulebebi unda eswrafodnen, rom sazogadoebriv gzebze demonstraciebs naklebi zegavlena hqondes moZraobis Tavisuflebaze, Tumca maT es interesi unda ganixilon demonstrantebis interesTan mimarTebiT. demonstrantebis in-teresi am SemTxvevaSi maTi aqciis miznebze sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis gamax-vilebaa.

91. marTalia, Cveulebriv, aseT aqcias masSi aramonawile pirebisTvis garkveu-li ziani moaqvs, rac gansakuTrebiT maTi moZraobis Tavisuflebis SezRudviT gamoixateba, magram, ZiriTadad, es aqcia misaRebi unda iyos imdenad, ramdena-dac mis arsebiT mizans azris marTlzomierad sajarod gamoxatva Seadgens.

92. momCivanma yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe ganacxada, rom nebismier sxva gadawyvetilebas SeeZlo, rTulad kontrolirebadi reaqciebis safrTxe war-moeSva, romelsac SesaZloa Seeqmna ufro metad mZime dabrkolebebi gaerTiane-bis Sida vaWrobisaTvis da sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis. magaliTad, aseTi dabrkolebebi SeiZleboda gamoxatuliyo `arakontrolirebadi~ demonstracie-biT, am saprotesto moZraobis momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris Setake-bebiT an demonstrantebis Zaladobrivi qmedebebiT, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom sakuTari ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebas eSleboda xeli.

93. amdenad, erovnul dawesebulebebs, miuxedavad gadawyvetilebis im farTo speqtrisa, romelic maT am sakiTxSi hqondaT, SeeZloT gonivrulad evaraudaT, rom Sekrebis legitimuri mizani am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda miRweuli yofil-iyo iseTi RonisZiebiT, romelic gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobas ufro naklebad Sez-Rudavda.

194

94. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, pirvel da meoTxe SekiTxvebs pa-suxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetentur uwyebebs ar daur-RveviaT evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 30-e da 34-e muxlebi me-5 mux-lTan kavSirSi, rodesac saqmis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sekrebis Catare-baze uari ar ganucxadebiaT.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom savaldebulo moTxovnebiT garkveuli SezRudvebis gamarTleba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu es SezRudvebi aradiskriminaciu-lia da moqmedeben ganurCevlad.

saqme Commission v. Ireland 244:

10. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom ganmeorebiT daadgina (1979 wlis 20 Tebervlis ganaCeni saqmeze 120/78, Rewe-Zentrale, 1979 wlis krebuli, 649; 1980 wlis 16 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze 788/79, Gilli, 1980 wlis krebuli, 2071; 1981 wlis 19 Tebervlis ganaCeni saqmeze 130/80, Kelderman, 1981 wlis krebuli, 527), romelime produqciis warmoebasa da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb gaerTiane-bis regulirebis ararsebobisas wevri saxelmwifoebis saqmea, Tavis suverenul teritoriaze miiRos am produqciis warmoeba-gasaRebasa da moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi, Tumca im pirobiT, rom es normebi gaerTianebis Sida vaWrobas ar daabrkoleben; erovnuli regulireba, romelic Sida da importul produqciaze ganurCevlad moqmedebs, 30-e muxlis moTxovnebisagan mxolod maSin SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes, rodesac gamarTlebulia savaldebulo moTxovnebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki, savaWro urTierTobis keTilsindisierebisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis uzrunvelsayofad.

11. am SemTxvevaSi es Seexeba ara iseT regulirebas, romelic Sida da im-portirebul produqciaze ganurCevlad moqmedebs, aramed saqme gvaqvs norme-bis kompleqsTan, romelic mxolod importul produqcias Seexeba da, amdenad, diskriminirebadi xasiaTi aqvT. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, zemoT dasaxelebu-li praqtika, romelic mxolod iseT samarTlebriv normebs eyrdnoba, romlebic Sida da Semotanili produqciis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebas erTnairad aregulirebs, am konkretuli sadavo RonisZiebebis mimarT ar gamoiyeneba.

aqve aRsaniSnavia Tanazomierebis/proporciulobis principi, romelic evrokavSiris samarTalSi nebismieri SezRudvis dros gamoiyeneba.

saqme Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v. De Smedt PVBA245:

12. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1979 wlis 20 Tebervlis ganaCenSi saqmeze 120/78 (Rewe-Zentral, (...)) da Semdgom ganmeorebiT daadgina, Sesabamisi produqciis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis regulirebis ararsebobisas SesaZloa arsebobdes gaerTianebis Tavisufali Sida vaWrobis iseTi dabrkolebebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli erovnuli regulirebebidan gamomdinareobs. am SemTxvevaSi aseTi erovnuli regulirebebi Sida da Semotanil produqciaze ganurCevlad unda moqmedebdnen, da maTi gamarTleba SesaZlebeli unda iyos savaldebulo

244 Judgment of the Court of 17 June 1981; Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Case 113/80; European Court reports 1981 Page 01625.

245 Judgment of the Court of 10 November 1982; Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA; Case 261/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 03961.

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moTxovnebiT, maT Soris, momxmarebelTa dacvis savaldebulo moTxovnebiTac. es regulireba ki, upirveles yovlisa, dasaxuli miznis Tanazomieri unda iyos. Tu wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia erTi miznis misaRwevad gansxvavebul gamosadeg meTodebs Soris gaakeTos arCevani, maSin man unda airCios iseTi meTodi, romelic saqonlis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas yvelaze ufro naklebad SezRudavs.(...)

17. (...) ar aris sadavo iseTi cvlileba, romelic miznad isaxavs momxmareblis dacvas im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT kargad ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan karaqi da margarini. magram Tu wevri saxelmwifo iseT samarTlebriv normebs gansazRvravs, romlebiTac sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi marTlzomierad warmoebuli da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli margarinisaTvis savaldebulo SefuTvis mxolod garkveul formas, magaliTad kubikis, daadgens da SefuTvis yvelanair sxva formas akrZalavs, ma-Sin is am miznis misaRwevad aucilebelze Sors midis. momxmareblis dacvis efeq-turad uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia aseve sxva iseTi RonisZiebebiTac, rogori-caa, magaliTad, etiketirebis normebi, romlebic saqonlis Tavisuflad moZrao-bas ufro naklebad SezRudavs.

saqme Commission v. Germany246:

26. germaniis federaciuli respublikis mTavroba Seecada, Tavisi regulireba jer janmrTelobis dacvis mizezebiT gaemarTlebina. misi azriT, ludis sxvagvari Semadgenlobis daSveba, vidre es ludis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis me-9 paragrafiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, gamoiwvevda damatebiTi nivTierebebis Serevas. Tumca zepir ganxilvaze federalurma mTavrobam aRiara, rom amave kanonis me-10 paragrafi, romelic dasaxelebis regulirebiT Semoifargleba, mxolod momxmareblis dacvas emsaxureba. am regulirebas ukavSirebdnen isini sasmelis `ludiT~ dasaxelebas, romelic warmoebuli unda yofiliyo mxolod am kanonis me-9 paragrafSi miTiTebuli nivTierebebisagan. amasTan, Tavidan unda acilebuliyo momxmareblis SecdomaSi Seyvana produqciis saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT. (debuleba) warmoSobda molodins, rom garkveuli sasmeli ̀ ludis~ saxelwodebiT Sesabamisi iqneboda (germaniis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul) ludis warmoebis moTxovnebTan (ludis siwmindis moTxovnasTan), maSin, rodesac sinamdvileSi es ase ar iqneboda. federaluri mTavroba ar eTanxmeba imas, rom regulireba proteqcionistul miznebs emsaxureba. is amis gasabaTileblad aRniSnavs, rom nivTierebebi, romelTa gamoyenebasac ludze gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis me-9 paragrafis pirveli da me-2 abzacebi iTvaliswinebs, ar aris aucileblad Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi warmoSobis da rom dasaxelebis _ `ludi~ _ gamoyenebis ufleba aqvs yvela ekonomikur subieqts, romlebic mimoqcevaSi uSveben produqcias da es produqcia aRniSnul normebTan Sesabamisadaa warmoebuli; am normebiT dadgenili moTxovnebis Tavisuflad Sesruleba germaniis federaciuli respublikis sazRvrebs gareTacaa SesaZlebeli.

27. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxliT raodenobrivi SezRudvebis analogiurad moqmedi RonisZiebebis akrZalva, ev-ropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT (SeadareT, upirvelesad, 1974 wlis 11 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze 8/74, Dassonville, 1974 wlis krebuli, 837) moicavs ̀ wevri saxelmwifoebis nebismier savaWro regulirebas, romelmac Sesa-

246 Judgment of the Court of 12 March 1987; Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany; Case 178/84; European Court reports 1987 Page 01227.

196

Zloa, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, faqtobrivad Tu potenciurad daabrkolos gaerTianebis Sida vaWroba~.

28. garda amisa, evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis mudmiv praqtikaSi (sxvasTan erTad, 1979 wlis 20 Tebervlis ganaCenSi saqmeze 120/78 (Rewe (Cassis de Dijon), 1979 wlis krebuli, 649, da 1982 wlis 10 noembris ganaCeni saqmisa 261/81, Rau, 1982 wlis krebuli, 3961) aRniSna: `...aRniSnuli produqciis mimoqcevaSi gaS-vebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis regulirebis ararsebobis gamo gaerTianebis Sida Tavisufali vaWrobis dabrkolebebi, romlebic erovnul regulirebebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebidan gamomdinareoben, SeiZleba arsebobdnen, Tu aseTi erovnuli regulireba Sida da Semotanil produqciaze ganurCevlad moq-medebs, da Tu is gamarTlebulia savaldebulo moTxovnebis aucileblobiT, maT Soris momxmarebelTa dasacavad. regulireba, upirvelesad, Tanazomieri unda iyos dasaxuli miznisa. Tu wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia erTi da imave miznis misaRwevad gansxvavebul meTodebs Soris gaakeTos arCevani, maSin man is meTodi unda airCios, romelic saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobisaTvis yvelaze nakleb SemzRudveli iqneba~.

29. udavoa, rom ludze gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis me-10 paragrafis gamoyeneba sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis ludze, romlis warmoebis procesSi sxva nivTier-ebebi gamoiyeneba, gansakuTrebiT ki simindi an xorbali, da ara qeris alao, daabrkolebs aseTi ludis germaniis federaciul respublikaSi Semotanas.

30. amdenad, gadasamowmebelia, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, am normis gamoyeneba momx-marebelTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli savaldebulo moTxovnebiT iqnes gamarTlebuli.

31. amdenad, federaciuli respublikis mosazreba, rom am kanonis me-10 para-grafi germaneli momxmareblis dacvisaTvis aucilebelia imitom, rom maT warmodgenaSi ludis dasaxeleba mxolod am kanonis me-9 paragrafSi gaTval-iswinebuli nivTierebebisagan SeiZleba iwarmoos, ar unda iqnes gaziarebuli.

32. pirvel rigSi, momxmarebelTa warmodgenebi, romlebic wevri saxelmwifoe-bis mixedviT gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos, SeiZleba, droTa ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave wevr saxelmwifoSic kidev ufro ganviTardnen. saerTo bazris dam-kvidreba erT-erTi arsebiTi faqtoria imisaTvis, rom wvlili Seitanos aseT ganviTarebaSi. maSin, rodesac momxmarebelTa SecdomaSi Seyvanisagan dasaca-vad regulireba uSvebs aseT ganviTarebas, kanonis me-10 paragrafiT gaTval-iswinebuli regulirebiT is izRudeba. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom sxva konteqstSi aRniSna (1980 wlis 27 Tebervlis ganaCeni saqmeze 170/78, komisia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1980 wlis krebuli, 417), ar SeiZleba wevri saxelmwifos samarTali `imas emsaxurebodes, rom momxmarebelTa arsebuli Cveulebebi gayinos, raTa Sida industriam, romelic zrunavs maT dakmayofile-baze, arsebuli upiratesoba SeinarCunos~.

33. meore, gaerTianebis sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi `ludis~ dasaxelebis Sesabami-si dasaxelebebi aris qeris alaos duRilis Sedegad miRebuli sasmeli, amasTan, SeiZleba iyos es mxolod qeris alaos an simindTan Tu xorbalTan erTad duRi-lis Sedegad miRebuli sasmeli. analogiuri moqmedebs aseve gaerTianebis samar-TlisaTvis, rogorc es saerTo sabaJo satarifo nomridan _ 22.03 _ gamomdin-areobs. Tavad germanelma kanonmdebelmac ludze gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis

197

me-9 paragrafis me-7 da me-8 abzacebSi dasaxeleba `ludi~ im sasmelebzec gam-oiyena, romelic am kanonis me-9 paragrafis pirveli da me-2 abzacebiT gaTval-iswinebul sawarmoo normebs ar Seesabamebian.

34. germanuli dasaxeleba `ludi~ da gaerTianebis sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis enebis Sesabamisi dasaxelebebi ar SeiZleba mxolod iseT luds gulisxmobdes, romelic germaniis federaciul respublikaSi moqmedi normebiT aris warmoe-buli.

35. upirvelesad daSvebulia, rom momxmarebels, romelic garkveuli ingredien-tebiT warmoebul luds gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs aniWebs, miscen SesaZlebloba, gaakeTos arCevani am TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom ukve gadawyvita (1981 wlis 9 dekembris ganaCeni saqmisa _ 193/80, komisia ital-iis winaaRmdeg, 1981 wlis krebuli, 3019), es SesaZloa moxerxdes aseve iseTi sa-SualebebiT, romlebic sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi marTlzomierad warmoebul da mimoqcevaSi marTlzomierad gaSvebuli produqciis Semotanas ar zRudavs. es SesaZlebelia, ̀ gansakuTrebiT, gasaRebuli produqciis saxeobis Sesabamisi etike-tirebis valdebulebiT~. ludis warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli nivTierebebis miTiTebiT `momxmarebels SeeZleba, yvela garemoebis gacnobis Semdeg gaakeTos arCevani; aseve savaWro saqmianobisa da momxmarebelTaTvis SeTavazebis gamWvir-valeoba iqneboda (...) uzrunvelyofili~. amas unda daematos is, rom dasaxelebis amgvari regulireba ar unda iwvevdes im ludis negatiurad Sefasebas, romelic ar Seesabameba ludze gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis me-9 paragrafis moTxovnebs.

36. federaluri mTavrobis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sapirispirod dasaxelebis aseTi regulireba praqtikulia aseve iseT produqciaze, rogori-caa ludi, romelic momxmarebelze ara boTlebiT an sxva WurWliT gaicema da romlebic SesaZlebelia Seicavdnen saTanado monacemebs. es kvlav dasturdeba Tavad germanuli regulirebiT. ludze gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis gardama-vali debulebebis me-2 paragrafis pirveli da me-2 abzacebi Seicavs momxmare-blisaTvis aseve iseTi ludis Semadgenlobis gacnobis regulirebas, romelic baridan Camoisxmeba. aucilebeli monacemebi datanebul unda iqnes kaTxebze (...).

37. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom germaniis federaciulma respublikam evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi daarRvia, rodesac man marTlzomierad warmoebul da mimoqcevaSi marTlzomierad gaSvebul importirebul ludze gaavrcela ludze gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanonis me-10 paragrafis mixedviT gaT-valiswinebuli dasaxelebis regulirebis wesi.

198

II. muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba:

1. muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis cneba

saqme Merci convenzionali porto di Genova SpA247:

13 (...) muSaxelis cneba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xel Sek-rulebis 48-e muxlis mixedviT, niSnavs iseT urTierTobas, romlis drosac piri garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sxvisTvis misi miTiTebiT saqmianobas eweva da am saqmianobis sapasuxod is iRebs anazRaurebas.

saqme D.M. Levin248:

saqmis fabula: britaneTis moqalaqe qalbatoni levini, romelic mesame saxelm-wifos moqalaqis meuRlea, moiTxovda niderlandebSi yofnis uflebis miniWe-bas. misi moTxovna uaryofil iqna imiT, rom is ar muSaobda da, Sesabamis-ad, ar SeeZlo esargebla evrogaerTianebis farglebSi muSaxelisaTvis mini-Webuli SeRavaTebiT. qalbatoni levini acxadebda, rom man amasobaSi daiwyo damoukidebeli muSaoba, saidanac miRebuli Semosavali niderlandebis samarT-lebrivi normebiT dadgenili saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT iyo. garda amisa, is Tavs irCenda im qonebidan miRebuli SemosavliT, romelic mas da mis meuRles ekuTvnodaT. erovnulma sasamarTlom mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos SekiTxviT, vrceldeboda Tu ara muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba pirze, romelic damokidebul samuSaos asrulebda da aqedan miRebuli Semosavali saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT iyo.

9. muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebidan gamomdinare uflebebi, gansakuT re-biT ki saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze Sesvlisa da darCenis ufleba, da-mokidebulia imaze, aris Tu ara piri muSaxeli; kerZod imaze, saqmianobs Tu ara es piri saxelfaso Tu sagasamrjelo urTierTobebis farglebSi, anda Tu surs aseTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba; `muSaxelis~ da `saxelfaso da sagasamrjelo urTierTobebSi saqmianobis~ cnebebi arcerT Sesabamis debulebebSi naTlad ar aris gansazRvruli, amitom maTi mniSvneloba gamokvleul unda iqnes sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli ganmartebiTi principebis gamoyenebiT da xelSekrulebis kon-teqstisa da miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am cnebebis Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare.

10. niderlandebisa da daniis mTavrobebi acxadeben, rom xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlze dayrdnoba mxolod im pirebs SeuZliaT, romlebic, sul mcire, saarse-bo minimumis im odenobis anazRaurebas iReben, romlebic maTi samuSao adgilis wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi normebiTaa dadgenili, an, romlebic Sesa-bamis profesiul sferoSi sruli ganakveTiT momuSavisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul samuSao saaTebSi muSaoben. manam, sanam ar arsebobs gaerTianebis Sesabamisi sa-marTlebrivi debulebebi, saarsebo Semosavlis minimumisa da samuSao saaTebis minimumis dadgena erovnuli kriteriumebiT xdeba.

247 Judgment of the Court of 10 December 1991; Merci convenzionali porto di Genova SpA v Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA; Case C-179/90; European Court reports 1991 Page I-05889.

248 Judgment of the Court of 23 March 1982; D.M. Levin v Staatssecret aris van Justitie; Case 53/81; European Court reports 1982 Page 01035.

199

11. am argumentaciis gaTvaliswineba ar SeiZleba. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1964 wlis 19 martis ganaCenSi saqmeze 75/63 (Unger, krebuli, gv. 379) gadawyvita, `muSaxelis~ da `saxelfaso da sagasamrjelo urTierTobebSi saqmianobis~ cnebebi ar SeiZleba ganimartos wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv normebze dayrdnobiT; ufro metic, maT gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba aqvT. sxvagvarad, SeuZlebeli iqneboda muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi normebis dacva, radgan gaerTianebis organoTa kontrolis gareSe am cnebebis Sinaarsis Secvla da gansazRvra SesaZlebeli iqneboda calmxrivad erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebiT; amiT nebismier saxelmwifos SeeZleboda, survilisamebr pirTa garkveuli jgufebi xelSekrulebis dacvisTvis CamoeSorebina.

12. es iqneboda kerZod is SemTxveva, rodesac, muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebidan gamomdinare uflebebis ganxorcieleba damokidebuli iqneboda mimRebi saxelmwifos samarTalSi dadgenili saarsebo minimumis kriteriumze. am SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebis Sesabamisi debulebebi sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifosa da pirTa wris mixedviT gansxvavebulad imoqmedebda. aqedan gamomdinare, `muSaxelisa~ da `saxelfaso da sagasamrjelo urTierTobaSi saqmianobis~ cnebebi unda dadgindes gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi wesrigis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare.

13. es cnebebi xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis moqmede-bis sferos adgenen da amitom ar SeiZleba maTi viwrod ganmarteba.

14. am mosazrebas Seesabameba is, rom 1612/68 regulaciis dasabuTebaSi wevri saxelmwifos, ZiriTadad, nebismier muSaxels, kerZod xangrZlivad dasaqmebuls, sezonur Tu im muSaxels, romelic samsaxurSi misasvlelad kveTs sazRvars, aseve im muSaxels, romelic Tavis saqmianobas momsaxurebasTan kavSirSi axorcielebs, Tanabari ufleba aqvT, ganaxorcielon maT mier arCeuli saqmianoba gaerTianeb-is farglebSi. garda amisa, 68/360 direqtivis me-4 muxlis mixedviT, dasaqmebuls qveyanaSi yofnis ufleba aqvs mxolod piradobis mowmobis, romliTac is am su-verenul teritoriaze Semovida da samuSaoze daniSvnis brZanebis an muSaobis mowmobis Cvenebis safuZvelze, ise, rom, direqtivis mixedviT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs samuSaos saxesa Tu misgan miRebuli anazRaurebis raodenobas.

15. es ganmarteba, romelic am cnebebs sruli moqmedebis Zalas aniWebs, See-sabameba xelSekrulebis miznebs. am miznebs, me-2 da me-3 muxlebis mixedviT, ganekuTvneba aseve wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris pirebis Tavisuflad gadaadg-ilebisaTvis dabrkolebebis aRmofxvra, rom man, sxvasTan erTad, gaerTianebis SigniT ekonomikuri cxovrebis harmoniulad ganviTarebisa da cxovrebis do-nis amaRlebas Seuwyos xeli. ganakveTuri dasaqmeba pirebis umravlesobisT-vis cxovrebis pirobebis amaRlebis efeqturi saSualebaa, maSinac ki, Tu is iseT SemosavlebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic saarsebo minimumad aRiarebul odenobaze naklebia. amitom gaerTianebis samarTlis praqtikuli efeqturoba Seilaxeboda da xelSekrulebis miznebis miRweva kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadge-boda, Tu mxolod is pirebi isargeblebdnen muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisu-flebiT, romlebic xangrZlivvadian samsaxurebSi iqnebodnen dasaqmebuli da iseT Semosavals miiRebdnen, romelic, sul mcire, Sesabamis profesiul dargSi saarsebo minimums uTanabrdeba.

200

16. Sedegad, muSaxelisa da saxelfaso Tu sagasamrjelo urTierTobaSi dasaqme-bis cnebebi ise unda iqnes gagebuli, rom muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba aseve vrceldeba im pirebze, romlebic mxolod ganakveTurad arian dasaqmeb-ulebi saxelfaso Tu sagasamrjelo urTierTobebSi, an undaT aseTis dawyeba da aqedan iReben mxolod Sesabamis dargSi garantirebuli minimaluri Semosavlis zRvarze ufro dabal anazRaurebas an miiRebdnen aseTs. amdenad, ar SeiZleba gansxvavebulad epyrobodnen pirebs, romlebic kmayofildebian amgvari saqmi-anobidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT, da im pirebs, romlebic am Semosavlebs sxva im SemosavlebiT avseben, romlebic qonebidan Tu ojaxis wevris sxva samuSaodan miRebuli Semosavlebisagan Sedgeba.

saqme Gustaff Desiderius Antonissen249:

saqmis fabula: belgiis moqalaqe batoni antonise, romelic samuSao adgils eZebda, 1984 wlis oqtomberSi gaemgzavra did britaneTSi, sadac is 1986 wlis seqtemberSi kokainis floba-gasaRebis faqtze daakaves. 1987 wlis martSi mas miesaja Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, romlis darCenili nawili 1987 wlis dekemberSi pirobiTi msjavriT Seecvala. 1987 wlis noemberSi gamovida misi deportaciis gankarguleba, rac batonma antonisem gaasaCivra. sasamarTlo aRniSnavda, rom momCivani deportaciisagan dacvasTan dakavSirebiT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 64/221 direqtivis normebs ar eqvemdebareboda, radgan samsaxuris Zebnis eqvsTviani vada gasuli iyo da, amdenad, mas gaerTianebis muSaxelis statusiT sargebloba ar SeeZlo. uzenaesma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT _ Seesabameboda Tu ara erovnuli regulireba evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 39-e da 48-e muxlebs, romlis mixedviTac sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe SeiZleboda gaeZevebinaT wevr saxelmwifoSi Sesvlidan eqvs TveSi, Tu is ver daiwyebda muSaobas.

8. erovnuli sasamarTlos SekiTxva Seexeba imas, arTmevs Tu ara dasaqmebulis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis samarTali wevr saxelmwi-fos uflebas, gaaZevos sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe Tavisi teritoriidan ise, rom misi gasaCivrebis ufleba ar dairRves, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es moqalaqe samuSao adgilis Zebnis mizniT mis teritoriaze Sevida da eqvsi Tvis ganmav-lobaSi ver ipova aseTi adgili.

9. amasTan, (sasamarTlos mier) aRiniSna, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlis Sinaarsis mixedviT, gaerTianebis moqalaqeebs Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba wevri saxelmwifoebis teri-toriaze mxolod imisaTvis eniWebaT, rom monawileoba miiRon faqtobrivad SemoTavazebul adgilebze gamocxadebul konkursSi (me-3 abzacis `a~ da `b~ qvepunqtebi); amis sapirispirod, am saxelmwifoSi yofnis ufleba dasaqmebis ganxorcielebazea mibmuli.

10. aseTi ganmarteba gamoricxavs wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis uflebas, gaemgzavron sxva saxelmwifoebSi Tavisuflad da darCnen iq samuSao adgilis mosaZebnad; es arasworia.

11. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtikis mixedviT, dasaqmebulis Tavisu-flad gadaadgileba gaerTianebis safuZvlebs ganekuTvneba; amdenad, Sesabamisi

249 Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1991; The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Gustaff Desiderius Antonissen; Case C-292/89; European Court reports 1991 Page I-00745.

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debulebebi farTod unda ganimartos (...).

12. garda amisa, 48-e muxlis me-3 abzacis viwrod ganmarteba Seumcirebda wevri saxelmwifos dasaqmebis msurvel moqalaqes Sansebs, epovna sxva wevr saxelmwi-foebSi samuSao adgili; is amiT am debulebas Tavis praqtikul efeqturobas dau-kargavda.

13. 48-e muxlis me-3 abzaci ise unda ganimartos, rom is amomwuravad ar CamoT-vlis uflebebs, romlebic wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis sferoSi aqvT; am Tavisuflebas ganekuTvneba wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis ufleba, Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi da iq darCnen samuSaos mosaZebnad.(...)

16. 48-e muxlis praqtikuli efeqturoba daculia, Tu dro, romelsac gaerTiane-bis samarTali an gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis ararsebobisas wevri saxelmwifos samarTali Sesabamis pirebs aZlevs, Seesabameba im drois xangr-Zlivobas, romelic sakmarisia am wevr saxelmwifoSi profesiuli kvalifikaci-is Sesabamisi samuSao adgilis Sesaxeb informaciisa da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gamocxadebul konkursSi monawileobis misaRebad.(...)a) gaerTianebis samarTali ar aregulirebs imas, Tu ramdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi

SeuZliaT gaerTianebis moqalaqeebs, darCnen samuSao adgilis moZebnis mizniT wevr saxelmwifoSi. Sesabamisi erovnuli samarTali amisaTvis iTvaliswinebs eqvs Tves. es, ZiriTadad, sakmarisadaa miCneuli, raTa pirs darTon neba, mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi misi profesiuli kvalifikaciis Sesabamis vakantur samuSao adgilebze miiRos informacia da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, monawileoba miiRos konkursSi; droSi aseTi SezRudva safrTxis qveS ar ayenebs Tavisuflad gad-aadgilebis principis praqtikul efeqturobas. Tu piri am drois gasvlis Sem-deg daamtkicebs, rom mas kidev aqvs perspeqtiva, ipovos samuSao, maSin mimReb saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia misi gaZeveba.erovnuli sasamarTlos mier warmodgenil SekiTxvebze pasuxi unda gaeces, rom dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis samarTali wevr saxelmwifos ar arTmevs uflebas, gaaZevos sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe gasaCivrebis uflebis dacviT _ es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri mis teritoriaze sam-uSao adgilis moZebnis mizniT Sevida, eqvsi Tvis Semdegac ver ipova samuSao ad-gili da Tu ver amtkicebs, rom mas kidev aqvs perspeqtiva, ipovos samuSao.

saqme Jean Noël Royer250:

31/32. a) wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa ufleba, Sevidnen da darCnen sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi xelSekrulebaSi dasaxelebuli mizniT, _ gansakuTrebiT, iq damoukidebeli Tu damokidebuli saqmianobis mosaZebnad an gansaxorciele-blad, anda meuRlesTan Tu ojaxis sxva wevrebTan dasarCenad, _ uSualod xelSekrulebidan gamomdinareobs an, sakiTxis mixedviT, misi aRsrulebisaTvis miRebuli debulebebidan. Sedegad, es ufleba arsebobs wevri saxelmwifos kom-petenturi organos mier qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTvis gacemisagan damoukide-blad. am nebarTvis gacema uflebis warmomSobi ar aris, ufro metad, amiT wevri saxelmwifos mier sabolood dgindeba, ra pirovnuli statusi aqvs sxva

250 Judgment of the Court of 8 April 1976; Jean Noël Royer; Case 48-75.

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wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes, gaerTianebis samarTlis debulebebis mixedviT.

34/36. b) 68/630 direqtivis me-4 muxlis pirveli da me-2 abzacebis mixedviT, wevri saxelmwifoebi – me-10 muxlis debulebebis daurRvevlad _ `aniWeben~ pirebs, romlebic direqtivaSi miTiTebul sabuTebs warmoadgenen, TavianT suverenul teritoriaze yofnis uflebas da mis `mtkicebulebad~ qveyanaSi yofnis gansakuTrebul nebarTvas gascemen. am debulebebiT unda daadginon xelSekrulebidan uSualod gamomdinare uflebaTa ganxorcielebis praqtiku-li debulebebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom wevri saxelmwifoebis uwyebebma unda mianiWon TiToeul pirs qveyanaSi yofnis ufleba, romelic direqtivis pirvel muxlSi dasaxelebul jgufebs ganekuTvneba da romelsac es SeuZlia daamtkicos me-4 muxlis me-3 abzacSi cal-calke dasaxelebuli sabuTebis war-modgeniT.

37. SekiTxvaze, Sesabamisad, pasuxi unda gaeces, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi, 68/360 direqtivis me-4 muxlis mixedviT, valdebulni arian, qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTva gasces nebismierze, romelic Sesabamisi dokumentebiT daamtkicebs, rom is direqtivis pirvel muxlSi dasaxelebuli jgufebidan romelimes gane-kuTvneba.

2. akrZalvis formebi

a) diskriminaciis akrZalva

saqme Pietro Pinna251:

saqmis fabula: dava efuZneboda italiis moqalaqis saCivars, romelic dasaqmebuli iyo safrangeTSi da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi misi ojaxis wevrebi cxovrobdnen italiaSi. safrangeTSi dasaqmebuli piri iTxovda misi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis gankuTvnili socialuri Semweobis miRebas. safrangeTi am moTxovnas im motiviT ar ukmayofilebda, rom ojaxis wevrebi masTan erTad ar cxovrobdnen da maTi adgilsamyofeli safrangeTis teritoriaze ar iyo.

23. (...) Tanasworobis principi krZalavs ara marto moqalaqeobis safuZvelze aSka-ra diskriminaciebs, aramed diskriminaciis yvela dafarul formas, romelic faq-tobrivad msgavs Sedegs iwvevs sxva ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyenebiT.

24. (...) miuxedavad imisa, rom, franguli samarTlebrivi normebiT, safrangeTSi dasaqmebuli frangi da arafrangi muSaxelis moTxovnis ufleba ojaxur Semweobe-bze erTi da imave kriteriumiT dgindeba, am kriteriums (sacxovrebeli adgilis moTxovnas) mainc araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aqvs Tanabari mniSvneloba arafrangi muSaxelisaTvis. garemoeba, rom ojaxis wevrebi safrangeTis gareT cxovroben, ZiriTadad, migranti muSaxelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemaa. amitom es kri-teriumi ar gamodgeba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is 48-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelsayofad (...).

251 Judgment of the Court of 15 January 1986; Pietro Pinna v Caisse d’allocations familiales de la Savoie; Case 41/84; European Court reports 1986 Page 00001.

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saqme Pilar Allué and Carmel Mary Coonan252:

saqmis fabula: espaneTisa da britaneTis moqalaqeebi 1980 wlidan 1986 wlamde veneciis universitetSi dasaqmebulebi iyvnen, rogor ucxo enis leqtorebi. 1986 wlis dasawyisSi universitetma Seatyobina maT, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebebi aRar gadavaddeboda. aRniSnuli emyareboda Sida regulacias, romlis mixedviTac ucxo enis leqtorebTan xelSekrulebebi daideboda wliurad da xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi wliT gagrZeldeboda. mosarCeleebi asaCivrebdnen am gadawyvetilebas da acxadebdnen, rom maTi SromiTi xelSekrulebebi dadebuli iyo ganusazRvreli vadiT. erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT, ramdenad Seesabameboda erovnuli regulacia dasaqmebulebis mimarT xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli diskriminaciis akrZalvas.

11. amasTan, unda dadgindes, rom evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, Tanasworobis principi, romelic aisaxa evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlSi, krZalavs ara marto Ria diskriminacias mo-qalaqeobis safuZvelze, aramed aseve diskriminaciis yovelgvar farul formas, romelic sxva ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyenebiT faqtobrivad imave Sedegs iwvevs (sxvasTan erTad, 1986 wlis 15 ianvris ganaCeni saqmisa 41/84, Pinna, 1986 wlis krebuli, 1).

12. am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom sadavo samarTlebriv normebSi ucxo enis leqtorTa saqmianobis periodSi universitetSi gaTvaliswinebuli Sez-Rudva, miuxedavad imisa, rom is Sesabamisi dasaqmebulis moqalaqeobisagan damoukideblad moqmedebs, ZiriTadad, Seexeba dasaqmebulebs, romlebic sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebi arian. saxeldobr, italiis mTavrobis mier warmodgenili statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, ucxo enebis leqtorebis mxolod 25%-s aqvs italiis moqalaqeoba.

13. sasamarTlo procesSi sadavo samarTlebrivi normebis gasamarTleblad italiis mTavrobam ganacxada, rom es erTaderTi saSualebaa universitetisaT-vis, hyavdes ucxo enis iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic mSobliur enaze aswavlian da am enis codna da praqtika ganaxlebuli aqvT.

14. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mSobliur enasTan kontaqtis dakargvis safrTxe, kulturuli kavSirebis intensiurobisa da komunikaciis gamartivebis gamo, TiTqmis ar arsebobs da, garda amisa, universitetebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, Seamowmon leqtorebis codnis done. garda amisa, unda dadgindes, rom sadavo samarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT, leqtori universitetis mier iniSneba amave wevri saxelmwifos sxva universitetSi eqvswliani samuSao gamocdilebis Sem-deg; aRniSnuli saqmianobis droSi SezRudva ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes italiis mTavrobis mier moyvanili safuZvliT.

252 Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 30 May 1989; Pilar Allué and Carmel Mary Coonan v Università degli studi di Venezia; Case 33/88; European Court reports 1989 Page 01591.

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saqme Roland Schumacker253:

saqmis fabula: belgiis moqalaqe cxovrobda belgiaSi Tavis ojaxTan erTad. belgiaSi saqmianobis Semdeg igi 1988 wlidan 1989 wlamde dasaqmebuli iyo kelnSi, rogorc muSaxeli. mas am dros sacxovrebeli adgili hqonda belgiaSic da Semosavlis 90%-ze mets iRebda germaniaSi. ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb belgiasa da germanias Soris arsebuli xelSekrulebiT, saSemosavlo dabegvra eqvemdebareboda germaniis samarTals. germaniis samarTali ganasxvavebda dabegvris wess sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. maT, vinc germaniis gareT cxovrobdnen, ar SeeZloT, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebze pretenzia ganecxadebinaT. gansakuTrebiT ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli piradi da ojaxuri mdgomareoba.

27. samarTlebrivi normebi, romelTac sasamarTlo procesi Seexeba, Sesabamisi gadamxdelis moqalaqeobisagan damoukideblad moqmedebs.

28. magram arsebobs safrTxe, rom, ZiriTadad, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqe-Ta sazianod moqmedeben imgvari erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic sacxovrebeli adgilis kriteriumis safuZvelze pirebs gansxvavebulad udgebian da sxvagan mcxovreb pirebs garkveul sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs ar aniWeben, maSin rodesac germaniaSi macxovreblebs aseT SeRavaTebs aniWeben. es imitom, rom ger-maniis farglebs gareT umetesad aragermaneli moqalaqeebi cxovroben.

29. am garemoebebSi sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, romlebic mxolod qveyanaSi macx-ovreblebs eniWebaT, SesaZlebelia iyos moqalaqeobis safuZvelze arapirdapiri diskriminacia.

saqme F.C. Terhoeve254:

saqmis fabula: 1990 wlis ianvridan noembris CaTvliT damsaqmebelma niderlan-debis moqalaqe gagzavna did britaneTSi samuSaod. gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado sistemis gamo did britaneTSi am pirs daekisra ufro meti gadasaxadi social-uri momsaxurebisaTvis, vidre mas daekisreboda mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, iq rom yofiliyo dasaqmebuli.

37. evropulma sasamarTlom gamoxata pozicia, rom gadaadgilebis Tavisufleb-is Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebaTa mTelma rigma unda Seamsubuqos gaer-Tianebis teritoriaze profesiuli saqmianobis nebismieri saxiT ganxorcieleba da is ewinaaRmdegeba iseT RonisZiebebs, romlebmac gaerTianebis moqalaqeebi SeiZleba nakleb xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi Caayenos, Tu maT sxva wevri saxelm-wifos teritoriaze surT ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba (...).

38. amasTan dakavSirebiT. sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs aqvT, gan-sakuTrebiT, uSualod xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare ufleba, rom datovon sakuTari warmoSobis qveyana, raTa wavidnen an darCnen sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT (...).

253 Judgment of the Court of 14 February 1995; Finanzamt Köln-Altstadt v Roland Schumacker; Case C-279/93; European Court reports 1995 Page I-00225.

254 Judgment of the Court of 26 January 1999; F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren/Ondernemingen buitenland; Reference for a preliminary ruling: Gerechtshof ‘s-Hertogenbosch – Netherlands; Case C-18/95; European Court reports 1999 Page I-00345.

205

39. debulebebi, romlebic sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs xels uSlian an SesaZleblobas uqmnian, Tavi Seikavon sakuTari warmoSobis qveynis datovebisagan, gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas zRudaven maSinac ki, rodesac isini Sesabamisi muSaxelis moqalaqeobisagan damoukideblad moqmedeben (...).

40. wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqem SeiZleba Tavi Seikavos sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi xelSekrulebiT damokidebuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT im saxelmwifos datovebisagan, sadac cxovrobs, Tu is valdebuli gaxdeba, gadaixados ufro meti socialuri gadasaxadi imasTan SedarebiT, romelsac is gadaixdida imave wevr saxelmwifoSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebisas (...).

41. amdenad, iseTi erovnuli regulireba, romelsac es sasamarTlo procesi Seexeba, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 48-e muxliT akrZaluli dabrkolebaa muSaxelis gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebiT. amdenad, zedmetia mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, saxezea Tu ara moqalaqeobaze dafuZnebuli arapirdapiri diskriminacia, romelic evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-7 an 48-e muxlebiT, an 1612/68 direqtivis me-7 muxlis me-2 abzaciT SesaZloa, akrZaluli iyos, anda, arsebobs Tu ara amasTan dakavSirebiT savaraudo regulireba.

saqme María Martínez Sala255:

saqmis fabula: espaneTis moqalaqe martinez sala 12 wlis asakidan cxovrobda germaniaSi, sadac is 1976 wlidan 1986 wlamde da Semdeg 1989 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi sxvadasxva saqmianobas axorcielebda, rogorc muSaxeli. rogorc muSaxeli is iRebda socialur daxmrebas. mas 1984 wlamde hqonda qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTva, Semdgom amisa, is kompetenturi uwyebebidan iRebda cnobebs, rom valdebuli iyo, moeTxova qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTva. evropuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb 1952 wlis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze mas qveynidan gaZeveba daemuqra. Semdgom ki 1995 wlamde miiRo yofnis nebarTva. im dros, rodesac salas ar gaaCnda yofnis nebarTva, moiTxova Semweoba bavSvis aRzrdaze. baiernis uwyebebma amaze uari uTxres im motiviT, rom is ar iyo germaniis moqalaqe da arc qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTvas flobda. es uari gaasaCivra man. erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTloSi waradgina SekiTxvebi, unda ganxiluliyo Tu ara qalbaton salas saqme 1993 wels, rogorc dasaqmebulisa, da iyo Tu ara bavSvis aRzrdisaTvis Semweoba socialuri SeRavaTi 1612/68 regulaciis mixedviT; aseve, SesabamisobaSi iyo Tu ara gaerTianebis samarTalTan erovnuli regulacia, romlis mixedviTac sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebisaTvis aRzrdis fulis gadacema qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTvaze iyo damokidebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom piri qveyanaSi legalurad imyofeboda.

53. qveyanaSi yofnis uflebis aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT, qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTvas (...) mxolod deklaraciuli moqmedeba da mtkicebulebiTi funqcia aqvs (...), Tumca aqtebidan gamomdinareobs, rom qveyanaSi yofnis nebarTvas sadavo momsaxurebis miniWebisaTvis konstitutiuri mniSvneloba aqvs.

54. Tu wevri saxelmwifo sakuTari administraciis mier miRebuli dokumentis wardgenas sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqisagan iTxovs, romelsac surs aRzrdaze sadavo Semweobis miReba da Tu es wevri saxelmwifo aseT dokuments konstitutiur moqmedebas aniWebs, amave qveynis moqalaqeebs ki aseTi dokumenti ar sWirdebaT, maSin es miuTiTebs araTanaswor mopyrobaze.

255 Judgment of the Court of 12 May 1998; María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern; Case C-85/96; European Court reports 1998 Page I-02691.

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55. xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis sferoSi aseTi araTanaswori midgoma, Tu is ar aris gamarTlebuli, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-6 muxliT akrZaluli diskriminaciaa.

56. germaniis mTavrobam sxdomaze aRniSna, rom, (...) marTalia, es winapiroba, xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis mixedviT, araTanabar midgomas asaxavda, magram ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo procesSi gansaxilveli saqme arc sagnobrivad da arc subieqtis mxriv xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi ar Tavsdeboda, ase rom, momCivans ar SeeZlo, dayrdnoboda am debulebas.

57. rac Seexeba Sinaarsis mixedviT moqmedebas, unda mieTiTos pirvel, meore da mesame SekiTxvaTa pasuxebze, romelTa mixedviTac sasamarTlo procesSi aRzrdis sadavo Semweoba, eWvgareSea, gaerTianebis samarTlis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva.(...)

59. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momCivani ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes muSaxelad, komisia acxadebs, rom is nebismier SemTxvevaSi evropuli kavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan, 1993 wlis pirveli noembridan, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-8 a muxlis Tanaxmad, flobda qveyanaSi yofnis uflebas; es muxli iTvaliswinebs Semdegs: `kavSiris nebismier moqalaqes ufleba aqvs, wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze xelSekrulebiTa da aRmasrulebeli normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebisa da pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavisuflad gadaadgildes da darCes iq.~ evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-8 muxlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT, kavSiris moqalaqe aris piri, romelic wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas flobs.

60. iseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorsac es sasamarTlo procesi Seexeba, ar aris saWiro, gadaisinjos, SeuZlia Tu ara am pirs Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze, xelSekrulebis me-8 a muxlidan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi yofnis axali ufleba moiTxovos, radgan is iq ukve nebadarTulad imyofeboda, imis miuxedavad, rom mas ar hqonda miRebuli iq yofnis Sesabamisi damadasturebeli dokumentacia.

61. momCivani, rogorc wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelic sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze marTlzomierad imyofeba, pirTa wris mixedviT eqceva kavSiris moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebis moqmedebis sferoSi.

62. xelSekrulebis me-8 muxlis me-2 abzaci kavSiris moqalaqis statuss ukavSirebs xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebsa da movaleobebs, maT Soris aseve xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlSi dadgenil uflebas, ar iqnes diskriminirebuli moqalaqeobis gamo xelSekrulebis Sinaarsobrivi moqmedebis farglebSi.

63. Sedegad, kavSiris moqalaqes, rogorc es am SemTxvevaSi momCivania da romelic mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze imyofeba, SeuZlia daeyrdnos gaerTianebis samarTlis Sinaarsobrivi moqmedebis farglebSi xelSekrulebis me-6 muxls. mas SeuZlia daeyrdnos am muxls maSinac, rodesac saxelmwifo iseTi momsaxurebis gawevas, romelsac is yovel adamians uwevs, vinc marTlzomierad imyofeba am saxelmwifoSi, abrkolebs an masze uars eubneba pirs, radgan is ar flobs iseT dokuments, romelic am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs ar sWirdebaT da romlis gacemis dabrkoleba an saerTod gacemaze uarisTqma SeuZlia am saxelmwifos administracias.

207

64. amdenad, sadavo araTanaswori mopyroba xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva da ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes gamarTlebulad. es Seexeba, kerZod, mom-Civnis diskriminacias moqalaqeobis safuZvlebze. evropuli sasamarTlosaTvis ar ucnobebiaT raime iseTi garemoebis Sesaxeb, rac aseT araTanabar mopyrobas gaamarTlebda.

b) sayovelTao SezRudvis akrZalva

saqme Bosman256:

saqmis fabula: belgiis moqalaqe batoni bosmani iyo profesionali fex-burTeli, romelic 1988 wlidan belgiis pirvel ligaSi _ `lutixSi~ TamaSobda. 1990 wlidan misi xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada iwureboda da radgan baton bosmans ar surda ufro dabali anazRaurebis miReba, satransfero siaSi Sevida _ 11,7 milioni belgiuri frankis gadaxdis Semdeg moxdeboda misi transferi. baton bosmans surda safrangeTis meore ligaSi gadasvla. belgiaSi moqmedi wesebis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg saWiro iyo kavSiris mxridan garkveuli ganacxadis gacema, romliTac fexburTels eqneboda TamaSis licenzia. aseTi ganacxadis gacema ki damokidebuli iyo satransfero Tanxis miRebaze. gamomdinare iqidan, rom belgiis safexburTo kavSirs eWvi Seepara transferis gadaxdisunarianobaze, ar gasca aseTi ganacxadi. radgan trans-feris ganxorcielebis Semdgomi mcdelobebic uSedegod dasrulda, batonma bosmanma iCivla aseTi regulirebis winaaRmdeg, aseve gaaprotesta dadgeni-li ucxoelTa daTqma, romlis mixedviTac safexburTo Sejibrebebze ucxoeli moTamaSeebis raodenoba ar unda yofiliyo 3-ze meti.

sportulma kavSirebma es daTqma axsnes imiT, rom is gamarTlebuli iyo araekono-mikuri sportuli safuZvlebiT, rom amiT yovel kavSirs sakuTar qveyanasTan kavSiri unda SeenarCunebinaT da faqtobrivadac warmoedginaT sakuTari qveya-na kavSirebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso SejibrebebSi monawileobdnen.

erovnulma sasamarTlom mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos SekiTxviT, Tu ram-denad Seesabameboda satransfero da ucxoelTa regulirebebi evropuli gaer-Tianebis xelSekrulebis moTxovnebs, gansakuTrebiT ki muSaxelis gadaadg-ilebis Tavisuflebas.

93. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom ukve aRniSna, muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba gaerTianebis erT-erTi fundamenturi principia, da xelSekruleb-is debulebebi, romlebic am Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofen, gardamavali drois gasvlis Semdeg uSualod moqmedeben.

94. evropulma sasamarTlom, Semdgom amisa, gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tavisu-flad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebma unda Seamsubuqos gaerTianebis teritoriaze yvelanairi saxis profesiuli saqmianobis ganxor-cieleba da maT ewinaaRmdegebian iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT, ziani miayenon gaerTianebis moqalaqeebs, Tu maT sxva wevri saxelmwifos teri-toriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba moundebaT (...).

256 ix. 205-e sqolio.

208

95. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs aqvT gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare ufleba, datovon Tavisi warmoSobis qveyana, raTa ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi gaeSuron da iq darCnen (...).

96. debulebebi, romlebic erTi wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs Tavisuflad gadaadgilebaze sakuTari uflebis gamoyenebisas abrkoleben an aiZuleben, Tavi Seikavon Tavisi warmoSobis qveynis datovebisagan, am Tavisuflebas zRudaven maSinac ki, rodesac isini Sesabamisi dasaqmebulis moqalaqeobisagan damoukideblad moqmedeben (...).(...)

98. marTalia, rom amosaval samarTlebriv davaSi arsebuli satransfero regu-lirebebi moqmedebs aseve kavSirebs Soris moTamaSeebis gacvlaze, romlebic erTsa da imave wevr saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebul erovnul gaerTianebebs gane-kuTvnebian da rom gacvla kavSirebs Soris, romlebic erTsa da imave erovnul gaerTianebas ganekuTvnebian, eqvemdebareba Sesabamis wesebs.

99. rogorc batonma bosmanma daniis mTavrobisadmi miweril gancxadebasa da generalurma advokatma daskvniTi sityvis 209-e da 210-e punqtebSi aRniSnes, es wesebi zRudaven moTamaSeebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas, romlebsac surT, saqmianoba ganaxorcielon sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi. es SezRudva gamoixateba imiT, rom moTamaSeebs kavSirebTan dadebuli SromiTi xelSekrulebis moqmede-bis vadis gasvlis Semdegac xeli eSlebaT am kavSirebis datovebaSi.

100. dasaxelebuli regulirebebi laxaven, kerZod, muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas, radgan am regulirebebis mixedviT, profesional fexburTels ar aqvs saSualeba, ganaxorcielos Tavisi saqmianoba ama Tu im wevri saxelm-wifos kavSirSi, Tu am kavSirma ar gadauxada satransfero anazRaureba Zvel kavSirs, romlis raodenoba orive kavSirs Soris SeTanxmda an sportuli kav-Sirebis normebis mixedviT ganisazRvra.

101. rogorc mommarTvelma sasamarTlom sworad aRniSna, am daskvnasTan kav-SirSi ar aris uefas mier 1990 wels miRebuli satransfero regulirebebi, romelTa mixedviTac orive kavSirs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gavlenas ar axdens moTamaSis saqmianobaze, romelsac SeuZlia, Tavisuflad iTamaSos Tavisi axali kavSirisaTvis. ukanasknelad dasaxelebuli kavSiri valdebulia, sadavo anazRaureba gadauxados; sxvagvarad mas disciplinuri RonisZiebebi elodeba, ramac SeiZleba valis gamo misi garicxva gamoiwvios, rac aseve `efeq-turad~ uSlis mas xels, dasaxelebuli anazRaurebis gadaxdis gareSe daaval-debulos sxva wevri saxelmwifos kavSiris moTamaSe.

102. es arc URBSFA-sa da UEFA-s mier evropul sasamarTlo praqtikaze dayrdno-biT moyvanili argumentebiT mtkicdeba sxvanairad. maTi azriT, xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis gamoyeneba iseT RonisZiebebze gamoricxulia, romlebic gasaRebis garkveul modalobebs zRudaven an krZalaven; es RonisZiebebi unda moqmedebd-nen yvela Sesabamisi ekonomikuri monawilisaTvis, romelic Tavis saqmianobas saxelmwifos SigniT axorcielebs; rogorc samarTlebrivad, ise faqtobrivad erTnairad unda aregulirebdnen Sidasaxelmwifo produqciisa da sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis produqciis gasaRebas (SeadareT 1993 wlis 24 noembris ganaCe-ni saqmeze C-267/91 da C-268/91, Keck, 1993 wlis krebuli, I-6097, me-16 punqti).

209

103. amis sapirispirod, sakmarisia imaze miTiTeba, rom, marTalia, am sasamarTlo procesSi gansaxilveli wesebi moqmedeben rogorc im kavSirebs Soris transfer-ebze, romlebic erTsa da imave wevr saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebul erovnul gaer-Tianebebs ganekuTvnebian, aseve kavSirebs Soris transferebze, romlebic erTsa da imave erovnul gaerTianebas ganekuTvnebian; magram es arafers cvlis imaSi, rom es wesebi sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis samuSao bazarze moTamaSeebis daSvebaze uSu-alo zegavlenas axdenen da amiT SeuZliaT Selaxon dasaqmebulebis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba. isini ar SeiZleba gauTanabrdnen saqonlis gayidvis modalobe-bis Sesaxeb regulirebebs, romlebic, Keck und Mithouard-is ganaCenis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis 30-e muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi ar eqceva (Sead., momsaxure-bis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisaTvis aseve 1995 wlis 10 maisis ganaCeni saqmeze C-384/93, Alpine Investments, 1995 wlis krebuli, I-1141, 36-e-38-e punqtebi).(...)

116. rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom zemoT, 87-e punqtSi aRniSna, xelSekrulebis 48-e muxli vrceldeba sportuli kavSirebis mier dadgenil regulirebebze, romlebic profesionali sportsmenebis damokidebuli saqmi-anobis ganxorcielebis winapirobebs adgenen. amdenad, gadasasinjia, aris Tu ara ucxoelTa daTqma 48-e muxliT muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis akrZaluli SezRudva.

117. 48-e muxlis me-2 abzaci mkafiod iTvaliswinebs, rom muSaxelis Tavisufa-li gadaadgileba moicavs, moqalaqeobis gamo wevri saxelmwifoebis muSaxelis dasaqmebis, anazRaurebisa da sxva samuSao pirobebis TvalsazrisiT, maTdami gansxvavebuli mopyrobis akrZalvas.

118. es debuleba, sxvasTan erTad, aRsrulda sabWos mier 1968 wlis 15 oqtomb-ers miRebuli gaerTianebaSi muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb ev-ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 1612/68 regulaciis me-4 muxliT, romlis mixedviTac sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis mimarT ar gamoiyeneba im wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi da administraciuli normebi, romlebic sawarmos uzRudavs SesaZleblobas, daasaqmos ucxoeli muSaxeli ekonomikuri dargis, sferoebis mixedviT, anda mTlian suverenul teritoriaze raodeno-brivad Tu wilobrivad.

119. is ewinaaRmdegeba am princips, Tu sportuli gaerTianebebis regulirebeb-Si arsebuli daTqmebi sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis uflebas zRu-daven, miiRon monawileoba safexburTo TamaSebSi, rogorc profesionalma fex-burTelebma (...).

120. amasTan, aranair rols ar asrulebs garemoeba, rom es daTqmebi ar Seexeba dasaxelebul moTamaSeTa dasaqmebas, rac ar izRudeba, aramed mxedvelobaSia mis-aRebi kavSirebis SesaZlebloba, miaRebinon maT monawileoba oficialur Tama-SebSi. radgan am SexvedrebSi monawileoba profesionali fexburTelis saqmi-anobis arsebiTi mizania, sruliad naTelia, rom iseTi regulireba, romelic am monawileobas zRudavs, zRudavs aseve aRniSnuli moTamaSis dasaqmebis SesaZle-blobebs.

210

3. ojaxis wevrTa uflebebi:

saqme Emir Gül257:

saqmis fabula: kviprosis moqalaqe, eqimi, batoni guili Tavis meuRlesTan, britaneTis moqalaqesTan, erTad cxovrobda germaniaSi. man stambulSi daamTavra samedicino fakulteti da germanuli uwyebebis mier miiRo profesiuli saqmianobis nebarTva mxolod im pirobiT, rom is kursebis gavlis Semdeg dabrundeboda Tavis samSobloSi an sxva romelime ganviTarebad saxelmwifoSi. mas Semdeg, rac man ganaTlebis miRebis procesi warmatebiT daasrula, moiTxova profesiis ganxorcielebis mudmivi nebarTva. igi eyrdnoboda meuRlis moqalaqeobas da aseve imas, rom meuRle germaniaSi parikmaxerad muSaobda. saxelmwifom amaze uari ganucxada im motiviT, rom aseT nebarTvas germaniis moqalaqes, gaerTianebis moqalaqes an moqalaqeobis armqone pirs aniWebdnen. es uari gaasaCivres sasamarTloSi, xolo erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos SekiTxviT mimarTa, moicavda Tu ara meuRlis ufleba saxelfaso an sagasamrjelo urTierTobis dawyebaze 1612/68 regulaciis me-11 muxliT aseve iseT saqmianobas, rogoricaa eqimis profesia da eqvemdebareba Tu ara is profesiuli saqmianobis dawyebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebul debulebebs.

14. (...) me-11 muxli ar gamoricxavs saxelfaso Tu sagasamrjelo urTierTo-bis sferodan profesiul saqmianobas; es norma unda ganimartos 1612/68 reg-ulaciis miznis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, uzrunvelyofil iqnes dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba gaerTianebis farglebSi. rogorc es am regulaciis dasabuTebaSia moxseniebuli, Tavisuflad gadaadgileba aris `muSaxelisa da misi ojaxis~ ZiriTadi Tavisufleba (mesame safuZveli); is moiTxovs, aRmoifx-vras muSaxelis mobilurobis yvela damabrkolebeli garemoeba, gansakuTrebiT `dasaqmebulis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli, SeZlos Tavisi ojaxis Camoyvana qveyanaSi da hqondes mimReb qveyanaSi misi ojaxis integraciisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi~ (mexuTe safuZveli).

15. imisaTvis, rom imuSaos iseTi profesiiT, rogoricaa eqimis profesia, rom-lisTvisac moqmedebs am profesiiT muSaobis dawyebisa da ganxorcielebisaT-vis gansakuTrebuli normebi, mesame qveynidan Camosuli migranti dasaqmebulis meuRle unda akmayofilebdes or moTxovnas: igi unda flobdes mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT am profesiis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro kvalifika-ciebsa da diplomebs da unda icavdes am profesiisaTvis moqmed gansakuTrebul debulebebs, amasTan, es moTxovnebi iseTive unda iyos, rogorsac mimRebi wevri saxelmwifo sakuTari moqalaqeebisaTvis iTvaliswinebs. aqtebidan gamomdinare-obs, rom momCivani akmayofilebs orive moTxovnas.(...)

18. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom saxelfaso da sagasamr-jelo urTierTobaSi yoveli profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba, 1612/68 regulaciis me-11 muxlis mixedviT, aqvs muSaxelis meuRles, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gaerTianebis farglebSi muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis uflebiT sargeblobs; aseve sargeblobs uflebiT, ganaxorcielos profesiuli saqmianoba, romelic, rogorc samedicino profesia, eqvemdebareba oficialur

257 Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 7 May 1986; Emir Gül v Regierungspräsident Düsseldorf; Case 131/85; European Court reports 1986 Page 01573.

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daSvebas an profesiul-samarTlebriv normebs. es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meuRle, mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT, am profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis saWiro profesiul kvalifikaciasa da diplomebs flobs.

19. mommarTveli sasamarTlos meore SekiTxva Seexeba imas, SeuZlia Tu ara 1612/68 regulaciis me-11 muxliT uflebamosil pirs, romelic mesame saxelm-wifos moqalaqea, am regulaciis me-3 muxlis pirveli abzacis pirveli qvepunq-tis pirvel winadadebas daeyrdnos. am debulebis mixedviT, wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi da administraciuli normebi an administraciuli praqtikebi, romlebic zRudaven samuSao adgilebis SeTavazebasa da samuSaoze ganacxads, dasaqmebasTan daSvebasa da ucxoelebis mier maT ganxorcielebas an iseT pi-robebze xdian damokidebuls, romlebic qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis ar moqmede-ben, am regulaciis farglebSi ar gamoiyeneba.

20. rogorc es komisiam sworad aRniSna, migranti dasaqmebulis meuRlis ufle-bebi, 1612/68 direqtivis me-10 da me-11 muxlebis mixedviT, im uflebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic am dasaqmebuls evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlisa da direqtivis pirveli da Semdgomi mux-lebis mixedviT aqvs. ramdenadac meuRles SeuZlia, daeyrdnos am uflebebs da isini, me-11 muxlis mixedviT, moicaven saxelfaso Tu sagasamrjelo urTierTo-baSi saqmianobis dawyebas, man am saqmianobis ganxorcieleba unda SeZlos iseT-save pirobebSi, romlebSic dasaqmebuli, romelsac Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba aqvs, Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs. amdenad, direqtivis me-3 mux-lis pirveli abzaci mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos dawesebulebebs avaldebulebs meuRlis mimarT aradiskriminaciul mopyrobas. `moqalaqis msgavsi mopyroba~, risi moTxovnis uflebac wevri saxelmwifoebis muSaxels aqvs, vrceldeba aseve mis meuRleze.

21. amdenad, meore SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom, 1612/68 regulaciis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, uflebamosil pirs misi moqalaqeobisagan damoukideblad SeuZlia daeyrdnos am regulaciis me-3 muxlis pirveli abzacis pirveli qve-punqtis pirvel winadadebas.

saqme Donato Casagrande258:

saqmis fabula: italiis moqalaqe kasagrande, romlis gardacvlili mama dasaqmebuli iyo germaniaSi, dedasTan erTad (aseve italiis moqalaqe), dabadebidan cxovrobda germaniaSi da skolaSic iqve dadioda. man moiTxova ganaTlebis wamaxalisebeli daxmarebis miReba, romelic TveSi 70 germanul markas Seadgenda. misi moTxovna ar dakmayofilda, radgan aseTi daxmareba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo germaneli moqalaqeebisaTvis, moqalaqeobis armqoneebisa da TavSesafris mqone pirebisaTvis. sasamarTlom mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos SekiTxviT _ Seesabameboda Tu ara erovnuli debuleba 1612/68 regulaciis me-12 muxlis pirvel abzacs.

6. ganaTlebis politika, marTalia, rogorc aseTi, ar ganekuTvneba sferos, romel-ic xelSekrulebam gaerTianebis organoebis kompetencias ar dauqvemdebara, Tumca aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom gaerTianebisaTvis gadacemuli am uflebamosile-bebis ganxorcieleba ramenairad SeizRudeboda, Tu isini zegavlenas moaxdendnen

258 Judgment of the Court of 3 July 1974; Donato Casagrande v Landeshauptstadt München; Case 9-74; European Court reports 1974 Page 00773.

212

iseT RonisZiebebze, romlebic ganaTlebis politikasTanaa dakavSirebuli (...). maSinac ki, rodesac Sinaarsobrivi regulirebis sagnis mixedviT, kompetenturi organoebis saqmea, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT daadginon 1612/68 regu-laciis me-12 muxlSi dasaxelebuli winapirobebi, maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebisa da am saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi sxva wevri saxelmwi-fos moqalaqeebis Svilebs Soris yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe.

4. muSaxelis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis moqmedeba mesame pirebis mimarT

saqme Roman Angonese259:

saqmis fabula: italiis moqalaqe baton angonezes mSobliuri ena germanuli iyo. man avstriaSi miiRo umaRlesi ganaTleba da gadawyvita, monawileoba mi-eRo italiaSi, samxreT tirolis olqis bocenis erT-erT sabanko dawesebule-baSi gamocxadebuli vakansiis konkursSi. Tumca monawileoba SeeZlo mxolod imas, vinc warmoadgenda ori enis flobis Sesabamis sertifikats. aseT serti-fikats iZleoda bocenis provinciis dawesebuleba Sesabamisi gamocdis Cabareb-is Semdeg, romelic garkveuli periodulobiT tardeboda. gamomdinare iqidan, rom batoni angoneze orenovani iyo, magram aseT sertifikats ar flobda, ar dauSves SesarCev konkursze, rac gaasaCivra sasamarTloSi, rogorc evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 39-e muxlis darRveva.

30. upirvelesad unda dadgindes, xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlSi diskriminaciis akrZalva Camoyalibebulia zogadad da ara specialurad wevri saxelmwifoebis misamarTiT.

31. amgvarad, evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom moqalaqeobaze dafuZnebu-li gansxvavebuli midgomis akrZalva moqmedebs ara marto saxelmwifo organoe-bis aqtebisaTvis, aramed vrceldeba aseve sxva RonisZiebebze, romlebic Seicaven samuSao da momsaxurebis gawevis sferoSi koleqtiur regulirebas (...).

32. kerZod, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris Tav-isuflad gadaadgilebis dabrkolebebis aRmofxvra safrTxis qveS dadgeboda, Tu saxelmwifoebrivi warmoSobis SezRudvebis akrZalvas azri daekargeboda, da Tu arasajaro samarTals daqvemdebarebuli gaerTianebebi da dawesebulebebi saku-Tar samarTlebriv avtonomias gamoiyenebdnen (...).

33. evropulma sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom samuSao pirobebi, wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, nawilobriv kanonebiT an dadgenilebebiT da nawilo-briv kerZo pirebis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebiT an maT mier miRebuli sxva aqtebiT regulirdeba da mxolod oficialuri uwyebebis RonisZiebebze mo-qalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalvis gavrceleba gamoiwvevda mis gansxvavebul moqmedebas (...).

34. aseve evropulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita: is faqti, rom xelSekrulebis garkveuli normebi naTlad mxolod wevr saxelmwifoebs mimarTaven, ar gamoricx-avs amavdroulad maT SesaZleblobas, uflebebi mianiWon dainteresebul pirebs yvela aRwerili valdebulebis dacviT (SeadareT 1976 wlis 8 aprilis ganaCeni saqmeze 43/75, Defrenne, 1976 wlis krebuli, 455, 31-e punqti). evropuli sasa-

259 Judgment of the Court of 6 June 2000; Roman Angonese and Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA; Case C-281/98.

213

marTlo xelSekrulebis savaldebulo xasiaTis normasTan dakavSirebiT mivida im daskvnamde, rom diskriminaciis akrZalva moqmedebs nebismieri damokidebuli saqmianobis koleqtiurad momwesrigebeli satarifo xelSekrulebebis mimarT da nebismier xelSekrulebebze kerZo pirebs Soris (SeadareT ganaCeni Defrenne, 39-e punqti).

35. es mosazreba Seexeba, upirvelesad, xelSekrulebis 48-e muxls, romelSic gansazRvrulia ZiriTadi Tavisufleba da romelic asaxavs evropuli gaer-Tianebis xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlSi gamoTqmuli sayovelTao diskriminaciis akrZalvis specifikur saxes. amasTan kavSirSi man, rogorc evropuli gaer-Tianebis xelSekrulebis 119-e muxlma, unda uzrunvelyos samuSao bazarze ara-diskriminaciuli mopyroba.

36. moqalaqeobis safuZvelze diskriminaciulad mopyrobis akrZalva, rac gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebis 48-e muxliT, moqmedebs aseve kerZo pirebis mimarT.

5. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi:

a) xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

xelSekrulebiT gamamarTlebel safuZvlebad gaTvaliswinebulia `sazogadoeb-rivi wesrigi, usafrTxoeba da janmrTeloba~.

saqme Yvonne van Duyn260:

saqmis fabula: 1968 wlidan britaneTis mTavrobam gansxvavebuli RonisZiebebi gaatara, raTa SeezRuda did britaneTSi saientologiis mimdinareobis (re-ligiur-filosofiuri mimdinareoba) saqmianoba, romelic socialurad zianis momtanad daasaxela. am RonisZiebebs Soris iyo iseTi RonisZieba, romelic iTvaliswinebda im ucxoelebisaTvis samuSao nebarTvis gacemaze uaris Tqmas, romlebic am mimdinareobisaTvis muSaobdnen. niderlandebis moqalaqe van di-ons, romelic cnobili saientologi iyo, surda, mdivnis adgili daekavebina saientologiis eklesiaSi da am mizniT gaemgzavra did britaneTSi. Sesvlaze mas uari uTxres. es gaasaCivra qalbatonma dionma da ganacxada, rom didi bri-taneTi amiT dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas zRudavda.

18/19. warmodgenil SekiTxvaSi wamoweulia problema, Tu rogor unda Sefasdes is garemoeba, rom sadavo organizaciis saqmianoba, romelic, wevri saxelmwifos SexedulebiT, sajaro interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, Sidasaxelmwifo samarTliT ar aris akrZaluli. sajaro wesrigis cneba gaerTianebis samarTalSi, maSin, rodesac is dasaqmebulis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis arsebiTi principidan gamonakliss amarTlebs, viwrod unda iqnes gagebuli; aqedan gamomdinare, misi moculoba ar SeiZleba gaerTianebis organoebis mier gadamowmebis gareSe calmxrivad wevri saxelmwifos mier ganisazRvros. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, rom is gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad sajaro wesrigis cnebaze dayrdnobas amarTleben, qveynisa da drois mixedviT gansxvavebuli

260 Judgment of the Court of 4 December 1974; Yvonne van Duyn v Home Office; Case 41-74; European Court reports 1974 Page 01337.

214

iyos, ise, rom kompetentur Sidasaxelmwifoebriv uwyebebs xelSekrulebiT dadgenil sazRvrebSi hqondeT Sefasebis areali. Tu wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetenturma uwyebebma garkveuli organizaciis saqmianobis mimarT sakuTari pozicia erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvres da es saqmianoba sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxis Semqmnelad daasaxeles da am saqmianobasTan sabrZolvelad miiRes administraciuli zomebi, maSin wevri saxelmwifo ar aris valdebuli, akrZalos isini kanoniT, imisaTvis, rom sajaro wesrigze dayrdnoba SeeZloT, Tu aseTi RonisZiebebi garemoebebis mixedviT aramiznobrivad miiCneva.

20. bolos warmodgenili SekiTxva xazs usvams problemas, SeuZlia Tu ara wevr saxelmwifos, sajaro wesrigis safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT, Tavi daicvas imiT, rom mis suverenul teritoriaze sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes ekrZaleba gaerTianebasa Tu organizaciaSi anazRaurebadi samuSaos dawyeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTari moqalaqeebi aseT SezRudvas ar eqvemdebarebian.

21/23. xelSekruleba, marTalia, aRiarebs calkeuli wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs Soris diskriminaciis akrZalvis gareSe dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis princips, Tumca 48-e muxlis me-3 abzaci am principidan gamomdinare uflebebs winapirobas uwesebs, romelic sajaro wesrigis, usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis safuZvlebiT gamarTlebul SezRudvebs Seexeba. am winapirobebs eqvemdebareba, Sesabamisad, sxvasTan erTad, aseve uflebebi: Seecado SemoTavazebuli vakansiis dakavebas, Tavisuflad gadaadgilde wevri saxelmwifoebis suverenul teritoriaze am mizniT, darCe wevr saxelmwifoSi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. es winapiroba xdis SesaZlebels, uari uTxran wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes, Sevides da darCes sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze, es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am winapirobis safuZvlebi saxezea; meore mxriv, saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi principiT, romelic evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas ar undoda uyuradRebod daetovebina wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobaSi, wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, sakuTar moqalaqes aukrZalos sakuTar qveyanaSi Sesvla da darCena. amis mixedviT, wevr saxelmwifos sajaro wesrigis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia uari uTxras sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis principidan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi upiratesobebis miniWebaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom is sakuTar moqalaqeebs ar akisrebs msgavs SezRudvebs.

saqme Carmelo Angelo Bonsignore261:

saqmis fabula: italiis moqalaqe Cavida germaniaSi, raTa daewyo muSaoba qimikosad. 1971 wels man nebarTvis gareSe SeiZina iaraRi da nadirobisas gaufrTxileblobiT mokla Tavisi umcrosi Zma. sasamarTlom iaraRis ukanonod tarebisaTvis jarima Seufarda da damnaSaved cno Zmis gaufrTxileblobiT sicocxlis mospobaSi, Tumca sasjeli ar Seufarda. mokle xanSi mis winaaRmdeg gamovida deportaciis gankarguleba, romlis safuZvlad moyvanili iyo argumenti, rom aseTi gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna im ucxoelebis SesaSineblad, romlebic unebarTvod iZendnen iaraRs. erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT _ SeiZleboda Tu ara piris gaZeveba zogadi prevenciis mizniT, Tu mas aucileblad specialuri prevenciis safuZvlebi unda hqonoda.

261 Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1975; Carmelo Angelo Bonsignore v Oberstadtdirektor der Stadt Köln; Case 67-74; European Court reports 1975 Page 00297.

215

5. (...) es debulebebi unda ganimartos direqtivis miznebidan gamomdinare; aRniSnulis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT sajaro wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis Ses-anarCuneblad unda moxdes (xelSekrulebis 48-e da 56-e muxlebi gamamarTle-beli RonisZiebebis koordinacia, raTa maTi gamoyeneba SesabamisobaSi movides xelSekrulebis moqmedebis sferoSi gaerTianebis farglebSi Tavisuflad gad-aadgilebis fundamentur principTan da sakuTari da sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs Soris yovelgvari saxis diskriminaciis srul aRmofxvrasTan.

6. am gadmosaxedidan direqtivis me-3 muxls im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom konkre-tuli SemTxvevisagan mowyvetilma mosazrebebma ar SeiZleba gadamwyveti roli Seasrulon gaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeTa sawinaaRmdegod sa-jaro wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis SesanarCunebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebisas: es gansakuTrebiT gamomdinareobs pirveli abzacidan, romlis mixedviTac gadamw-yveti SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesabamisi piris `pirovnuli qceva~. radgan Tavisu-flad gadaadgilebis principidan gamonaklisebi viwrod gansamarti debulebebia, `pirovnuli qcevis~ cneba gamoxatavs moTxovnas, rom gaZevebis RonisZiebebi unda daeyrdnos mxolod sajaro wesrigisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis iseT safuZvlebs, romlebic SeiZleba momdinareobdnen am konkretuli pirebisa-gan.

7. amdenad, dasmul SekiTxvebs pasuxi unda gaeces, rom 64/221 direqtivis me-3 mux-lis 1-li da me-2 abzacebi ewinaaRmdegeba wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqis gaZevebas, rac xdeba sxva ucxoelebis daSinebis mizniT, anu erovnuli sasamarTlos formu-lirebiT rom vixelmZRvaneloT, rodesac is efuZneba `zogadi prevenciis~ safuZ-vlebs.

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi:

saqme Maria Chiara Spotti v. Freistaat Bayern262:

18. gamomdinare iqidan, rom ucxo enebis leqtorTa umravlesoba ucxoeli moqalaqeebi arian, es araTanabari midgoma gamodgeba imisaTvis, rom isini germanel moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, da amiT Seadgens evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 48-e muxlis me-2 abzaciT akrZalul arapirdapir diskriminacias, Tu is ar aris gamarTlebuli sagnobrivi safuZvlebiT.

19. amasTan mimarTebiT erovnuli sasamarTlo svams meore SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara es regulireba imdenad gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac aucilebelia aqtua-luri gakveTilis uzrunvelsayofad. (...)

20. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1989 wlis 30 maisis ganaCenSi _ Alue - gad-awyvita, gakveTilis aqtualobaze damyarebuli moTxovnebis uzrunvelyofa ar amarTlebs ucxo enebis leqtorTa SromiTi xelSekrulebebis vadebSi SezRud-vas. is safrTxe, rom leqtori dakargavs mSobliur enasTan kontaqts kul-turuli gacvlisa da kavSirebis Semsubuqebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze mcirea; garda amisa, universitetebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, gadaamowmon leqtorTa cod-nis done.

262 Judgment of the Court of 20 October 1993; Maria Chiara Spotti v Freistaat Bayern; Case C-272/92; European Court reports 1993 Page I-05185.

216

saqme Jean-Marc Bosman263:

104. satransfero wesebi dasaqmebulis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas zRudavs. isini, ZiriTadad, akrZalulia xelSekrulebis 48-e muxliT. sxvagvarad mxolod maSin iqneboda, Tu es wesebi xelSekrulebasTan SesabamisobaSi arsebul gamarTlebul mizans moemsaxureboda da gamarTlebuli iqneboda sayovelTao interesis savaldebulo safuZvlebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi am wesebis gamoyeneba gamosadegi unda iyos dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad da ar unda midiodes imaze Sors, vidre es am miznis misaRwevadaa aucilebeli (...).

III. dafuZnebis Tavisufleba

am karis moqmedebis sferoSi wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe fizikuri pirebis Tanasworni arian wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi normebiT daarsebuli sa-zogadoebebi, romelTa sawesdebo adgilsamyofeli, ZiriTadi mmarTveloba an maTi ZiriTadi adgilsamyofeli gaerTianebis farglebSi mdebareobs.

sazogadoebebs warmoadgenen samoqalaqo da savaWro samarTliT daarsebuli sazogadoebebi, maT Soris amxanagobebi da sajaro Tu kerZo samarTlis sxva iu-ridiuli pirebi, garda im sazogadoebebisa, romelTa mizani ar aris samewarmeo saqmianoba.

1. dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi

saqme The Queen v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd264:

20. (...) evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 52-e muxlis mixedviT, dafuZnebis cneba moicavs ganusazRvreli droiT ekonomikuri saqmianobis realurad ganxorcielebas sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi myari dawesebulebis saSualebiT (...).

saqme Costa v. E.N.E.L.265:

moTxovnili ganmartebis gakeTebisas 53-e muxli ganxilul unda iqnes dafuZne-bis uflebis Sesaxeb TavTan kavSirSi, romelSic isaa asaxuli. iq, upirvele-sad, 52-e muxlSi gawerilia erTi wevri saxelmwifos erTeulebis meore wevri saxelmwifos suverenul teritoriaze Tavisuflad dafuZnebis SezRudvebis TandaTanobiTi gauqmeba; Semdeg mosdevs mas 53-e muxlis norma, rom `wevri saxelmwifoebi sakuTar suverenul teritoriaze sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis erTeulebisaTvis dafuZnebis Tavisuflebaze axal SezRudvebs~ ar daaweseben. Sesabamisad, unda dadgindes, Tu ra Sinaarsi aqvs sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis erTeulebis dafuZnebis Tavisuflebas.

amas awesrigebs 53-e (2) muxli. am muxlis mixedviT, dafuZnebis Tavisufleba moicavs damoukidebeli anazRaurebadi saqmianobis dawyebasa da ganxorcielebas iseve, rogorc sawarmoebis dafuZnebasa da xelmZRvanelobas `mimReb saxelmwi-

263 ix. 205-e sqolio.264 Judgment of the Court of 25 July 1991; The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and

others; Case C-221/89; European Court reports 1991 Page I-03905.265 ix. me-6 sqolio.

217

foSi am saxelmwifos samarTals daqvemdebarebuli erTeulebis mimarT moqmedi debulebebiT~. 53-e muxli moiTxovs mxolod imas, rom sxva wevri saxelmwifoeb-is erTeulebis dafuZneba ar unda eqvemdebarebodes ufro mkacri normebis mqone axal RonisZiebebs, vidre saxelmwifos Sida erTeulebis dafuZneba; es, sawarmos samarTlebrivi formis miuxedavad, vrceldeba yvelaze.

saqme Reinhard Gebhard266:

saqmis fabula: germaniis moqalaqe baton gebhards 1977 wlidan StutgartSi advokatad muSaobis nebarTva hqonda; misi italieli meuRle 1978 wlidan cxovrobda milanSi; swored milanSi muSaobda batoni gebhardi erT-erT saadvokato firmaSi jer TanamSromlad da Semdeg partniorad. 1989 wels man milanSi gaxsna sakuTari saadvokato firma `Avvocato~, sadac Tavis italiel kolegebTan erTad muSaobda. amis gamo mis winaaRmdeg disciplinuri procedura aRiZra im motiviT, rom is am dasaxelebas iyenebda aramarTlzomierad italiis kanonmdeblobis sawinaaRmdegod. batoni gebhardi asaCivrebda, rom italiam daarRvia evrokavSiris direqtiva da SezRuda is momsaxurebis gawevis TavisuflebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom aRniSna:

22. amdenad, unda dadgindes, rom momsaxurebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebi dafuZnebis uflebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebTan mimarTebiT subsidiuria, pirveli, radgan 59-e muxlis pirveli abzaci Tavisi SinaarsiT, ganapirobebs, rom Sesabamisi momsaxurebis gamwevi da mimRebi sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoSi arian `dafuZnebulebi~, da, meore, radgan me-60 muxlis pirveli abzacis mixed-viT, momsaxurebis Sesaxeb debulebebi gamoiyenebian mxolod maSin, rodesac dafuZnebis uflebis Sesaxeb normebi ar gamoiyeneba. amgvarad, aucilebelia, gadaisinjos `dafuZnebis~ cnebis moqmedebis areali.

xelSekrulebis 52-e-58-e muxlebSi gaTvaliswinebuli dafuZnebis ufleba aqvT rogorc iuridiul pirebs, 58-e muxlis mixedviT, aseve fizikur pirebs, romlebic gaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian. gamonaklisebisa da pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT es ufleba moicavs yovelgvari saxis damoukidebeli saqmiano-bis ganxorcielebasa da dawyebas, sawarmoebis daarsebasa da gaZRolas da agen-turebis, filialebisa Tu Svilobili sawarmoebis daarsebas nebismier sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze.

Sedegad, piri SeiZleba dafuZndes xelSekrulebis mixedviT erTze met wevr saxelmwifoSi, da, kerZod, sazogadoebebis SemTxvevaSi, agenturebis, filialebisa Tu Svilobili sazogadoebebis daarsebiT da, rogorc es evropulma sasamarTlom Tavisufal profesiaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis SemTxvevaSi aRniSna, meore profesiuli adgilis daarsebiT (SeadareT 1984 wlis 12 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze 107/83, Klopp, 1984 wlis krebuli, 2971, me-19 punqti).

21. dafuZnebis cneba, xelSekrulebis mixedviT, aris Zalze farTo, romelic gulisxmobs gaerTianebis moqalaqis SesaZleblobas, monawileoba miiRos stabilurad da gangrZobadi formiT sxva wevri saxelmwifos, da ara Tavisi warmoSobis qveynis, ekonomikur cxovrebaSi da aqedan miiRos sargebeli, romliTac gaerTianebis SigniT waxalisebul iqneba damoukidebeli saqmianobebis sferoSi ekonomikuri da socialuri urTierTkavSiri (SeadareT 1974 wlis 21

266 Judgment of the Court of 30 November 1995; Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano; Case C-55/94; European Court reports 1995 Page I-04165.

218

ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze 2/74, Reyners, 1974 wlis krebuli, 631, 21-e punqti).

amis sapirispirod momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebi, gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebis me-60 muxlis me-3 abzaci iTvaliswinebs im SemTxvevas, romelSic momsaxurebis gamwevi sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi miemgzavreba Tavisi saqmianobis droebiT gansaxorcieleblad.

22. rogorc es Tema generalurma advokatma wamowia, sadavo saqmianobis droe-biTi xasiaTi unda Sefasdes ara momsaxurebis xangrZlivobis, aramed misi six-Siris, regularuli ganmeorebadobisa Tu gangrZobadobis gaTvaliswinebiT. momsaxurebis droebiTi xasiaTi ar gamoricxavs xelSekrulebis mixedviT momsax-urebis gamwevis SesaZleblobas, mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi aRiWurvos garkveuli infrastruqturiT (biuros, saeqimo kabinetebisa Tu ofisebis CaTvliT), Tu es in-frastruqtura saWiroa sadavo momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis.

22. es situacia gansxvavdeba batoni gebhardis situaciisagan, romelic, rogorc sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, stabilur da gangrZobad profesiul saqmi-anobas eweva, romelSic is profesiuli adgilmdebareobidan sxvasTan erTad am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs emsaxureba. es moqalaqe eqceva dafuZnebis uflebis Ses-axeb Tavis normebSi da ara momsaxurebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebSi.

saqme Daily Mail267:

saqmis fabula: britanuli samarTliT daarsebul da daregistrirebul hold-ing `Daily Mail~-s wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saTavo ofisi hqonda britaneTSi. magram sagadasaxado safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, surda saTavo ofisis nider-landebSi gadatana ise, rom SeenarCunebina britanuli samarTliT miniWebuli britanuli iuridiuli piris statusi. britanuli samarTlis mixedviT, saTavo ofisis gadatana daiSveboda, Tumca sagadasaxado safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, saWiro iyo finansTa saministros Tanxmoba. finansTa saministrom ki aseTi Tanxmoba ar gasca, rac kompaniam gaasaCivra. Sedegad, erovnulma sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT _ dafuZnebis Tavisufleba arTmevda Tu ara wevr saxelmwifos uflebas, sakuTari samarTliT daarsebuli sazoga-doebis saTavo ofisis gadatana sakuTar Tanxmobaze gaexada damokidebuli.

16. marTalia, am debulebebma Tavisi Camoyalibebis mixedviT, unda uzrunvelyos mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi, gansakuTrebiT, misi moqalaqeebis msgavsi mopyroba, Tumca is aseve ukrZalavs warmoSobis qveyanas, sakuTari moqalaqisa Tu Tavisi sa-marTliT daarsebul, 58-e muxlis mixedviT, pirs SeuSalos xeli sxva wevr saxelm-wifoSi dafuZnebis procesSi. (...)

17. sazogadoeba axorcielebs dafuZnebis uflebas, zogadad, agenturebis, fil-ialebisa Tu Svilobili sazogadoebebis daarsebiT, rogorc es naTladaa gaTval-iswinebuli 52-e muxlis pirveli abzacis me-2 winadadebaSi. ase dafuZnda mom-Civani, rodesac man niderlandebSi gaxsna investiciebis sakonsultacio biuro. garda amisa, sazogadoebas SeuZlia gamoiyenos dafuZnebis ufleba maSin, rode-sac is monawileobs sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebis daarsebaSi; axali sazogadoebis kapitalSi monawileobis sakiTxSi evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 221-e muxli uzrunvelyofs iseT mopyrobas,

267 Judgment of the Court of 27 September 1988; The Queen v H. M. Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc; Case 81/87; European Court reports 1988 Page 05483.

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rogorc es Sidasaxelmwifo pirebisaTvisaa garantirebuli.

18. am sasamarTlo procesSi sadavo britanuli samarTlebrivi norma aranairad ar zRudavs aseTi dafuZnebis uflebas. is ar abrkolebs aseve britanuli sa-marTlis sazogadoebis kapitalis nawilobriv Tu srul gadatanas sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi axaldaarsebul sazogadoebaze, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi britanuli sazogadoebis likvidaciisa da amiT sagadasaxado angariSis dasrulebis Semdeg. finansTa saministros Tanxmoba gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod im SemTxvevisaT-vis, rodesac am sazogadoebas Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebis SenarCunebiT da britanuli samarTlis sazogadoebis saxiT surs saTavo ofisis gaerTianebuli samefodan gadatana.

19. fizikuri pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebebi samarTlebrivi wesrigis safuZvelze, gaerTianebis samarTlis arsebuli mdgomareobiT erovnuli samarT-lebrivi wesrigis mixedviT fuZndebian. im erovnuli samarTlebrivi wesrigis miRma, romelic maT daarsebasa da arsebobas aregulirebs, am sazogadoebebs nam-dviloba ar gaaCniaT.

20. arsebiTi gansxvavebebi arsebobs wevr saxelmwifoTa samarTals Soris, imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris erovnul teritoriasTan sazogadoebis daarsebis damakav-Sirebeli, aseve es gansxvavebebi arsebobs erovnuli samarTliT daarsebuli sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebSi, Secvalos es kavSiri. amaze miuTiTa komisiam. garkveuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlis mixedviT, maT teritoriaze unda iyos ara marto wesdebis mixedviT gansazRvruli saTavo ofisi, aramed sazogadoebis faq-tobrivi adgili anu sazogadoebis ZiriTadi mmarTveloba; sazogadoebis xelmZ-Rvanelobis gadatana am teritoriidan ganapirobebs sazogadoebis likvidacias, rasac Sedegad moaqvs likvidacia sazogadoebriv da sagadasaxado samarTlebriv sferoSi. sxva saxelmwifoebi sazogadoebebs aniWeben uflebas, gadaitanon Ta-vianTi ZiriTadi mmarTveloba sazRvargareT, magram zogierTi wevri saxelm-wifo, da maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefoc, am uflebas zRudavs; gadatanis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT sagadasaxado sferoSi, wevri saxelm-wifoebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba.

21. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekruleba am gansxvavebebs erovnul samarTalSi angariSs uwevs. sazogadoebebis gansazRvrebis dros, romelTa sasargeblodacaa gaTvaliswinebuli dafuZnebis Tavisufleba, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 58-e muxliT erTnairadaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli sazogadoebis sawesdebo adgilsamyofelze, ZiriTa-di mmarTvelobis adgilsa da ZiriTad adgilsamyofelze, rogorc konkretul samarTalTan damakavSirebel rgolze. aucileblobisas evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 220-e muxli iTvaliswinebs wevr saxelm-wifoebs Soris SeTanxmebis dadebas imisaTvis, rom sxvasTan erTad uzrunve-lyofil iqnes samarTlebrivi statusis SenarCuneba erTi wevri saxelmwifodan sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi adgilsamyofelis gadatanisas. dRemde aseTi SeTanxmeba ZalaSi ar Sesula.

22. aseve gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb samarTlis koordinaciisaTvis miRebuli direq-tivebidan, romlebic evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleb-is 54-e muxlis me-3 abzacis `z~ qvepunqtis safuZvelzea miRebuli, arc erTi ar Seexeba zemoaRniSnul gansxvavebebs.

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23. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba am gansxvavebebs, romlebic wevri saxelm-wifoebis samarTlebrivi wesrigebis sazogadoebaTa garkveul wevr saxelmwi-foebTan makavSirebelsa da, Sesabamisad, maTi wesdebis mixedviT gansazRvruli adgilsamyofelis Tu namdvili adgilsamyofelis sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi gada-tanis modalobebs Seexeba, ganixilavs rogorc problemas, romlebic dafuZne-bis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb debulebebiT ar aris gadawyvetili, aramed gadawyve-tas moiTxovs samarTalwarmoebisa Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis gziT; amgvari ram ki jerjerobiT mignebuli ar aris.

24. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 52-e da 58-e muxlebi erovnuli samarTlis sazogadoebebs ar aniWeben uflebas, wevri saxelm-wifos samarTliT dafuZnebuli gaerTianebis statusis SenarCunebiT gadaitanon sakuTari saTavo ofisi sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi.

saqme Centros Ltd268:

saqmis fabula: daniis moqalaqeebma, qalbatonma da batonma braideebma, daaars-es, britaneTis samarTlis mixedviT, iuridiuli piri `Centros Ltd~, romlis adg-ilsamyofeli, wesdebis mixedviT, iyo maTi megobris saxli. iuridiulma pir-ma aranairi saqmianoba ar daiwyo did britaneTSi, garkveuli xnis Semdeg maT moiTxoves britaneTis Sesabamis organoebSi `Centros~-is filialis Setana re-estrSi, romelic unda daearsebinaT daniaSi. didi britaneTis Sesabamisma uwye-bebma amaze uari uTxres im motiviT, rom braideebis mizani ̀ Centros~-is inglisSi daarsebisas iyo daniis sawesdebo kapitalze moTxovnisaTvis (romelic, arsebi-Tad, maRali iyo, vidre britaneTis samarTliT gansazRvruli sawesdebo kapi-talis moculoba) gverdis avla. amas ar uaryofdnen momCivani mxareebi, magram eyrdnobodnen evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul da-fuZnebis Tavisuflebas, da britaneTis uwyebebis gadawyvetilebas, ar SeetanaT reestrSi daniaSi dasaarsebeli filialis monacemebi, miiCnevdnen dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad.

17. saqmis Semadgenloba, romlis drosac erTi wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT dafuZnebul sazogadoebas surs sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi filialis daarseba, eqceva gaerTianebis samarTalSi. ar aqvs mniSvneloba im faqts, rom sazogadoeba erT saxelmwifoSi daarsda ZiriTadad meore saxelmwifoSi, an mxolod am meore saxelmwifoSi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad (SeadareT am mizniT ganaCeni Segers, me-16 punqti).

18. is, rom meuRle braidebma ̀ Centros~-i gaerTianebul samefoSi im mizniT daaarses, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT daniuri samarTlis moTxovna minimaluri kapitalis Sesaxeb, rac arc werilobiT da arc zepirad maT ar uaruyviaT, arafers cvlis imaSi, rom daniaSi filialis daarseba britanuli sazogadoebis mier xelSekrulebis 52-e muxlisa da 58-e muxliT gansazRvrul dafuZnebis TavisuflebaSi eqceva. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 52-e da 58-e muxlebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi kerZod sxvaa, vidre is, wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tu ara miiRos zomebi imisaTvis, rom sakuTarma moqalaqeebma evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebiT dadgenili SeRavaTebis borotad gamoyenebiT erovnuli samarTlis moqmedebisaTvis Tavis

268 Judgment of the Court of 9 March 1999; Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen; Case C-212/97; European Court reports 1999 Page I-01459.

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arideba ver SeZlon.(...)

24. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, wevri saxelmwifo, marTalia, uflebamosilia, miiRos zomebi, raTa misma zogierTma moqalaqem evropuli gaer-Tianebis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis borotad gamoyenebiT erovnuli samarTlisaTvis Tavis arideba ver SeZlos; gaerTianebis samarTalze borotad gamoyenebiT an motyuebiT dayrdnoba akrZalulia (...).

25. marTalia, erovnul sasamarTloebs konkretul SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli ga-remoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, obieqturi kriteriumebis safuZvelze SeuZliaT, mxedvelobaSi miiRon Sesabamis pirTa qcevebi, romlebic mimarTulia motyuebi-sa da borotad gamoyenebisaken, da aseve SeuZliaT maT gaerTianebis samarTalze dayrdnobis ufleba CamoarTvan. magram maT aseTi qcevis Sefasebisas unda daicvan sadavo debulebis miznebi (...).

26. am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli normebi, romelTa Tavidan acilebac aRniSnul pirebs surdaT, aris debulebebi sazogadoebebis daarsebis Sesaxeb, da ara garkveuli profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis normebis mizani aris swored is, rom wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT daarsebul sazogadoebebs, romlebsac gaerTianebis farglebSi aqvT sawesdebo adgilsamyofeli, ZiriTadi mmarTveloba an ZiriTadi adgilsamyofeli, neba miscen, agenturis, filialisa Tu Svilobili sazogadoebis saSualebiT dasaqmdnen sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi.

27. es, rogorc aseTi, ar aris dafuZnebis uflebis borotad gamoyeneba, rode-sac wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelsac surs sazogadoebis daarseba, aarsebs mas im wevr saxelmwifoSi, romlis sazogadoebaTa Sesaxeb normebi mas yvelaze did Tavisuflebas aZlevs, xolo sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi aarsebs is filialebs. wevri saxelmwifos samarTlis mixedviT, sazogadoebis dafuZnebis ufleba da sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi filialis dafuZnebis ufleba uSualod gamomdinareobs Sida ba-zarSi evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli dafuZnebis Tav-isuflebidan.

saqme Überseering BV269:

saqmis fabula: momCivani iyo niderlandebis samarTliT dafuZnebuli iuridi-uli piri `Überseering BV~, romelic miwas flobda diuseldorfSi. momCivanma mopasuxe germanuli sawarmo daiqirava garkveuli samuSaoebis Casatareblad, magram, radgan Catarebuli samuSaoTi kmayofili ar darCa, gadawyvita, eCiv-la misTvis sasamarTloSi. germanulma sasamarTloebma saCivari ar miiRes, im motiviT, rom, germanuli samarTliT, iuridiuli piri am statuss iRebs im saxelmwifos samarTlis mixedviT, sadac aqvs mas faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli. gamomdinare iqidan, rom aseTi adgilsamyofeli, maTi azriT, Überseering-is SemTxvevaSi iyo germaniaSi da ara niderlandebSi, maT ar aRiares is niderlan-debis samefos iuridiul pirad. Sesabamisad, ar ganixiles is mxared, radgan mas ar gaaCnda aranairi statusi, riTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda sasamarTloSi mxared monawileoba.

269 5 November 2002 Überseering BV and Nordic Construction Company Baumanagement GmbH (NCC); Case C-208/00.

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dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis debulebebis gamoyeneba

52. germaniis, espaneTisa da italiis mTavrobebis (...) mosazrebis sapirispirod unda ganimartos, rom gaerTianebis samarTlis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebis samarTlis normebis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva is regulirebebi, romlebic Seexeba erT wevr saxelmwifoSi marTlzomierad dafuZnebul sazogadoebas da Tu am sazogadoebas sawesdebo adgilsamyofeli am saxelmwifoSi aqvs, magram meore wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT miiCneva, rom am meore saxelmwifoSi moxda sazogadoebis faqtobrivi adgilsamyofelis gadatana mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi moqalaqeebisaTvis sazogadoebis yvela wilis gadacemis Semdeg.(...)

55. gansakuTrebiT unda mieTiTos imaze, rom, marTalia, xelSekrulebebs, romelTa dadebiskenac ubiZgebs evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 293-e muxli, da aseve evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 44-e muxlSi gaTval-iswinebul harmonizebis direqtivebs SeuZliaT Seamsubuqon dafuZnebis Tav-isuflebis ganxorcieleba, magram am Tavisuflebis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos aseTi xelSekrulebebis dadebaze.

56. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom es sxva SemTxvevaSi ukve aRniSna, dafuZne-bis Tavisufleba, romelsac evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e muxli gaerTianebis moqalaqeebisaTvis iTvaliswinebs, moicavs damoukidebeli SromiTi saqmianobis dawyebisa da ganxorcielebis uflebas, aseve sawarmoebis Seqmnisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebas im debulebebis mixedviT, rom-lebic dafuZnebis adgilis saxelmwifoSi am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebisaTvis mo-qmedeben.

57. aqedan uSualod gamomdinareobs, rom am sazogadoebebs aqvT ufleba, sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi ganaxorcielon saqmianoba. amasTan, maTi sawesdebo adgilsamyo-feli, maTi ZiriTadi mmarTveloba an ZiriTadi adgilsamyofeli gamoiyeneba imi-saTvis, rom ganisazRvros wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebriv wesrigTan kavSiri, iseve, rogorc fizikuri pirebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba maTi moqalaqeoba.(...)

59. dafuZnebis TavisuflebiT sargeblobis moTxovnis ufleba gamomdinareobs yvela im wevri saxelmwifos mier am sazogadoebebis statusis savaldebulo aRi-arebidan, romelSic am sazogadoebebs surT dafuZndnen.

60. amdenad, ar aris aucilebeli, wevrma saxelmwifoebma dadon ormxrivi SeTanxme-bebi sazogadoebaTa aRiarebis Sesaxeb, raTa am sazogadoebebs, romlebic 48-e mux-lSi dasaxelebul winapirobebs asruleben, SeeZloT dafuZnebis TavisuflebiT sargebloba, rac maT gardamavali periodis gasvlis Semdeg evropuli gaerTiane-bis xelSekrulebis uSualod moqmedi 43-e da 48-e muxlebiT aqvT miniWebuli. Sed-egad, am muxlebis sruli efeqturobis SezRudvis gamamarTlebeli safuZveli ar SeiZleba iqidan gamomdinareobdes, rom dRemde evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 293-e muxlis safuZvelze dadebuli ar aris sazogadoebebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi.

61. meore, unda ganvixiloT argumenti, romelic evropuli sasamarTlos ganx-

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ilvis epicentrSi iyo da romelic Daily Mail and General Trust PLC-is ganaCens emyareba. es argumenti ganxilul unda iqnes imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa Daily Mail and General Trust PLC-is ganaCenebSi arsebuli situaciis Sedareba saqmis am konkretul SemadgenlobasTan. kerZod, im mdgomareobasTan, romelsac german-uli samarTali sxva wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT daarsebuli sazogadoebis samarTalunarianobisa da qmedunarianobis dakargvas ukavSirebs.

62. amdenad, unda mieTiTos imaze, rom Daily Mail and General Trust PLC-is ganaCeni sazogadoebasa da misi dafuZnebis adgilis wevr saxelmwifos Soris urTier-Tobebs im SemTxvevaSi Seexeba, romelSic sazogadoebas sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi Tavisi faqtobrivi adgilsamyofelis gadatana dafuZnebis adgilis saxelmwi-fos mier miniWebuli samarTlebrivi statusis dacviT surda.

63. rogorc niderlandebisa da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobebi, iseve komi-sia da Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociaciis sazedamxedvelo organo acxadebs, Überseering-s arasodes ganucxadebia, rom surda adgilsamyofelis germaniaSi gadatana. arasodes damdgara kiTxvis niSnis qveS misi samarTlebri-vi arseboba sawarmos mTeli wilebis germaniaSi mcxovreb pirebze gasxvisebis Semdeg dafuZnebis adgilis saxelmwifos samarTlis mixedviT. gansakuTrebiT arasodes gamxdara es sawarmos likvidaciis mizezi niderlanduri samarTlis mixedviT, romliTac mas arasodes Seuwyvetia arseboba.(..)

65 saqmeSi, romlis mixedviT es ganaCeni gamoitanes, gaerTianebuli samefos samarTliT daarsebul sazogadoeba `Daily Mail and General Trust PLC~-s, romel-sac iq rogorc sawesdebo, aseve faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli hqonda, surda faqtobrivi adgilsamyofelis sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi gadatana misi samarT-lebrivi statusis anu inglisuri samarTlis sazogadoebis statusis dacviT; amisaTvis saWiro nebarTva britaneTis uwyebebma ar gasca. man am uwyebebs uCiv-la gaerTianebuli samefos uzenaes sasamarTloSi da asaCivrebda, rom evro-puli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 52-e-58-e muxlebi mas aniWebdnen uflebas, gadaetana mmarTvelobis faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi winaswari nebarTvisa da samarTalsubieqtobis dakargvis ga-reSe.

66. am SemTxvevaSi sxvagvarad, vidre es Daily Mail and General Trust PLC-is saqme-Sia, sakiTxi ar dgas ise, Tu rogor unda moeqces wevri saxelmwifo sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi marTlzomierad daarsebul sazogadoebas, romelic pirvel wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebis TavisuflebiT sargeblobs.(...)

70. amasTan, evropuli sasamarTlo imis dadgeniT Semoifargla, rom wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT xdeba imis Sefaseba, SeuZlia Tu ara am samarTliT daarsebul sazogadoebas, gadaitanos wesdebiT gansazRvruli adgilsamyofeli an marTvis faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi ise, rom da-fuZnebis adgilis saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigiT misTvis miniWebuli sa-marTalsubieqtoba ar dakargos da erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebiT moxdes aseTi gadatanis modalobebis dadgena. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom wevr saxelmwifos aqvs SesaZlebloba, daudginos sakuTari samarTlebrivi wes-rigiT daarsebul sazogadoebas, misi faqtobrivi adgilsamyofelis gadatanis

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TvalsazrisiT SezRudvebi, Tu mas surs, am saxelmwifos samarTliT misTvis miniWebuli samarTalsubieqtoba SeinarCunos.

71. evropulma sasamarTlom amis sapirispirod ar gamoxata pozicia iseT sakiTxze, rogoric amjerad ganixileba. kerZod, maSin, rodesac wevri saxelm-wifos samarTliT dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba sxva wevri saxelmwifos samar-TliT miCneulia iseT sazogadoebad, romelmac sakuTari mmarTvelobis adg-ilsamyofeli gadaitana sxva saxelmwifoSi, am sxva wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tu ara, uari Tqvas misi samarTalsubieqtobis aRiarebaze, romelic dafuZnebis saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigis mixedviT mas aqvs miniWebuli.

72. Daily Mail and General Trust PLC-is Sesaxeb ganaCenis 23-e punqtis zogadi Si-naarsis miuxedavad, evropul sasamarTlos ar undoda, wevri saxelmwifoe-bisaTvis mieca SesaZlebloba, sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb erovnul samarTalze gaexada damokidebuli sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi marTlzomierad daarsebuli sa-zogadoebis mier sakuTar suverenul teritoriaze dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis faqtobrivi gamoyeneba, Tu isini miiCnevdnen, rom am sazogadoebam faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli mis suverenul teritoriaze gadaitana.

73. Sedegad Daily Mail and General Trust PLC-is ganaCenidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom dafuZnebis adgilis wevr saxelmwifoSi im sazogadoebis samarTalsub-ieqtobis sakiTxi dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis debulebebs ar eqvemdebareba, romelic wevri saxelmwifos sa-marTliTaa daarsebuli da sxva wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT miiCneva, rom man faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli am wevr saxelmwifoSi gadaitana.(...)

95 pirveli SekiTxvis pasuxidan gamomdinareobs, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT daarsebuli sazogadoeba, romlis teritoriazec mas sawesdebo adgilsamyofeli aqvs, sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebis Tavisu-flebas iyenebs, maSin sxva wevri saxelmwifo valdebulia, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e da 48-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, aRiaros am sazogadoebis ufle-baunarianoba da samarTalsubieqtoba, romelsac es sazogadoeba daarsebis qveynis samarTliT flobs.

saqme Jean Reyners270:

saqmis fabula: niderlandiebis moqalaqe dabadebuli iyo belgiaSi da iq izrdeboda, belgiaSi iswavla da doqtoranturac iq daamTavra. rodesac saadvokato momsaxurebaze ganacxadi gaakeTa, mas, moqalaqeobis safuZvlidan gamomdinare, uari uTxres. Sesabamisi belgiuri normebis mixedviT, mxolod belgiis moqalaqes SeeZlo gaewia saadvokato momsaxureba. ucxoelebs SeeZloT aseTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nacvalgebis principze dayrdnobiT maTi warmoSobis qveyana analogiur uflebas mianiWebda belgielebs sakuTar teritoriaze.

42/43. 55-e muxlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT, dafuZnebis uflebis Sesaxeb Tavi ar gamoiyeneba `im wevr saxelmwifoSi iseT saqmianobebze, romlebic wevr saxelmwifoSi mudmivad an nawilobriv dakavSirebulia sajaro xelisuflebis

270 Judgment of the Court of 21 June 1974; Jean Reyners v Belgian State; Case 2-74; European Court reports 1974 Page 00631.

225

ganxorcielebasTan, (...)~ im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gamo, romelic xelSekrulebis farglebSi dafuZnebis Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis msgavsi mopyrobis principebs aqvT, 55-e muxlis pirveli abzacSi (axla evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 45-e muxlis pirveli abzaci) daSvebuli gamonaklisebi ar SeiZleba ufro farTod gamoiyenebodes, vidre amas moiTxovs mizani, romlisTvisac isinia gaTvaliswinebuli.

44/45. SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu 52-e muxlSi dasaxelebuli damoukidebeli saqmi-anobebi garkveul davalebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic sajaro xe-lisuflebis ganxorcielebisas sruldeba, 55-e muxlis pirvelma abzacma wevr saxelmwifoebs unda misces SesaZlebloba, aseT saqmianobebTan ar dauSvan ucx-oelebi. amgvarad, srulad iqneba daculi saxelmwifo moTxovnebi, Tu ucx-oeli moqalaqeebi, sabolood, iseTi saqmianobidan Sors iqnebian, romlebic, rogorc aseTi, sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi uSualo da specifikur monawileobas miiReben.

46/47. 55-e muxlSi daSvebuli gamonaklisis ganvrcoba mTlianad erT profesiaze mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu aseTi saqmianobebi erTmaneTTan imgvarad iqne-boda dakavSirebuli, rom Sesabamisi wevri saxelmwifosaTvis dafuZnebis lib-eralizacia valdebulebas warmoSobda, ucxoelebis mier sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba – Tundac droebiT – daeSva. aseTi ganvrcoba ar aris misaRebi, Tu Tavisufali profesiis farglebSi iseTi saqmianobebi, romlebic, Sesabamisad, sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, aRniSnuli profesi-uli saqmianobis iseTi nawili iqneba, romlis gacalkeveba mTlianisagan SesaZle-belia.

48/50. 57-e muxlis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT advokatis profesiisaTvis moqmedi erovnuli normebis harmonizebis Sesaxeb direqtivis ararsebobisas am profesi-is ganxorcieleba calkeuli wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTals eqvemdebareba. 55-e muxlis pirvel abzacSi gaTvaliswinebuli dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sez-Rudvebze nebismieri apelireba ganxilul unda iqnes, amdenad, yoveli wevri saxelmwifosaTvis cal-calke Sesabamisi profesiuli struqturisa da pro-fesiuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb erovnuli debulebebis mixedviT. am Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis principidan 55-e muxliT aRiarebul gamonaklisebs aqvT gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi sazRvrebi, romli-Tac Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli am sferoSi wevri saxelmwifoebis calmxrivi RonisZiebebiT xelSekrulebisaTvis praqtikuli efeqturobis CamorTmeva.

51/53. profesiuli saqmianobebi, romlebic gulisxmoben sasamarTloebTan urT-ierTobas, rogorc aseTi, sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi ar monawileo-ben, roca isini periodulad, organulad sasamarTlo procesSi arian CarTulni da sasamarTloebis davalebaTa Sesrulebisas savaldebulo TanamSromlobas ax-orcieleben. gansakuTrebiT saadvokato profesiis iseTi tipuri saqmianobebi, rogorebicaa samarTlebrivi konsultacia da samarTlebrivi daxmareba, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aseTi saxis monawileobad, iseve, rogorc damkveTis wardgena da dacva sasamarTlos winaSe, maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi CarTuloba an daxmareba savaldebuloa kanoniT, an mxolod advokatisTvisaa gawerili, radgan am amocanebis ganxorcieleba samarTlebriv Sefasebasa da marTlmsa-julebis uflebamosilebis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas ar Seexeba (...).

226

2. dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis diskriminaciisa da sayovelTao SezRudvis akrZal­va

saqme Dieter Kraus271:

30. 48-e da 52-e muxlebi adgenen, rom dasaqmebulis gadaadgilebisa da dafuZnebis Tavisuflebebi unda ganxorcieldnen gardamavali drois dasrulebamde, amiT isini garkveuli Sedegis ganxorcielebis naTlad gansazRvrul valdebulebas adgenen, romlis Sesruleba, marTalia, gaerTianebis RonisZiebebiT SeiZleba Semsubuqdes, magram ar unda gaxdes damokidebuli raime winapirobaze. garemoeba, rom amgvari RonisZiebebi jer kidev ar aris miRebuli, ar aZlevs wevr saxelmwifos uflebas, CamoarTvas gaerTianebas daqvemdebarebul pirs xelSekrulebiT misTvis garantirebuli Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebis ufleba.

31. garda amisa, wevri saxelmwifoebi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis mixedviT, valdebulni arian, miiRon zogadi da konkretuli saxis saWiro RonisZiebebi am valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis mizniT, romlebic xelSekrulebidan gamomdinareoben, da ar unda ganaxorcielon iseTi zomebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnan xelSekrulebis miznebis ganxorcielebas.

32. aqedan gamomdinare, 48-e da 52-e muxlebs ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri erovnuli regulireba sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi miRebuli Semavsebeli akademiuri xarisxis tarebis winapirobebis Sesaxeb, romelic, marTalia, moqalaqeobis safuZvlebidan gamomdinare aradiskriminirebadia, Tumca SesaZlebels xdis, rom gaerTianebis moqalaqeebis mier, am regulirebis mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis CaTvliT, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis ganxorcieleba daabrkolos an naklebad mimzidveli gaxados.272

3. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

a) xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

saqme Commission v. Kingdom of Spain273:

40. usafrTxoebis dacvis kompaniebisa da dacvis personalisaTvis kanonis me-7 da me-10 muxlebiT dawesebuli moTxovna moqalaqeobaze gamoricxavs, rom sxva saxelmwifos erTeulebma an kompaniebma ganaxorcielon kerZo dacva.

41. garkveul profesiul saqmianobebTan daSvebis amgvari zogadi akrZalva gau-marTlebelia sajaro wesrigis, usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis safuZvlebiT, 48-e muxlis me-3 abzacisa da evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-5 mux-lis mixedviT.

271 Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1993; Dieter Kraus v Land Baden-Württemberg; Case C-19/92; European Court reports 1993 Page I-01663.

272 damatebiT ixileT gv. 164 da Semdegi.273 Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 29 October 1998; Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom

of Spain; Case C-114/97; European Court reports 1998 Page I-06717.

227

42. wevri saxelmwifoebis ufleba, SezRudos pirebis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis safuZvlebidan gamom-dinare, miznad isaxavs ara iseTi ekonomikuri sferoebis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kerZo dacvis samsaxurebi, am principis gamoyenebis sferodan amoRebas, aramed aZlevs wevr saxelmwifoebs saSualebas, CamoarTvan aseT pirebs mis saxelmwifo teritoriaze Sesvlisa da yofnis ufleba, Tu maTi am teritoriaze Sesvla da dar-Cena TavisTavad sajaro wesrigis, usafrTxoebisa Tu janmrTelobis safrTxes qm-nis (...).

45. es winapiroba ar aris aucilebeli aRniSnul wevr saxelmwifoSi sajaro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, da amdenad ar eqceva 56-e muxlis pirveli abzacis da, Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 66-e muxlTan kavSirSi gaTvaliswinebul gamonaklisSi.

46. kerZod, am gamamarTlebel safuZvelze dayrdnoba SesaZlebelia maSin, rode-sac saxezea realuri da sakmarisad didi safrTxe, romelic sazogadoebis ZiriTad interess Seexeba (SeadareT, sajaro wesrigis TvalsazrisiT, ganaCeni Bouchereau, 35-e punqti).

47. espaneTis mTavrobis mosazrebis sapirispirod ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes, TiTqos es safrTxe imitom arsebobs, rom sadavo normis gareSe espaneTis dawesebulebebi ver SeZleben kerZo dacvis samsaxurebis mier ganxorcielebu-li saqmianobebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli yoveli sawarmos gakontroleba SesaZlebelia misi mmarTveli personalis sacx-ovrebeli adgilisagan damoukideblad da aseve SesaZlebelia masze sanqciebis dakisrebac.

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi:

saqme Jean Thieffry v. Conseil de l’ordre des avocats à la cour de Paris274:

saqmis fabula: belgiis moqalaqem, romelic advokati iyo, moiTxova parizis saapelacio sasamarTloSi misTvis saadvokato saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis uflebis miniWeba. mas am moTxovnaze uari uTxres imis gamo, rom is ar flobda arc frangul diploms da arc doqtorebisaTvis safrangeTis mier miniWebul xarisxs, Tumca mas hqonda safrangeTis universitetis mier aRiarebuli samar-Tlis doqtoris wodeba, aseve saadvokato saqmianobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb sertifikati, romelic man safrangeTSi Cabarebuli gamocdis Sedegad miiRo.

11/12. imisaTvis, rom gamartivdes damoukidebeli saqmianobebis dawyeba da ganx-orcieleba, 57-e muxli sabWos avaldebulebs, miiRos direqtiva, erTi mxriv, gamocdebis sertifikatebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb da, meore mxriv, damoukidebeli saqmianobebis dawyebisa da ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb wevri saxelmwifoebis sa-marTlebrivi da administraciuli normebis koordinaciis mizniT. am muxlma SesabamisobaSi unda moiyvanos dafuZnebis Tavisufleba sayovelTao interesiT gamarTlebul profesiul regulirebebTan, kerZod: organizebulobis, kvali-fikaciis, profesiuli eTikis, kontrolis, valdebulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb normebi, im pirobiT, rom isini diskriminaciis gareSe gamoiyenebian.

274 Judgment of the Court of 28 April 1977; Jean Thieffry v Conseil de l’ordre des avocats à la cour de Paris; Case 71-76; European Court reports 1977 Page 00765.

228

13/14. xelSekrulebis 54-e muxlis mixedviT, 1961 wlis 18 dekembers miRebuli `dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvebis gauqmebis zogad programaSi~ sabWom gamoxata miswrafeba, rom unda aRmoifxvras ara marto aSkara diskriminaciebi, aramed aseve diskriminaciis yvela faruli forma; SezRudvebad, romlebic unda aRmoifxvran, daasaxela me-3 nawilis `b~ qveTavSi yvela is piroba `romlebzecaa damokidebuli damoukidebeli saqmianobis dawyeba Tu ganxorcieleba samarT-lebrivi an administraciuli normis, anda administraciuli praqtikis safuZ-velze, Tu es winapirobebi, marTalia, moqalaqeobisagan damoukideblad moqmede-ben, magram am momsaxurebis gawevaSi, ZiriTadad an mxolod, ucxoelebs uSlian xels~ (1962 wlis oficialuri gamocema, 36-e gverdi). dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gauqmebis TvalsazrisiT miRebuli programa xelSekrulebis Sesa-bamisi debulebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro momentebze amaxvilebs yura-dRebas.(...)

15/18. yvela dasaxelebuli debulebidan gamomdinareobs, rom profesiuli reg-ulirebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic sayovelTao interesebiTaa gamarTlebu-li, dafuZnebis Tavisufleba ganekuTvneba xelSekrulebis miznebs. Tu amis Ses-axeb Tavad gaerTianebis samarTali arafers adgens, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am miznis ganxorcieleba wevri saxelmwifoebis RonisZiebebiT xdeba. maT akisriaT valdebuleba, xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis mixedviT, miiRon `yvela zogadi Tu konkretuli saxis saWiro RonisZieba im valdebulebebis Sesruleb-isaTvis, romlebic gaerTianebis organoTa moqmedebebidan an xelSekrulebidan gamomdinareoben~, da ar gaataron iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebsac `SeuZliaT, safrTxe Seuqmnan xelSekrulebis miznebis ganxorcielebas~. 52-e muxlSi gaT-valiswinebuli dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis faqtobrivi gamoyeneba, Tu es Tav-isufleba SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes wevr saxelmwifoSi sajaro ad-ministraciis praqtikis an iq moqmedi samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze, an profesiuli organizaciis mier, ar SeiZleba gaerTianebis samarTals daqvem-debarebul pirs mxolod imitom CamoerTvas, rom xelSekrulebis 57-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli direqtiva garkveuli profesiisaTvis jer kidev ar aris miRebuli. radgan dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis realuri gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia warimarTos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebisa da praqtikebis garemoebaTa mixedviT, kompetenturma sajaro uwyebebma, kanoniT aRiarebuli profesiuli organizaciebis CaTvliT, unda uzrunvelyon, dafuZnebis Tavisu-flebebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebis erT-erTi miznis Sesabamisad, am samarTlebrivi normebisa da praqtikebis gamoyeneba.

19. Tavisufleba, gansakuTrebiT, aramarTlzomierad SeizRudeboda, Tu xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis sferoSi moqceuli piri, romelic flobs dafuZne-bis adgilis saxelmwifos kompetenturi organos mier Tanabari Zalis mqoned aRiarebul sagamocdo sertifikats da, amis garda, asrulebs am qveyanaSi mo-qmed gansakuTrebul winapirobebs profesiuli ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, am wevr saxelmwifoSi profesiul saqmianobas ver ganaxorcielebda mxolod imi-tom, rom ar flobs am qveynis Sesabamis sagamocdo sertifikats, romelic misi sagamocdo sertifikatis Tanabari Zalis mqonea.

229

saqme Irène Vlassopoulou275:

saqmis fabula: saberZneTis moqalaqe irene vlasopolum saberZneTSi daamTavra samarTalmcodneobis fakulteti da aiRo diplomi. aRniSnuli diplomiT mas SeeZlo saberZneTSi advokatad emuSava. garda amisa, sadoqtoro daicva tiubingenis universitetSi, germania. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi praqtika gaiara aseve germanul saadvokato biuroSi, sadac, ZiriTadad, germanuli samarTliT iyo dakavebuli. mas 1988 wels uari eTqva damoukidebeli saadvokato momsaxurebis ganxorcielebaze im motiviT, rom ar hqonda sasamarTlos TanamdebobisaTvis saWiro momzadeba, rac unda hqonoda pirs, romelsac surda, germaniaSi saadvokato momsaxurebis gaweva.

15. amasTan, unda dadgindes, rom erovnulma sakvalifikacio winapirobebma, maSi-nac ki, rodesac isini moqalaqeobis safuZvlebze diskriminaciis gareSe gamoi-yenebian, SeiZleba ise imoqmedon, rom sxva wevr saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebis ev-ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 52-e muxliT garan-tirebuli dafuZnebis uflebis ganxorcielebas SeuSalon xeli. es SeiZleba maSin moxdes, rodesac sadavo erovnuli normebi ar iTvaliswinebs piris mier sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi miRebul codnasa da unarebs.(...)

16. wevrma saxelmwifom, romelsac waredgina garkveul profesiaze daSvebis ganacxadi da romlis dakmayofileba, erovnuli samarTlis mixedviT, diplo-misa Tu profesiuli kvalifikaciis flobazea damokidebuli, piris diplomebi, sagamocdo sertifikatebi Tu unarebis damadasturebeli sxva dokumentebi, romlebic man moipova imisaTvis, raTa es profesia sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi ganexorcielebina, erovnuli samarTliT ise unda ganixilos, rom Seadaros am diplomebiT dadasturebuli sagnis codna erovnuli samarTliT gaTval-iswinebul codnasa da unarebs.

17. am sagamocdo proceduram mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos dawesebulebas unda misces SesaZlebloba, obieqturad daadginos, adasturebs Tu ara ucxouri diplomi misi mflobelis im codnasa da unarebs, rogorsac Sidasaxelmwifo diplomi iTvaliswinebs, an, sul mcire, adasturebs Tu ara is Sidasaxelmwifo diplomis analogiur codnasa da unarebs. sazRvargareTis diplomis Tanabro-bis Sefaseba mxolod imiT unda moxdes, Tu ra masStabis codnisa da unarebis flobis varaudia SesaZlebeli am diplomis mflobelis mimarT swavlis saxi-sa da xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT da praqtikuli gamocdilebis gaTval-iswinebiT, romelsac is Seexeba. (...).

18. Tumca am gadamowmebis farglebSi wevrma saxelmwifom unda gaiTvaliswinos is obieqturi gansxvavebebi, romlebic arseboben warmoSobis qveyanaSi, rogorc sadavo profesiis samarTlebrivi CarCoebis kuTxiT, ise am profesiis sferos TvalsazrisiT. saadvokato profesiis SemTxvevaSi, wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia, diplomebis Sedareba moaxdinos Sesabamis erovnul samarTlebriv sistemebs So-ris arsebuli gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

275 Judgment of the Court of 7 May 1991; Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg; Case C-340/89; European Court reports 1991 Page I-02357.

230

19. Tu am Sedarebis Sedegad dadginda, rom sazRvargareTis diplomiT damowmebuli codna da unarebi Seesabameba erovnuli samarTlebrivi normebis moTxovnebs, maSin wevrma saxelmwifom unda aRiaros, rom es diplomi asrulebs am normebiT dawesebul winapirobebs. Tu amis sawinaaRmdegod, Sedarebidan gamomdinareobs, rom es codna da unarebi mxolod nawilobriv Seesabameba erTmaneTs, maSin mimReb wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia moiTxovos Sesabamisi pirisagan cnoba, rom mas aqvs aseTi damatebiTi codna da unarebi.

20. amdenad, kompetenturma erovnulma uwyebebma unda Seafason, sakmarisia Tu ara mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi swavlisa Tu praqtikuli gamocdilebis farglebSi miRebuli codna im codnis miRebis dasturad, romelic, diplomis mixedviT, am pirs aklia.(...)

22. Sedegad, imaze unda mieTiTos, rom erovnuli uwyebebis mier sazRvarga-reTis diplomiT dadasturebuli codnisa da unarebis Sedarebis procedura unda Seesabamebodes mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos samarTliT dadgenil proce-duras, romelic Sesabamisi unda iyos gaerTianebis samarTlis moTxovnebisa, gaerTianebis moqalaqeebisaTvis xelSekrulebiT miniWebuli ZiriTadi Tavisu-flebebis efeqturad dacvis mizniT. amitom, gaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT, yoveli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva mis marTlzomierebaze sasamarTlo gziT SesaZlebeli unda iyos da aRniSnulma pirma unda icodes im safuZvlebis Ses-axeb, romelsac mis mimarT miRebuli gadawyvetileba eyrdnoba (...).

saqme Reinhard Gebhard276:

35. damoukidebeli saqmianobis dawyeba da ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia, damok-idebuli iyos garkveul sayovelTao interesebiT gamarTlebuli samarTlebrivi da administraciuli normebis dacvaze, magaliTad, rogoricaa organizebulo-bis, kvalifikaciis, profesiuli eTikis, kontrolis, valdebulebebisa da pasux-ismgeblobis Sesaxeb normebze (...). am debulebebma SesaZloa, gansakuTrebiT, gaiTvaliswinon, rom specifikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba, ga-remoebis mixedviT, SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod diplomis, sagamocdo serti-fikatisa da sxva cnobebis mflobelebs, garkveuli profesiebis mqone pirebs da im pirebs, romlebic garkveul wesrigs an kontrols eqvemdebarebian. maT SeiZleba dauweson dasaxelebaTa gamoyenebisaTvis, magaliTad, rogoricaa `Av-vocato~, garkveuli winapirobebi.

36. Tu aseTi specifikuri saqmianobis dawyeba an ganxorcieleba mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi aseT winapirobebs eqvemdebareba, maSin sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi, romlebsac undaT aseTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba, ZiriTadad, am pirobebs unda asrulebdnen. amitom 57-e muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom sabWo gamoscems direqtivebs (...) diplomebis, sagamocdo sertifikatebisa da sxva cnobebis, aseve damoukidebeli saqmianobebis dawyebisa da ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb erovnuli debulebebis koordinaciisaTvis.

276 ix. 266-e sqolio.

231

37. evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom erovnuli RonisZiebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT daabrkolon an naklebad mimzidveli gaxadon xelSekrulebiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis ganxorcieleba, unda asrulebdnen oTx winapirobas: isini aradiskriminaciulad unda gamoiyenebodnen, gamarTlebuli unda iyvnen sayovelTao interesis savaldebulo safuZvlebiT, unda gamodgebodnen imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyon dasaxuli miznis miRweva da ar unda scildebodnen im sazRvrebs, rac aucilebelia am miznis misaRwevad (SeadareT 1993 wlis 31 martis ganaCeni saqmeze C-19/92, Kraus, 1993 wlis krebuli, I-1663, 32-e punqti).

38. aseve, wevrma saxelmwifoebma maTi erovnuli normebis gamoyenebisas ar unda datovon uyuradRebod is codna da kvalifikacia, romelic aRniSnul pirs sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi ukve aqvs miRebuli (SeadareT 1991 wlis ganaCeni saqmeze C-340/89, Vlassopoulou, 1991 wlis krebuli, I-2357, me-15 punqti). maT unda gaiTvaliswinon diplomebis Tanabroba (SeadareT ganaCeni saqmeze Thieffry, me-19 da 27-e punqtebi) da Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi maT erovnul normebSi moTxovnili codnisa da kvalifikaciis Sedareba unda moaxdinon aRniSnuli piris codnasa da kvalifikaciasTan (SeadareT ganaCeni saqmeze Vlassopoulou, me-16 punqti).

IV. momsaxurebis Tavisufleba:

aRniSnuli Tavisufleba subsidiuria,rac niSnavs imas, rom Tu Semadgenloba ar eqceva saqonlis, pirebis gadaadgilebisa da kapitalis gadaadgilebis TavisuflebaSi, maSin gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis Tavisufleba277.

saqme Reisebüro Broede v. Gerd Sandker278:

18. germaniis mTavroba da komisia, upirvelesad, ganixilaven im sakiTxs, Seexeba warmodgenili SekiTxva dafuZnebis Tu momsaxurebis Tavisuflebas. (...)

19. momsaxurebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebi dafuZnebis uflebis Sesaxeb TavTan mimarTebiT subsidiuria (1995 wlis 30 noembris ganaCeni saqmeze C-55/94, Gebhard, 1995 wlis krebuli, I-4165, 22-e punqti).

20. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 52-e-58-e muxlebis normebis mixed-viT, dafuZnebis cneba Zalze farToa; is moicavs gaerTianebis wevrebis SesaZle-blobas, stabilurad da gangrZobadad miiRon monawileoba sxva wevri saxelm-wifos ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, vidre warmoSobis qveynisa da aqedan miiRon sargebeli, riTac gaerTianebis SigniT damoukidebeli saqmianobebis sferoSi waxalisdeba ekonomikuri da socialuri kavSirebi (ganaCeni Gebhard, 25-e pun-qti).

21. amis sapirispirod, momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebi, gansakuTrebiT evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-60 muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom momsax-urebis gamwevi Tavis saqmianobas droebiT sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi axorcielebs. saqmianobis droebiTi xasiaTi ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, momsaxurebis gam-wevi garkveuli infrastruqturiT iyos aRWurvili, rogorebicaa: biuro, samedi-

277 aRniSnulze ixileT aseve dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis TavSi278 Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 12 December 1996; Reisebüro Broede v Gerd Sandker; Case C-3/95;

European Court reports 1996 Page I-06511.

232

cino kabineti an ofisi, Tu es infrastruqtura sadavo momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis aris aucilebeli (ganaCeni saqmeze Gebhard, 26-e da 27-e punqtebi).

22. mommarTveli sasamarTlos saqmea xangrZlivobis, periodulobisa da saqmi-anobis gangrZobadobis gaTvaliswinebiT gadasinjos, axorcielebs Tu ara is ger-maniaSi saqmianobas droebiT evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis mixedviT.

saqme Giuseppe Sacchi279:

saqmis fabula: italiis samarTlis mixedviT, televizia iyo bunebrivi monopolia, romelsac garkveuli iuridiuli piri warmoadgenda da romlis uflebac mas saxelmwifosagan hqonda miniWebuli. baton saCis hqonda kerZo televizia, romelic saxelmwifos mier ar iyo nebadarTuli. mas Semdeg, rac man uari ganacxada gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze, mis winaaRmdeg saqme aRiZra. man satelevizio gadacemebis gaSvebis akrZalva rogorc italiaSi, aseve sazRvargareTis televiziebSi miiCnia gaerTianebis samarTlis darRvevad.

6. sawinaaRmdego xelSekrulebis debulebebis ararsebobis gamo satelevizio ga-dacemebis, maTi bunebidan gamomdinare, momsaxurebebad miCneva upriania. marTa-lia, ar gamoiricxeba, rom, rogorc wesi, gasamrjelos safuZvelze gaweuli momsaxurebebi saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis Sesaxeb debulebebSi eqcevian. Tumca es mxolod me-60 muxlis mixedviT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia, Tu isini am debulebebs eqvemdebarebian, da satelevizio gadacemebis gaSveba, rogorc aseTi, sareklamo miznebis CaTvliTac, eqceva momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebis normebis moqmedebis sferoSi.

saqme Rush Portuguesa280:

10. warmodgenili SekiTxvebi (...) Seexeba evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e da me-60 muxlebiT garantirebuli momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da misaerTebeli aqtebis 215-e da Semdgom mux-lebSi gaTvaliswinebuli muSaxelis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebidan gamonaklise-bis urTierTmimarTebis problemas.

11. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba, evropuli ekono-mikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-60 muxlis Sinaarsis mixedviT, niSnavs, rom momsaxurebis gamwevs Tavisi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SeuZlia, droebiT Tavisi saqmianoba ganaxorcielos im saxelmwifoSi, sadac unda moxdes am momsaxurebis gaweva, da kerZod `im winapirobebiT, romlebsac es saxelmwifo sakuTari moqalaqeebisaTvis iTvaliswinebs~.

12. Sedegad, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e da me-60 muxlebi wevr saxelmwifos xels uSlis, sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZneb-uli momsaxurebis gamwev pirs aukrZalos mTeli Tavisi personaliT Tavisuflad Semosvla pirvelad dasaxelebuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze, an aRniSnuli personalis Semosvla damokidebuli gaxados raime SemzRudav winapirobebze, rogorebicaa: personalis adgilze daniSvnis piroba an samuSao nebarTvis qonis valdebuleba. aseTi winapirobebis dakisrebisas SesaZloa, mimReb saxelmwifoSi

279 Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1974; Giuseppe Sacchi; Case 155-73.280 Judgment of the Court of 27 March 1990; Rush Portuguesa LdA v Office national d’immigration; Case

C-113/89; European Court reports 1990 Page I-01417.

233

dafuZnebul konkurentTan SedarebiT, romelsac SeuZlia, sakuTari personali daubrkoleblad imsaxuros, sxva wevri saxelmwifos momsaxurebis gamwevis dis-kriminacia moxdes, da amiT misi momsaxurebis gawevis unari Seilaxos (...).

14. misaerTebeli aqtebis 216-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi Seexeba 1612/68 regulaciis pirvel nawils (dasaqmebasTan daSveba). Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi Tu SeTanxmebaSi arsebuli debulebebi, romlebic am gamonaklisis moqmedebis periodSi ZalaSi rCebian, Seexeba Sesvlis nebarTvasa da saxelfaso Tu sagasamrjelo urTierTobebSi saqmianobebTan daSvebas. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom 216-e muxlis gamonaklisi regulireba gamoiyeneba, rodesac saqme portugalieli dasaqmebulis sxva wevri saxelmwifos samuSao bazarze daSvebas Seexeba, aseve, rodesac es Seexeba aseTi portugalieli dasaqmebulisa da misi ojaxis wevris Sesvlasa da qveyanaSi darCenas. es moqmedeba imitomaa gamarTlebuli, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi arsebobs mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos samuSao bazris xelSeSlis safrTxe.

15. sxvagvarad xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es am samarTlebriv davaSia, Tu saqme Seexeba dasaqmebulis adgilis droebiT Secvlas, romelic gagzavnilia sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, raTa misi damsaqmeblis momsaxurebebis farglebSi samSeneblo samuSaoebi ganaxorcielos. aseTi dasaqmebulebi maTi amocanebis Sesrulebis Semdeg brundebian TavianT warmoSobis qveyanaSi ise, rom ar gamodian mimRebi wevri saxelmwifos samuSao bazarze.

1. momsaxurebis saxeebi:

saqme Mellina Agosta Srl281:

saqmis fabula: italiaSi samarTlebrivi davis dros ucxouri valutis kontroli xdeboda. mcxovrebni valdebulni iyvnen, specialuri samsaxurebisaTvis sakuTari valuta gadaecaT. ucxoeTSi mimavalTaTvis ki bankebi am pirebs aZlevdnen 500000 liris odenobis ucxour valutas. italiis moqalaqeebs, luiziasa da karbones, surdaT germaniasa da safrangeTSi samkurnalod da aseve turistuli mizniT wasvla. maT sxvadasxva bankSi moagroves valuta, ufro meti, vidre daSvebuli iyo, ris gamoc daekisraT maRali jarimebi. es gaasaCivres maT da aRniSnes, rom aseTi qmedeba kapitalisa da sagadasaxado saSualebebis moZraobis Tavisuflebis SezRudva iyo.

10. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlis Tanaxmad, wevri saxelmwifoebis im moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebic, momsaxurebis mimRebi pirebis saxelmwifos garda, gaerTianebis sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi ewevian momsaxurebas, momsaxurebaTa Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudvebi gauqmebulia. momsaxurebisaTvis an am momsaxurebis gamwevi unda Cavides wevr saxelmwifoSi, sadac momsaxurebis mimRebia, an mimRebi unda Cavides im wevr saxelmwifoSi, sadac momsaxurebis gamwevia. maSin rodesac pirveli SemTxveva me-60 muxlis me-3 abzacSi naTladaa gamoxatuli, meore SemTxveva misi aucilebeli Semavsebeli nawilia. misi mizania, moxdes yoveli anazRaurebadi saqmianobis liberalizacia, romelic ar eqceva saqonlisa da kapitalis, aseve pirTa gadaadgilebis TavisuflebaSi. (...)

281 Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1983; Ministero delle Finanze v Esercizio Magazzini Generali SpA and Mellina Agosta Srl; Joined cases 186 and 187/82.

234

13. momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudvebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb zo gadi programis avtorebma es programa evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 106-e muxlis safuZvelze SeimuSaves. amiT maT naTlad gamoxates, rom amas sagadasaxado saSualebis mimoqcevaze da momsaxurebis moZraobis liberalizaciaze eqneboda zegavlena. am muxlis pirveli abzacis mixedviT, unda moxdes im gadasaxadebis liberalizeba, romlebic Seexebian saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mimoqcevas, ramdenadac liberalizebulia wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mimoqceva.(...)

16. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom momsaxurebis Tavisufali mimoqceva moicavs ase ve momsaxurebis mimRebis Tavisuflebas, wavides sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi momsaxu-rebis misaRebad ise, rom SezRudvebiT – da aseve sagadasaxado saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT – ar dabrkoldes, da rom turistebi, iseve rogorc pirebi, romlebsac surT samedicino momsaxurebis miReba, da isini, vinc saswavlo da saqmian vizitebs axorcieleben, miCneul unda iqnen momsaxurebebis mimRebebad.

2. diskriminaciisa da SezRudvis akrZalva:

saqme Bond van Adverteerders and others v. The Netherlands State282:

saqmis fabula: samarTlebrivi davis mosarCeleebi iyvnen sareklamo gaerTianeba, sareklamo saagentoebis, aseve sakabelo qselis xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic ucxour satelevizio programebs mauwyeblobdnen. es programebi gadascemdnen specialurad niderlandebis mayureblebisaTvis reklamebs. erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, akrZaluli iyo ucxouri programebis saSualebiT niderlandebSi reklamebisa da morbenali striqonebis gaSveba. Sidasaxelmwifoebriv mauwyeblebsac ekrZalebodaT reklamebis gaSveba, magram maT SeeZloT, garkveuli fondisagan SeeZinaT sareklamo dro da amgvarad gaeSvaT reklamebi. niderlandebis mTavroba am regulirebas amyarebda imiT, rom amiT xeli eSleboda komerciuli miznebisaTvis sakabelo arxis Seqmnas. es aseve emsaxureboda niderlandebSi pluralizmisa da arakomerciuli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi arxebis SenarCunebas.

reklamis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT

21. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlis mixedviT, momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SezRudva gardamavali drois dasrulebamde unda gauqmdes gaerTianebis SigniT wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebic saqmianoben gaerTianebis momsaxurebis mimRebi saxelmwifos garda sxva saxelmwifoSi.

22. iseTi sareklamo akrZalva, rogorsac Seicavs sakabelo regulireba, aris momsaxurebis Tavisuflad moZraobis ormagi SezRudva. is, erTi mxriv, erT wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebul sakabelo qselis xelmZRvanels abrkolebs, gaavrcelos sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi daarsebuli mauwyeblebis mier SemoTavazebuli satelevizio programebi; meore mxriv ki am mauwyeblebs uflebas arTmevs, sakuTar programebSi – sxvasTan erTad, mimReb saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli sareklamo firmebis sasargeblod – iseTi Setyobinebebi gaakeTos, romlebic specialurad am saxelmwifos publikas mimarTavs.

282 Judgment of the Court of 26 April 1988; Bond van Adverteerders and others v The Netherlands State; Case 352/85.

235

23. niderlandebis mTavrobis azriT, sakabelo regulirebiT reklamis akrZalva Seexeba sxva wevri saxelmwifos mauwyeblebs, iseve, rogorc mauwyeblobis Ses-axeb kanoniT reklamis akrZalva Seexeba niderlandebis saministroSi akredi-taciagavlil mauwyeblebs; es akrZalva ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania, radgan is krZalavs ara yovelgvar sareklamo Setyobinebebs, aramed mxolod imaT, romlebic specialurad niderlandebis publikisTvisaa gansazRvruli. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom, Tu momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba SeizRudeba da es ar aris diskriminirebadi saxis, maSin is evropuli ekonomikuri gaer-Tianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 95-e muxlis akrZalvaSi ar eqceva.

24. es mosazreba ar aris gasaziarebeli. es ar Seexeba erovnul mauwyeblebsa da sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis mauwyeblebs Soris Sedarebas; ufro metad, Sesa-darebelia niderlandebis mauwyeblobis saerTo mdgomareoba sazRvargareTis mauwyebelTan.

25. am TvalsazrisiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom fondis valdebuleba mxolod isaa, izrunos reklamis mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanonTan teqnikur da finansur Sesa-bamisobaze; es fondi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes programebis organizatorad. igi aregulirebs sabolood sareklamo Setyobinebebis gadacemas, romelic xorcieldeba mesame piris mier, romelsac is dros miyidis.

26. amdenad, diskriminacia saxezea, radgan reklamis akrZalva, sakabelo reguli-rebis mixedviT, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis mauwyeblebs arTmevs SesaZleblobas, programaSi gauSvan specialurad niderlandebis publikisTvis sareklamo rgolebi, maSin rodesac mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanoni amgvari gadacemebis gaSve-bis uflebas Sidasaxelmwifo programebis mauwyeblebs aZlevs.

27. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, reklamis akrZalva, rogorsac Sei-cavs sakabelo regulireba, iwvevs momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis Sez-Rudvas, romelic evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxliT akrZalulia.

saqme Manfred Säger v. Dennemeyer & Co. Ltd283:

saqmis fabula: samarTlebrivi davis momCivani iyo manfred zegeri, romelic miunxenSi sapatento samarTlis specialobiT saqmianobda. mopasuxe inglisuri samarTliT daarsebuli sazogadoeba iyo, romelic aseve patentebis sferoSi saqmianobda. Tumca germaniaSi sazogadoebaze am saqmianobisaTvis dakisrebuli Tanxa ufro naklebi iyo, vidre advokatebis. saerTod, germaniis kanonmdeblobiT advokatebisaTvis iyo gansazRvruli aseTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba.

11. warmodgenili SekiTxva (...) ise unda iqnes gagebuli, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxls erovnuli regulireba, romelic sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebul sawarmos imitom ukrZalavs saxelmwifoSi myofi patentis mflobelebisaTvs maT pat-entebze yuradRebis devnebas da mis SesanarCuneblad gaTvaliswinebuli gad-asaxadebis gadaxdas, radgan es saqmianoba, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, im pirebisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, romlebic floben gansakuTrebul profe-siul kvalifikacias, magaliTad, rogorc advokati sapatento sakiTxebSi.

283 Judgment of the Court of 25 July 1991; Manfred Säger v Dennemeyer & Co. Ltd.; Case C-76/90; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04221.

236

12. upirvelesad, imaze unda mieTiTos, rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxli (cvlilebis Semdeg, axla, evropuli gaer-Tianebis xelSekrulebis 49-e muxli) moiTxovs ara marto momsaxurebis gamwevis mimarT diskriminaciaTa saxeebis aRmofxvras moqalaqeobis safuZvelze, aramed aseve nebismieri SezRudvis – Tu is ganurCevlad moqmedebs Sidasaxelmwifo da sxva wevri saxelmwifos momsaxurebis gamwevis mimarT – gauqmebas, Tu maT Seu-ZliaT, akrZalos an daabrkolos momsaxurebis gamwevis saqmianoba, romelic sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs da iq marTlzomierad msgavs momsaxurebebs gasw-evs.

13. wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia, Tavis suverenul teritoriaze momsaxurebe-bis gaweva damokidebuli gaxados yvela im winapirobis dacvaze, romlebic da-fuZnebisaTvis moqmedeben, da amiT evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis debulebebs waarTvas praqtikuli efeqturoba, romelTa mizani swored momsaxurebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofaa. aseTi SezRudva swored rom dauSvebelia, rodesac, rogorc es am SemTxvevaSia, momsaxureba gaiweva sxvag-varad, vidre es evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-60 muxlis me-3 abzaciTaa (axla evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 50-e muxlis me-3 abzaci) gaTvaliswinebuli, anu ise, rom momsaxurebis gamwevs ar sWirdeba momsaxurebis gawevis adgilis saxelmwifoSi wasvla.

3. gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi:

a) xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

saqme Erich Ciola v. Land Vorarlberg284:

saqmis fabula: avstriis moqalaqe bodenzeeze aqiravebda navebis dasayenebel adgilebs. miRebuli normatiuli aqtis mixedviT, 1996 wlidan ikrZaleboda 60 adgilze metis gaqiraveba navebis mflobelebze, romlebic sazRvargareT cxovrobdnen. aRniSnulma moqalaqem 2-iT meti gaaqirava aseT pirebze da daekisra jarima. sasamarTlom evropul sasamarTlos mimarTa SekiTxviT _ adgilebis gaqiravebis aseTi SezRudva SesabamisobaSi iyo Tu ara momsaxurebis TavisuflebasTan.

14. marTalia, dasayenebeli adgilebis raodenobis SezRudva, romlebic am qveyanaSi armcxovreb mflobelebze SeiZleba gaices, ar emyareba moqalaqeobas – ase rom, is ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes pirdapir diskriminaciad, Tumca ga-damwyveti kriteriumi am SezRudvisaTvis aris adgili, sadac navis mflobelebs aqvT sacxovrebeli adgili. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, erovnul sa-marTlebriv normaSi, romelic sacxovrebeli adgilis kriteriumiT ganasxvavebs, arsebobs safrTxe, rom is ZiriTadad sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis sa-zianod imoqmedebs, radgan am qveyanaSi armcxovrebi pirebi umetesad ucxoelebi arian (...).

284 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 29 April 1999; Erich Ciola v Land Vorarlberg; Case C-224/97; European Court reports 1999 Page I-02517.

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15. imisaTvis, raTa dasayenebeli adgilebis kontingentireba sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebisaTvis saerTo keTildReobis aucilebeli safuZvlebiT gaemarTlebinaT, forarlbergis mxarem sxdomaze miuTiTa im aucileblobaze, rom am adgilebze xelmisawvdomoba iq mcxovrebTaTvis garantirebuli unda yofiliyo, raTa isini ar daCagruliyvnen ucxoelebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic mzad iyvnen, ufro maRali Tanxebi gadaexadaT daqiravebisaTvis. radgan aRniSnuli adgilebis saerTo raodenoba, garemos dacvis mizezebidan gamomdinare, SezRuduli iyo, am kontingentirebis gauqmeba gazrdida zewolas miwis uwyebebze.

16. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebi, romlebic momsaxurebebisaTvis ar moqmede-ben ganurCevlad anu moqmedeben am momsaxurebis gamwevis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT da amdenad diskriminirebas axdenen, mxolod maSin SeiZleba Seesabamebodnen gaerTianebis samarTals, rodesac isini eqcevian mkafiod gansazRvruli debulebis moqmedebis sferoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 56-e muxli (...); Tumca ekonomikuri miznebi ar SeiZleba iyos sajaro wesrigis safuZvlebi, am muxlis mixedviT (...).

17. gamomdinare iqidan, rom forarlbergis miwam adgilebis ucxoelebis mi-marT kontingentirebis gamamarTlebel safuZvlebad moiyvana ara sajaro wes-rigi, usafrTxoeba Tu janmrTeloba, aramed ekonomikuri safuZvlebi, rom-lebic adgilobrivi mflobelebis sasargeblodaa gaTvaliswinebuli, amitom xelSekrulebis 56-e muxlis gamoyeneba am SemTxvevisaTvis ar SeiZleba (...).

b) dauwereli gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebi

saqme Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda285:

saqmis fabula: samarTlebrivi dava Seexeboda sazRvargareTul programebSi gaSvebul reklamebs, romlebic niderlandur enaze iyo da romlebic Sidasaxelmwifoebriv regulirebas ewinaaRmdegeboda. erovnuli regulaciis mixedviT, sazRvargareTis reklamebi Sesabamisi unda yofiliyo iseTive SezRudvebisa, rogoric Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi mauwyeblebisaTvis iyo dawesebuli. kerZod, sazRvargareTis mauwyeblebs damoukidebeli niderlanduri iuridiuli pirisaTvis unda gadaecaT, sxvasTan erTad, reklamebi da aqedan miRebuli Semosavlebi programebis ganxorcielebisaTvis moexmaraT. momCivani mxare am regulirebaSi momsaxurebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xedavda. niderlandebis mTavroba miuTiTebda imaze, rom es regulireba niderlandebSi pluralizmisa da mauwyeblobis arakomerciulobas uzrunvelyofda.

10. evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi praqtika amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs (...), rom evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxli moiTxovs, aRmoifxvras momsaxurebaTa gamwevis nebismieri diskriminacia, pirvel rigSi, moqalaqeobis safuZvelze an im garemoebis safuZvelze, rom is sxva wevr saxelmwifoSia damkvidrebuli da momsaxurebis gawevis adgilis wevr saxelmwi-foSi.

285 Judgment of the Court of 25 July 1991; Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v Commissariaat voor de Media; Case C-288/89; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04007.

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11. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom 1988 wlis 26 aprilis ganaCenSi (saqme 352/85, Bond van Adverteerders, 1988 wlis krebuli, 2085, 32-e da 33-e punqtebi) daadgina, iseTi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebi, romlebic nebismier momsaxurebaze, misi warmomavlobis miuxedavad, ar moqmedeben ganurCevlad, mxolod maSin Seesabamebian gaerTianebis samarTals, rodesac isini eqcevian iseT mkafiod gansazRvruli debulebis moqmedebis farglebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 56-e muxli. am ganaCenidan (34-e punqti), garda amisa, gamomdinareobs, rom ekonomikuri miznebi, am muxlis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba sajaro wesrigis safuZvlebi iyos.(...)

13. mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, (...) aseTi dabrkolebebi eqcevian 59-e muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi, ramdenadac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi normebis gamoyeneba momsaxurebis ucxoel gamwevebze sayovelTao interesSi Se-mavali savaldebulo mizezebiT ar aris gamarTlebuli. (...)

14. amasTan mimarTebiT evropuli sasamarTlos mier ukve sayovelTao interesebSi Semaval savaldebulo safuZvlebad aRiarebulia: momsaxurebis mimRebebis dasa-cavad garkveuli profesiuli regulirebebi (...), inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva (...), dasaqmebulis dacva (...;), momxmareblis dacva (...), erovnuli istoriuli da xelovnebis memkvidreobis miReba (...), arqeologiuri, istoriuli da xelovne-bis saganZuris mniSvnelobis amaRleba da qveynis xelovnebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb codnis saukeTeso saSualebiT gavrceleba (...).

15. sabolood, mudmivi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, sxva wevr saxelmwifoeb-Si dafuZnebuli momsaxurebis gamwevebis mimarT Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebiT SesaZlebeli unda iyos maT mier dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa da es normebi ar unda scildebodnen am miznis misaRwevad aucilebel masStabs; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, analogiuri Sedegi ar unda miiRweodes ufro nakle-bad mkveTri regulirebebiT (...).

16. dasaxelebuli safuZvlebiT, unda gadaisinjos, zRudavs Tu ara dasaxele-buli kanonis 66-e muxlis pirveli abzacis `b~ qvepunqti, mommarTveli sasa-marTlos azriT, aradiskriminirebadi debuleba, momsaxurebis Tavisuflad gada adgilebas da, Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia Tu ara am SezRudvebis gamarTleba.

momsaxurebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebaze SezRudvebis arsebobasTan dakavSire-biT

17. amasTanave, unda dadgindes, rom dasaxelebuli kanonis 66-e muxlis pirveli abzacis b) qvepunqtis me-2 winadadebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli winapirobebi mom-saxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ormag SezRudvas adgens: erTi mxriv, is xels uSlis erT wevr saxelmwifoSi arsebul mauwyebels, gadmosces radio- da satelevizio programebi, romlebic sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli mau-wyeblebis mier gadmoicema, Tu es programebi ar Seesabamebian am winapirobebs; xolo meore mxriv, zRudavs am sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi arsebuli mauwyeblebis SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebiT, mimReb wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebuli sawar-mosaTvis, specialurad am saxelmwifos publikisaTvis gansazRvruli sarekla-mo rgolebi CarTon TavianT programaSi.

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18. amdenad, mommarTveli sasamarTlos pirvel SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gaeces, rom iseTi winapirobebi, rogoric dadgenilia dasaxelebuli kanonis 66-e mux-lis pirveli abzacis b qvepunqtis me-2 winadadebaSi, aris evropuli ekonomi-kuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 59-e muxlis mixedviT momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SezRudva.

am SezRudvebis gamarTlebis SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT

19. rogorc komisiam sworad aRniSna, es winapirobebi or sxvadasxva jgufs ganekuTvnebian: pirveli, arsebobs winapirobebi, romlebic Seexebian: mauwye-blobis struqturas, mauwyeblis reklamis damoukidebeli iuridiuli piris mier gadacemas, reklamidan Semosuli Tanxis srulad programis ganxorcieleb-isaTvis gamoyenebas _ ar unda gamoiyenebodes mesame piris mier mogebis miRebis mizniT; garda amisa, arsebobs winapirobebi, romlebic Tavad reklamas Seexeba: erTmniSvnelovnad Secnobadi da programis sxva nawilebisagan gancalkevebuli unda iyos reklama, misi xangrZlivoba gadacemis sruli drois 5%-s ar unda aRematebodes, kviraobiT sareklamo rgolebis gaSveba dauSvebelia.

20. mommarTveli sasamarTlos meore da mesame SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad winapirobebis ganxilva, romlebic, ZiriTadad, aseTi SezRudvebis gamarTlebis sakiTxs Seexeba, cal-calke unda moxdes.

a – winapirobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi da-fuZnebuli mauwyeblebis struqturas Seexeba

21. im winapirobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi da-fuZnebuli mauwyeblebis struqturas Seexebian, niderlandebis mTavroba acxadebs, rom isini im winapirobebs Seesabamebian, romlebsac niderlandebis mauwyeblebi unda asrulebdnen. moTxovna, rom sareklamo rgolebi programe-bis mwarmoeblebisagan gancalkevebul iuridiul pirs unda ganexorcielebina, Seesabameboda Sidasaxelmwifo uwyebebisaTvis dasaxelebuli kanoniT komerci-uli reklamis gaSvebis akrZalvas; am reklamis gadacema radio- da sateleviz-io sareklamo fonds (Stichting Etherreclame; Semdgom _ rssf) SeeZlo. sxva wevri saxelmwifos mauwyeblebisaTvis dakisrebul valdebulebas, ar moetanaT mesame pirebisaTvis mogeba, unda uzrunveleyo mauwyeblobis arakomerciuli xasia-Ti, rac kanons Sidasaxelmwifo mauwyeblebisaTvis surda SeenarCunebina. da, bolos, moTxovna _ sareklamo Semosavlebi programis aRsrulebaze unda mi-marTuliyo, gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom sxva wevri saxelmwifos mauwyeblebi unda gaTanabrebodnen Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sistemas, radgan aq rssf-is mier miRebuli sareklamo Semosavlebis didi nawili radiosa da televiziis warmoe-bis xarjebs faravda.

22. garda amisa, niderlandebis mTavroba acxadebs, rom es SezRudvebi gama-rTlebulia mauwyeblobis seqtoris kulturuli politikis savaldebulo moTxovnebiT. am politikas unda daecva gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi, kul-turuli, religiuri da sulieri mimarTulebebis mravalferovneba niderland-ebSi, ramdenadac isini presaSi, radiosa Tu televiziaSi unda gaSliliyvnen. am mizans SeiZleboda safrTxe damuqreboda, Tu mewarmeebs, romlebic gascemdnen sareklamo SekveTebs, didi zegavlena eqnebodaT programis Camoyalibebaze.

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23. marTalia, amgvarad gagebuli kulturuli politika SesaZloa, iyos sayov-elTao interesis savaldebulo safuZveli, romelic amarTlebs momsaxurebis gadaadgilebis SezRudvas. pluralisturi mauwyeblobis SenarCuneba, romelic am niderlandurma politikam unda uzrunvelyos, dakavSirebulia adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-10 mux-liT garantirebul azris TavisuflebasTan, romelic ganekuTvneba gaerTiane-bis samarTlebrivi wesrigiT dacul ZiriTad uflebebs (1974 wlis 14 maisis ganaCeni saqmisa 4/73, Nold. 1974 wlis krebuli, 491, me-13 punqti).

24. amasTan, unda dadgindes, rom ar arsebobs aranairi aucilebeli kavSiri aseT kulturul politikasa da im winapirobebs Soris, romlebic sazRvargareTis mauwyebelTa struqturas Seexeba. imisaTvis, rom pluralisturi mauwyebloba iyos uzrunvelyofili, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris aucilebeli, Sidasaxelm-wifoebrivma samarTalma sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi dafuZnebul mauwyeblebs daak-isros valdebuleba, SesabamisobaSi movidnen niderlandur modelTan, Tu maT programebis gadacema surT, romlebic niderlandebis publikisaTvis sarekla-mo rgolebs Seicaven. Tu niderlandebis mTavrobas surs am mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, mas SeuZlia, sakuTari dawesebulebebiT Semofarglos es reguli-reba.

25. winapirobebis, romlebic sazRvargareTuli mauwyeblebis struqturas Se-exeba, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT obieqturad aucilebel RonisZiebebad pluralis-turi erovnuli mauwyeblobis SenarCunebis sayovelTao interesis dasacavad.

b – im winapirobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic sareklamo rgolebs Seexeba

26. niderlandebis mTavrobis azriT, komisiis mier gamoTqmuli azris sawi-naaRmdegod, arc garkveul dReebSi sareklamo rgolebis akrZalvasa da arc xangrZlivobis SezRudvas an reklamis cnobadobis garantirebas da misi sxva programebisagan gacalkevebas ar aqvs diskriminirebadi xasiaTi. rssf-is mier gaweuli momsaxurebebi analogiur SezRudvebs eqvemdebarebian. niderlande-bis mTavroba am TvalsazrisiT miuTiTebs kanonis 39-e muxlze, romlidanac gamomdinareobs, rom (...) rssf Sidasaxelmwifo qselSi arsebul samauwyeblo dros imgvarad anawilebda, rom Sidasaxelmwifo mauwyeblebis programebi ar gawyvetiliyo. garda amisa, amave muxliT samauwyeblo dro kviraobiT ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

27. amasTan mimarTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sareklamo rgolebis gaSvebis SezRudvebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, garkveuli produqciis reklamirebis akrZalva an garkveul dReebSi reklamebis gaSveba, am rgolebis xangrZlivobis an sixSiris SezRudva an iseTi SezRudvebi, romlebsac Tavidan unda aecilebi-naT radiomsmenelebsa Tu telemayureblebSi komerciuli reklamis sxva pro-gramis nawilebSi areva, SesaZloa, gamarTlebuli iyos sayovelTao interesidan gamomdinare savaldebulo safuZvlebiT. aseTi SezRudvebi SesaZloa gaTval-iswinebuli yofiliyo gadaWarbebuli komerciuli reklamisagan momxmareb-lis dasacavad, an kulturuli politikis farglebSi garkveuli programebis xarisxis SesanarCuneblad.

28. amasTan, unda dadgindes, rom sadavo SezRudvebi Seexeba mxolod nider-landebis publikisaTvis gansazRvruli sareklamo rgolebis bazars. es bazari iyo erTaderTi, romelic sakabelo regulirebis mier reklamis akrZalvis moq-

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medebis sferoSi moeqca, romelic Bond van Adverteerders saqmeSi winaswari gadaw-yvetilebis SekiTxvebis safuZveli iyo (ix. 1988 wlis 26 aprilis ganaCeni). maSi-nac ki, rodesac sareklamo rgolebi iseT produqtebs Seexeboda, romelTa mox-marebac niderlandebSi SesaZlebeli iyo, es SezRudvebi gamoiyeneboda mxolod maSin, rodesac rgolebi niderlandur enaze programebiT an niderlandur enaze morbenali striqonebis mqone programebiT gadaicemoda. am SezRudvaTa gauqmeba SeiZleba niderlandur enaze im programebis gadacemisas, romlebic belgiaSi niderlandurenovani belgiuri publikisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.

29. sakabelo regulirebisagan gansxvavebiT, mommarTveli sasamarTlos mier dasaxelebuli kanonis debulebebi ar Seexeba saerTo Semosavals im sareklamo rgolebidan, romlebic specialurad niderlanduri publikisTvis aris gaT-valiswinebuli, Tumca isini bazarze sazRvargareTis mauwyeblebTan rssf-is mosalodnel konkurencias zRudaven imiT, rom am rgolebis gaSvebis regla-mentirebas axdenen. rogorc es 1988 wlis 26 aprilis ganaCeniT gadawyda (...), am mizniT ar SeiZleba momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SezRudvis gama-rTleba.

30. mommarTveli sasamarTlos meore da mesame SekiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, pasuxi unda gaeces, rom ar SeiZleba iseTi SezRudvebi, rogoric am procesSia sa-davo, gamarTldes, sayovelTao interesebidan gamomdinare savaldebulo sa-fuZvlebiT.

srulad warmogidgenT evropuli sasamarTlos ganaCens saqmeze Reinhard Gebhard v. Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano286:

wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelic eweoda stabiluri da gangrZobadi xasi-aTis profesionalur saqmianobas sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, sadac igi gamijnuli iyo moqmedi profesionaluri safuZvlisgan im saxelmwifos moqalaqeebisgan gansxvavebiT, eqvemdebareba dafuZnebis uflebasTan dakavSirebul, da ara mom-saxurebis Sesaxeb, Tavs.

rogorc SeTanxmebis me-60 muxlis mesame paragrafidan Cans, momsaxurebis gawevis Tavisuflebis normebi moicavs, sul mcire, situacias, rodesac mimwodebeli gad-aadgildeba Tavisi momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad, romelSic piri gadaadgild-eba erTi wevri saxelmwifodan meoreSi ara damkvidrebis, aramed Tavisi saqmiano-bis droebiT ganxorcielebis mizniT.

gansaxilveli saqmianobis droebiTi xasiaTi unda ganisazRvros misi xangrZlivo-bis, regularuli xasiaTis, periodulobisa da gangrZobadobis konteqstSi. es ar niSnavs, rom momsaxurebis momwodebeli, SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, ar aRiWurvavs sakuTar Tavs garkveuli formis infrastruqturiT maspinZel wevr saxelmwifoSi (aRniSnulSi Sedis: ofisi, kabinetebi an sakonsultacio oTaxebi), imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari infrastruqtura aucilebelia gansax-ilveli momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad.

wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqis SesaZlebloba, gamoiyenos Tavisi ufleba da-fuZnebaze, da mis mier am uflebis gamoyenebis pirobebi, unda ganisazRvros im saqmianobis konteqstSi, romlis ganxorcielebasac igi gegmavs maspinZeli wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze.

286 Case C-55/94, Reinhard Gebhard v. Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] I-04165.

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iq, sadac specifikuri saqmianobis dawyeba ar aris raime normis sagani maspinZel saxelmwifoSi, nebismieri sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes mieniWeba dafuZne-bis ufleba da iq am saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. meore mxriv, specifikuri saqmianobis dawyeba an ganxorcieleba maspinZeli wevri saxelmwi-fos specialuri pirobebis sagania. imisaTvis, rom sxva wevri saxelmwifos mo-qalaqem ganaxorcielos aRniSnuli saqmianoba, ZiriTadad, unda Seesabamebodes maT.

amgvarma pirobebma, romlebic konkretulad SeiZleba Sedgebodes valdebuleb-isgan, iqonion specialuri diplomebi, gawevrianebuli iyvnen profesionalur kavSirSi, an daeqvemdebaron profesionaluri qcevis specifiur wesebs, an im wesebs, romlebic profesionaluri titulebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, unda Seasrulon specialuri moTxovnebi, sadac isini valdebuli arian, xeli SeuSa-lon, an naklebad mimzidveli gaxadon SeTanxmebis mier garantirebuli funda-menturi Tavisufleba, iseTi, rogoricaa ufleba dafuZnebaze. arsebobs oTxi amgvari moTxovna: maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes aradiskriminaciuli formiT; maTi dadastureba unda moxdes zogadi interesebis imperatiuli moTxovnebiT; isini unda Seesabamebodnen maT mier ganxorcielebuli da misaRwevi miznebis dacvas; da isini ar unda gascdnen im zRvars, romelic aucilebelia mis misaR-wevad.

imdenad, ramdenadac kvalifikaciis flobasTan dakavSirebuli pirobebia gan-saxilveli, wevrma saxelmwifoebma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon diplomebis eqviva lenturoba da, Tu saWiroa, ganaxorcielon gansaxilveli piris moTxov-nili codnisa da kvalifikaciis Sedareba, maTi nacionaluri kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.

1. 1994 wlis 8 Tebervals sasamarTlos mier miRebuli 1993 wlis 16 dekembris brZanebis Tanaxmad, Consiglio Nazionale Forense (advokatTa nacionalurma sabWom) ori kiTxviT mimarTa sasamarTlos winaswari gansjadobisTvis SeTanxmebis 177-e muxlis safuZvelze, romlebic exeboda sabWos direqtivis 77/249/EEC (22 marti, 1977w.) advokatTa mier momsaxurebis gawevis Tavisuflebis efeqturad gamoy-enebis xelSewyobis mizans (OJ 1977 L 78, gv. 17).

2. kiTxvebi wamoiWra disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis safuZvelze dawyebuli Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano-s (milanis advokatTa da prokurorTa kavSiris sabWos, Semdgom _ `milanis advokatTa sabWo~) mier ba-toni gebhardis winaaRmdeg, romelsac bralad edeboda 1982 wlis 9 Tebervlis #31/82 kanoniT (evropuli kavSiris wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis mqone ad-vokatebis mier momsaxurebis gawevis Tavisufleba) dadgenili valdebulebis darRveva im safuZvliT, rom man italiaSi ganaxorciela profesiuli saqmi-anoba regularul bazaze mis mier Seqmnili saadvokato biuroebis meSveobiT, vinaidan sargeblobda advokatis tituliT.

3. sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli werilobiTi SekiTxvebis sapasuxod wardgenili saqmis masalebisa da informaciis Tanaxmad, baton gebhards, rogorc germaniis moqalaqes, ufleba hqonda, miniWebuli ganexorcielebina `Rechtsanwalt” germaniaSi 1977 wlis 3 agvistodan. igi aris Stutgartis advokatTa kolegiis wevri da `damoukidebeli kolaboracionisti~ ramdenime saadvokato biuroSi (Buerogemeinschaft), Tumca mas ar gaaCnia sakuTari warmomadgenlobebi germaniaSi.

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4. batoni gebhardi 1978 wlidan cxovrobda italiaSi, italiis moqalaqe meuRlesTan da sam SvilTan erTad. Sesabamisad, mTeli misi Semosavali ibegreba italiaSi, sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

5. batoni gebhardi eweva profesiul saqmianobas italiaSi 1978 wlis 1 martidan, Tavidan rogorc kolaboracionisti (con un rapporto di libera collaborazionne) milanis ramdenime praqtikos advokatTa warmomadgenlobaSi, da Semdgom, 1980 wlis 1 ianvridan 1989 wlis dasawyisamde, rogorc warmomadgenlobebis asocirebuli wevri (associato). aRniSnul warmomadgenlobebSi igi ar iyo gakritikebuli Tavis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.

6. 1989 wlis 30 ivliss batonma gebhardma gaxsna sakuTari biuro milanSi, romelSic italieli advokati da prokurori muSaobdnen masTan erTad. sasamarTlos werilobiTi SekiTxvis sapasuxod, batonma gebhardma ganacxada, rom igi instruqtaJs uwevda maT drodadro sasamarTlo procesebSi monawileobis Taobaze italiaSi italieli klientebis CarTvis mizniT.

7. batoni gebhardi amtkicebs, rom misi saqmianoba italiaSi arsebiTad ar aris sadavo, radgan igi xels uwyobs da awarmoebs molaparakebebs germanul enaze (misi brunvis 65%) da axorcielebs italiur enaze molaparakeTa interesebis dacvas germaniasa da avstriaSi (misi brunvis 30%). darCenili 5% exeba italieli praqtikosi advokatebis saqmianobis xelSewyobas, romelTa klientebic dganan germanuli samarTliT gamowveuli problemebis winaSe.

8. italiel praqtikos advokatTa jgufma, im advokatis CaTvliT, romelTanac 1989 wlamde batoni gebhardi TanamSromlobda, waradgina saCivari milanis advokatTa sabWos winaSe. isini preturisa da milanis tribunalis winaSe asaCivrebdnen werilebisTvis gankuTvnil blankze ganTavsebuli advokatis titulis profesiuli miznebiT, mis pirdapir da `Studio Legale Gebhard~-is profesiuli kuTxiT gamoyenebas.

9. milanis advokatTa sabWom aukrZala baton gebhards advokatis titulis gamoyeneba. aRniSnulis Semdeg, 1991 wlis 19 seqtembers, man gadawyvita daewyo disciplinuri warmoeba batoni gebhardis winaaRmdeg im mizeziT, rom am ukanasknelma daarRvia #31/82 kanoniT nakisri valdebuleba, vinaidan regularulad axorcielebda profesiul saqmianobas italiaSi mis mierve dafuZnebul biuroebSi da iyenebda advokatis tituls.

10. 1991 wlis 14 oqtombers batinma gebhardma milanis advokatTa sabWos mimarTa advokatTa kolegiis wevrTa reestrSi dasaregistrireblad. misi ganacxadi efuZneboda 1988 wlis 21 dekembris evropuli kavSiris sabWos direqtivas 89/48/EEC, romelic exeboda, sul mcire, samwliani vadis profesiuli swavlisa da treningebis dasrulebis damadasturebeli umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomebis cnobis zogad sistemas (OJ 1989 L 19, gv. 16) da mis mier italiaSi aTwliani treningis periodis dasrulebas. rogorc Cans, advokatTa sabWom ar miiRo raime formaluri gadawyvetileba aRniSnul ganacxadTan dakavSirebiT.

11. 1991 wlis 19 seqtembers dawyebuli disciplinuri warmoeba dasrulda 1992 wlis 30 dekembris gadawyvetilebiT, romlis ZaliTac milanis advokatTa sabWom baton gebhards daakisra 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi mis mier profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebis SeCerebis sanqcia (sospensione dell’ esercizio dell’ attivita professionale).

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12. batonma gebhardma gaasaCivra aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba Consiglio Nazionale Forense-s winaSe, da imavdroulad asaCivrebda reestrSi mis daregistrirebasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxadis savaraudo uaryofasac. kerZod, igi Tavis saCivarSi asabuTebda, rom direqtiva 77/249 mas uflebas aniWebda, ganexorcielebina Tavisi profesiuli saqmianoba milanSi sakuTari biuroebis meSveobiT.

13. direqtiva 77/249 moicavs advokatTa saqmianobas, ganxorcielebuls mom-saxurebis uzrunvelyofis gziT. igi aRniSnavs, rom momsaxurebis gamwevma ad-vokatma unda miiRos profesiuli tituli, gamoyenebuli im wevr saxelmwifoSi, romlidanac is modis, gamoxatuli im saxelmwifos enaze an erT-erT enaze, profesiuli organizaciis, romelTanac is avtorizebulia, an sasamarTlos aRniSvniT, romliTac mas saqmianobis ufleba aqvs miniWebuli, im saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare (me-3 muxli).

14. direqtiva warmoaCens gansxvavebas (a) samarTlebriv procesebSi an sajaro moxeleebis winaSe klientis interesebis warmodgenasTan dakavSirebul saqmi-anobebsa da (b) sxva danarCen saqmianobebs Soris.

15. klientis interesebis warmodgenasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobebSi advokatma unda daicvas maspinZeli wevri saxelmwifos profesiuli qcevis wesebi, im wevr saxelmwifoSi valdebulebebis Sesrulebisadmi zianis miyenebis gareSe, romli-danac igi gamomdinareobs (me-4 me-2 muxli). rac Seexeba sxva danarCen gansaxil-vel saqmianobebs, advokati rCeba im saxelmwifos profesiuli qcevis wesebisa da pirobebis amara, romlidanac igi modis, pativs scems am wesebs, miuxedavad maTi wyarosi, romelic aregulirebs saqmianobas wevr saxelmwifoSi, kerZod, romelic dakavSirebulia advokatis saqmianobebis SeusabamobasTan sxva saxis saqmianobebis ganxorcielebasTan im saxelmwifoSi, profesiul saidumloebas, urTierTobas sxva advokatebTan, erTi da imave advokatisTvis erTmaneTTan konfliqturi interesis mqone mxareebis interesebSi saqmianobis akrZalvas, da saidumloebas (me-4 me-4 muxli).

16. 77/249 direqtivis me-4 1-li muxli adgens, rom `samarTlebriv procesebSi an sajaro moxeleebis winaSe klientis interesebis wardgenasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebi TiToeul wevr saxelmwifoSi ganxilul unda iqnes im saxelmwifo-Si advokatebisTvis dadgenili pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, cxovrebis ufleb-is nebismieri pirobis an profesiul organizaciaSi registraciis moTxovnis gamoklebiT~.

17. 77/249 direqtivis ganxorcieleba italiaSi uzrunvelyofili iyo #31/82 kanoniT, romlis me-2 muxli adgens:

`[wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs, romlebsac neba miecaT wevr saxelmwifoSi, romlidanac isini movidnen, imoqmedon rogorc advokatebma] miecemaT ufleba, droebiT ganaxorcielon advokatis profesiuli saqmianoba (con carattere di tem-poraneita) gangrZobad da mcirevadian sakiTxebze, am kanonSi gansazRvruli de-taluri normebis Sesabamisad.

wina paragrafSi miTiTebuli profesiuli saqmianobebis ganxorcielebis miz-nebidan gamomdinare, respublikis teritoriaze biuros an saTavo ofisis an ofisis filialis Seqmna ar aris nebadarTuli~.

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18. aRniSnul viTarebaSi Consiglio Nazionale Forense-m SeaCera samarTalwarmoeba da SekiTxviT mimarTa sasamarTlos winaswar gansjadobis mizniT:

`(a) ramdenad aris Sesabamisi 1982 wlis 9 Tebervlis #31/82 kanonis me-2 mux-li, romelic exeba, evropuli gaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqe ad-vokatTa Tavisuflebas, uzrunvelyon momsaxurebis gaweva (SemoRebuli 1977 wlis 22 martis evropuli kavSiris 77/249/EEC direqtivis gansaxorcieleblad), romelic krZalavs respublikis teritoriaze biuros an saTavo ofisis an ofi-sis filialis Seqmnas, direqtivis mier dadgenili normebisa, romlis Tanaxmad, direqtivaSi ar aris miTiTeba im faqtze, rom ofisis gaxsnis SesaZlebloba gagebuli iqneba rogorc praqtikosi advokatebis miznisa da mimarTulebis asaxva, ganaxorcielon maTi saqmianobebi ara droebiT an SemTxveviT safuZ-velze, aramed – regularulad;

(b) rac Seexeba gamosayenebel kriteriums imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad aris saqmianobebi droebiTi xasiaTis, 1977 wlis 22 martis zemoT aRniSnuli direq-tiviT miTiTebuli sistemis Tanaxmad, moqmedi advokatebis mier uzrunvelyo-fili momsaxurebebis gangrZobadi da ganmeorebiTi xasiaTi unda iyos gaTval-iswinebuli~.

19. winaswari SekiTxvebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, unda gvaxsovdes, sasamarT-lom erTgvarovnad daadgina, rom mas ar gaaCnia nacionaluri kanonmdeblobis gaerTianebis kanonTan Sesabamisobis gansazRvris uflebamosileba. Tumca, sasa-marTlos kompetencias ganekuTvneba nacionaluri sasamarTlos uzrunvelyofa yvela im kriteriumiT, rac saWiroa gaerTianebis kanonis interpretaciisTvis, romelmac SeiZleba misces mas Sesabamisobis dadgenis SesaZlebloba mis winaSe arsebul saqmeze misaRebi gadawyvetilebis mizniT (ixileT saqme C-63/94 Groupe-ment National des Negociants en Pommes de Terre de Belgique [1995] ECR I-0000, para. 7).

20. gaerTianebis moqalaqis mdgomareoba, romelic gadainacvlebs sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi ekonomikuri aqtivobis ganxorcielebis mizniT, regulirdeba SeTanxmebis TaviT, romelic muSakTa Tavisufal gadaadgilebas exeba, an da-fuZnebis uflebis Sesaxeb TaviT, an momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb TaviT, romlebic aSkarad eqskluziuri xasiaTisaa.

21. gamomdinare iqidan, rom miTiTebuli SekiTxvebi ganixileba ZiriTadad `da-fuZnebisa~ da `momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis~ koncefciis farglebSi, muSake-bis Sesaxeb Tavi Seusabamod unda iqnes miCneuli, radgan ara aqvs kavSiri am SekiTxvebTan.

22. momsaxurebis Sesaxeb Tavis normebi eqvemdebareba dafuZnebis uflebis TavSi asaxul normebs imdenad, ramdenadac, upirveles yovlisa, 59-e muxlis pirveli paragrafis teqsti gulisxmobs, rom gansaxilveli momsaxurebis mimwodebeli da mimRebi `dafuZndnen~ or sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, da, meore rigSi, radgan me-60 muxlis pirveli paragrafi akonkretebs, rom momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, Tu dafuZnebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi ar gamoiyeneba. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia `damkvidreb-is~ koncefciis Sinaarsis ganxilva.

23. dafuZnebis ufleba, gansazRvruli SeTanxmebis 52-e-58-e muxlebiT, mini-Webuli aqvT rogorc iuridiul pirebs, 58-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdin-

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are, aseve fizikur pirebs, romlebic arian gaerTianebis wevr saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi. dadgenili gamonaklisebisa da pirobebis sagani uflebas aZlevs yvela tipis TviTdasaqmebis xasiaTis saqmianobis dawyebasa da ganxorcielebas sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze, sawarmoebis Seqmnasa da saqmianobas, da saagentoebis, filialebisa an Svilobili kompaniebis dafuZnebas.

24. aRniSnuls mosdevs is faqti, rom, SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, piri SeiZleba dafuZndes erT wevr saxelmwifoze metSi, kerZod ki, kompanie-bis SemTxvevaSi, saagentoebis, filialebis an Svilobili kompaniebis dafuZne-bis gziT (52-e muxli) da, rogorc sasamarTlom gansazRvra profesiis wevrTa saqmeSi, meore profesiuli bazis Seqmnis meSveobiT (ixileT saqme 107/83 Ordre des Avocats au Barreau de Paris v. Klopp [1984] ECR 2971, para. 19).

25. SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, dafuZnebis koncefcia sakmaod far-To cnebaa, igi uflebas aZlevs gaerTianebis moqalaqes, stabilur da mdgrad safuZvelze miiRos monawileoba wevri saxelmwifos ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, romelic gansxvavebulia Tavisi saxelmwifosgan da miiRos misgan Semosavali, wvlili Seitanos gaerTianebis farglebSi ekonomikur da socialur interpre-taciaSi, saqmianobebis sferoSi, rogorc TviTdasaqmebulma pirma (aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT ixileT saqme 2/74 Reyners v. Belgium [1974] ECR 631, para. 21).

26. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, iq, sadac momsaxurebis mimwodebeli gadaadgil-deba sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, momsaxurebis Sesaxeb Tavisi normebi, kerZod ki me-60 muxlis mesame paragrafi gulisxmobs, rom is iq droebiT axorcielebs Tavis saqmianobas.

27. rogorc generalurma advokatma aRniSna, gansaxilveli saqmianobebis droebi-Ti xasiaTi unda ganisazRvros ara mxolod momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis xangr-Zlivobis, aramed misi regularobis, periodulobis an gangrZobadobis konteqst-Si. is faqti, rom momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi droebiTi xasiaTisaa, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom momsaxurebis mimwodebeli, SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, ar aris uflebamosili, aRiWurvos garkveuli formis infrastruq-turiT maspinZel wevr saxelmwifoSi (ofisis, kabinetebis an sakonsultacio oTaxebis CaTvliT), imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari infrastruqtura aucilebelia gansaxilveli momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT.

28. Tumca aRniSnuli situacia unda ganvasxvavoT baton gebhardTan mimarTe-biT Seqmnili situaciisgan, romelic, rogorc wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, axorcielebs profesiul saqmianobas stabilur da gangrZobad safuZvelze sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, sadac igi ar Sedis saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa arsebul aRniS-nul profesiul bazaSi. amgvari moqalaqe ganixileba dafuZnebis uflebasTan da ara momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli Tavis normebis farglebSi.

29. milanis advokatTa sabWom gaasaCivra, rom iseTi piri, rogoric batoni geb-hardia, ar unda iqnes ganxiluli SeTanxmebis miznebidan gamomdinare, rogorc `dafuZnebuli~ wevr saxelmwifoSi (am SemTxvevaSi italiaSi), garda im SemTx-vevisa, roca igi ekuTvnis am saxelmwifos profesiul organos an, sul mcire, Tu igi axorcielebs Tavis saqmianobas im pirebTan TanamSromlobiTa an part-niorobiT, romlebic aRniSnul organos ganekuTvnebian.

30. aRniSnuli argumenti ver iqneba gaziarebuli.

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31. dafuZnebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi moicavs saqmianobis dawyeba-sa da ganxorcielebas (aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ Reyners, para.: 46 da 47). profesiuli organos wevroba SeiZleba iyos konkretuli saqmianobis dawyebisa da ganxorcielebis winapiroba. is SeuZlebe-lia TavisTavad iyos dafuZnebuli uwyeba.

32. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier dafuZnebaze misi uflebis ganxorcieleba da unda ganisazRvros Tu ara am uflebis gamoyenebis pirobebi im saqmianobebTan mimarTebiT, romelTa ganxorcielebasac igi gegmavs maspinZeli wevri saxelm-wifos teritoriaze.

33. 52-e muxlis meore paragrafis pirobebis Tanaxmad, warmoebis Tavisufleba unda ganxorcieldes warmoebis moqmedebis qveynis kanoniT, romelic adgens pirobebs sakuTari moqalaqeebisaTvis.

34. imis gamo, rom gansaxilvel specifikur saqmianobebs maspinZel qveyanaSi ar Seexeba raime normebi, im kuTxiT, rom im wveri saxelmwifos moqalaqes ar unda hqondes raime socialuri kvalifikacia mis gansaxorcieleblad, nebismieri sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, dafuZndes pirveli saxelmwi-fos teritoriaze da ganaxorcielos es saqmianobebi iq.

35. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, TviTdasaqmebis konkretuli saqmianobis dawyeba da ganxorcieleba SeiZleba pirobiTi iyos, radgan unda Seesabamebodes kanoniT, regulaciiT an administraciuli moqmedebiT dadgenil konkretul normebs, gamarTlebuls saerTo sikeTiT, rogoricaa: normebi dakavSirebuli organiza-ciasTan, kvalifikaciasTan, profesiul eTikasTan, zedamxedvelobasa da val-debulebebTan (ixileT saqme C-71/76 Thieffry v. Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats a la Cour de Paris [1977] ECR 765, para. 12). amgvar normebs SeuZliaT, daTqma gaukeTon, rom konkretuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba SeiZleba mieceT mxolod pirebs, romelTac aqvT formaluri kvalifikaciis damadasturebeli diplomi, sertifikati an sxva msgavsi sabuTi, pirebs, romlebic ekuTvnian profesiul or-ganoebs an pirebs, romlebsac exebaT konkretuli normebi an zedamxedveloba, rogoric SeiZleba iyos es SemTxveva. maT agreTve SeuZliaT, daadginon iseTi profesiuli titulebis gamoyenebis pirobebi, rogoricaa advokatis tituli.

36. iq, sadac specifikuri saqmianobis dawyeba an ganxorcieleba amgvari pirobeb-is sagania maspinZel wevr saxelmwifoSi, sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romel-ic apirebs am saqmianobis ganxorcielebas, unda Seesabamebodes maT. swored am mizniT 57-e muxli adgens, rom evropuli kavSiris sabWo gamoscems direq-tivebs, iseTs, rogoricaa 89/48 direqtiva, diplomebis, sertifikatebisa da formaluri kvalifikaciis damadasturebeli sxva dokumentebis ormxrivi aRi-arebis Sesaxeb, an, rogorc SeiZleba viTareba iyos, rom nacionaluri normebis koordinaciis Sesaxeb, romlebic exeba TviTdasaqmebuli piris saqmianobebis dawyebasa da ganxorcielebas.

37. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, sasamarTlos praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom erovnulma zomebma, mimarTulma, xeli SeuSalos an warmoaCinos naklebad mimzidvelad SeTanxmebiT garantirebuli Tavisuflebebis sicocxleSi gatareba, unda daakmayofilos oTxi piroba: maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes aradiskriminaciuli xasiaTiT; maTi dadastureba saWiroa zogadi interesebis

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imperatiuli moTxovnebiT; isini unda Seesabamebodnen maT mier ganxorcielebuli miznebis miRwevis dasacavad; da isini ar unda gascdnen im zRvars, romelic aucilebelia mis misaRwevad (ixileT saqme C-19/92 Kraus v. Land Baden-Wuerttemberg [1993] ECR I-1663, para. 32).

38. aRniSnulis msgavsad, TavianTi nacionaluri normebis gamoyenebisas wevrma saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba ignorireba ar gaukeTon gansaxilveli piris mier sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi ukve miRebul codnasa da kvalifikacias (ixileT saqme C-340/89 Vlassopolou v. Ministerium fuer Justiz, Bundes und Europaangelegenheiten Baden Wuerttemberg [1991] ECR I-2357, para. 15). Sesabamisad, maT mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon diplomebis ekvivalenturoba (ixileT sasamarTlo ganxilva saqmeSi _ Thieffry, para.: 19 da 27) da Tu saWiroa, gaagrZelon maTi nacionaluri kanonmdeblobisa da kompetenturi pirebis mier moTxovnili codnisa da kvalifikaciis Sedareba (ixileT saqme C-340/89 Vlassopolou, para. 16).

39. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Consiglio Nazionale Forense-s mier dasmuli kiTxvebis sapasuxod unda gacxaddes Semdegi:

• SeTanxmebis me-60 muxlis mesame paragrafSi ganxiluli momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis droebiTi xasiaTi unda ganisazRvros misi xangrZlivobis, sistematiurobis, periodulobisa da mdgradobis konteqstSi;

• SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, momsaxurebis mimwodebeli uflebamosilia, aRiWurvos infrastruqturiT, romelic aucilebelia kiTxvaSi dasmuli momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis mizniT;

• wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelic axorcielebs profesiul saqmianobas stabilur da mdgrad safuZvelze sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, sadac im saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa profesiuli bazis Semadgenel nawili ar aris, eqvemdebareba dafuZnebis uflebis, da ara momsaxurebis Sesaxeb TaviT dadgenil, normebs;

• wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqis SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielos Tavisi ufleba dafuZnebaze, da pirobebi am uflebis gamoyenebaze, unda ganisazRvros im saqmianobis konteqstSi, romelsac igi apirebs, rom ganaxorcielos maspinZeli wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze;

• iq, sadac specifikuri saqmianobis dawyeba ar aris maspinZeli saxelmwifos raime normebis ganxilvis sagani, nebismieri sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes SesaZlebloba miecema, dafuZndes pirvel saxelmwifoSi da ganaxorcielos saqmianoba iq; meore mxriv, specifikuri saqmianobis dawyeba an ganxorcieleba maspinZeli wevri saxelmwifos specialuri pirobebis sagania, sxva wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqem rom ganaxorcielos es saqmianoba, unda Seesabamebodes maT;

• miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, erovnulma zomebma, mimarTulma, xeli SeuSalos an warmoaCinos naklebad mimzidvelad SeTanxmebiT garantirebuli Tavisuflebebis sicocxleSi gatareba, unda daakmayofilos oTxi piroba: isini unda gamoiyenon aradiskriminaciuli xasiaTiT; maTi dadastureba saWiroa zogadi interesebis imperatiuli moTxovnebiT; isini unda Seesabamebodnen maT mier ganxorcielebuli miznebis miRwevis dasacavad; da isini ar unda gascdnen im zRvars, romelic aucilebelia mis misaRwevad;

• aRniSnulis msgavsad, wevrma saxelmwifoebma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon diplomebis ekvivalenturoba da, Tu saWiroa, gaagrZelon maTi nacionaluri kanonmdeblobisa da kompetenturi pirebis mier moTxovnili codnisa da kvalifikaciis Sedareba.

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mexuTe nawili

sakonkurencio samarTali

I. Sesabamisi bazris definicia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT

evropuli sasamarTlos mier aRiarebuli iyo bazris definiciis mniSvneloba. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aucilebeli iyo Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvra evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis darRvevis dadgenamde287, vinaidan muxlis gamoyeneba moiTxovs bazarze dominanturi poziciis arsebobas, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesabamisi bazari ukve iyo gansazRvruli.288 81-e muxlTan dakavSirebiT, bazris gansazRvra, arsebiTad, saWiroa imis dadgenamde, hqonda Tu ara SeTanxmebas miznad konkurenciis prevencia, SezRudva, an ganadgureba.289 pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi _ Lombard Club290 _ aRniSna, rom bazris gansazRvra sxvadasxva rols asrulebs 81-e muxlisa da 82-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi. 81-e muxlSi is gansazRvravs, iyo Tu ara konkurenciaze zemoqmedeba. amdenad, Lombard Club-is gadawyvetilebaSi, romelSic aRiniSna horizontaluri karteli, komisiisTvis gamarTlebuli aRmoCnda farTo bazris definicia _ moicavda mraval sabanko produqts, romlebic sxva konteqstSi SeiZleboda calkeul bazrebs mikuTvneboda, vinaidan SesaZlebeli xdeboda am bazarze arsebul konkurenciaze zemoqmedebis danaxva.

Sesabamis bazars ori aspeqti aqvs, esenia: produqtis aspeqti, igive produqtis bazari da geografiuli aspeqti, igive geografiuli bazari. sasamarTlom moax-dina Sesabamisi produqtis bazris definicia:

(...) Sesabamisi bazris definicia aris arsebiTi mniSvnelobisa, radgan konkurenciis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod gansaxilveli produqtis maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia araelastikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da SezRudulad xdeba sxva produqtebTan Canacvleba.291

Sesabamisi bazris koncefcia gulisxmobs, rom unda arsebobdes efeqturi konkurencia im produqtebs Soris, romlebic Seadgenen mis nawils, rac gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs urTierTCanacvlebis maRali xarisxi im produqtebs Soris, romlebic Seadgenen erTi da imave bazris nawils, imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa aseTi produqtebis specifikuri gamoyeneba.292

konkretul bazarze sawarmos SesaZlo dominanturi mdgomareobis gamoZiebis miznebisaTvis konkurenciis SesaZlebloba ganxilul unda iqnes im produqtebisgan Semdgar bazarze, romlebic, maTi maxasiaTeblebisagan gamomdinare, akmayofileben konkretul saWiroebas da aqvT Canacvlebis SezRuduli unari.293

287 Case 6/72, Europemballage Corp and Contonental Can Co Inc v. Commission [1973] ECR 215, CMLR 199, para. 32.288 Case T-62/98, Volkswagen AG v. Commission [2000] 5 CMLR 853, para. 231.289 Cases T-374,375,384 da 388/94, European Night Services v. Commission [1998] ECR II-3141, [1998] 5 CMLR 718.

para. 93-95 da 105.290 Cases T-259/02 da T-271/02 Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich and others v. Commissio, 2006 wlis 14 dekemberi.291 Case 6/72, Europemballage Corp and Contonental Can Co Inc v. Commission [1973] ECR 215, CMLR 199, para. 32.292 Case 85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche &Co AG v. EC Commission [1979] ECR 461, [1979] 3 CMLR 211, para. 28.293 Case 322/81 Nederlandsche Banden – Industrie Michelin v. Commission [1983] ECR 3461, [1985] 1 CMLR 282,

para. 37.

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magaliTad, saqmeSi _ United Brands294 _ sasamarTlom bananisaTvis gamoyo calke bazari da ar gaaerTiana is sxva xilis bazarTan.

saqme United Brands v. Commission:

safuZvlebi. (...) kompania United Brands-ma (SemdgomSi _ UBC) da misma warmomad-genelma 1976 wlis 15 marts sasamarTloSi daaregistrires peticia komisiis 1975 wlis 17 dekembris gadawyvetilebis Secvlis mizniT (...)

gadawyvetilebis pirveli muxli adgens, rom UBC-ma daarRvia evropis ekonomi-kuri sazogadoebis damaarsebeli xelSekrulebis 86-e muxli:

a) belgia-luqsemburgis ekonomikur kavSirSi, daniaSi, germaniaSi, irlan dia-sa da holandiaSi myofi misi distributor/damamwifeblebisaTvis mwvane bananis gayidvisagan Tavis Sekavebis moTxovniT;

b) Scipio-jgufis garda, wevr saxelmwifoebSi sxva movaWre mxareebisaTvis, kerZod distributori/damamwifeblebisaTvis `Chiquita~-s saxeobis bananis gayidvisas erTsa da imave tranzaqciebSi sxvadasxva Tanxis moTxovniT;

g) belgia-luqsemburgis ekonomikur kavSirSi, daniaSi, germaniasa da holan-diaSi myofi momxmareblebisaTvis (scipio-jgufis garda) `Chiquita~-s saxeo-bis bananze usamarTlo fasebis dawesebiT;

d) 1973 wlis 10 oqtombridan 1975 wlis 11 Tebervlamde Olsen-isaTvis (valbi, kopenhageni, dania) `Chiquita~-s saxeobis bananis miwodebaze uaris TqmiT.

UBC-is ZiriTadi moTxovna Tavis aplikaciaSi aris Semdegi, rom sasamarTlom Secvalos komisiis 1975 wlis 17 dekembris gadawyvetileba (...)

(...)…UBC-ma Tavisi daskvnis mxardasaWerad waradgina rva mosazreba:

1) is cvlis komisiis mier Sesabamis bazarze, aseve produqtisa da geografiul bazarze Camoyalibebul analizs;

2) is uaryofs, rom Sesabamis bazarze imyofeba dominantur mdgomareobaSi, xelSekrulebis 86-e muxlis Sesabamisad;

3) is miiCnevs, rom mwvane bananis gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli pirobebis Sesaxeb punqti gamarTlebulia momxmareblisaTvis misayidi produqtis xarisxis dacvis interesebidan;

4) mas surs aCvenos, rom daniur firma Olsen-isaTvis miwodebaze uaris Tqma iyo gamarTlebuli;

5) is yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rom mas ar gadauxdevinebia diskriminaciuli fasebi;

6) is yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rom mas ar dauwesebia usamarTlo fasebi;7) is Civis, rom administraciuli procedura ar iyo swori;8) is davobs jarimis dawesebis Taobaze da sTxovs sasamarTlos mis Sem-

cirebas.(...) nawili 1. Sesabamisi bazari

10. imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, hqonda Tu ara dominanturi pozicia UBC-s bananis bazarze, aucilebelia, am bazris gansazRvra rogorc produqtis, aseve geografiuli TvalTaxedvidan.(...)294 Case 27/76, United Brands v. Commission [1978] ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429.

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12. vinaidan produqtis bazari aris gansasazRvri, pirvel rigSi, aplikantis mtkicebiT, saWiroa Sefasdes, Tu ramdenad aris banani axali xilis bazris ar-sebiTi Semadgeneli da momxmareblisaTvis gonivrulad Canacvlebadi sxva axali xiliT, rogorebicaa: vaSli, forToxali, yurZeni, atami, marwyvi da a.S.; Tu Se-sabamisi bazari moicavs mxolod banans, rogorc brendirebuls, aseve arabren-direbuls, igi aris, arsebiTad, erTgvarovani da sxva axali xilis bazrisgan gancalkevebuli.

13. aplikanti Tavisi argumentebis dasasabuTeblad acxadebs, rom banani konkurencias uwevs sxva axal xils imave maRaziebSi, imave Taroebidan, Sedare-biTi fasebiT da akmayofilebs imave saWiroebebs: moixmareba rogorc deserti, an kvebaTa Soris.

14. statistika aCvenebs, rom bananis Sesyidvis maCvenebeli sakmaod dabalia ivnissa da dekembers Soris periodSi, bazars adgilobrivi axali xili didi odenobiT miewodeba.

(...) sxvadasxva dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom bananis fasebi da Sesyidvis raodenoba damokidebulia sxvadasxva periodze, kerZod zafxulis ganmavlobaSi da egreT wodebul `forToxlis periodSi~ SeimCneva mkveTri cvlilebebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens rogorc gayidvebze, aseve importze.

18. aqedan gamomdinare, aplikanti adgens, rom banani da sxva axali xili mie-kuTvneba erT bazars da rom UBC-is moqmedeba xelSekrulebis 86-e muxlTan mimarTebiT ganxilul unda iqnes am konteqstSi.

19. komisia acxadebs, rom bananze arsebuli moTxovna gansxvavdeba sxva axal xilze arsebuli moTxovnisgan, radgan banani sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis dietis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli erTeulia.

20. bananis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi gavlenas axdens momxmareblis damokide-bulebaze da, Sesabamisad, is ver iRebs sxva xils, rogorc Semcvlels.

(...) 22. imisaTvis, rom bananis bazari ganisazRvros rogorc sxva axali xilis bazrisgan gansxvavebuli, saWiroa, banani gamoiyos, radgan igi, Tavisi gansa-kuTrebuli Tvisebebis gamo, SezRudulad Canacvlebadi xdeba sxva xilis mier da konkurencias uwevs rTulad aRsaqmeli gziT.

23. bananis damwifeba xdeba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, sezonebis gauTval-iswineblad.

24. wlis ganmavlobaSi miwodeba aRemateba moTxovnas da misi dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia nebismier dros.

25. am konkretuli Tvisebis gamo, banani aris privilegirebuli xili da misi warmoeba da marketingi SeiZleba adaptirebuli iyos aRniSnuli axali xilis mowodebis sezonur meryeobasTan, romlebic cnobilia da romelTa moxmarebac SesaZlebelia.

26. vinaidan momxmarebels SeuZlia bananis miReba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, ar arsebobs am xilis sezonuri Canacvlebis moTxovna.

27. vinaidan banani aris xili, romelic yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia sakmarisi raodenobiT, SekiTxvaze _ ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli misi sxva xiliT Canacv-

252

leba _ pasuxi unda ganisazRvros mTeli wlis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa moxdes konkurenciis gansazRvra banansa da sxva axal xils Soris. (...)

31. banans aqvs garkveuli Tvisebebi, kerZod: garegnoba, gemo, sirbile, kurke-bis arqona, martivi moxmareba, produqciis didi raodenoba, rac mas SesaZle-blobas aZlevs, daakmayofilos im mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis mudmivi saWiroeba, romelic Sedgeba Zalian axalgazrdebis, moxucebisa da avadmyofe-bisagan.

32. rac Seexeba fasebs, Seswavlam daadgina, rom bananis fasis vardnaze sxva xilis (atmisa da sufris yurZnis) fasebi axdens gavlenas mxolod zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadad ivlisSi, da vardnis moculoba ar aRemateba 20%-s.(...)

34. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom momxmareblebis didi raodenoba, romelTac aqvT bananis moTxovnileba, ar amcirebs bananis moxmarebas sxva axa-li xilis bazarze Semosvlisas da rom maTi pirovnuli pikis periodebic umniS-vnelo gavlenas axdens drois mniSvnelovnad SezRudul periodze da, Canacv-lebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian SezRuduli doniT.

35. Sesabamisad, bananis bazari aris sxva axali xilis bazrisgan, arsebiTad, gancalkevebuli.

nawili 2. geografiuli bazari

36. komisiam germaniis federaciuli respublika, dania, irlandia, holandiisaa da belgia/luqsemburgis ekonomikuri kavSiri ganixila rogorc geografiuli bazari da am bazris mimarT ganixila, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo UBC-s efeqturi konkurenciisaTvis xelis SeSla.(...)

38. gaerTianebis sxva wevri saxelmwifoebi (safrangeTi, italia, didi bri-taneTi), rogorc Cans, ar unda Sevidnen geografiuli bazris am gansazRvre-baSi, miuxedavad am qveynebSi UBC-is warmomadgenlobis arsebobisa, importTan dakavSirebuli specialuri regulirebebis, savaWro pirobebisa da im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am qveynebSi sxvadasxva tipisa da warmomavlobis banani iyideba.

39. aplikanti aRniSnavs, rom geografiuli bazari, romlis teritoriazec ganixileba sawarmos ekonomikuri da komerciuli moRvaweoba, unda moicavdes mxolod im adgilebs, sadac konkurenciis erTgvarovani pirobebia.

40. miuxedavad imisa, rom komisias hqonda sruli safuZveli aRniSnuli baz-ridan safrangeTis, italiisa da didi britaneTis gamosaricxavad, man mxed-velobaSi ar miiRo sxva saxelmwifoebSi konkurenciis pirobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi, romelic mas miiyvanda imave daskvnamde, romelic man miiRo ze-moT aRniSnuli sami saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi.

41. faqtobrivad, CarTul wevr saxelmwifoebSi moqmedebs erTmaneTisgan ab-soluturad gansxvavebuli sabaJo sistemebi: nulovani satarifo sistema ger-maniaSi, romelic faravs bananis kvotas, romelic TanxvedraSia qveynis moTx-ovnis did nawilTan, tranzituli satarifo sistema irlandiasa da daniaSi da

253

20%-iani satarifo saerTo sistema importze beneluqsis qveynebSi.

42. komisiam aseve ar gaiTvaliswina CarTuli wevri saxelmwifoebis mcxovrebi momxmareblebis Cvevebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. axali xilis moxmareba germaniaSi 2,5-jer metia irlandiaSi moxmarebulze, da 2-jer aRemateba daniaSi moxmarebuls, sxvadasxva komerciuli magaliTis, koncentraciebisa da savalu-to sakiTxebis mixedviT.

43. aplikanti zemoT aRniSnulidan akeTebs daskvnas, rom komisiis mier gansaz-Rvruli geografiuli bazari moicavs teritoriebs, sadac konkurenciis pi-robebi imdenad gansxvavebulia, rom maTi miCneva erTian bazrad SeuZlebelia.

44. dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mimarT 86-e muxlis gamoyenebis pi-robebi gulisxmobs saerTo bazris arsebiTi nawilis aSkara gansazRvras, romel-Sic mas eqneba Tavisi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, rac zians miayenebs efeqtur konkurencias, amasTan, es unda iyos adgili, sadac konkretuli produqtisaTvis arsebuli konkurenciis obieqturi pirobebi yvela movaWrisaT-vis iqneba erTi da igive.

45. gaerTianebas bananisTvis ar Seuqmnia soflis bazris erTiani organizacia.

46. Sedegad, importis procedurebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba wevri saxelm-wifoebis SemTxvevaSi da asaxavs CarTuli saxelmwifos konkretul komerciul politikas.(...)

51. sami bazris (safrangeTi, italia, didi britaneTi) erovnuli formiT organize-bis Sedegi aris is, rom aplikantis banani Tanabar pirobebSi ver uwevs konkuren-cias sxva banans, romelic arsebuli upiratesobis sistemis gamo privilegirebul mdgomareobaSia da komisia marTali iyo, rodesac geografiuli bazris gansaz-Rvrisas gamoyo aRniSnuli sami qveyana.

52. meore mxriv, danarCeni eqvsi saxelmwifos bazari aris Tavisufali, marTa-lia, gamosayenebeli satarifo debulebebi da transportirebis xarjebi gansx-vavebulia, magram ar aris diskriminaciuli da arsebul pirobebSi konkurencia erTi da igivea yvelasaTvis.

53. Tavisufal konkurenciaSi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli eqvsi saxelm-wifo qmnis teritorias, romelic sakmarisad erTgvarovania imisaTvis, rom ganxilul iqnes rogorc erTiani.(...)

57. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom komisiis mier gansazRvruli geografiuli bazari, romelic Seesabameba saerTo bazris arsebiT nawils, ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc Sesabamisi bazari, imisaTvis, raTa dadgindes, imyofeboda Tu ara aplikanti dominantur mdgomareobaSi.

saqme Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission295:

saqmis fabula: 1976 wlis 27 agvistos Sveicariuli kompania Hofmann –La Roche & Company-s (SemdgomSi _ Roche) mier wardgenili ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo komisiis 1976 wlis 9 ivnisis gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba. am gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlo

295 Case 85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche &Co AG v. EC Commission [1979] ECR 461, [1979] 3.

254

adgens, rom, xelSekrulebis 86-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Roche imyofeboda dominantur mdgomareobaSi erTian bazarze, rac moicavda vitaminebis _ A, B2, B3 (pantoTenuri mJava), B6, C, E da H (biotini) _ bazars da borotad iyenebda Tavis mdgomareobas.aplikantma Tavis sasargeblod waradgenina oTxi moTxovna.

_ mesame moTxovna: gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba arRvevs xelSekrulebis 86-e muxls, vinaidan komisiam arasworad moaxdina misi ganmarteba da nebis-mier SemTxvevaSi arasworad gamoiyena dominanturi mdgomareobisa da am mdgo-mareobis borotad gamoyenebis koncefcia, ramac SeiZleba ziani miayenos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobas aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis msgavsi mimarTulebiT ganxilvis gziT.

nawili 1: Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvra

21. imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, iyo Tu ara Roche miTiTebul dominantur mdgomareobaSi, aucilebelia ganisazRvros Sesabamisi bazari rogorc produq-tis, aseve geografiuli bazris TvalTaxedvidan.

22. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis me-3 da me-6 nawilebidan Cans, rom geografi-uli bazari moicavs srul erTian bazars, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 1972 wlis 31 dekembramde eqvs wevr saxelmwifos, xolo am TariRis Semdeg cxra wevr saxelmwifos.

23. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba Seexeba 13 jgufs mikuTvnebul didi mocu-lobis vitaminebs, romelTagan Roche awarmoebs da yidis rvas (A, B2, B3 (pantoT-enuri mJava), B6, C, E da H (biotini)), xolo xuTs (B12, D, PP, K da M) is yidulobs sxva mwarmoeblebisgan da Semdeg yidis maT.

komisiam daadgina, rom Roche dominantur mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda mis mier warmoebuli rva jgufis vitaminebidan Svidis SemTxvevaSi.mxareebi SeTanxmdnen Semdegze, rom, erTi mxriv, vitaminebis yovel calkeul jgufs aqvs gansakuTrebuli metaboluri funqcia da amis gamo SeuZlebelia maTi Canacvleba da, meore mxriv, im daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic am sam jgufs saerTo aqvs, kerZod: sakvebi, cxovelTa kveba da farmacevtuli daniSnuleba _ es vitaminebi ar xdebian sxva produqtebis konkurentebi.

24. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad, komisiam daadgina, rom vitamine-bis TiToeuli jgufi Seadgenda calkeul bazars da Roche-m, romelmac pirve-lad ganacxada, rom vitaminebis ramdenime jgufi qmnida erTian bazars, miiRo komisiis gadawyvetileba, magram gaakeTa daTqma, rom C da E jgufis vitaminebi sxva produqtebTan erTad qmnida ufro farTo bazars.(...)

26. Roche-s mixedviT, zemoT aRniSnulidan unda gakeTdes daskvna, rom zemoT aRwerili ori jgufis vitamini aris ufro farTo produqtis bazris nawili da rom komisiam gazarda Roche-s wili am produqtebis bazridan amoRebiT.(...)

28. Tu SesaZlebelia produqtis sxva miznebisTvis gamoyeneba da es gansxvavebu-li gamoyeneba Seesabameba ekonomikur saWiroebebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gan-sxvavebulia, arsebobs kargi safuZveli imis aRsaqmelad, rom, garemoebebidan

255

gamomdinare, es produqti SeiZleba ekuTvnodes sxva bazars, romelsac SesaZloa hqondes gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, rac gansxvavdeba rogorc struqturis, aseve konkurenciis pirobebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca zemoT aRniSnuli ar amarTlebs daskvnas, rom erTi saxis produqti, sxva produqtebTan erTad, romlebsac Seu-ZliaT misi Canacvleba, Tu misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mravali daniSnulebiT da romelTac is uwevs konkurencias, qmnis erTian bazars. Sesabamisi bazris koncef-cia, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs, rom unda arsebobdes konkurencia im produqtebs Soris, romelnic mis nawils qmnian da rom aRniSnul produqtebs Soris unda ar-sebobdes Canacvlebis garkveuli done imdenad, ramdenadac gaTvaliswinebulia am produqtebis specifikuri gamoyeneba. aseT Canacvleba ar momxdara C da E jgufis vitaminebs Soris dakvirvebis periodSi, romlebic, garemoebebidan gamomdinare, teqnikuri gamoyenebisaTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos romelime aRniSnuli jgufis vi-taminebiT.

29. meore mxriv, SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: C da E jgufis vitaminebis Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia Tu ara, TiToeuli jgufis yvela vita-mini ganTavsdes erT, misi jgufisaTvis gansazRvrul, bazarze, Tu piriqiT, Ti-Toeuli jgufis vitaminebisaTvis unda gamoiyos calke bazari, _ erTi sakvebi jgufis vitaminebisaTvis, xolo meore teqnologiuri miznebiT gamosayenebeli vitaminebisaTvis?

30. Tumca imisaTvis, rom moxdes Roche-sa da misi konkurentebis sabazro wilis swori kalkulacia, am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema ar aris aucilebeli, vinaidan, rogorc komisiam marTebulad aRniSna, aseTi gansxvavebis dadgenis aucileblo-bis SemTxvevaSi es unda moxdes rogorc Roche-s, ise misi konkurentebis mimarT da aplikantis mier sawinaaRmdego Cvenebis ararsebobisas TiToeuli sabazro wili iqneboda ucvleli. da bolos, Roche-m sasamarTlos mier misTvis dasmul SekiTxvaze ganacxada, rom TiToeuli jgufis yvela vitamini, miuxedavad maTi alternatiuli gamoyenebisa, eqvemdebareboda fasebis erTsa da imave sistemas, ris gamoc maTi dayofa calke bazrebad SeuZlebeli iyo.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom komisiam Tavis gasaCivrebul gadaw-yvetilebaSi sworad gansazRvra Sesabamisi bazari.

II. sakonkurencio samarTlis subieqtebi; SeTanxmebebis, gadawyvetilebebis da SeTanxmebuli praqtikis gansazRvreba

1. sawarmo da sawarmoTa asociacia

saqmeSi _ Hofner and Elser v. Macrotron296 _ sasamarTlom fokusireba moaxdina Sesabamisi uwyebis pasuxismgeblobaze.

saqme Hofner and Elser v. Macrotron:

saqmis fabula: daqiravebulTa xelSewyobis Taobaze germanuli kanonis (AFG) mixedviT, Bundesanstalt-s, mosamsaxureTa federalur samsaxurs, sajaro (saxelmwifo) saagentos aqvs monopolia mosamsaxureTa daqiravebaze. Bundesanstalt-i

296 Case C-41/90, Hofner and Elser v. Macrotron [1991] ECR I-1979, [1993] 4 CMLR 306.

256

aseve aRniSnul uflebas delegirebis gziT gadascemda kerZo saagentoebs, romlebic muSaobdnen biznesaRmasruleblebis daqiravebis sakiTxebze. es saqme Seexeba germaniis sasamarTloSi kerZo damqiravebel saagentosa da im kompanias Soris warmoSobil davas, romelsac saagento uwevda mosamsaxureTa daqiravebasTan dakavSirebul momsaxurebas Bundesanstalt-is eqskluziuri uflebis darRveviT. kerZo kompania moiTxovda kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli safasuris gadaxdas. germaniis sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, moTxovna ar daekmayofilebina, radgan kontraqti dadebuli iyo germaniis kanonmdeblobis darRveviT da, Sesabamisad, iyo baTili. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi adgens, rom nebismieri samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil akrZalvas, aris baTili (akrZalva exeba daqiravebulTa xelSewyobiT saqmianobas, romelic arRvevs AFG-s). germaniis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom davis Sedegi damokidebuli unda yofiliyo gaerTianebis samarTalze da SekiTxvebiT mimarTa sasamarTlos 234-e muxlze dayrdnobiT. kerZod, man ikiTxa, iyo Tu ara Bundesanstalt-is qmedeba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba. am SekiTxvam warmoSva imis dadgenis saWiroeba, iTvleboda Tu ara Bundesanstalt sawarmod konkurenciis wesebisaTvis.

evropuli sasamarTlo

21. konkurenciis samarTlis konteqstSi, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvixiloT, rom sawarmos koncefcia moicavs yvela uwyebas, romelic ekonomikur saqmianobaSi aris CarTuli, miuxedavad misi samarTlebrivi statusisa da dafinansebis wyaro-si, da, meore, daqiravebulTa xelSewyoba aris ekonomikuri saqmianoba.

22. faqti, rom daqiravebulTa xelSewyobis sfero, rogorc wesi, sajaro saagen-toebisaTvis aris gadacemuli, ar moqmedebs aseTi saqmianobis ekonomikur xasi-aTze. daqiravebulTa xelSewyoba yovelTvis ar iyo da arc aris saWiro, rom iyos sajaro uwyebis saqmianobis sfero. es dadgenileba, kerZod, exeba dasaqmebis aR-masruleblebs.

23. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom uwyeba, rogoricaa dasaqmebis sajaro saagento, romelic CarTulia daqiravebulTa xelSewyobaSi, klasificirebuli unda iqnes rogorc sawarmo, _ gaerTianebis konkurenciis samarTlis gamoyenebis miznebi-saTvis.

24. unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaqmebis sajaro saagento, romelsac wevri saxelmwi-fos kanonmdeblobiT SeuZlia zogadi xasiaTis ekonomikuri momsaxurebis gaw-eva, kerZod AFG-is mesame muxliT gaTvaliswinebulis, iTvleba konkurenciis samarTlis subieqtad [86(2)EC], Tu ar dadgindeba, rom am kanonis gamoyeneba SeuTavsebelia saagentos valdebulebebis SesrulebasTan.

saqmeSi _ Diego Cali297 _ evropulma sasamarTlom ganixila genuaSi erovnuli portis xelmZRvanelobis mier kerZo kompania SEPG-isTvis dabinZurebis meTvalyureobaze uflebamosilebis gadacemis sakiTxi. portis momxmarebelma, diego kalim, uari ganacxada masze SEPG-is mier dakisrebuli Tanxis gadaxdaze im motiviT, rom es ukanaskneli borotad iyenebda dominantur mdgomareobas 82-e muxlis sawinaaRmdegod. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom SEPG ar iyo sawarmo, vinaidan is eweoda garemosdacviT saqmianobas, rac iyo ara ekonomikuri funqcia, aramed saxelmwifos funqcionirebisaTvis arsebiTi sakiTxi. saqmianobis mizani

297 Case C-343/95 Diego Cali e Figli SrL v. SEPG [1997] ECR I-1547 [1997] 5 CMLR 484.

257

iyo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, portis garemos dacva da imis garantireba, rom sajaro Rirebulebebi saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebis interesebis Sesabamisad iyo daculi:

22. danagvianebis sawinaaRmdego meTvalyureoba, romelzec pasuxismgebeli iyo SEPG, genuas navTobis portTan dakavSirebiT, aris sajaro interesis sfero da saxelmwifos arsebiTi funqciaa sazRvao teritoriebis garemos dacvis mi-marTulebiT.

23. aseTi meTvalyureoba Tavisi xasiaTiT, miznebiTa da wesebiT, romelTa sub-ieqtic is aris garemos dacvis ganxorcielebisas, sajaro xelisuflebis tipuri funqciaa. is ar aris ekonomikuri xasiaTis, rac gaamarTlebda xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli konkurenciis normebis gamoyenebas...

amdenad, saqmeSi Diego Cali-s miRebuli gadawyvetileba absoluturad ewinaaRmde-geboda sasamarTlos mier adre Seqmnil precedents Hofner-sa da Elser-Si, vinaidan aRniSnuli funqcia mxolod sajaro organos unda ganexorcielebina.

saqmeSi _ Poucet et Pistre298 _ dadginda, rom safrangeTis uwyeba, romelic muSaobda savaldebulo socialuri dacvis sqemaze, ar iyo sawarmo. am saqmeSi warmoebuli sqemis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli ar iyo Senatanis proporciuli, xolo ganxorcielebuli Senatanebi Semosavlis proporciuli iyo (aq arsebobda jvaredini subsidiurobis elementi):

18. avadmyofobis fondebi da organizaciebi, romlebic CarTuli arian sajaro socialuri dacvis sistemebSi, asruleben eqskluziur socialur funqcias. maTi saqmianoba efuZneba erovnuli solidarobis princips da, arsebiTad, ar aris mogebaze orientirebuli. miRebuli sargebeli aris kanoniT dadgenili sargebeli, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo Senatanis moculobasTan.

19. Sesabamisad, es saqmianoba ar aris ekonomikuri da amis gamo organizacia, romelsac mindobili aqvs es funqcia, ar iTvleba sawarmod xelSekrulebis 81-e da 82-e muxlebis miznebisaTvis.

saqme Federacion Nacional de Empresas de Instrumentacion Cientifica, Medicina, Tecnica y dental (FENIN) v. Commission299

evropuli sasamarTlo

23. Tavisi aplikaciis pirveli nawilis gasamyareblad FENIN amtkicebs, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier gansazRvruli ekonomikuri saqmianoba aris Zalian viwro, vinaidan miiCnevs rom saqmianoba aucileblad unda Sedge-bodes mocemul bazarze nivTebisa da momsaxurebis SeTavazebisagan da ar unda moicavdes aranair msyidvelobiT saqmianobas. FENIN acxadebs, rom pirveli in-stanciis sasamarTlos midgoma bevr uwyebas miscems SesaZleblobas, aicilos xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli konkurenciis wesebi, Tundac aseTi uwyebe-bis qmedeba xelyofdes konkurencias.

24. komisia acxadebs, rom swored nivTebisa da momsaxurebis bazarze ganTavseba axasiaTebs ekonomikuri saqmianobis koncefcias da ara msyidvelobiTi saqmi-

298 Cases C-159-160/91, Poucet et Pistre v. Assurances Generales de France [1993] ECR I-637.299 Cases C-205/03, Fedracion Nacional de Empresas de Instrumentacion Cientifica, Medicina, Tecnica y dental (FENIN)

v. Commission [2006] ECR I-6295.

258

anoba, rogorc aseTi. Sesabamisad, ar aris saWiro Sesyidvis gamoyofa Sesy-iduli nivTebis gamoyenebisagan.

sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi

25. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom 35-e paragrafSi sworad aRniSna, rom gaerTianebis konkurenciis samarTalSi `sawarmos~definicia faravs yvela uwye-bas, romelic CarTulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi, miuxedavad misi samarTlebrivi statusisa da misi dafinansebis gzisa. sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 36-e paragrafSi aseve ganacxada, rom swored mocemul bazarze nivTebisa da momsaxurebis SeTavazebis Semcveli saqmianoba aris ekonomikuri saqmianobis damaxasiaTebeli (saqme C-35/96 Commission v. Italy [1998] ECR I-3851, para. 36).

26. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 36-e paragrafSi pirveli instanciis sasamarT-lom sworad daaskvna, rom imisaTvis, raTa ganisazRvros SesyidviTi saqmianoba, ar arsebobs nivTebis yidvis misi Semdgomi gamoyenebisagan gancalkevebis saWiroeba, da rom SesyidviTi saqmianobis xasiaTi unda ganisazRvros imis mixedviT, yidvis-Semdgomi gamoyeneba Seesabameba Tu ara ekonomikur saqmianobas.

27. Sesabamisad gamomdinareobs: FENIN-is mier wardgenili saCivris pirveli nawili imis Taobaze, rom SNS-is menejmentis SesyidviTi saqmianoba Seesabam-eboda ekonomikur saqmianobas, rac Semdgomi momsaxurebis ganuyofeli nawilia da romelic calke unda iqnes ganxiluli pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier, uaryofilia, rogorc daudasturebeli.

2. daqiravebulebi da profesiuli kavSirebi

saqme Albani International BV v. Stichting Bdrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie300

generaluri advokati:

a) daqiravebulebi

(...) 211. Sesabamisad, Cndeba SekiTxva, rogor unda moxdes im faqtis klasifika-cia, rom daqiravebulebi gvTavazoben anazRaurebasTan Seusabamo Sromas.

212. SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom es aris iseTive ekonomikuri aqtivoba, rogor-icaa produqtebis gayidva, an momsaxurebis miwodeba. ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-risiT, es SesaZlebelia, _ Tumca sadavoa, _ iyos simarTle. Tumca samarT-lebrivi TvalsazrisiT, me ar vfiqrob, rom aRniSnuli mtkiceba sworia.

213. pirvel rigSi, rTuli aRsaqmelia, termini `sawarmo~ rogor unda iqnes gagebuli `daqiravebulis~ mimarT. xelSekrulebis interpretacia ise, rom man moicvas es ukanaskneli termini, gascdeba misi (sawarmos) redaqciis saz-Rvrebs.

214. meore, terminis _ ̀ sawarmo~ funqciur interpretacias, romelic sasamarT-lom Seqmna Tavis precedentul samarTalSi, mivyavarT imave Sedegamde. sajaro samsaxurebis mimarT sasamarTlo ganixilavs, Tu ramdenad iyo es saqmianoba,

300 Case C-67/96, Albani International BV v. Stichting Bdrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie [1999] ECR I-5751, [2000] 4 CMLR 446.

259

sul mcire, potenciurad, ganxorcielebuli produqtebisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi CarTuli kerZo piris mier ... individebis klasificirebac SeiZleba moxdes `sawarmoebad~.., Tu isini moqmedeben rogorc produqtebisa da momsax-urebis bazris damoukidebeli ekonomikuri pirebi. am SemTxvevebis Tanmdevi racionalizmi gamoixateba imiT, rom aRniSnuli pirebi asruleben sawarmoTa `funqciebs~. 81-e da 82-e muxlebis gamoyeneba gamarTlebulia im faqtiT, rom sajaro pirebi Tu individebi moqmedeben imave an msgavs bazarze imave princi-pebis mixedviT, rogorc `sawarmoebi~...

215. damokidebuli Sroma, Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aris damoukidebeli Sromis absoluturi opoziti. daqiravebulebi, rogorc wesi, ar atareben am tranzaqciidan gamowveul pirdapir komerciul risks. isini eqvemdebarebian damqiraveblebis miTiTebebs. sxvadasxva klients ki ar sTavazoben momsaxure-bas, aramed muSaoben erT damqiravebelTan. am mizezebis gamo arsebobs arse-biTi funqciuri gansxvaveba daqiravebulsa da momsaxurebis momwodebel sawar-mos Soris. maT Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba aRiniSneba gaerTianebis samarTlis sxvadasxva sferoSi (...) an erovnul samarTalSi.

216. mesame, gaerTianebis konkurenciis samarTlis sistema ar aris Seqmnili daqiravebulebis mimarT gamosayeneblad. konkurenciis sawinaaRmdego praqti-kis magaliTebi 81-e-1-li (a) da 82-e muxlebSi Tu 81-e-me-3 muxlis gamoyenebis pirobebi naTlad aris gawerili im ekonomikuri monawileebis mimarT, romlebic CarTuli arian produqtebisa da momsaxurebis mowodebaSi... 81-e-1-li muxlis gamoyeneba daqiravebulebis mimarT aucileblad gamoiwvevs arcTu ise advili analogiis gamoyenebas produqtebisa da momsaxurebis bazarsa da SromiT ba-zars Soris.

217. Sesabamisad, Cemi azriT, daqiravebulebi, ZiriTadad, xvdebian 81-e-1-li mux-lis akrZalvis farglebs gareT. momavali, albaT, gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad iqneba es principi gamoyenebuli zogierTi momijnave sferos, magaliTad profesiuli sportis, mimarT.

b) profesiuli kavSirebi

218. radgan daqiravebulebis klasificireba ar SeiZleba `sawarmoebad~ 81-e muxlis miznebisaTvis, profesiuli kavSirebi an daqiravebulTa warmomadgeneli sxva asociaciebi ar aris `sawarmoTa asociaciebi~.

219. Tumca arian ki profesiuli kavSirebi TviTon `sawarmoebi~?

220. ubralo faqti, rom profesiuli kavSiri ar aris mogebaze orientirebuli uw-yeba, mas avtomaturad ar arTmevs im saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, romelsac aqvs ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi (...)

221. profesiuli kavSiri aris daqiravebulTa asociacia. dadgenilia, rom asoci-acia SeiZleba miCneul iqnes `sawarmod~, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CaerTveba ekonomikur saqmianobaSi (...)

222. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom asociacias SeuZlia imoqmedos Tavisi uflebi-dan gamomdinare, Tavisi wevrebis survilis gareSe, an rogorc mis wevrebs So-ris SeTanxmebis aRmasrulebelma organom. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, misi saqcieli miewereba asociacias, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, wevrebi Tavad arian maT qmede-baze pasuxismgebelni.

260

223. Cveulebrivi profesiuli asociaciebis mimarT delimitaciis Sedegi xSirad ar aris mniSvnelovani, radgan 81-e muxli imave gziT gamoiyeneba sawarmoebs Soris SeTanxmebisa da sawarmoTa asociaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mimarT (...) is relevanturi xdeba, rodesac komisiam unda gadawyvitos, visken mimarTos gadawyvetileba da jarima (...)

224. Tumca profesiuli asociaciis SemTxvevaSi delimitacia aris arsebiTi sakiTxi, radgan, Tu profesiuli asociacia moqmedebs, rogorc agenti, is aris, ubralod, mis wevrebs Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis aRmasrulebeli organo, romlebsac, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, ar exebaT 81-e-1-li muxliT dadgenili akrZalvebi.

225. profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT oretapiani proce-duraa gasavleli: pirveli, unda gairkves, aris Tu ara konkretuli qmedeba profesiul kavSirze misaweri da Tu asea, meore, _ aris Tu ara es aqtivoba ekonomikuri xasiaTis.

226. ra Tqma unda, vxvdebiT SemTxvevebs, roca profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianoba akmayofilebs orive pirobas. zogierTi profesiuli kavSiri, magaliTad, srulu-flebianad flobs supermarketebs, Semnaxvel bankebs, turistul saagentoebs, Tu sxva biznesebs. rodesac isini moqmedeben am sferodan, maT mimarT moqmedebs konkurenciis wesebi.

3. erTiani ekonomikuri uwyeba

saqme P. Viho Europe BV v. Commission301:

Sps `parker peni~, romelic Seqmnilia inglisis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, awarmoebs sawer mowyobilobebs. es saqme moicavda holandiuri kompania Vi-ho-s saCivars, romelic sabiTumo gayidvis mizniT, bazarze aTavsebda saofise aparaturas. Viho-m ver SeZlo parkeris produqciis miReba imave pirobebiT, rogorSic amas axerxebdnen parkeris Svilobili kompaniebi da damoukidebeli distributorebi. man komisiasTan gaasaCivra, rom parkeris sadistribucio sistema (romelic krZalavda wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris eqsports, saerTo ba-zars anawevrebda erovnul bazrebad, sadac inarCunebda xelovnurad maRal fasebs) arRvevda 81-e-1-li muxls. parkeri produqcias evropaSi yidda Tavisi Svilobili kompaniebis meSveobiT, germaniaSi, belgiaSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da holandiaSi. am kompaniebSi is flobda wilis 100%-s. produqciis gayidvebi da marketingi kontroldeboda sami direqtorisagan Semdgari jgufis mier.

gamoZiebis Semdeg komisiam Viho-s acnoba, rom uaryofda saCivars. parkeris Svi-lobili kompaniebi srulad iyvnen masze damokidebulni da ar hqondaT ara-nairi realuri avtonomia, xolo sadistribucio sistema ar midioda sawarmoe-bis jgufze jerovani valdebulebis dakisrebis miRma. Viho-m gaasaCivra gad-awyvetileba pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, romelic daeTanxma komisiis gadawyvetilebas. 81-e-1-li muxli Seexeba mxolod iseT ekonomikur uwyebebs, romlebsac konkurenciis SesaZlebloba hqondaT. is ar faravs SeTanxmebas Tu SeTanxmebul praqtikas im uwyebebs Soris, romlebic Sedian erTsa da imave

301 Case C-73/95 P, Viho Europe BV v. Commission [1996] ECR I 5457, [ 1997] 4 CMLR 419.

261

jgufSi, an qmnian erTian ekonomikur kavSirs. Viho-m gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra evropul sasamarTloSi. sasamarTlom daadastura, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom da komisiam sworad moaxdines parkeris jgufis klasificireba erT ekonomikur kavSirad, romelSic Svilobil kompaniebs ar gaaCndaT re-aluri avtonomia bazarze maTi moqmedebis kursis gansazRvraSi.

4. `SeTanxmebis~, `gadawyvetilebis~ da `SeTanxmebuli praqtikis~ mniSvneloba

saqme Establishments Consten SA & Grundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v. Commission302:

saqmis fabula: 1957 wels grundig-ma, radios, magnitofonebis, diqTofetone-bisa da televizorebis mwarmoebelma germanulma kompaniam, safrangeTisTvis eqskluziur agentad consten-i airCia. consten-ma sxva sakiTxebs Soris Tanxmoba ganacxada, ar evaWra sxva konkurenti firmis produqciiT, SeekveTa ̀ grundigis~ produqcia minimaluri odenobiT, gasayidad gamoetana aqsesuarebi da nawilebi da SeeTavazebina gayidvis Semdgomi momsaxureba. sanacvlod grundig-i daeTanxma, ar miewodebina produqcia gasayidad safrangeTSi da daewesebina saeqsporto da resaeqsporto SezRudvebi wevr saxelmwifoebSi moqmed yvela distributorze. Grundig-is savaWro niSani `ginti~ safrangeTSi registrirebuli iyo konstentis saxelze. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze konstents hqonda sruli teritoriuli dac-va. aravis ar SeeZlo safrangeTis teritoriaze `grundigis~ produqciis aqti-urad Tu pasiurad gayidva. UNEF-ma, parizulma kompaniam, daiwyo safrangeTSi `grundigis~ produqciis importi da ukeTes fasebSi gayidva. ~konstentma” sa-frangeTis sasamarTloSi daiwyo saqmis warmoeba UNEF-is winaaRmdeg da amt-kicebda, rom am ukanasknelma pativi ar sca mis kontraqts ̀ grundigTan~, rom is iwvevda usamarTlo konkurencias da rom arRvevda konstentis savaWro niSnis uflebas. man aseve daiwyo saqmis warmoeba strasburgSi ~leisneris” winaaRmdeg, romelmac aseve miiRo `grundigis~ produqcia safrangeTSi gasayidad. UNEF-ma iCivla komisiasTan da 1963 wels SeTanxmeba gansaxilvelad gadaeca komisias. safrangeTis sasamarTlom gadado saqmiswarmoeba komisiis mier gadawyvetileb-is gamotanamde.

komisiam daaskvna, rom SeTanxmebam daarRvia 81-e-1-li muxli da misi individu-aluri gamoricxva ar iyo SesaZlebeli 81-e-me-3 muxlis farglebSi. `konstent-ma” da `grundigma” saCivriT mimarTes sasamarTlos. erT-erTi maTi argumenti iyo, rom 81-e-1-li muxli gamoiyeneboda mxolod `horizontaluri~, da ara `vertikaluri~, SeTanxmebebis mimarT. am arguments mxars uWerda italiis mTav-roba.

evropuli sasamarTlo

erTi sadistribucio kontraqtis mimarT 81-e-1-li muxlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT

aplikantma ganacxada, rom 81-e-1-li muxlis akrZalva gamoiyeneboda mxolod egreT wodebuli horizontaluri SeTanxmebebis mimarT. ufro metic, itali-is mTavroba acxadebs, rom sadistribucio SeTanxmeba ar Seesabameba `sawar-moebs Soris SeTanxmebas~, vinaidan mxareebi ar arian Tanabar pirobebSi. am 302 Cases 56 and 58/64, Establishments Consten SA & Grundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v. Commission [1966] ECR 299, 339-

40, [1966] CMLR 418, 469-71.

262

saxis kontraqtebis SemTxvevaSi konkurenciis Tavisufleba daculi unda iqnes xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis meSveobiT.

arc 81-e da arc 82-e muxlis redaqcia ar iZleva safuZvels, rom ganisazRv-ros gamoyenebis aSkara sferoebi TiToeul muxlTan dakavSirebiT ekonomikis xarisxTan mimarTebiT, romelSic moqmedeben SeTanxmebuli mxareebi. 81-e muxli Seexeba yvela SeTanxmebas, romelnic xelyofen konkurencias saerTo bazarze da ar asxvavebs imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara SeTanxmeba miRweuli imave doneze arsebul ekonomikur procesebSi CarTul konkurentebsa Tu sxvadasxva doneze moqmed ara-konkurent sawarmoebs Soris. ZiriTadad, Tu xelSekruleba ar asxvavebs, aseTi gansxvaveba SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, 81-e muxlis gamouyenebloba konkretuli sadistribucio xelSekrulebis mimarT, mxolod imaze dayrdnobiT, rom mimwode-beli da mimRebi inter se ar arian konkurentebi da aseve ar imyofebian Tanabar pi-robebSi, ar aris swori. 81-e-1-li muxlis miznebisTvis konkurencia darRveuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod mxareebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, aramed erT-erT mxaresa da mesame mxares Soris Semdgari garigebis safuZvelze. am miznebisaTvis mniSvnelovani ar aris, iyvnen Tu ara garigebis mxareebi ekonomikaSi arsebuli funqciebiTa da mdgomareobiT Tanabar pirobebSi. aRniSnuli ufro metad gam-oiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareebs miRweuli SeTanxmebiT surT, mesame mxari-saTvis SezRudon an Tavidan aicilon konkurencia konkretul produqciasTan dakavSirebiT, riTac Seqmnian an moaxdenen maTTvis sasargeblod usamarTlo upiratesobis garantirebas, myidvelis an momxmareblis danaxarjebiT 81-e mux-lis saerTo miznebis sawinaaRmdegod.

aseve SesaZlebelia, rom dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis ga-reSe sxvadasxva ekonomikur doneze moqmed pirebs Soris Semdgarma SeTanxmebam gamoiwvios wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris konkurenciis xelyofa da imavdroulad miznad hqondes konkurenciis Tavidan acileba, SezRudva, Tu darRveva, rac eqceva 81-e muxlis akrZalvis farglebSi.

amasTan, usargebloa, SevadaroT ori situacia, rodesac erT SemTxvevaSi gamoi-yeneba 81-e muxli, roca mewarme debs garigebas sadistribucio kompaniasTan da, meore mxriv, rodesac mewarme Tavisi sawarmos farglebSi axdens produqciis distribucias garkveuli saSualebiT, magaliTad komerciuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, rodesac 81-e muxli ar gamoiyeneba. es ori situacia gansxvavebulia kanonis mixedviT. 81-e muxli gamoiyeneba, rodesac saqme gvaqvs ramdenime sawar-mosTan. Sesabamisad, is ar gamoiyeneba, rodesac sawarmo awyobs sadistribucio qsels Tavisi biznesorganizaciis farglebSi.

dabolos, SeTanxmeba mwarmoebelsa da distributors Soris, romelic aRad-gens erovnul dayofas wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaSi, Slis gaerTianebis yvelaze fundamentur protests. xelSekruleba, romelic mis preambulasa da SinaarsSi ganizraxavs saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli sazRvrebis aRmofxvras da romelic calsaxad negatiur pozicias gamoxatavs aRniSnulis xelaxla war-moqmnis mimarT, nebas ar miscems sawarmos, xelaxla warmoqmnas msgavsi bari-erebi. 81-e muxli Seqmnilia am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis, Tundac SeTanxmeba moxdes ekonomikuri procesebis sxvadasxva doneze moqmed subieqtebs Soris.Sesabamisad, zemoT aRniSnuli gancxadebebi ar dakmayofilda.

263

saqme Albani International BV v. Stichting Bdrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie303:

sasamarTlo

46. Tavisi meore SekiTxviT, romlis ganxilvac, pirvel rigSi, aris saWiro, erovnuli sasamarTlo cdilobs daadginos, xelSekrulebis me-3 (1-z), evropuli gaerTianebis me-5 da xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlebi krZalaven Tu ara sajaro xelisuflebis mier seqtorul sapensio fondTan gawevrianebis aucilebel moTxovnas im organizaciebis moTxovnis safuZvelze, romlebic am seqtorSi dasaqmebuli pirebi arian.

47. Albani davobs, rom menejmentisa da mosamsaxure pirebis moTxovna seqtorul sapensio fondebSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT Seesabameba CarTul seqtorSi moqmed sawarmoebs Soris SeTanxmebas, xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis sawinaaRmde-god...

57. (...) ufro metic, socialur politikaze SeTanxmebis (OJ 1992 C 191) pirveli muxli adgens, rom gaerTianebisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis mier dasaxuli miz-ani moicavs gaumjobesebul sacxovrebel da samuSao pirobebs, swor social-ur dacvas, dialogs menejmentsa da momsaxure personals Soris, adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebas maRali xarisxiT, daqiravebisa da gaTavisuflebis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT.

58. xelSekrulebis me-4 (1) da (2) muxlis mixedviT, menejmentsa da daqiravebu-lebs Soris dialogma gaerTianebis doneze SeiZleba maTi survilis SemTxveva-Si warmoSvas sakontraqto urTierTobebi, maT Soris SeTanxmebebi, romlebic ganxorcieldeba an procedurebisa da praqtikis Sesabamisad, rac damaxasiaTe-beli iqneba wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis an xelmomweri mxareebis gaerTianebuli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, komisiisgan miRebuli SeTavazebis safuZvelze sabWos gadawyvetilebiT.

59. SekiTxvis miRma rCeba, rom konkurenciis garkveuli SezRudvebi damaxa-siaTebelia damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris arsebuli koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebisaTvis. Tumca socialuri politikis miznebi, rac devs msgavs SeT-anxmebebSi, seriozulad daziandeba, Tu menejmenti da samuSao Zala iqneba 81-e muxlis subieqti, rodesac isini erTad Seecdebian samuSao pirobebis gaum-jobesebisaTvis garkveuli zomebis miRebas.

60. Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis debulebebis interpretaciidan gamomdinare-obs, rom SeTanxmeba, miRweuli rogorc menejmentsa da samuSao Zalas Soris dadebuli koleqtiuri xelSekruleba, romelsac aqvs zemoT aRwerili mizani, Tavisi xasiaTisa da am miznis mixedviT, ar xvdeba xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi.

saqme Bayer AG v. Commission304:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

b. xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis farglebSi SeTanxmebis koncefcia

66. sasamarTlo praqtika gviCvenebs, rom, rodesac mwarmoeblis gadawyvetile-

303 ix. Supra note 14.304 Case T-41/96, Bayer AG v. Commission [2000] ECR II-3383, [2001] 4 CMLR 126.

264

ba Seesabameba sawarmos calmxriv moqmedebas, es gadawyvetileba ar xvdeba xelSekrulebis 81-e-1-li muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi (saqme 107/82 AEG v. Com-mission [1983] ECR 3151, para. 38; gaerTianebuli saqmeebi 25/84 da 26/84 Ford and Ford Europe v. Commission [1985] ECR 2725, para. 21; saqme T-43/92 Dunlop Slazenger v. Commission [1994] ECR II-441, para. 56).

67. aseve cxadia sasamarTlo praqtikidan, rom xelSekrulebis 81-e-1-li muxlis miznebisaTvis SeTanxmebis misaCnevad sakmarisia, rom sawarmoebma gamoxaton miz-ani bazarze gansakuTrebuli gziT moqcevasTan dakavSirebiT (saqme 41/69 ACF Che-miefarma v. Commission [1970] ECR 661, para. 112; gaerTianebuli saqmeebi 209/78-dan 215/78-mde da 218/78 Van Landewyck and others v. Commission [1980] ECR 3125, para. 86; saqme T-7/89 Hercules Chemicals v. Commission [1991] ECR II-1711, para. 256).

68. rac Seexeba formas, romliTac saerTo interesi unda gamoixatos, SeTanxme-bisTvis sakmarisia, gamoxatuli iyos mxareebis survili, bazarze moiqcnen maTi pirobebis Sesabamisad.

69. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis mniSvnelobisaTvis SeTanxmebis koncefcia, rogorc es ganmartebulia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebe-biT, fokusirebas akeTebs, minimum, ori mxaris Tanmxvedr, gamoxatul nebaze. for-ma, romliTac is iqneba gamoxatuli, ar aris mniSvnelovani.

70. garkveul garemoebebSi mwarmoeblis mier distributorebis mimarT aSkarad calmxrivad miRebuli an dakisrebuli zomebi ganixileboda rogorc SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis 81-e-1-li muxlis miznebisaTvis (gaerTianebuli saqmeebi 32/78, 36/78-idan 82/78-amde BMW Belgium and others v. Commission [1979] ECR 2435, para. 28-30; AEG, para. 38; Ford and Ford Europe, para. 21; saqme 75/84 Metro v. Commission (Metro’ II [1986] ECR 3021, para.: 72 da 73; Sandoz, paragrafebi 7-12; saqme C-70/93 BMW v. ALD [1995] ECR I-3439, para.: 16 da 17).

71. zemoT moyvanili sasamarTlo praqtika aCvenebs, rom gansxvaveba unda ga-keTdes im saqmeebs Soris, romlebSic namdvilad Cans erTi sawarmos calmxrivi gadawyvetileba, romelic ar moiTxovs meore sawarmos survils, gamoxatvis an misi CarTulobis gareSe, da meore SemTxveva, rodesac calmxrivi moqmedeba Znelad SesamCnevia. maSin, roca pirveli SemTxveva ar xvdeba 81-e muxlis far-glebSi, meore SemTxveva klasificirdeba rogorc SeTanxmeba da xvdeba aRniS-nuli muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi. es aris, kerZod, is SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba konkurenciis praqtikulad SezRudva garkveuli zomebiTa da moqmedeb-iT, rac gamoxatulia rogorc mwarmoeblis calmxrivi qmedeba distributoris mimarT, misi sakontraqto valdebulebebidan gamomdinare, magram romelsac aseve miRebuli aqvs am distributorebis Cumi Tanxmoba.

72. am sasamarTlo praqtikidan aseve naTelia, rom komisiisaTvis SeuZlebelia daadginos xelSekrulebis 81-e-1-li muxlis miznebisaTvis SeTanxmebis arse-boba mwarmoeblis mier aSkarad gamoxatuli calmxrivi moqmedebisas, rasac is misi sakontraqto valdebulebebis konteqstSi daaregulirebs, Tu is ver aR-moaCens mewarmis mier gamoxatul poziciaze meore sawarmos aSkarad Tu Cumad gamoxatul Tanxmobas....151. movaWreebis moqmedebisa da maTi poziciis Semowmebam aCvena, rom komisiam ver daadastura faqti, rom isini gaerTianebulni iyvnen aplikantis politikis

265

garSemo paraleluri importis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT.

158. komisia acxadebs, rom misi gadawyvetileba Seesabameba misi gadawyvetileb-is miRebasa da sasamarTlos praqtikas SeTanxmebis koncefciasTan dakavSirebiT da imeorebs, rom am saqmeSi eqsportze dawesebuli iyo barieri, rac aisaxeboda mimwodebelsa da mis momxmarebels Soris komerciul urTierTobebze. amas mow-mobda is faqti, rom movaWreebis mier ganTavsebuli moTxovna kmayofildeboda da isini iRebdnen Sesabamis qviTrebs, aqve xdeboda maTi mxridan Cumi Tanxmoba, rac komisiam dadgenilad cno SekveTebis SemcirebiT.

159. Tumca komisia arcTu efeqturad daeyrdno sasamarTlos miTiTebul gad-awyvetilebebs, rodesac axdenda sakiTxis analizs, ramac sasamarTlo miiyvana daskvnamde, rom movaWris Tanxmoba baieris axal politikaze ar iyo dafuZneb-uli da rom komisiam ver daamtkica SeTanxmebis arseboba.

160. komisia, pirvel rigSi, daeyrdno Sandozis-s. am saqmeSic distributore-bi dumiliT daTanxmdnen eqsportze dawesebul akrZalvebs, raTa, erTi mxriv, SeenarCunebinaT komerciuli urTierTobebi da, meore mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT ar hqondaT aranairi interesi eqsportis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT, mwarmoeblis dadgenili akrZalva miiRes produqciis miRebis gagrZelebis miz-niT.

163. Tumca ori saqme hgavs erTmaneTs imiT, rom orive maTgani Seexeba far-macevtuli jgufis produqcias da orive saqme gulisxmobs samedicino produqciis paralelur imports, maTi damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli garemoe-bebi gansxvavdeba. pirvel rigSi, mocemuli saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, Sandoz-i Tav-is yovel qviTarSi afiqsirebda konkurenciis SemzRudvel debulebas, romelic imis gamo, rom mudmivad Cndeboda sxvadasxva tranzaqciis dokumentebSi, gaxda Sandoz-isa da movaWreebis sakontraqto urTierTobebis arsebiTi nawili; meore, movaWris realuri moqmedeba debulebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac isini as-rulebdnen de facto da ganxilvis gareSe, aaSkaravebda maT Cum Tanxmobas aseTi formis komerciul urTierTobebze. am saqmeSi ar SeimCneva arcerTi maxasi-aTebeli aRniSnuli oridan, ar arsebobs arc formaluri debuleba romelic akrZalavs eqsports da arc movaWris mxridan Tanxmobis an winaaRmdegobis gau-wevlobis faqts.

5. mniSvnelovani efeqti konkurenciaze

saqme Volk v. Vervaecke305

saqmis fabula: saqme Seexeba eqskluziur SeTanxmebas, romelic daido b-n Volk-s, Erd & Co, kompaniis mflobels, romelic awarmoebda sarecx manqanebs da Vervaeke-s, belgiur kompanias, romelic axdenda saxlis eleqtromowyobilobebis distribucias, Soris. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Vervaeke-s hqonda belgiasa da luqsemburgSi Volk-is produqciis gayidvis eqskluziuri ufleba. komisiis daskvnebis mixedviT, Erd & Co -s sarecxi manqanebis warmoebis bazarze mTlianad evropuli gaerTianebis teritoriaze aqvs mxolod 0.8% wili, germaniis bazarze _ 0.2%, xolo belgiisa da luqsemburgis bazarze _ 0.6%. germaniis sasamarTlom SekiTxviT mimarTa evropuli gaerTianebis sasamarTlos, kerZod, ainteresebda,

305 Case 5/69 Volk v. Vervaecke [1969] ECR 295, 302, [1969] CMLR 273, 282.

266

xvdeboda Tu ara SeTanxmeba 81-e-1-li muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi im wilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic Erd & Co-s hqonda.

sasamarTlo

garda imisa, rom SeTanxmebas SeuZlia, reagireba iqonios wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqturi faqtorebisa Tu im faqtebis safuZvelze, rac wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze axdens pirdapir Tu irib, realur Tu potenciur gavlenas, ramac SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris erTiani bazris Camoyalibebas, 81-e-1-li muxlis akrZalva gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeTanxmebis mizania saerTo bazarze konkurenciis Tavidan acileba, SezRudva an damaxinjeba. es pirobebi gagebuli unda iqnes SeTanxmebis realuri pirobebidan gamomdinare. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba vardeba 81-e-1-li muxlis moqmedebis farglebidan, Tu mas bazarze umniSvnelo gavlena aqvs, bazarze pirebis an produqciis susti mdgomareobis gamo.

III. dominanturi mdgomareoba da mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba

1. dominanturi mdgomareoba

saqme Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission306:

38. miTiTebuli dominanturi mdgomareoba ukavSirdeba sawarmos ekonomikur siZlieres, romelic mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Tavidan aicilos Sesabamis bazarze SenarCunebuli efeqturi konkurencia, ris SesaZleblobasac mas aZlevs sakuTari siZliere, imoqmedos mniSvnelovan donemde damoukideblad Tavisi konkurentebisa da momxmareblebisagan.

39. aseTi mdgomareoba ar gamoricxavs konkurentebis arsebobas, rogorc es xdeba monopoliis an kvazimonopoliis SemTxvevaSi, magram arsebuli mdgomareobidan sargebelmiRebul sawarmos SesaZleblobas aZlevs, sul mcire, iqonios SesamCnevi gavlena im garemo pirobebze, romlebSic unda ganviTardes konkurencia da nebismier SemTxvevaSi moiqces misgan damoukideblad, radgan aseT qmedebas misTvis saziano efeqti ar aqvs.

saqme France Telecom SA v. Commission307:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

99. ... unda aRiniSnos, rom dominanturi mdgomareobis dadgenisaTvis komisias ar sWirdeba imis demonstrireba, rom sawarmos konkurentebisaTvis, Tundac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, bazari daxurulia.

100. amasTan, imis garda, rom sabazro wilebis mniSvneloba SeiZleba icvlebodes erTi bazridan meore bazarze, didi wilebi rCeba maTTan da inaxeba gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisaTvis, rogorc dominanaturi mdgomareobis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba. evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeSi _ C-62/86AKZO v. Commission [1991] ECR I-3359 paragrafi _ daadgina, rom es xdeboda bazris 50%-iani wilis SemTxvevaSi.

306 Case 85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche &Co AG v. EC Commission [1979] ECR 461, [1979] 3.307 Case T-340/03, France Telecom SA v. Commission, 30/01/2007.

267

101. konkretul bazarze arsebuli cocxali konkurencia ar gamoricxavs am ba-zarze dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobas, radgan dominanturi mdgomareo-bis maxasiaTeblebi aris bazarze misi konkurentebis saqmianobis strategiis gauTvaliswineblad da am saqmianobidan zianis miuReblad moqmedeba. amdenad, bazarze konkurenciis arsebobis faqti dominanturi mdgomareobis mtkicebisas arsebiTi safuZvelia, Tumca is ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori.

2. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis mniSvneloba

saqme Europemballage Corp and Contonental Can Co Inc v. Commission308:saqmis fabula: `kontinenturi qilebis” korporacia iyo amerikuli kompania, romelic awarmoebda metalis SesafuTebs. man moipova germanuli metalis qilebis mwarmoebeli kompaniis SLW-s wilis 85,8%. manve Seqmna srulad kon-trolirebadi Svilobili kompania, romlis meSveobiTac is gegmavda, moepovebi-na makontrolebeli mdgomareoba qilebis mwarmoebel sxvadasxva kompaniasTan. ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciidan mxolod erTis Sedegi iyo holandiuri kom-paniis TDV-s Sesyidva. komisiam miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom es qmedeba ewinaaRm-degeboda xelSekrulebis 82-e muxls, vinaidan SLW-s meSveobiT kontinenturi qilebis korporacias dominanturi mdgomareoba ekava saerTo bazris Sesabamis nawilze, rac gamoixateboda xorcis, Tevzisa da kiborCxalasnairTa produqci-is msubuq SefuTvasa da minis doqebisaTvis metalis Wiqebis damzadebiT; man Eu-ropemballage-s mier TDV-s `kontinenturi qilebis” korporaciaSi wilebis didi nawilis SesyidviT daarRvia xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli, vinaidan praqtikulad aRmofxvra konkurencia Sesabamis bazarze. gasaCivrebis Semdeg sasamarTlom gaauqma komisiis gadawyvetileba im safuZvliT, rom man arasworad gansazRvra Sesabamisi bazari da ar gaiTvaliswina Canacvlebadi produqtis miwodeba. gen-eralur advokat roemeris poziciisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobisas Serwymis SemTxveva gautoldeboda 82-e muxlis darRvevas.

evropuli sasamarTlo

19. aplikanti acxadebs, rom komisia Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT, romelic efuZneba xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis ironiul interpretacias, cdilobs, Seqmnas sawar-moTa Serwymis iseTi kontroli, romelic scildeba mis uflebamosilebas. ase-Ti mcdeloba scildeba xelSekrulebis avtorebis mizans, rac Cans ara mxolod sityvier formulirebaSi, aramed erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da evropuli sa-zogadoebis xelSekrulebis Sedarebisas. 82-e muxlSi miTiTebuli dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis magaliTebi am daskvnas adasturebs, radgan, rogorc xelSekrulebidan Cans, is uTiTebs mxolod iseT SemTxvevebze, rom-lis drosac xdeba bazarze gavlenis moxdena an romlebsac uaryofiTi gavlena aqvT momxmareblebsa da savaWro partniorebze. amasTan, 82-e muxli dominantur mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul ekonomikuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebas borotad gamoyenebad miiCnevs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Seesabameba meTods, romliTac moxda mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba. magram sawarmos struqturuli me-Todi _ rogoricaa dominanturi mdgomareobis gaZliereba Serwymis meSveobiT

308 Case 6/72, Europemballage Corp and Contonental Can Co Inc v. Commission [1973] ECR 215, CMLR 199.

268

_ ar uTanabrdeba am mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis gagebiT. Sesabamisad, dadginda, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba aris baTili, radgan mas ar gaaCnda moTxovnili samarTlebrivi safuZveli. (...)

21. im meTodebs Soris gansxvaveba, romlebic Seexeba sawarmoebis struqturas da praqtikas, romelic zemoqmedebs bazarze, ar SeiZleba iyos ganmsazRvreli, radgan nebismierma struqturulma zomam SeiZleba zemoqmedeba moaxdinos baz-ris garemoebebze, Tu is gazrdis sawarmos zomas da ekonomikur Zalauflebas.(...)

26. rogorc zemoT moyvanili msjelobebidan Cans, 82-e muxliT dakisrebuli garemoebebi unda ganimartos imgvarad, rom moxdes dominanturi mdgomareo-bis borotad gamoyenebis akrZalva. debuleba gansazRvravs im qmedebebs, rom-lebic unda aikrZalos. CamonaTvali iZleva miaxloebiT magaliTebs da ara amomwurav sias xelSekrulebis mixedviT dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Taobaze. rogorc 82-e muxlis meore punqtis qvepunqtebidan Cans, debuleba gulisxmobs ara mxolod im SemTxvevebs, rodesac pirdapiri ziani SeiZleba miadges momxmarebels, aramed im SemTxvevebsac, rodesac maT adgebaT ziani efeqtur konkurenciaze zianis gavlenis moxdeniT, rac gaTvaliswinebu-lia xelSekrulebis me-3 1-l (z) muxlSi. borotad gamoyenebis SemTxveva Sei-Zleba dadges maSinac, Tu dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmo iseTi gziT gaimyarebs mdgomareobas, romelic gaanadgurebs konkurencias imgvar-ad, rom bazarze darCenili erTaderTi sawarmo srulad damokidebuli xdeba do minantze.

saqme Tetra Pak Rausing SA v. Commission309

saqmis fabula: winamdebare saqme moicavs komisiis gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRm-dego saCivars, romelSic komisiam daadgina, rom Tetra Pak-is mier eqskluziuri patentis licenziis mopoveba Seesabameboda borotad gamoyenebas.

generaluri advokati kirxneli

67. [muxli 82]…(...) moicavs borotad gamoyenebis oTx magaliTs. pirveli ori magaliTi upiratesad icavs kontraqtis mxareebs dominanti sawarmoebisagan da momxmareblebs dominantze maTi damokidebulebis eqspluataciisagn, maSin roca (d) qvepunqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalva, romelic Seexeba damatebiTi valdebulebebis aRebasTan dakavSirebuli kontraqtis dadebas, aSkarad miz-nad isaxavs konkurentebis, iseve rogorc kontraqtis mxareebis, dacvas, (g) qvepunqtSi moyvanili magaliTi krZalavs dominanti sawarmos savaWro part-niorebs Soris diskriminacias, romelsac SeiZleba uaryofiTi gavlena hqondes konkurenciaze. pirveli sami magaliTis saerTo maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom qmedeba emsaxureba mogebis miRebis legitimur mizans ukanono gzebis meSveo-biT. borotad gamoyenebis magaliTebi, romlebic aSkarad ar Cans debulebebSi, gamomdinareobs maTi formulirebidan. isini miuTiTeben sazRvrebze, romelTa dacvac aucilebelia dominant mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmosTvis, Tundac maTi qmedeba ar xvdebodes aRniSnul magaliTebSi, (...) kerZod ki, proporciu-lobis principi (...) da diskriminaciis akrZalva.

309 Case T-51/89, Tetra Pak Rausing SA v. Commission [1990] ECR II-309, [1991] 4 CMLR 334.

269

68. am SemTxvevaSi proporciulobis principi aris upiratesi mniSvnelobis, vinaidan eqskluziuri licenziis (da mxolod eqskluziuri licenziis) mop-ovebasTan dakavSirebuli saCivari gulisxmobs araproporciuli qmedebis gasa-Civrebas. dominanti sawarmos qmedebis mimarT am princips aqvs Semdegi mniS-vneloba: dominant mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmo SeiZleba iyos mogebaze orien-tirebuli, SesaZleblobaTa farglebSi cdilobdes bazarze Tavisi mdgomareo-bis gaumjobesebas da kanonieri interesebis dacvas. aseT dros mas SeuZlia gamoiyenos mxolod iseTi meTodebi, romlebic aucilebelia kanonieri miznebis misaRwevad. kerZod, mas ar SeuZlia ise moqceva, rom aucilebelze metad Sez-Rudos konkurencia.

IV. dominanturi mdgomareobis dadgena

saqme Nederlandsce Banden-Industrie Michelin v. Commission310:

sasamarTlo

(aa) mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis bazari

35. aplikanti amtkicebs, rom Sesabamisi bazris definicia, romelsac daeyrdno komisia, aris Zalian farTo, radgan momxmareblisaTvis mZime avtomobilis sxvadasxva tipisa da zomis saburavebi ar aris Canacvlebadi, da, amave dros, igive ganmarteba aris Zalian viwro, radgan msubuqi manqanisa da furgonebis saburavebi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT igive pozicia aqvT bazarze. is aseve aRniSnavs, rom komisiis msjeloba urTierTgamomricxavia, radgan, erTi mxriv, cdilobs, mdgomareoba Seafasos momxmareblis poziciidan, xolo meore mxriv, viTarebas uyurebs mimwodeblis TvaliT. garda amisa, mimwodeblis saerTo gayidvebis wilSi Michelin-is mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis gayidvis wili Seadgens 12-idan 18%-amde, rac gamoricxavs dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobas.

36. komisia icavs Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi gansazRvrul Sesabamisi bazris gan-martebas da aRniSnavs, rom teqnikurad erTgvarovan produqtebTan dakavSire-biT SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva bazris gansazRvra saburavebis sxvadasxva tipisa da zomis gaTvaliswinebiT: amave dros, sxvadasxva tipisa da zomis saburave-bis mowodebis elastikuroba mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli; meore mxriv, urTierTCanacvlebadobisa da moTxovnis elastikurobis kriteriumebi saSu-alebas iZleva, erTmaneTisagan gamoiyos mZime avtomobilebisa da msubuqi av-tomobilebis saburavebis bazari, moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis SemTxvevaSi xasiaTdeba gamocdili myidvelebiT.

37. rogorc sasamarTlom araerTxel aRniSna, bolos ki 1980 wlis 11 dekembris saqmeSi 31/90 NV L’Oreal v. PVBA De Nieuwe AMCK [1980] ECR 3775, am bazarze sawar-mos dominanturi mdgomareobis gamoZiebis SesaZleblobisTvis konkurenciis SesaZlebloba unda dadgindes im produqtebis gaerTianebuli bazris konteqst-Si, romlebic, maTi Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, xelsayrelia mudmivi moTxovnile-bebis dasakmayofileblad da mxolod SezRudul doneze aris sxva produqtebTan Canacvlebadi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvra gamosa-

310 Case 322/81, Nederlandsce Banden-Industrie Michelin v. Commission [1983] ECR 3461, [1985] 1 CMLR 282.

270

degia imis Sefasebisas, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia CarTul sawarmos, SezRudos efeqturi konkurenciis arseboba da moiqces Tavisi konkurentebisa da momx-mareblebisagan sagrZnob donemde damoukideblad. Sesabamisad, am miznisaTvis, Sefaseba, romelic Semoifargleba mxolod Tvisebrivad erTi da imave produq-tis ganxilviT, ar SeiZleba iyos sakmarisi: konkurentuli pirobebi, miwodebis struqtura da bazarze arsebuli moTxovna mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebu-li.

38. garda amisa, swored am mizezis gamo SeTanxmdnen komisia da Michelin NV, rom bazris wilebis Sefasebisas axali, originalurad aRWurvili saburavebi ar unda yofiliyo mxedvelobaSi miRebuli. aseT saburavebze avtomobilebis mwar-moebelTa pirdapiri SekveTis arsebuli konkretuli moTxovnis struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba, rom konkurencia am sferoSi imarTeba absolutur-ad gansxvavebuli faqtorebiTa da wesebiT.

39. imdenad, ramdenadac naxsenebia Canacvlebadi saburavebi, pirvel punqtad unda aRiniSnos, rom urTierTCanacvleba ar arsebobs, erTi mxriv, msubuqi avtomobilisa da furgonis saburavebsa da, meore mxriv, mZime avtomobilebs Soris. Sesabamisad msubuqi avtomobilisa da furgonis saburavebs ar aqvT ara-nairi gavlena mZime avtomobilebis saburavebs Soris arsebul konkurenciaze.

40. garda amisa, produqciis sxvadasxva jgufze gansxvavebulia moTxovnis struqtura. mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis momxmarebelTa umetesoba aris movaWre, kerZod, dakavebulia gadazidviTi saqmianobiT, romelTaTvisac, rogorc komisiam ganmarta, Canacvlebadi saburavebis Sesyidva mniSvnelovani danaxarjis sagania, ris gamoc momxmareblebi mudmivad sTxoven saburavebis mwarmoeblebs rCevas da grZelvadian specialur momsaxurebas, romelic adap-tirebuli iqneba maT specifikur saWiroebebTan. meore mxriv, msubuqi avtomo-bilisa da furgonis saburavebis Cveulebrivi myidvelisaTvis saburavis SeZena Cveulebrivi movlenaa da im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca myidveli imavdroulad aris biznesmeni, is ar elodeba Tavis moTxovnaze adaptirebul specialur rCevas da momsaxurebas saburavis mimwodeblisagan. aseve mZime avtomobilebis saburave-bis gayidva moiTxovs konkretul specializebul sadistribucio qsels, rac ar xdeba msubuqi avtomobilisa da furgonis saburavebis SemTxvevaSi.(...)

42. komisiam sworad Seafasa bazris struqtura da moTxovna, upiratesad Mi-chelin NV-s dilerebis doneze, maTi praqtikis gamoyenebiT. Michelin NV-m, mar-Talia, sxva konteqstSi, magram ganacxada, rom is iZulebuli gaxda, Seecvala Tavisi fasdaklebis sistema, Tavisi dilerebis specializaciis tendenciis gaT-valiswinebiT, romelTagan ramdenime, kerZod ki avtofarexebis mflobelebi, aRar yiddnen mZime avtomobilebisa da furgonebis saburavebs. es adasturebs dilerTa sxvadasxva jgufis moTxovnis struqturebs Soris arsebul gansx-vavebebs. Michelin NV-s arc is faqti gauxdia sadavod, rom mZime avtomobilis, msubuqi avtomobilisa da furgonis saburavebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi aseve arsebobs misi konkurentebis produqciaSic, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac es Seexeba fasdaklebis sistemebs, maSinac ki, rodesac sxvadasxva mwarmoeblebis mier warmoebuli saburavebis saxeebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodes erT detalSi.

271

43. miuxedavad amisa, im faqtidan, rom qmedeba, romlis mimarTac gamoiyen-eba gamonaklisi, ar gamomdinareobs, rom es saqme gavlenas axdens dilerebze, radgan Michelin NV-s mdgomareoba unda Sefasdes dilerebis mTlian brunvaSi Michelin-is wilis proporciulobis safuZvelze. vinaidan gamoZiebis SekiTxvaa, aqvs Tu ara Michelin NV-s dominanturi mdgomareoba bazarze, umniSvneloa is faqti, rom dilerebis saqmianoba ukavSirdeba imave produqcias, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am or produqcias Soris ar arsebobs konkurencia.

44. meore mxriv, imis gadawyvetisas, arsebobs Tu ara dominanturi mdgomareoba, arc mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis tipsa da zomebs Soris miwodebis elas-tikurobis ararseboba, rac produqciis pirobebs Soris gansxvavebas gamox-atavs, arc Canacvlebisa da moTxovnis elastikurobis ararseboba, aRniSnuli tipisa da zomis saburavebs Soris momxmareblis specialuri moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT, ar iZleva ufro patara bazrebis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, rogorc amas moiTxovda Michelin NV. saburavebis zomebsa da saxeebs Soris ar-sebuli, zemoT aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi dilerebisaTvis ar aris arsebiTad mniSvnelovani, vinaidan maT momxmareblebis mxridan SesaZloa, miRebuli hqon-deT moTxovna mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis srul xazze. amasTan, CarTu-li sawarmos mxridan konkretuli specializaciis ararsebobisas produqciaSi aseTi saxisa da zomis gansxvavebebs ar aqvT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba bazarze sawarmos mdgomareobis SefasebaSi, radgan teqnikur doneze maTi msgavseba da konkurenciis pirobebi bazarze maTTvis identuria.

45. Sesabamisad, komisiam samarTlianad daadgina, rom Michelin NV-s hqonda domi-nanturi mdgomareoba da misi sabazro wilis Sefasebisas absoluturad sworad miuTiTa satvirTo avtomobilebis, avtobusebisa da msgavsi avtomobilebis sa-bazro wilze da gamoricxa msubuqi avtomobilisa da furgonis saburavebis wili.

(bb) ganaxlebul saburavebs Soris konkurenciis gaTvaliswineba

46. imisaTvis, raTa daemtkicebina, rom misi bazris wili bevrad naklebi iyo, vi-dre komisiis mier Sefasebuli, aplikanti aseve Civis, rom komisiam usamarTlod gamoyo ganaxlebuli saburavebi Sesabamisi bazridan; aplikantis mixedviT, es momxmarebels sTavazobs arsebiT alternativas, rogorc xarisxis, aseve fasis gaTvaliswinebiT. am argumentis dasacavad Michelin NV axdens uamrav kalku-lacias, romlis mizanic aris ganaxlebuli saburavebis konkurentunarianobis Cveneba axali saburavebis mimarT.

47. komisiis mixedviT, ganaxlebuli saburavebi ar unda Sediodes zemoT gansaz-Rvrul Sesabamis bazarSi, radgan isini ar cvlis axal saburavebs. es, komisi-is mtkicebis mixedviT, asea, pirvel rigSi, momxmareblis damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, radgan isini axal saburavebs ufro daculad miiCneven; meore, ga-naxlebuli saburavebis umetesobas satransporto sawarmoebi swored TavisT-vis awarmoeben, xolo gansaxilveli bazari gulisxmobs momsaxurebis miwodebas; dabolos, vinaidan ganaxlebuli saburavebi aris meoradi produqti da masala ganaxlebuli saburavebisaTvis, rac mniSvnelovnad gamoricxavs ganaxlebuli saburavebis mier maT Canacvlebas, konkurencia unda Sefasdes pirvel bazarze, romelic mTliani bazris mniSvnelovani nawilia.

48. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom konkurentuli

272

urTierToba or produqts Soris ar gulisxmobs srul urTierTCanacvlebas konkretuli miznisaTvis; is ar aris winapiroba imis dasadgenad, rom arsebobs dominanturi mdgomareoba aRniSnuli produqtis bazarze, Tundac im SemTx-vevaSi, roca aseTis arseboba ar aris aucilebeli sxva nawilobriv Canacvle-badi produqciis arsebobis srulad gamosaricxavad, imdenad, ramdenadac ase-Ti konkurencia ar axdens gavlenas sawarmos SesaZleblobaze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinos pirobebze, romelSic unda iyos konkurencia an nebismier doneze moiqces sxva konkurentebis qmedebis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad, da, misi poziciidan gamomdinare, ar miiRos uaryofiTi Sedegi.

49. mxareebis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebidan da mowmeebis mier micemuli Cve-nebebidan, romlebic administraciuli mosmenisas Semowmda, aSkaraa, rom ganax-lebuli da axali saburavebi garkveul donemde Caenacvlebian erTmaneTs, ma-gram mxolod SezRudul doneze da ara yvela SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad amisa, Mi-chelin NV-m moaxdina kalkulacia imis saCveneblad, rom ganaxlebuli saburavebi xarisxiTa da fasiT Sedarebadia axal saburavebTan da rom momxmarebelTa didi ricxvi realurad axdens produqciis am ori jgufis Canacvlebas; amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom sandoobisa da usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, ganaxlebu-lis Rirebuleba naklebia, vidre axali saburavisa. komisiam ganacxada, rom momxmarebelTa mniSvnelovan nawils konkretuli daTqmebi aqvs ganaxlebuli saburavebis gamoyenebasTan, kerZod ki, avtomobilis wina saburavebTan dakav-SirebiT.(...)

51. amasTan, konkurentebis mimarT Michelin NV-s bazris wilis zomis Sefasebisas ar unda gamogvrCes, rom ganaxlebuli saburavebis bazari aris meoradi, rac damokidebulia axali saburavebis bazarze arsebul miwodebasa da fasebze, rad-gan yvela ganaxlebuli saburavi adre iyo axali saburavi da arsebobs zRvari, romlis Semdegac saburavis ganaxleba SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mniSvnelovani nawili yovelTvis dakmayofildeba axali saburavebiT. aseT pi-robebSi dominantur mdgomareobaSi yofna sawarmos ayenebs privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ganaxlebuli saburavebis mwarmoebeli sawarmoebis mimarT da es mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs, moiqces bazris pirobebisagan metad damoukide-blad, vidre es SesaZlebelia ganaxlebaze momuSave sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi.

52. zemoT aRniSnulidan naTelia, rom nawilobrivi konkurencia, romelSic axali saburavebis mwarmoeblebi monawileoben, ganaxlebuli saburavebis mwar-moeblebTan erTad, ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom axali saburavebis mwar-moeblebs CamoerTvaT maTi ekonomikuri Zalaufleba, romelsac floben axali saburavebis bazarze, TavianTi dominanturi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare. Mi-chelin NV-s mdgomareobis Sefasebisas misi konkurentebis siZlieresa da raode-nobasTan dakavSirebiT, komisia marTali iyo, rodesac mxedvelobaSi miiRo 57-idan 65%-amde wili mZime avtomobilebis axali da Canacvlebadi saburavebis bazarze. Michelin NV-s ZiriTadi konkurentebis wili Seadgens 4-idan 8%-s, rac xazs usvams Michelin NV-s upiratesobas mis konkurentebTan mimarTebiT, maSinac ki, rodesac mxedvelobaSi miiReba ganaxlebuli saburavebis mwarmoeblebTan arsebuli konkurencia.

273

saqme France Telecom SA v. Commission311:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

78. miRebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT (saqme 322/81, Nederlandsce Banden-Industrie Michelin v. Commission [1983] ECR 3461, para. 37; saqme T-65/96 Kish Glass v. Commission [2000] ECR II-1885, para 62; da saqme T-219/99British Airways v. Commission [2003] ECR II-5917, para. 91), mocemuli produqtis bazarze SesaZlo dominanturi mdgomareobis gamoZiebis miznebisaTvis konkurenciis SesaZlebloba unda dadgindes im bazris konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba srulad im produqtebisa Tu momsaxurebisagan, romlebic, maTi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, mosaxerxebelia mudmivi saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad da mxolod SezRudul doneze xdeba maTi Canacvleba sxva produqciasa Tu momsaxurebasTan. amasTan, Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvra gamoiyeneba imis Sefasebisas, SeuZlia Tu ara sawarmos, Tavisi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, Tavidan aicilos efeqturi konkurenciis arseboba da moiqces mniSvnelovan donemde Tavisi konkurentebisagan damoukideblad da am SemTxvevaSi Tavisi momsaxurebis mimwodeblebisagan damoukidebladac. am TvalsazrisiT Semowmeba ar SeiZleba SezRuduli iyos Sesabamisi momsaxurebis obieqtur maxasiaTeblebiT, aramed mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli bazarze arsebuli sakonkurencio pirobebi da miwodebisa da moTxovnis struqtura.

79. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqtis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sxvadasxva miznisaTvis da Tu gamoyenebis sxvadasxva saxe Seesabameba ekonomikur saWiroebebs, romlebic Tavis mxrivac gansxvavebulia, arsebobs kargi safuZveli imis misaCnevad, rom am produqts, garemoebebis mixedviT, SeiZleba hqondes sxva, calkeuli bazari, romelsac SesaZloa, hqondes specifikuri Tvisebebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba rogorc konkurenciis struqturiT, aseve misi pirobebiT. Tumca es faqti ar amarTlebs im daskvnas, rom es produqti, sxva produqtebTan erTad, romliTac sxvadasxva formiT gamoyenebisas SeiZleba moxdes misi Canacvleba, an romlis konkurentic SeiZleba is iyos, qmnis erT, erTian bazars.

80. Sesabamisi bazris koncefcia gulisxmobs, rom SeiZleba warmoiqmnas efeq-turi konkurencia im produqtebs Soris, romlebic qmnian mis nawils, rac gu-lisxmobs, rom arsebobs urTierTCanacvlebis sakmarisi done yvela im produqts Soris, romelic Seadgens erTi da imave bazris nawils imdenad, ramdenadac aseTi produqtebis specifikuri gamoyeneba aris saWiro (saqme 85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche &Co AG v. EC Commission [1979] ECR 461, [1979] 3 CMLR 211, para. 28.).

81. gaerTianebis konkurenciis samarTlis miznebisaTvis (OJ 1997 C, 372, gv. 5, para. 7) komisiis mier Sesabamisi bazris definiciidan Cans, rom Sesabamisi produqtis bazari moicavs yvela im produqts da/an momsaxurebas, romelTac momxmarebeli miiCnevs urTierTCanacvlebadad an Semcvlelad, produqtis maxa-siaTeblebis, maTi fasebisa da miznobrivi gamoyenebis mixedviT.

82. aRsaniSnavia, rom ar aris mcire gansxvavebac ki maRali da dabali xarisxis daSvebas Soris. (...)

89. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom WIN-is mier Segrovebuli da mowode-buli informaciidan aSkaraa, mocemul sakvlev periodSi maRali siCqaris in-ternetis momxmarebelTa migracia dabali siCqaris internetis momxmarebelTa

311 Case T-340/03, France Telecom SA v. Commission, 30/01/2007.

274

jgufSi, miuxedavad fasSi arsebuli sxvaobisa, Zalian dabalia. aRniSnuli ar-sebiTi gansxvaveba migraciis koeficientSi maRali da dabali siCqaris interne-tis momxmarebelTa Soris damajereblobas ar sZens im arguments, rom es ori momsaxureba urTierTCanacvlebadia momxmareblisaTvis.(...)

90. meore, komisiis saxeliT Catarebuli da WIN-is aplikacias darTuli kv-levidan Cans, rom momxmarebelTa 80% SeinarCunebda provaider kompanias fase-bis 5-idan 10%-amde zrdis SemTxvevaSi. komisiis moxsenebis me-17 paragrafis mixedviT, romelic Seexeba gaerTianebis konkurenciis samarTlis miznebisaT-vis Sesabamisi bazris definicias, momxmarebelTa maRali procenti, romelic, fasis 5-10%-iT zrdis miuxedavad, ar apirebs provaideris Secvlas, aris moTx-ovnis mxriv Canacvlebis ararsebobis Zlieri indikatori.

91. Sesabamisad, zemoT aRniSnulis mixedviT, unda dadgindes: komisiam sworad gansazRvra, rom ar arsebobda Canacvlebis sakmarisi done maRali da dabali siCqaris internetis provaiderebs Soris da samarTlianad gansazRvra bazari maRali siCqaris internetis momxmareblebisTvis.

saqme Hugin Kassaregister AB and Hugin Cash Registers LTD v. Commission312:

evropuli sasamarTlo

5. davis mosagvareblad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia, ganisazRvros Sesabamisi bazari. amisaTvis mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT faqti, rom Hugin-s sawinaaRmde-god dadgenili qceva moicavs `liftonisaTvis~, da saerTod misi sadistribu-cio qselis gareT myofi sadistribucio kompaniebisaTvis, nawilebis miwode-baze uaris Tqmas. SekiTxva aseTia: ramdenad Seesabameba nawilebis miwode-ba calkeul bazars, Tu is aris ufro farTo bazris Semadgeneli nawili? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia ganisazRvros im klientTa katego-ria, romlebic moiTxovdnen aseT nawilebs.

6. am TvalsazrisiT, dadgenilia, erTi mxriv, sakaso aparatebi iseTi teqnikuri xasiaTisaa, rom momxmarebels ar SeuZlia raime nawilis manqanaSi Cadeba da amisaTvis sWirdeba teqnikosis specialuri momsaxureba, xolo meore mxriv, nawilebis Rirebulebas aqvs mcire mniSvneloba Senaxvisa da SekeTebisas. amitom sakaso aparatebis momxmareblebi ar xvdebian bazarze rogorc misi nawilebis Semsyidvelebi, vinaidan isini uvlian da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeakeTeben Ta-vianT aparatebs. miuxedavad imisa, iyeneben isini Hugin-is Sesyidvis Semdgom momsaxurebas, Tu eyrdnobian Semnaxvel da SemkeTebel samuSaoebSi CarTul damoukidebel sawarmoebs, maTi pirdapiri da damoukidebeli moTxovna nawile-bze ar Cans, vinaidan namdvilad arsebobs Senaxvisa da SekeTebis bazari, romel-ic gansxvavdeba axali sakaso aparatebis bazrisagan. es aucileblad aris mom-saxurebis gawevis bazari da ara nawilebis gasayidi bazari, ris miwodebazec uari komisiis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis sagania.

7. meore mxriv, sxva safexurze arsebobs gansxvavebuli bazari Hugin-is nawilebi-sTvis, kerZod ki im damoukidebeli sawarmoebisTvis, romlebic specializebuli arian sakaso aparatebis Senaxvasa da SekeTebaSi, gamoyenebuli sakaso aparatebis

312 Case 22/78, Hugin Kassaregister AB and Hugin Cash Registers LTD v. Commission [1979] ECR 1869, [1979] 3 CMLR 345.

275

gadakeTebaSi, gamoyenebuli aparatebis gayidvasa da maT gaqiravebaSi. bazarze aseTi sawarmoebis roli biznesia, romelic maTi sxvadasxva saqmianobisTvis moiTxovs nawilebs. maT nawilebi sWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom moemsaxuron sakaso aparatebis sxvadasxva momxmarebels, iqneba es Senaxvisa da SekeTebis, gamoyen-ebuli sakaso aparatebis gadakeTebis, Tu gamoyenebuli aparatebis gayidvisa da maTi gaqiravebis formiT. dabolos, maT aRniSnuli nawilebi sWirdebaT Ta-vianTi kuTvnili aparatebis SekeTebisaTvis, maTi Semdgomi gayidvisa Tu gaq-iravebis mizniT. garda amisa, dadgenilia, rom Hugin-is nawilebze arsebobs gansakuTrebuli moTxovna, radgan es nawilebi ar aris Canacvlebadi sakaso aparatebis sxva nawilebTan.

8. Sesabamisad, Hugin-is nawilebis bazari, romelzec moTxovna aqvs sxvadasxva sawarmos, am saqmis faqtebisaTvis xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis mocemulobis mixedviT, aris Sesabamisi bazari. faqtobrivad is aris bazari, romelzec moxda mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba.

9. aucilebelia imis gamokvleva, imyofeba Tu ara am bazarze Hugin dominantur mdgomareobaSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Hugin aRniSnavs, rom mas nawileb-is bazarze monopolia aqvs. komerciuli miznebisaTvis nawilebis nebismieri konkurenciuli produqcia, romelic Hugin-is sakaso aparatebSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, ar aris damajerebeli. Hugin amtkicebs, rom arsebobs nawilebis mowodebis sxva wyaro, kerZod ki gamoyenebuli aparatebis daSla da Sesyid-va. mowodebis aRniSnuli wyaros faseuloba mxareebis davis sagania. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom dokumentebidan sakaso aparatebis sferoSi Cans gamoyenebuli aparatebis daSlis praqtikis arseboba, is ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes mowode-bis sakmaris alternatiul wyarod. Sesabamisad `liftonis~ wliuri brunva im wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac Hugin mas uars eubneboda nawilebis miwodebaze, misi gayidvisa da gaqiravebis wili Hugin-is nawilebiT SekeTebis biznesis sa-fuZvelze mkveTrad Semcirda, ara marto absolutur pirobebSi gamoxatulad, aramed ufro metad realur pirobebSi, inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.

10. Sesabamisad, misi nawilebis bazarze Hugin imyofeba mdgomareobaSi, romelic mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs, imoqmedos Tavisi konkurentuli mowodebis wyaros gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs safuZveli imaSi eWvis Sesa-tanad, rom mas bazarze aqvs 82-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli dominanturi mdgo-mareoba.

saqme Hilti AG v. Commission313:pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

64. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom bazarze Hilti-is mdgomareobis SefasebisaT-vis unda ganisazRvros Sesabamisi bazari, radgan konkurenciis SesaZlebloba sxva produqtebTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod im produqtebis meS-veobiT, romlebsac aqvT unari, daakmayofilon araelastikuri saWiroebebi da mx-olod SezRudulad Caenacvlebian sxva produqtebs (...).

66. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom lursmnis pistoleti, kartrijis lenti da lurs-mani Seesabameba sam gansxvavebul bazars. vinaidan kartrijis lenti da lurs-mani specifikurad mzaddeba da aseve xdeba maTi Sesyidva momxmareblis mier

313 Case T-30/89, Hilti AG v. Commission [1991] ECR II-439, [1992] 4 CMLR 16.

276

erTaderTi brendis pistoletisaTvis, unda dadgindes, rom arsebobs calkeu-li bazari Hilti-is Sesabamisi kartrijis lentebisa da lursmnebisaTvis, rogorc amas adgens komisia Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi (para. 55).

67. lursmnis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba, misi gamoyeneba Hilti-is aparatebSi, arsebiTi elementia am davaSi, radgan 1960 wlis Semdeg arsebobdnen damoukide-beli mwarmoeblebi, romlebic amzadebdnen lursmnebs Sesabamisi pistolete-bisaTvis. zogierTi mwarmoebeli specializebulia mxolod pistoletebis damzadebaSi da, ra Tqma unda, ramdenime maTgani amzadebs lursmnebs mxolod Hilti-s aparatebisTvis. es faqti, TavisTavad, JRers rogorc Hilti-is aparaturis Sesabamisi lursmnebis calkeuli bazris arsebobis mtkicebuleba.

68. Hilti-is mtkiceba, rom pistoletebi, kartrijis lentebi da lursmnebi miC-neul unda iqnes erT mTlianobad, praqtikulad udris lursmnis pistoletis mwarmoeblebisaTvis nebarTvis micemas, gamoricxon sxva moxmarebis sagnebis gamoyeneba maTi warmoebuli produqciidan. rogorc Cans, konkurenciis samar-Tlis garda, saerTo wesebisa Tu damavaldebulebeli gancxadebebis ararse-bobis gamo mwarmoeblebs SeuZliaT iseTi moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba, rom-lebic gaTvlili iqneba ara marto maTi produqciisaTvis, aramed maTi gamoy-eneba SesaZlebeli iqneba sxva brendis produqciasTan mimarTebiT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, aseTi tipis warmoeba ar daarRvevs patentis an sxva industriuli Tu inteleqtualuri samarTlis normebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu daveyrdnobiTY ap-likantis mtkicebas, rom sxvadasxva warmoebis erTi da igive produqcia ar aris Canacvlebadi, Tu ar moxdeba gamosayenebeli sistemebis Secvla, am sakiTxis regulireba unda moxdes Sesabamisi kanonebisa da regulaciebis miRebis gziT da ara lursmnis pistoletebis mwarmoebelTa calmxrivi zomebiT, rasac aqvs damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebisaTvis biznesis moculobis gazrdis uperspeq-tivobis efeqti.(...)

77. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom Sesabamisi produqtis bazari Hilti-is sa-bazro mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis unda iyos misi pistoletebisaTvis gaTv-lili lursmnebis bazari.

78. es daskvna gamomdinareobs Hilti-is mier komisiisaTvis miwerili 1983 wlis 23 martis zemoT aRniSnuli werilidan, romelSic gamoxatulia pozicia, rom arsebobs calkeuli bazrebi pistoletisTvis, kartrijis lentebisa da lursm-nebisaTvis. marTalia, es ar aris 82-e muxlis miznebisaTvis misaRebi `Sesabami-si bazris~ interpretacia, magram werilis Sinaarsi mniSvnelovnad gamoxatavs Hilti-is komerciul xedvas im bazarTan dakavSirebiT, romelSic is saqmianobs. Hilti-m ganmarta, rom werili moamzada misma kerZo iuristma gareSe iuridiul mrCevelTan da produqtis menejerTan erTad. Sesabamisad, werili Seadgines im pirebma, romlebsac, unda vivaraudoT, rom sawarmosa da misi saqmianobis Tao-baze sruli warmodgena hqondaT.

277

saqme British Airways plc v. Commission314:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

89. gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlos mosazreba iyo Semdegi, rom BA-s dominanturi mdgomareobis dadgenis mizniT, saWiro iyo produqtis ba-zris ganxilva, romelic Sedgeba im momsaxurebebisagan, romelTac aviaxazebi yiduloben turistuli saagentoebisagan sakuTari aviabileTebis marketingisa da distribuciis mizniT. komisiis azriT, aviaxazebis mier implementirebul praqtikas aqvs turistuli saagentoebis momsaxurebis bazris sahaero trans-portis bazrisagan damoukideblad Seqmnis efeqti.

90. komisiam aseve daafiqsira mosazreba, rom Sesabamisi geografiuli bazari am saqmeSi, turistuli saagentoebis biznesis erovnuli CarCoebis mixedviT, iyo gaerTianebuli samefos teritoria.

91. Sesabamisi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT (saqme 322/81 Michelin v. Commis-sion [1983] ECR 3461, para. 37; saqme T-65/96 Kish Glass v. Commission [2000] ECR II-1885, para 62, gasaCivrebis Semdeg dadasturebuli sasamarTlos mier saqmeSi C-241/00 P Kish Glass v. Commission [2001] ECR I-7759), imisaTvis, rom Semowmdes produqciis konkretul bazarze sawarmos SesaZlo dominanturi mdgomareo-ba, konkurenciis SesaZlebloba unda Sefasdes im bazris konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba im momsaxurebebisa da produqciisagan, romlebic maTi maxasiaTeblebi-dan gamomdinare akmayofileben konkretul saWiroebebs da romlebic mxolod SezRudul doneze Caenacvlebian sxva momsaxurebebsa da produqcias. garda amisa, vinaidan Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvra gamoiyeneba imis Sefasebisas, Seu-Zlia Tu ara CarTul sawarmos, Tavidan aicilos efeqturi konkurencia da imoqmedos sagrZnob donemde misi konkurentebis da am konkretuli SemTxvevi-saTvis misi momsaxurebis mimwodeblebisagan damoukideblad, aseTi Sefaseba ar SeiZleba SeizRudos Sesabamisi momsaxurebis maxasiaTeblebiT da mxedvelobaSi aucileblad unda iqnes miRebuli konkurenciis pirobebi da bazarze arsebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis struqtura.

92. BA-s mtkicebidan Cans, rom is Tavadac acnobierebs turistuli saagentoe-bis momsaxurebis calke bazris arsebobas, vinaidan misi gancxadebis 11.34 para-grafSi is acxadebs, rom turistuli saagentoebi TviTon moqmedeben konkuren-tul bazarze da erTmaneTs ejibrebian momxmareblebisaTvis SeZlebisdagvard saukeTeso momsaxurebis miwodebaSi.

93. amasTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom turistuli saagento moqmedebs aviaxazis saxeliT, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs satransporto momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul yvela risksa da upiratesobas da romelic aformebs kontraqts pirdapir momxmareblebTan, _ is moqmedebs rogorc damoukidebeli Suamavali, romelic momsaxurebis miwodebiT axorcielebs damoukidebel saqmianobas (amas-Tan dakavSirebiT ix. VVR-is gadawyvetileba, saqme 311/87, ECR 3801, [1989] 4CMLR 213 para. 20).

94. rogorc komisia acxadebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 31-e paragrafSi, turistuli saagentoebis gansakuTrebuli biznesi Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, poten-ciuri mogzaurebisaTvis rCevebis micemiT, aviabileTebis dajavSniT da ga-

314 Case T-219/99, BriTish Airways plc v. Commission [2004] 4 CMLR 1008.

278

cemiT, satransporto tarifebis SekrebiT da aviaxazebisaTvis gadacemiT da, meore mxriv, aviaxazebisaTvis sareklamo momsaxurebis gaweviTa da komerciuli xelisSewyobiT.

95. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, BA Tavad acxadebs, rom turistuli saagen-toebi aris da iqneba, sul mcire cota xnis ganmavlobaSi mainc, aviaxazebis ZiriTadi sadistribucio gza, romelic maT miscems SesaZleblobas, efeqturad gayidon adgilebi maT mier Sesrulebul frenebze da rom arsebobs Cumi urT-ierTdamokidebuleba turistul saagentoebsa da aviaxazebs Soris, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, ar SeuZliaT sahaero satransporto momsaxurebis efeqturi gan-Tavseba bazarze.

96. rogorc BA-m aseve ganacxada, turistuli saagentoebi axdenen sahaero marSrutebis, gafrenisa da Cafrenis droebis bevrad farTo arCevanis SeT-avazebas, vidre amas gaakeTebda romelime aviaxazi. turistuli saagentoebi axdenen frenasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva informaciis filtracias mogzau-rTa sasargeblod, romlebic emyareba sxvadasxva aviaxazis mier SeTavazebuli frenis struqturasa da fasebs.

97. BA-m aseve aRniSna, rom is roli, romelsac asruleben turistuli saagen-toebi aviaxazebis bileTebis distribuciisas, ganmartavs, Tu ratom surT avi-axazebs, SesTavazon maT TavianTi adgilebis gayidviT miRebuli upiratesobebi. turistuli saagentoebis mier aviaxazebisaTvis gaweuli momsaxurebis Seucv-leli xasiaTi aris yvela im safasuris miRma, romelTac turistul kompanias sTavazoben aviaxazebi.

98. dabolos, BA-m Tavad aRniSna xazgasmiT, rom turistuli saagentoebis um-etesoba individualurad awarmoebs molaparakebebs aviaxazebTan bileTebis distribuciasTan dakavSirebiT da, Sesabamisad, maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, aviax-azi gaxadon konkurentunariani.

99. turistuli saagentoebis mier aviaxazebis mimarT gaweuli momsaxurebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, aviaxazebis mier imave momsaxurebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, saagentoebis Canacvlebis raime saxis seriozuli SesaZleblobis gareSe, ganmtkicebulia faqtiT, rom im movlenebis ganmavlobaSi, romlis drosac aris Setanili saCivari, gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze gayiduli aviabileTe-bis 85% gayiduli iyo swored Suamavali turistuli saagentoebis meSveobiT.

100. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom turistuli saagentoebis momsaxure-ba aris ekonomikuri aqtivoba, romlisTvisac gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis dros aviaxazebs ar SeeZloT maTi bileTebis distribuciis Canacvleba sxva formiT da rom is, Tavis mxriv, Seesabameba aviatransportis bazrisagan gansx-vavebul momsaxurebis bazars.

101. is faqti, rom konkurenciis SezRudva, romelsac komisia adgens BA-s mier Sesrulebuli anazRaurebis sqemebidan gamomdinare, warmoiSoba BA-s arse-buli mdgomareobidan, romelic mas hqonda ara rogorc mimwodebels, aramed rogorc turistuli saagentos momsaxurebis myidvels, gansaxilveli bazris gansazRvrisaTvis ararelevanturia. xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli gamoiyeneba im sawarmoebis mimarT, romelTa dominanturi mdgomareoba dadgenilia rogorc mocemul saqmeSi maT mier ganxorcielebuli produqciis miwodebasTan dakav-

279

SirebiT, ise im sawarmoebis/pirebis mimarT, romlebsac SeuZliaT imave mdgo-mareobaSi iyvnen momxmareblebTan mimarTebiTac.

102. BA-m mosmenaze Tavad gaacnobiera, rom rogorc gamyidvelisaTvis, ise myid-velisaTvis aris SesaZlebeli dominantur mdgomareobaSi yofna xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis miznebisaTvis.

103. aqedan gamomdinare, BA-s ar SeuZlia, marTebulad amtkicos, rom gan-saxilveli produqciis bazris gansazRvrisaTvis, im mosazrebiT, rom Sefas-des finansuri upiratesobis gavlena konkurenciis Sedegebze, risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia gaerTianebul samefoSi moqmedi turistuli saagentoebisaTvis, aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia sahaero satransporto mom-saxurebis erT mimwodebels erT konkretul marSrutze momgebianad gazardos fasi.

104. aseTi parametri, romelic relevanturi iqneba TiToeul aviaxazTan mi-marTebiT, ar aris im xasiaTis, rom SesaZlebloba misces BA-s, ganaviTaros ekonomikuri siZliere ara rogorc aviasatransporto momsaxurebis mimwode-belma, aramed rogorc turistuli saagentos momsaxurebis myidvelma, gaer-Tianebuli samefodan da misi mimarTulebiT arsebul yvela marSrutze, rogorc turistuli saagentoebis momsaxurebis Semsyidvel yvela sxva aviaxazTan, aseve gaerTianebul samefoSi moqmed yvela turistul saagentosTan mimarTebiT.

105. BA-s saCivari komisiis mier dadgenili produqciis bazarTan mimarTebiT, romelic efuZneba aviabileTebis distribuciis SesaZlo marginalizacias tur-istuli saagentoebis Suamdgomlobis meSveobiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom aviaxaze-bis mier geografiuli mimarTulebebiT eqskluziuri specializacia da konkre-tul mimarTulebebze monopoliuri mdgomareobis mqone aviaxazis damoukide-beli qmedeba ar unda iyos mxedvelobaSi miRebuli.

106. aRniSnuli argumentebi efuZneba situaciebs, romlebic an hipoTezuria, an ucxoa gansaxilveli produqciis bazrisaTvis, rac aseve gamoxatulia sahaero transportis saagentoebis momsaxurebaSi, moqmedi konkurenciis pirobebSi, rogorc am momsaxurebis momwodebel saagentoebs, aseve im aviakompaniebs So-ris, romlebic iyeneben maT.

107. Sesabamisad, komisias ar dauSvia Secdoma saTanado produqtis bazris gansazRvrisas turistuli saagentoebis mier miwodebul momsaxurebaze imis dadgenisas, flobda Tu ara BA dominantur mdgomareobas aRniSnuli momsax-urebis Sesyidvisas.(...)

108. geografiuli bazris gansasazRvravad, Sesabamisi sasamarTlo praqti-ka aCvenebs, rom is unda ganisazRvros rogorc teritoria, romelzec yvela movaWre moqmedebs imave an mniSvnelovnad erTgvarovan konkurenciul pirobeb-Si, imdenad, ramdenadac es moicavs specifikur relevantur produqcias Tu momsaxurebas, da ar aris aucilebeli, es pirobebi iyos arsebiTad erTgvaro-vani (saqme T-83/91 Tetra Pak v. Commission [1994] ECR II-755, para. 91, romelic dada-sturda gasaCivrebis Semdeg gadawyvetilebaSi C-333-94 P Tetra Pak v. COmmission (Tetra Pak II) [1996] ECR I-5951).

280

109. Zneli uarsayofia, rom saqmeebis yovlismomcvel umravlesobaSi mogzau-rebi javSnian aviabileTebs maT sacxovrebel qveyanaSi. Tumca BA amtkicebda, rom turistuli saagentoebis mier gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze gay-iduli yvela bileTi aucileblad ar iyo gayiduli am qveynis rezidentebze, man aRniSna, rom tranzaqciebi, romlebic ganxorcielda gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriis gareT, ar iyo Setanili angariSSi.

110. garda amisa, rogorc komisiam ganacxada, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 83-e paragrafSi, BA-s mier sirTuleebis Seqmnis gareSe IATA-s wesebi aviabi-leTebSi kuponebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiwvevda gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriis gareT gayiduli bileTebis gamoyenebas gaerTianebuli samefos aeroportebidan gafrenis mizniT.

111. vinaidan aviabileTebis distribucia xdeba nacionalur doneze, aviaxaze-bi, rogorc wesi, yiduloben bileTebis distribuciis momsaxurebas erovnul doneze, rogorc naCvenebia BA-s mier xelmoweril SeTanxmebebSi gaerTianebul samefoSi moqmed turistul saagentoebTan.

112. aseve ar gamoTqmula eWvi im faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom aviaxazebi Tavi-anT komerciul momsaxurebas argeben nacionalur saWiroebebs da struqturas (...).

113. aseve ar gausaCivrebia BA-s komisiis ganacxadi, rom is gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze moqmedi turistuli saagentoebis mimarT iyenebda Ses-rulebis anazRaurebis sqemebs erTi formis mixedviT wevri saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze.

114. aseve ar uaruyvia BA-s, rom sadavo finansuri wamaxaliseblebi gamoiyen-eboda mxolod gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze BA-s bileTebis gayidvis mimarT, maSinac ki, roca aseTi wamaxalisebeli garemoebebi iyo SeTanxmebis nawili, romelic dadebuli iyo turistul saagentosTan, romlis moqmedebac scildeboda erTi wevri saxelmwifos sazRvrebs.

115. BA-s mier warmoebuli mtkicebis sapirispirod, faqti, rom is debda globalur SeTanxmebebs garkveul turistul saagentoebTan, ar aris sakma-risi imis dasadgenad, rom am ukanasknels urTierToba hqonda saerTaSoriso doneze. rogorc naCvenebia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis me-20 paragrafSi, romelic ar gausaCivrebia BA-s, aseTi globaluri SeTanxmebebi xelmowerili iyo mxolod sam turistul saagentosTan da Seexeboda mxolod 1992-1993 wleb-is zamTris periods. garda amisa, es SeTanxmebebi emateboda lokalur SeTanx-mebebs CarTul saxelmwifoebSi.

116. Sesabamisad, ar gamomdinareobs, rom komisia Secda Sesabamisi geografi-uli bazris gansazRvrisas, rodesac aseTad daasaxela gaerTianebuli samefo, raTa eCvenebina, rom BA-s Sesabamis bazarze ekava dominanturi mdgomareoba, rogorc turistuli saagentoebis momsaxurebis Semsyidvels, gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze moqmedi saagentoebisagan.

117. Sesabamisad, saCivari Sesabamisi produqciisa da geografiuli bazrebis arasworad ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli.

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saqme Europemballage Corp & Continental Can Co Inc v. Commission315: evropuli sasamarTlo

32. SLW-is dominanturi mdgomareobisa da gasaCivrebuli Serwymis Sefasebi-saTvis Sesabamisi bazris definicia aris arsebiTad mniSvnelovani, vinaidan konkurenciis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod gansaxilveli produqci-is maxasiaTeblebTan kavSirSi, romlis meSveobiTac aRniSnul produqcias Seu-Zlia daakmayofilos araelastikuri saWiroeba da mxolod SezRudul doneze Caenacvleba sxva produqtebs.

33. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gadawyvetilebis meore nawilis me-5 da me-7 para-grafebi Seexeba `dakonservebuli xorcis produqtebis msubuqi qilebis ba-zars~, `dakonservebuli zRvis produqtebis msubuqi qilebis bazarsa~ da, `saW-mlis SefuTvisaTvis gvirgviniseburi sacobis garda, yvela saxeobis metalis saxuravis bazars~, romlebzec SLW-is hqonda dominanturi mdgomareoba da romlebzec gasaCivrebuli Serwymis Sedegad safrTxe eqmneboda konkurencias. gadawyvetileba ar iZleva raime saxis detalebs, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba aRniS-nuli sami bazari erTmaneTisgan da, Sesabamisad, ratom unda moxdes maTi ganx-ilva cal-calke. aseve araferia naTqvami imis Taobaze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba aRniSnuli sami calkeuli bazari msubuqi metalis konteinerebis erTi saerTo bazrisgan, kerZod, xilisa da bostneulis metalis konteinerebis bazrisgan, Sededebuli rZis, zeiTunis zeTis, xilis wvenisa da qimioteqnikuri produqtis bazrisgan. imisaTvis, rom miCneuli iyos rogorc gancalkevebuli bazari, gan-saxilveli produqti unda iyos individualizebuli ara marto im niSniT, rom isini gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva produqciis SefuTvisaTvis, aramed produqtis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic maT gadaaqcevs am miznisaTvis gamosay-eneblad. Sesabamisad, dominanturi mdgomareoba xorcisa da Tevzis metalis msubuqi konteinerebis bazarze ar aris ganmsazRvreli faqtori, vinaidan ar dadasturebula, rom msubuqi metalis konteinerebis sxva seqtorSi arsebul konkurentebs ar SeuZliaT zemoaRniSnul bazarze SeRweva sakmarisi ZaliT imi-saTvis, rom Seqmnan mniSvnelovani alternativa.

saqme Nederlandsche Banden-Industrie Michelin v. Commission316:

evropuli sasamarTlo

23. aplikantis pirveli ganacxadi am nawilSi asaCivrebs komisiis gadawyvetile-bas, rom saerTo bazris arsebiT nawili, romelzec mas aqvs dominanturi mdgomareoba, aris niderlandebi. Michelin NV acxadebs, rom geografiuli ba-zris aseTi ganmarteba aris Zalian viwro. amas ewinaaRmdegeba faqti, rom komisiam Tavisi gadawyvetileba daafuZna Michelin-is jgufis mier warmodgenil faqtorebs, rogorebicaa: teqnologiuri ganviTareba da finansuri siZliere, romelic, aplikantis azriT, ukavSirdeba bevrad ufro farTo bazars, Tu ara msoflio bazars. Michelin NV-s ZiriTadi konkurentebis saqmianobac msoflio bazarze xorcieldeba. 24. komisia acxadebs, rom aRniSnuli ufro naklebad Seexeba bazris gansaz-Rvrebas, vidre kriteriumebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba dominanturi mdgomareo-bis arsebobis dasadgenad. vinaidan saburavebis mwarmoeblebma airCies, gaeyi-

315 Case 6/72, Europemballage Corp & Continental Can Co Inc v. Commission [1973] ECR 215, [1973] CMLR 199.316 Case 322/81, Nederlandsche Banden-Industrie Michelin v. Commission [1983] ECR 3461, [1985] 1 CMLR 282.

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daT TavianTi produqcia sxvadasxva erovnul bazarze erovnuli Suamavlebis meSveobiT, konkurencia, romelic mimarTulia Michelin NV-s mimarT, aris nider-landebis bazarze.

25. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi gadawyvetileba man mi-marTa ara mTlianad Michelin-is jgufis, aramed mxolod niderlandebis teri-toriaze Tavisi Svilobili kompaniisaken. sadavo ar gamxdara, rom Michelin NV-s ZiriTadi konkurentebi aseve axorcieleben saqmianobas niderlandebSi Tavi-anTi jgufebis adgilobrivi Svilobili kompaniebis meSveobiT.

26. komisiis mtkiceba Seexeba Michelin NV-s produqts saburavebis dilerebTan mimarTebiT, ufro konkretulad ki mis fasdaklebis sistemebs. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, sxvadasxva konkurenti jgufis Svilobili kompaniebis komerciuli politika, rogorc wesi, adaptirebulia TiToeuli bazris specifikur Tvise-bebze. praqtikaSi niderlandebSi dafuZnebuli dilerebi miwodebas iReben mx-olod niderlandebis teritoriaze dafuZnebuli mimwodeblebisagan. Sesabam-isad, komisia marTali iyo, rodesac daadgina, rom konkurencias Michelin NV, ZiriTadad, niderlandebis bazarze awydeboda da rom am doneze konkurenciis obieqturi pirobebi gamomdinareobda movaWreebisagan.

27. aRniSnuli daskvnebi ar aris dakavSirebuli SekiTxvasTan, Tu ramdenad Se-dis aseT garemoebebSi is faqtorebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Michelin-is jgufisa da misi konkurentebis mdgomareobas ufro farTo bazarze. aRniSnuli mxed-velobaSia misaRebi, rodesac misaRebia gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara dominanturi mdgomareoba Sesabamisi produqciis bazarze.

28. vinaidan saerTo bazris arsebiTi nawili am saqmeSi aris niderlandebi, Mi-chelin NV-s mdgomareoba unda Sefasdes niderlandebis bazarze.(...)

53. aplikanti Semdeg davobs komisiis mier dominanturi mdgomareobis dadgenis dadasturebisaTvis gamoyenebuli sxva kriteriumebisa da mtkicebulebebis Taobaze. is amtkicebs, rom is ar aris erTaderTi sawarmo, romelsac hyavs komerciuli warmomadgeneli, rom daqiravebuli personalis raodenoba imave sferoSi mis ZiriTad konkurentebs ufro meti hqondaT, vidre mas da rom misi produqciis farTo arCevani ar iyo konkurentuli upiratesoba, vinaidan gan-sxvavebuli tipis saburavebi ar aris Canacvlebadi erTmaneTTan da is dilerebs ar sTxovda saburavebis mTliani seriis Sesyidvas.

54. is aseve amtkicebs, rom komisiam ar gaiTvaliswina im mtkicebulebiTi faq-torebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romlebic SeuTavsebeli iyo dominantur mdgomareobasTan. magaliTad, dilerebisaTvis saburavebis TviTRirebulebasa da gasayid fass Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba Michelin-is saburavebsa da misi konkurentebis saburavebs Soris SedarebiTia, xolo momxmareblebisaTvis, milebis mixedviT saburavebis Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, Michelin-is saburave-bi ufro momgebiania. 1979 wlidan Michelin NV-s hqonda danakargebi. vinaidan misi warmoebis simZlavre ar aris sakmarisi, mis konkurentebs, romlebic fin-ansurad ufro Zlierebi arian da meti diversifikacia aqvT, vidre Michelin-is jgufs, SeuZliaT nebismier momentSi Caanacvlon maT mier misawodebeli raode-noba. dabolos, vinaidan mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis momxmareblebi ar-ian gamocdili myidvelebi, maT SeuZliaT imoqmedon saburavebis mwarmoebelTa

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gamawonasworeblad.

55. am argumentebis sapasuxod, pirvel rigSi, ganxilul unda iqnes, rom ho-landiis bazarze Michelin NV-s da misi konkurentebis ekonomikuri siZlieris Sefasebisas sawarmoebs upiratesobebi, romlebic maT miiRes sxvadasxva sawar-mos jgufebisadmi kuTvnilebiT, romlebic moqmedeben evropaSi an Tundac msoflioSi, unda iyos mxedvelobaSi miRebuli. am upiratesobebs Soris is mTa-vari roli, romelic Michelin-is jgufs aqvs Tavis konkurentebTan mimarTebiT, kerZod ki investiciebis, kvlevis, misi produqciis arCevanis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobiT, romlebzec miuTiTebda komisia, ar unda iqnes uaryofili. faq-tobrivad, Michelin-is jgufi aris garkveuli saxeobis saburavebis erTaderTi mimwodebeli Sesabamis bazarze.

56. Seqmnili mdgomareoba uzrunvelyofs, rom holandiis bazarze mZime avto-mobilebis saburavebis momxmareblebis umetesoba mniSvnelovan upiratesobas aniWebs Michelin-is saburavebs. iseve rogorc saburavebis Sesyidvaa mniSvnelo-vani investicia saavtomobilo warmoebaSi da vinaidan didi droa saWiro imis-aTvis, rom praqtikaSi dadasturdes saburavis konkretuli tipisa Tu brendis xarjis mimarT vargisianoba, Michelin NV imyofeba iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelic mas aZlevs farTo imunitets konkurenciaSi. Sedegad, holandiaSi daarsebu-li dilerebi, rogorc wesi, Tavs uflebas ver aZleven, ar gayidon Michelin-is saburavebi.

57. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT Michelin NV-s mier gakeTebul sadavo argumentebs, romlebsac iziarebs safrangeTis mTavroba, rom Michelin NV isjeba Tavisi produqciisa da momsaxurebis maRali xarisxisaTvis. imis dadgena, rom sawarmo imyofeba dominant mdgomareobaSi, TavisTavad ar aris bralis wayen-eba, ubralod, gulisxmobs, rom, im mizezebis miuxedavad, Tu ratom imyofeba is dominantur mdgomareobaSi, CarTul sawarmos aqvs specialuri pasuxismge-bloba, ar dauSvas, misma produqciam daarRvios moqmedi, realuri konkurencia saerTo bazarze.

58. mniSvnelovani wona unda mieces aseve Michelin NV-s komerciuli warmomad-genlebis qsels, romelic mas aZlevs pirdapir daSvebas saburavebis momxmare-blebze nebismier dros. Michelin NV-s sadavod ar gauxdia is faqti, rom Tavisi qseli mniSvnelovnad farTo iyo konkurentebis qselTan SedarebiT da arc sadavo gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiT nawilSi Seucvlia Tavisi qselis mier gaweuli momsaxurebis aRwera, romlis efeqturoba da xarisxi udavoa. momx-mareblebTan pirdapiri daSveba da momsaxurebis standarti, romelsac iZleva misi qseli, Michelin NV-s SesaZleblobas aZlevs, SeinarCunos da gaiZlieros mdgomareoba bazarze da daicvas Tavi Tavis konkurentebze ukeT.

59. rac Seexeba damatebiT kriteriumebs da mtkicebulebas, romelSic Michelin NV cdilobs, uaryos dominanturi mdgomareobis arseboba, ganxilul unda iqnes, rom mogebis miuRebloba droebiT an Tundac garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli danakargebi ar aris SeuTavsebeli dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobasTan. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegze, _ is faqti, rom Michelin NV-s mier dawesebuli fasebi ar Seesabameba borotad gamoyenebas da ar aris odnav maRalic ki, ar amarTlebs daskvnas, rom ar arsebobs dominanturi mdgomareoba. dabolos, Michelin NV-s konkurentebis arc zomas, arc finansur Zlierebas da

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arc mravalferovnebis dones, iseve rogorc im gamawonasworebel faqtors, rom mZime avtomobilebis saburavebis myidvelebi arian gamocdili movaWreebi, ar SeuZliaT CamoarTvan Michelin NV-s privilegirebuli mdgomareoba holandiis bazarze.

60. Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmisaTvis Sesabamisi sxva kriteriumebi da mtkicebuleba imis gansazRvrisas, arsebobda Tu ara dominanturi mdgomareoba, adasturebs, rom Michelin NV-s hqonda aseTi mdgomareoba bazarze.

61. Sesabamisad, usafuZvloa Michelin NV-s gancxadebebi, romelic sadavod xdida saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilze mis mier dominanturi mdgomareobis qonas.

saqme Tetra Pak Rausing v. Commission317:

saqmis fabula: Tetra Pak awarmoebda aseptikur muyaos Zalian cxeli rZis SesafuTavad da aseve manqanebs rZis sawarmoeblad da muyaoSi gadasatanad. is aseve awarmoebda araaseptikur muyaos pasterizebuli (araaseptikuri) rZisaTvis da manqanebs rZis pasterizebisa da Sesabamis muyaoSi gadasatanad. sasamarTlom daadastura komisiis daskvnebi, rom moqmedebda produqtis oTxi bazari: aseptikuri SefuTvis manqanis, aseptikuri muyaos, araaseptikuri manqanisa da araaseptikuri muyaos bazrebi.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

60. sanam davadgenT, aris Tu ara gadawyvetilebaSi mocemuli oTxi aseptikuri da araaseptikuri bazris ganmarteba marTebuli, unda ganisazRvros aseptikuri seqtoris zusti mniSvneloba.

61. aplikantis argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, gadawyvetileba miznad isaxavs, or aseptikur bazarSi moiazros yvela aseptikuri aparati da muyao, miuxedavad imisa, Tu risTvis xdeba misi gamoiyeneba _ UHT rZis, Tu aseptikur pirobebSi sxva Txevadi produqciis SesafuTavad, kerZod xilis wvenisa, romelsac ar sWirdeba UHT-s meTodiT damuSaveba...

62. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos, namdvilad iyo Tu ara gadawyvetilebaSi gansazRvruli oTxi calkeuli bazari Txevadi produqciis SefuTvis sistemebis saerTo bazris sxva seqtorebisagan gansxvavebuli.

63. (...) imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT, SeuZlia Tu ara sawarmos, moiqces mniSvnelovnad damoukideblad Tavisi konkurentebisa da momxmareblebisagan, aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, ganisazRvros produqti, romelic ar SeiZleba Canacvldes sxva produqtiT, magram sakmarisad Canacvlebadia misive produqtebTan ara marto produqciis obieqturi maxasiaTeblebis gamo, romlis meSveobiTac aRniSnuli produqcia bevrad ufro akmayofilebs saerTo saWiroebebs, aramed konkurentuli garemoebebis da bazarze arsebuli miwodebisa da moTxovnis struqturis gamo (ix. saqme 322/81, Michelin v. EC Commission(...)).

64. aRniSnul saqmeSi aseptikuri SesafuTavi sistemebis `Canacvlebadoba~ araaseptikur sistemebTan da muyaos gamomyenebeli sistemebis ̀ Canacvlebadoba~ sxva masalebis gamomyenebel sistemebTan unda Sefasdes saerTo bazarze arsebuli Txevadi produqtebis SefuTvis sistemebis konkurentul garemoebebSi.

317 Case T-83/91, Tetra Pak Rausing v. Commission [1994] ECR II-755, [1997] 4 CMLR 726.

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Sesabamisad, am saqmis specifikuri konteqstidan gamomdinare, aplikantis midgoma saerTo bazris gansxvavebul qvebazrebad danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu risTvis gamoiyeneboda SesafuTavi sistemebi, rZisTvis, rZis produqtebisa (garda rZisa), Tu sxva produqciisaTvis, maTi specifikuri maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, rodesac saWiroa sxva Canacvlebadi sistemis gamoyeneba, Sedegad moitans bazris danawevrebas, rac ver asaxavs ekonomikur realobas. arsebobs miwodebisa da moTxovnis SedarebiTi struqtura, rogorc aseptikuri, ise araaseptikuri muyaosa da aparatebisaTvis, Tumca maTi gamoyeneba xdeba Txevadi produqtebis SefuTvis mizniT, vinaidan miekuTvnebian erT seqtors... amasTan, rogorc orive mxarem ganacxada, Tetra Pak-is erTi da imave saxeobis aparatura da muyao erTnairad iyo Sefasebuli, miuxedavad imisa, risTvis iyo gankuTvnili, rZis Tu sxva produqtis SesafuTavad, rac adasturebs, rom isini miekuTvnebian produqciis erTian bazars. Sesabamisad, aplikantis argumentaciis sawinaaRmdegod ar arsebobs erTi da imave saxeobis SesafuTi sistemebis qvebazrebad dayofis saWiroeba, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli konkretuli kategoriis produqciis SefuTvisTvis xdeba maTi gamoyeneba.

65. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, rom damtkicdes, miekuTvneboda Tu ara gadawyvetilebaSi gansazRvruli oTxi bazari namdvilad calkeul bazrebs gansaxilvel periodSi, aucilebelia, _ rogorc komisiam ganacxada, _ ganisazRvros, kerZod romeli produqtebi aris arsebiTad Canacvlebadi aseptikur Tu araaseptikur aparaturasa da muyaosTan dominanti rZis produqtis bazarze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom muyaos SesafuTi sistemebi umetesad gamoiyeneboda rZis SesafuTavad, dominanturi mdgomareoba am seqtorSi aSkara iyo, iseve rogorc mTlianad bazarze. nebismieri aseTi dominanturi mdgomareoba ar SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadges Canacvlebadi produqtis arsebobiT ararZis produqtebis SefuTvis seqtorSi, vinaidan aseTi aRWurviloba Seesabameboda gadawyvetilebis mier dafaruli periodis ganmavlobaSi muyaoSi SefuTuli produqciis Zalian mcire nawils. rZis SesafuTi sistemebis dominantoba aSkarad gamoxatulia gadawyvetilebaSi mocemul monacemebSi, romlebic ar aris gasaCivrebuli aplikantis mier, da romelTa mixedviTac 1987 wels muyaos sistemebis 72% modioda rZis SefuTvis seqtorze, xolo 7% rZis sxva produqtebze. imave wyaroze dayrdnobiT, 1983 wels 90% modioda uSualod rZisa da rZis sxva produqtebis SefuTvaze. es monacemi ufro metad iyo aRniSnuli Tetra Pak-is mier bazarze ganTavsebuli sistemebis SemTxvevaSi. sasamarTlos werilobiTi moTxovnis Semdeg Tetra Pak-is mier warmodgenili cxrilebidan Cans, rom gaerTianebis farglebSi warmoebuli aseptikuri produqciis 96% 1976 wels gamoiyeneboda rZis SefuTvisaTvis, xolo 1981 wels imave miznisaTvis gamoiyeneboda 81%, 70% _ 1987 wels da 67% _ 1991 wels. aRniSnuli ricxvebi adasturebs, rom, miuxedavad Semcirebisa, Tetra Pak-is aseptikuri muyaos umetesoba gansaxilveli periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda rZis SesafuTavad. rac Seexeba araaseptikur muyaos, misi 100% gamoiyeneboda rZis SesafuTavad 1980 wlamde, xolo 1980 wlis Semdeg imave wyaroze dayrdnobiT am miznisaTvis gamoiyeneboda 99%. zemoT aRwerili mizezebis gamo, komisia uflebamosili iyo, mieRo gadawyvetileba, rom ar arsebobda ararZis produqtebis SesafuTavi seqtoris calke analizis Catarebis saWiroeba.(...)

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2. aparaturisa da muyaos bazrebi ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisganmxareebis argumentebis Sejameba

79. aplikanti acxadebs, rom Sesabamisi bazari unda ganisazRvros rogorc inte-grirebuli SefuTvis sistemis bazari, romelic Sedgeba SefuTvisa da Txevadi produqciis SesafuTavi aparatebisagan. is amtkicebs, rom arsebobs 82-e muxlis (d) punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli bunebrivi da komerciuli kavSiri aparatebsa da muyaos Soris. kerZod ki, aseptikuri Semavsebeli aparatebisa da aseptikuri muyaos gancalkevebam SeiZleba seriozuli riskis qveS daayenos sazogadoebis janmrTeloba da mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinos Tetra Pak-is momxmareblebze.

80. aplikanti miiCnevs, rom komisiam saerTod ar gaiTvaliswina Tetra Pak-is konkurentebis wardginebebi, romlebic mxars uWerda Tetra Pak-is argumentebs da ar warmoadgina aranairi mtkicebuleba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu visi survi-li iyo aparaturisa da muyaos cal-calke warmoeba _ iyo es muyaos damoukide-beli mimwodebeli SemfuTavebisa Tu uSualod muyaos mimwodeblebis survili.

81. komisia davobs aplikantis mier miTiTebul kavSirze aparaturasa da muyaos Soris. is acxadebs, rom xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli kompleqsuri produqciis mwarmoebels Tavidan acilebs mesame mxaris mier xelisSemSleli produqciis warmoebas, romelic mimarTulia misi sistemebis gamoyenebisaken.

sasamarTlos Sefaseba

82. pirveli. aplikantis argumentaciis sawinaaRmdegod unda aRiniSnos: komer-ciul gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebi ar uWers mxars daskvnas, rom produqciis SesafuTavi aparatura ganuyofelia muyaosgan. mniSvnelovani drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobdnen iseTi araaseptikuri muyaos warmoebaze spe-cializebuli damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebi, romlebic gaTvlili iyo sxva mwar-moeblebis mier Seqmnil da sxva daniSnulebis aparatebSi gamosayeneblad. gad-awyvetilebidan Cans... da aplikants ar gausaCivrebia, rom 1987 wlamde `elopa-ki~, romelic daarsda 1957 wels, awarmoebda mxolod muyaos da aqsesuarebs, magaliTad xelis CasaWid nivTebs. garda amisa, aseve gadawyvetilebis mixed-viT, rac aseve ar gausaCivrebia aplikants, araaseptikuri muyaos seqtoris daaxloebiT 12% 1985 wels ganawilebuli iyo sam kompanias Soris, romlebic, rogorc distributorebi, awarmoebdnen maTsave sakuTar licenzirebul muyaos aparatebisaTvis. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda aRiniSnos, rom aparatebisa da muyaos erTmaneTTan mijaWvuli gayidva ar SeiZleba miCneuli iyos komer-ciul gamoyenebad, vinaidan aseTi gayidvebi ar aris saerTo wesi araaseptikuri seqtorisaTvis, xolo rac Seexeba aseptikur seqtors, am sferoSi mxolod ori mwarmoebeli moqmedebda: Tetra Pak da PKL.

83. garda aRniSnulisa, aplikantis argumentebi, romlebic Seexeboda sazoga-doebis janmrTelobas, mis interesebs da misi momxmareblebis interesebs, ar SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli. sruli sistemebis mwarmoebelTa gadasawyveti ar aris, sajaro interesis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis mizniT iseTi warmoebuli produqti, rogorsac miekuTvneba muyao, aris Tu ara im aparatebis arsebiTi, integrirebuli nawili, romlis moqmedebisTvisac xdeba maTi warmoeba. miRebu-li sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, zogadi da savaldebulo normebisa da wesebis ararsebobis dros, sazogadoebis konkurenciis samarTlis moqmedebis fargleb-Si, nebismieri damoukidebeli mwarmoebeli Tavisufalia awarmoos produqcia,

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romelic Tavsebadi iqneba sxva mwarmoeblebis mier warmoebul aparaturasTan, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac aseTi qmedeba xelyofs konkurentis sakuTrebis uflebas (ix.: saqme T- 30/89, Hilti v. EC Commission (...) da saqme C- 53/92 P Hilti v. EC Commission)(...)

85. Sesabamisad, aplikantis mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom produqciis SesafuTavi aparaturis da SesafuTavi muyaos bazrebi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan, ar aris misaRebi.

saqme Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v. Commission:

39. dominanturi mdgomareobis arseboba SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes ramden-ime faqtorisgan, romlebic cal-calke aucileblad ar gansazRvravs dominan-tobas. aRniSnul faqtorebs Soris yvelaze metad mniSvnelovani aris gansa-kuTrebulad didi bazris wilis qona.

40. bazris arsebiTi wilis qona, rogorc dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis mtkicebuleba, ar aris regularuli faqtori da misi mniSvneloba icvleba baz-ridan bazarze, am bazrebis struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, imdenad, ramdenadac CarTulia produqcia, miwodeba da moTxovna (...)

41. amasTan, Tumca bazris wilis mniSvneloba SeiZleba icvlebodes sxvadasxva bazris mixedviT, unda aRiniSnos, rom gansakuTrebiT didi bazris wili TavisTa-vad aris... dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis mtkicebuleba. sawarmo, romelsac aqvs bazris mniSvnelovnad didi wili da flobs mas garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, mis mier warmoebuli produqciis raodenobisa da im moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac is iRebs, _ im konkurentebis gareSe, romelTac aqvT bazris bevrad naklebi wili imisaTvis, rom SeZlon im pirTa wris moTx-ovnis Tanxvedra, romlebsac surT gaeqcnen didi wilis mqone sawarmoebs, _ am wilis meSveobiT aris Zlierebis iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelic mas gadaaqcevs aucilebel savaWro partniorad da romelic mniSvnelovnad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi swored amis gamo ufrTxildeba moqmedebis im Tavisuflebas, romelic aris dominanturi mdgomareobis gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli. (...)

48. (...) sawarmoebis bazris wilsa da maT konkurentebs Soris arsebuli urTier-Toba, gansakuTrebiT, sididiT Semdegi konkurentebis, sawarmos teqnologiuri upiratesoba Tavisi konkurentebis mimarT, kargad ganviTarebuli gayidvebis qse-lis arseboba da potenciuri konkurentebis ararseboba relevanturi faqtore-bia, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom is SesaZleblobas iZleva, Sefasdes gansaxilveli sawarmos konkurentuli Zliereba, meore da mesame ki imitom, rom is TavisTavad aris teqnikuri da komerciuli upiratesoba, xolo, meoTxe, imitom, rom igi axa-li konkurentebis bazarze SeRwevisaTvis dabrkolebis Seqmnis Sedegia. imdenad, ramdenadac ganixileba potenciuri konkurentis arsebobisa Tu ararsebobis sakiTxi, miuxedavad imisa, namdvilia es Tu ara, aucileblad unda iqnes ganxi-luli, _ da es Seexeba yvela gansaxilveli vitaminis jgufs, _ rom, vinaidan arsebuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare moTxovnili sainvesticio kapitali gan-isazRvreba Seuqcevadi zrdadobiT mniSvnelovani drois ganmavlobaSi, axali mwarmoeblis mier bazarze SeRweva arcTu ise advilia. yuradReba aseve unda mieqces faqts, rom mniSvnelovani gamouyenebeli sawarmoo unari qmnis poten-ciur konkurencias moqmed mwarmoeblebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, Roche imyofe-

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ba upirates mdgomareobaSi, vinaidan, rogorc TviTonac aRniSnavs, misi piradi sawarmoo unari gadawyvetilebis mier ganxilul periodSi iyo sakmarisi imis-aTvis, rom epasuxa msoflio moTxovnisaTvis, garda im uaryofiTi sawarmos un-arisa, romelic mas aTavsebda rTul ekonomikur Tu finansur mdgomareobaSi.

49. zemoT ganxiluli argumentebidan Cans, rom Roche-s wili TiToeul Sesabam-is bazarze, TandarTuli faqtorebisa da bazris wilis erTobliobis gaTval-iswinebiT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva, dadgindes misi dominanturi mdgomare-oba, gansaxilvelia. da bolos, aucilebeli gaxdeba ganxilva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Roche-s gancxadebebma, romlebic ukavSirdeba bazarze mis saqmianobas, ZiriTadad ki, sabazro fasebs, Secvalos is dadgenebi, romlebic miRebul iqna bazris wilisa da sxva faqtorebis ganxilvis safuZvelze.

saqme United Brands Co and United Brands Continental Bv v. Commission318:

United Brands-is sakiTxebi iyo, pirvel rigSi, hqonda Tu ara banans Sesabamisi bazari sxva xilisgan gancalkevebiT (rac ganxilulia zemoT) da, meore, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, iyo Tu ara United Brands-i dominantur mdgomareobaSi am bazarze.

evropuli sasamarTlo

67. imisaTvis, rom dadgindes, imyofeboda Tu ara UBC dominantur mdgomare-obaSi Sesabamis bazarze, pirvel rigSi, ganxiluli unda iqnes bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba imdenad, ramdenadac konkurenciis sakiTxi aris CarTuli.

68. aseT dros saWiro iqneba gaviTvaliswinoT faqtebi, rodesac Cadenili qmedeba uTanabrdeba borotad gamoyenebas maSin, rodesac aucilebeli ar aris aRniSnuli qmedeba gacnobierebuli iyos rogorc borotad gamoyeneba.

(...) UBC-s struqtura

69. sasurvelia, Semowmdes UBC-is resursebi da misi meTodebi sakuTari produq-tis warmoebis, SefuTvis, gayidvisa da ganTavsebis mimarTulebiT.

70. UBC aris sawarmo, romelic vertikalurad integrirebulia maRal doneze.

71. es integracia aSkaraa yvela safexurze, produqciis mowevidan misi datvirT-vis CaTvliT vagonebsa Tu satvirTo manqanebze miwodebis portebSi da am safex-urebis Semdeg, imdenad, ramdenadac damwifebisa da realizaciis fasebi aris CarTuli. UBC Tavis kontrols avrcelebs damamwifebel/distributorebze da gadamyidvelebzec ki, agentebis sruli qselis SeqmniT.

72. rac Seexeba warmoebis safexurs, UBC flobs did plantaciebs centralur da samxreT amerikaSi.

73. vinaidan UBC-is sakuTari produqcia ver axdens moTxovnis dakmayofilebas, mas SeuZlia, yovelgvari sirTulis gareSe, miiRos produqcia damoukidebeli fermerebisagan, vinaidan dadgenili faqtia, rom, gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, aris produqciis zedmetoba.

74. amasTan, ramdenime damoukidebel mewarmes aqvs kavSiri UBC-sTan bananis produqciis raodenobis gazrdasTan dakavSirebuli kontraqtebis meSveobiT,

318 Case 27/76, United Brands Co and United Brands Continental Bv v. Commission [1978] ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429.

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romelic maT avaldebulebs, UBC­s rCevis mixedviT, sxvadasxva saxeobis bananis raodenobis gazrdas.

75. bunebrivi katastrofebis Sedegi, romelsac SeuZlia daazianos miwodeba, mniSvnelovnad Semcirebulia im faqtiT, rom plantaciebi gadaWimulia farTo geografiul sivrceze da SerCeuli saxeobebi arc ise mgrZnobiarea avadmyofobe-bisadmi.

76. aRniSnuli mdgomareoba gamovlinda maSin, rodesac 1974 wels UBC-m SeZlo, reagireba moexdina qariSxal `Fifi~-s Sedegebze.77. aqedan gamomdinare, UBC-m warmoebis safexurze icis, rom mas SeuZlia daakmay-ofilos yvela is moTxovna, romelTac miiRebs.

78. SefuTvisa da warmodgenis safexurze UBC-s Tavis dawesebulebebSi Tavissave gankargulebaSi aqvs: qarxnebi, muSaxeli, nargavebi da masala, romelnic mas Sesa-Zleblobas aZlevs, awarmoos produqcia damoukideblad.

79. warmoebis adgilidan gadazidvis portamde bananis transportireba xdeba sa-kuTari satransporto saSualebebiT, maT Soris rkinigziTac.

80. zRviT gadazidvis safexurze, rogorc gamovlinda, UBC aris am tipis erTa-derTi sawarmo, romelsac SeuZlia moaxdinos Tavisi produqciis eqsportis ori mesamedis gadazidva sakuTari bananis gadamzidavis meSveobiT.

81. amdenad, UBC-m icis, rom mniSvneloba ar aqvs, rogori iqneba bazris mdgo-mareoba, mas SeuZlia, Tavisi gayidvebis saSualo moculobis ori mesamedis transportireba awarmoos regularulad, riskis gareSe, radgan gamoiyeneba misive satransporto gemebi, riTac mxolod mas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos erT-droulad sami gzavnilis miRweva evropamde kviraSi samjer. yvelaferi es ki axdens misi komerciuli stabilurobisa da keTildReobis garantirebas.

82. rac Seexeba teqnikur codnas, UBC-is mudmivi kvlevebis safuZvelze is agrZelebs warmoebis gaumjobesebas da Tavisi plantaciebidan mogebas iRebs sawuri sistemis gaumjobesebiT, niadagis naklovanebis gamosworebiTa da nar-gavebis avadmyofobasTan efeqturi brZoliT.

83. man Seqmna damwifebis axali meTodi, romelSic teqnikosi instruqtaJs utarebs Chiquita-s bananis distributor/damamwifeblebs.

84. es aris kidev erTi gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori, rodesac xdeba UBC-s mdgomareobis Sefaseba, vinaidan konkurent firmebs ar SeuZliaT, ganaviTaron kvleva Sesabamis safexurze da am TvalsazrisiT arian aplikantTan SedarebiT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.

85. cnobilia, rom im safexurze, rodesac produqcia sabolood sruldeba da saWiroa xarisxis kontrolis Catareba, UBC akontrolebs ara marto im damamwifebel/distributorebs, romlebic arian misi pirdapiri momxmareblebi, aramed imaTac, vinc muSaobda misi mniSvnelovani momxmareblisaTvis, rogori-caa Scipio jgufi.

86. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mwvane bananis amkrZalavi normis mizani iqneboda xarisxis mkacri kontroli, is faqtobrivad uwesebs UBC-s absolutur kon-trols Tavisi produqciis vaWrobaze im dromde, sanam moxdeba produqciis

290

bazarze ganTavseba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac iwyeba damwifebis procesi, dauyovnebeli gayidva aris Tavidan aucilebeli.

87. homogenuri produqciis saerTo xarisxis kontroli brendis saxelis re-klamirebas metad efeqturs xdis.

88. 1967 wlidan UBC-m Tavisi saerTo politika daafuZna Sesabamis bazarze Tavisi Chiquita-s brendis bananis xarisxs.

89. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs eWvi, rom aRniSnuli politika UBC-s uwesebs kontrols produqtis sakvebad mosaxmar bananad transformirebis procesze, miuxedavad imisa, rom produqciis didi nawili ukve mas aRar ekuTvnis.

90. es politika efuZneboda detalur reorganizacias warmoebis, SefuTvis, gadazidvis, damwifebis (nargavis axali ventilaciisa da gagrilebis sistemiT) da gayidvis (agentebis qseli) momzadebaSi.

91. UBC-m es produqti gadaaqcia gamorCeul produqtad, farTomasStabiani ganmeorebadi reklamirebiT da sareklamo kampaniebiT, ramac momxmarebeli ai-Zula, aerCia swored is produqti, miuxedavad fasebs Soris arsebuli gansx-vavebisa, stikeris mqone da armqone bananebs Soris (regionis mixedviT 30-40%) da aseve Chiquita-s banansa da im bananis fasebs Soris (regionis mixedviT 7-10%), romlebic sxva brendis saxeliT iyvnen markirebulebi.

92. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, romelmac moitana sruli upiratesoba markireb-uli tropikuli xilis warmodgenis meSveobiT farTomasStabiani reklamirebis mizniT da aman, Tu gamoviyenebT UBC-s sityvebs, `moaxdina revolucia bananis komerciul eqspluataciaSi~ (aplikaciis oqmi, II, gv. 10).

93. amdenad, man miaRwia privilegirebul mdgomareobas Sesabamis bazarze Chiq-uita-s bananis upirates brendad gadaqcevis gziT, ris Sedegadac distributori Tavs uflebas veRar aZlevda, ar SeeTavazebina is momxmareblisaTvis.

94. gayidvis safexurze es ganmsazRvreli faqtori, rac gamarTlebuli iyo aRniS-nuli brendis saxeliT markirebuli bananis ucvleli xarisxiT, uzrunvelyofs mudmivi momxmareblis yolas da ekonomikuri siZlieris dacvas.

95. misi realizaciis qseli, romelic faravs mxolod momxmareblebis mcire raodenobas, xolo distributori/damamwifeblebis _ did jgufs, aris misi mi-wodebis politikis gamartiveba da masStaburi ekonomia.

96. imdenad, ramdenadac UBC-s miwodebis politika Sedgeba, Warbi warmoebis miuxedavad, mxolod Chiquita–s bananis moTxovnis Tanxvedrisagan, rac xor-cieldeba ekonomiurad da zogjer arasruladac, UBC realizaciis safexurze imyofeba Zlier mdgomareobaSi.(...)

121. amdenad, UBC-is ekonomikurma siZlierem SesaZlebloba misca mas, mieRo moqnili erTiani strategia, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda im axali konkuren-tebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic dafuZndebodnen mTlian Sesabamis bazarze.

122. bazarze SeRwevis msurveli konkurentebisaTvis ZiriTadi barierebia: gan-sakuTrebulad didi sainvesticio kapitali bananis plantaciebis Seqmnisa da gaZRolisaTvis, miwodebis wyaros gazrdis saWiroeba imisaTvis, rom Tavidan

291

iqnes acilebuli xilis daavadebebiTa da cudi amindiT (qariSxali, wyaldidoba) miRebuli Sedegebi, lojistikis arsebiTi sistemis gacnoba, rac aucilebelia Zalian delikaturi produqtis distribuciisaTvis, masStaburi ekonomia, rom-lisganac bazarze axalmosulebi ver miiReben momenatlur mogebas da SeRwevis realuri Rirebuleba, romelic Sedgeba, inter alia, yvela saerTo xarjisagan, rac gamowveulia bazarze SeRweviT, kerZod: adekvaturi komerciuli qselis Seqmna, Zalian farTomasStabiani sareklamo kampaniebis gaZRola, yvela finan-suri riski, romelnic mcdelobis Cavardnisas aunazRaurebelia.

123. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc UBC-m aRniSna, konkurentebs Tav-isuflad SeuZliaT gamoiyenon warmoebisa da distribuciis igive meTodebi, romlebsac iyenebs aplikanti, maT mouwevT TiTqmis dauZleveli praqtikuli da finansuri dabrkolebebis gadalaxva.

124. es aris dominanturi mdgomareobis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi faqtori.

125. imisaTvis, raTa dadgindes, rom dominantoba arsebiTad aris fasebis dadgenis Zalaufleba, xolo danakargebi SeuTavsebelia dominantur mdgo-mareobasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom UBC miuTiTebs mis danakargebze bananebis ganawilebisas, 1971-dan 1976 wlamde _ im periodSi, rodesac misma konkuren-tebma miiRes mogeba.

126. sawarmos ekonomikuri siZliere ar izomeba mis mier miRebuli mogebiT; Semcirebuli mogebis sazRvrebi an Tundac danakargi garkveuli drois gan-mavlobaSi ar aris SeuTavsebeli dominantur mdgomareobasTan, iseve rogorc didi mogeba aris Tavsebadi situaciasTan, roca efeqturi konkurenciaa.

127. is faqti, rom UBC-is mogeba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Semcirebuli iyo, an saerTod ar arsebobda, ganxiluli unda iyos misi mTliani moqmedebis farglebSi.

128. imisi dadgena, rom, ra danaxarjebic ar unda hqonoda UBC-s, misi momx-mareblebi agrZelebdnen misgan meti produqciis Sesyidvas, ufro mniSvnelo-vania. es faqti aris dominanturi mdgomareobis konkretuli maxasiaTebeli da amisi Semowmeba am saqmeSi aris ganmsazRvreli.

129. Sesabamisad, UBC-is mier miRebuli yvela privilegiis kumulaciuri efeqti uzrunvelyofs mis dominantur mdgomareobas Sesabamis bazarze.

saqme (komisiis gadawyvetileba) Eurofix-Bauco/Hilti319:komisia

69. bazarze arsebuli wiliT miRebul siZlieresTan da misi konkurentebis Sesa-bamis sisustesTan erTad Hilti-s sxva upiratesobebi aqvs, romelic mas exmareba lursmnis pistoletebis bazarze misi mdgomareobis gaZlierebasa da SenarCu-nebaSi:

- mis yvelaze metad gayidvad lursmnis pistolets DX 450-s aqvs teqnikurad axali iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic isev daculia patentiT;

- Hilti-s aqvs Catarebuli gansakuTrebulad Zlieri kvleva da ganviTarebadi pozicia da aris msoflioSi erT-erTi wamyvani kompaniaTagani ara marto lursmnis pistoletebis warmoebaSi, aramed sxva ganviTarebad teqnologiebSi;

319 Commission decision Eurofix-Bauco/Hilti [1988] OJ L 65/19, [1989] 4 CMLR 677.

292

- Hilti-s aqvs Zlieri da kargad organizebuli sadistribucio sistema _ EEC-is farglebSi mas hyavs Svilobili kompaniebi da damoukidebeli dilerebi, romlebic integrirebulni arian mis sarealizacio qselSi, da romlebic, ZiriTadad, pirdapir momxmareblebTan muSaoben;

- lursmnis pistoletebis bazari aris sakmarisad momwifebuli, ramac SeiZleba uari aTqmevinos bazarze axal Semsvlels, vinaidan gayidva an bazris wilis mopoveba SesaZlebelia mxolod bazarze moqmedi konkurentis Canacvlebis fasad.

70. zemoT CamoTvlil argumentebs mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom Hilti-s aqvs dominanturi mdgomareoba EEC-s lursmnis pistoletebis bazarze, iseve rogorc Hilti-s produqciasTan Tavsebadi lursmnebisa da kartrijis lentebis bazarze. eseni Sesabamisi bazrebia gadawyvetilebis miznebisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom am konkretul saqmeSi Hilti-s produqciasTan Tavsebadi lursmnebisa da kartrijis lentebis bazari aris mniSvnelovani lursmnis pistoletebis gayidvaSi, Hilti-s didi wilis gamo. swored am didi wilis gamo lursmnebisa da kartrijis lentebis damoukidebelma mwarmoeblebma unda awarmoon iseTi lursmnebi da kartrijis lentebi, romlebic Tavsebadi iqnebian Hilti-s xelsawyoebTan, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT surT, awarmoon bazris erTi patara segmentis miRma da amdenad miaRwion masStabur ekonomias, rac aucilebelia rogorc konkurentunarianobis, ise mogebis miRebisaTvis.

71. Hilti-s Zalaufleba bazarze da dominanturi mdgomareoba pirdapir gamom-dinareobs lursmnis pistoletebis gayidvaSi misi didi wilidan, rasac emateba mis kartrijis lentebze arsebuli patenti. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rom-liTac is sargeblobs, SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas, Tavidan aicilos efeqturi konkurenciis SenarCuneba Hilti-s produqciasTan Tavsebadi lursmnebisa da kar-trijis lentebis Sesabamis bazarze. realurad Hilti-s komerciuli saqcieli, romelic aRwerilia zemoT da gaanalizebulia qvemoT, aris misi SesaZleblobis mowme, imoqmedos Tavisi konkurentebisa da momxmareblebisagan damoukideblad gansaxilvel Sesabamis bazarze. damatebiT, Hilti-s safaso politika, romel-ic aseve aRwerilia zemoT, asaxavs mis SesaZleblobas, gansazRvros, an, sul mcire, iqonios mniSvnelovani gavlena pirobebze, romelSic unda ganviTardes konkurencia. aseTi qmedeba da misi ekonomikuri Sedegebi, rogorc wesi, ar Cans iseT garemoebebSi, romelSic kompania ejaxeba realur konkurenciul daZabu-lobas. Sesabamisad, komisia miiCnevs, rom Hilti flobs dominantur mdgomareobas or gansxvavebul bazarze, Hilti-s produqciasTan Tavsebadi lursmnebisa da kar-trijis lentebis bazarze.

saqme (komisiis gadawyvetileba) Soda Ash-Solvay320:

winamdebare saqme moicavs soda-ash-is bazars. komisiis gadawyvetilebis es nawili aseve moicavs masalebs bazris gansazRvris Taobaze.

Komisia

137. Solvay-s piradi dokumentacia acnobierebs, rom mas ekava dominanturi mdgomareoba dasavleT evropaSi. misi istoriuli sabazro wili, romelic Seadgenda 70%-s kontinentur dasavleT evropaSi sruli gansaxilveli periodis ganmavlobaSi, TavisTavad aris sabazro Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani donis

320 Commission decision Soda Ash-Solvay [2003] OJ L10/10.

293

damadasturebeli. miuxedavad misi mniSvnelobisa, sabazro wili aris mxolod erTi indikatori, romlidanac SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes dominanturi mdgomareoba. misi mniSvneloba SeiZleba icvlebodes TiToeuli saqmis mixedviT, Sesabamisi bazris maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.

138. winamdebare saqmeSi sabazro Zalauflebis Sefasebis miznebisaTvis komisiam gaiTvaliswina yvela Sesabamisi ekonomikuri mtkicebuleba, maT Soris Semdegi elementebi:

i. Solvay-s pozicia, rogorc gaerTianebis farglebSi sodis erTaderTi mwar-moeblis (gaerTianebuli samefosa da irlandiis gamoklebiT);

ii. Solvay-s sawarmoo Zala, nargavebiT belgiaSi, safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, ital-iaSi, espaneTsa da portugaliaSi;

iii. Solvay-s dinebis sawinaaRmdego integracia daumuSavebeli masalebis bazarze, rogorc gaerTianebaSi marilis yvelaze msxvilis mwarmoeblis integracia;

iv. gaerTianebaSi erTaderTi SedarebiTi sabazro siZlieris mqone mwarmoeb-lis, ICI-s, mxridan raime saxis konkurenciis ararseboba;

v. Solvay-s maRali bazris wili beneluqsis qveynebSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi da misi monopolia an TiTqmis monopoliuri mdgomareoba italiaSi, espan-eTsa da portugaliaSi;

vi. Solvay-s SesaniSnavi bazris dafarva rogorc eqskluziuri, an TiTqmis eqsk-luziuri momwodeblis gaerTianebis TiTqmis yvela momxmareblis mimarT;

vii. sinTetikuri ferflis romelime axali mwarmoeblis mier bazarze Sesvlisa da gaerTianebis farglebSi axali sawarmoebis dafuZnebis saeWvooba;

viii. aragaerTianebis farglebSi mwarmoeblebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli dacva an-tidampinguri valdebulebebiT.

ix. Solvay-s tradiciuli roli fasebis gansazRvraSi;

x. gaerTianebis sxva mwarmoeblebis mier Solvay-s miCneva dominant mwarmoe-blad da maTi moduneba Solvay-s tradiciuli momxmareblebis agresiulad mosapoveblad.

139. Solvay-s sabazro Zalis donis Sefasebisas komisiam gaiTvaliswina kaustikuri sodiT sodis ferflis SesaZlebeli Canacvleba. kaustikuri soda (sodium hydroxide) aris farTod gamoyenebadi qaRaldisa da aluminis warmoebaSi da Teoriulad SeuZlia Caanacvlos sodis ferfli konkretul sawarmoo gamoyenebaSi, rogorc tutis wyarom, kerZod ki sadezinfeqcio warmoebaSi da metalurgiul procesebSi (metic, gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia: sodis ferfli Teoriulad aseve aris zogierT procesSi kaustikuri sodis alternativa). praqtikaSi, rogorc Cans, kaustikuri sodis arseboba ar moqmedebs Solvay-s sabazro Zalauflebis arsebiTad SemzRudavad, rac realurad efuZneba sodis miwodebas minis mwarmoeblebisaTvis, saidanac Zalian mcire odenoba, isic Tu saerTod iyo, imisaTvis mzaddeboda, rom kaustikur sodas Caenacvlebina sodis ferfli. (...)

294

145. Canacvlebis SesaZlebloba, Sesabamisad, ver moqmedebda rogorc mniSvnelovani SezRudva Solvay-s mier bazarze Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis sodis ferflis sxva mwarmoeblebis mxridan.

146. komisiam Seafasa Solvay-s Zalaufleba bazarze im srul geografiul sivrceSi, romelSic is moqmedebda da romelic am saqmeSi Sedgeba im wevri saxelmwifoebisagan, romlebSic mas aqvs sawarmoo mowyobilobebi. Solvay-s piradi Sida dokumentebidan Cans, rom is miiCnevda cxra `erovnul mimarTulebas~, rogorc erTgvarovani bazris mowyobas (...).

147. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TiToeuli CarTuli saxelmwifos erovnuli bazari ganxiluli iqneboda cal-calke, Solvay mainc iqneboda dominanti TiToeul bazarze da zemoT aRwerili mosazrebebi mis mimarT imave formiT iqneboda gamoyenebuli.

148. zemoT aRwerili mosazrebebis gamo, komisia adgens, rom gansaxilveli pe-riodis ganmavlobaSi Solvay-s ekava dominanturi mdgomareoba, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis mixedviT.

V. qmedeba, romelic SeiZleba iyos mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba

saqme Centre Belge d’Etudes du Marche-Telemarketing v. Compagnie Luxembbourgeoise de elediffusion SA and Information Publicite Benelux SA321:

saqmis fabula: `telegayidvebisa~ Tu `televaWrobis~ satelevizio reklamebis dros miTiTebulia telefoni, romelzec momxmarebeli rekavs produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis SekveTis mizniT. luqsemburgis televiziam (CLT) Sewyvita reklamebis gaSveba, im SemTxvevis garda, rodesac misaTiTebeli telefonis nomeri ekuTvnoda mis Svilobil kompanias. Centre Belge-s, damoukidebeli telegayidvebis mimwodebel kompanias, ar SeeZlo Tavisi produqciis reklamirebisas sakuTari telefonis miTiTeba. am faqtma gaarTula CLT-is mdgomareoba belgiis sasamarTloSi da komerciulma sasamarTlom winaswari ganxilvisaTvis saqme gadaugzavna evropul sasamarTlos. CLT, rogorc kanonieri monopolisti, dominirebda belgiis telesareklamo bazarze da gaTvlili iyo frangulad molaparake mayureblebze, amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom belgiis nacionalur arxebze ar xdeboda reklamireba.

evropuli sasamarTlo

19. meore SekiTxva formulirebuli iyo Semdegnairad: ramdenad axdens sawar-mo, romelsac dominanturi mdgomareoba aqvs erT konkretul bazarze, _ Tavisi qmedebiT daitovos damatebiTi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba sxva sawar-mos mier, TavisTvis an Tavisi jgufis romelime warmomadgenlisaTvis pirvelis gaZevebiT am saqmianobidan, _ mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas 82-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT.(...)

321 Case 311/84, Centre Belge d’Etudes du Marche-Telemarketing v. Compagnie Luxembbourgeoise de elediffusion SA and Information Publicite Benelux SA [1985] ECR 3261, [1986] 2 CMLR 558

295

23. komisia eyrdnoba sasamarTlos 1974 wlis 6 martis gadawyvetilebas gaerTianebul saqmeebze (6 da 7/73 Commercial Solvents and others v. Commission [1974] ECR 223) da adgens, rom xdeba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba 82-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT, rodesac dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmo, romelsac SeuZlia mezobel bazarze moqmedi sxva sawarmos saqmianobis gakontroleba, iRebs gadawyvetilebas, daiwyos funqcionireba meore bazarze da yovelgvari sapatio mizezis gareSe wyvets poduqciisa da momsaxurebis miwodebas pirvel bazarze myofi sawarmoebisaTvis, romlebic orientirebulebi arian swored im bazarze, romlis dapyrobac surs dominant sawarmos.

24. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qmedeba ganixileba rogorc sakontraqto piroba da ara rogorc miwodebaze uaris Tqma, komisiis azriT, is, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, miiCneva rogorc 82-e muxlis darRveva. pirveli, Information Publicite, rogorc satelevizio drois gamyidveli, telemarketingis operaciebisaTvis yvela sxva sawarmos udgens pirobebs, romlebsac imave qmedebebisaTvis TviTon ar eqvemdebareba, kerZod ki pirobas, rom mas SeuZlia, sakuTari telefonis nomris gamoyeneba; es 82-e muxlis miznebisaTvis aris usamarTlo savaWro piroba; meore, Information Publicite kontraqtis daskvnas uqvemdebarebs damatebiTi valdebulebebis aRebas, romlebsac aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT kontraqtis saganTan, rac aseve aris 82-e (d) muxlis darRveva.

25. imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gaeces sasamarTlos meore SekiTxvas, miTiTeba unda moxdes zemoT naxseneb 1974 wlis 6 martis ganaCenze (Commercial Solvents), romelSic sasamarTlom daadgina: masalebis bazarze dominant mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos qmedeba, romelic uars eubneba sxva sawarmoebs am masalis miwodebaze, romlebsac is sWirdebaT sxva produqciis Sesaqmnelad da inaxavs mTel masalas sakuTari produqciis Sesaqmnelad, riTac realurad iwvevs aRniSnuli momxmareblebis mxridan konkurenciis aRmofxvris SesaZleblobas, Seesabameba mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, 82-e muxlis Tanaxmad.

26. es wesi aseve exeba SemTxvevas, rodesac erT bazarze moqmedi dominanti sawarmos momsaxureba ganuyofelia meore bazarze moqmedi sawarmos saqmiano-bisagan. Tu, rogorc sasamarTlom ukve aRniSna Tavis mimarTvaSi, maTi axlo kavSiris miuxedavad, telemarketingis bazari gansxvavdeba arCeuli sareklamo Suamavlis bazrisgan, da Tu aseTi saqmianoba Sedgeba, ZiriTadad, reklamis dam-kveTebisaTvis satelefono xazebisa da telefonis mopasuxeTa jgufis mom-saxurebis miwodebisagan, aseTi pirobebis gavrceleba mxolod telekompaniis gundze utoldeba am televiziis mier sxva sawarmoebisaTvis miwodebaze uaris Tqmas. aRniSnulis garda, Tu uaris Tqma ar aris gamarTlebuli televiziis maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare komerciuli moTxovnilebiT da Tu efuZneba am SesaZleblobis datovebas mxolod satelevizio agentisaTvis, rac xels uwyobs konkurenciis SesaZlo aRmofxvras, es qmedeba utoldeba xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis darRvevas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom muxlis sxva pirobebi dakmay-ofilebulia.

27. Sesabamisad, meore SekiTxvis pasuxad unda aRiniSnos, rom 82-e muxlis mixed-viT, mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba aRiniSneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac yovel-gvari obieqturi aucileblobis gareSe konkretul bazarze moqmedi dominanti sawarmo TavisTvis an Tavisi jgufis wevri sxva sawarmoebisTvis inaxavs damatebiT saqmianobas, romelic mezobel bazarze moqmedi sawarmos mier unda iyos ganxor-

296

cielebuli rogorc misi saqmianobis nawili da romelic qmnis am sawarmos mxri-dan konkurenciis aRmofxvris SesaZleblobas.

saqme British Airways v. Commission322:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

127. dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba Sesabamisi produqtis bazarze, romelic gavlenas axdens sxva calkeul bazarze, romelzec ar moqmedebs dominanti sawarmo, xvdeba 82-e muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi, Tu calkeuli bazari mniSvnelovnad axlos, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli pirvelTan (ix. gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: 6/73 da 7/73 Istituto Chemioterapico Italiano and Commercial Solvents v. Commission [1974] ECR 223, para. 22 da saqme 311/84 CBEM [1985] ECR 3261, para. 26).

128. am SemTxvevaSi sadavo Sesrulebis anazRaurebis sqemebi qmnida SeTanxmebaTa seriis nawils, romelic dadebuli iyo BA-s mier did britaneTSi dafuZnebul turistul saagentoebTan, sahaero transportis saagentos momsaxurebis, maT Soris misi bileTebis gayidvis, damatebiTi sareklamo da komerciul ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli momsaxurebis miwodebis mizniT.

129. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cnobilia, rom turistul saagentoebs aqvT gayidvis (produqcia/momsaxureba) funqcia, romelic mcire drois ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs am rols da, aqedan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aviaxazebisaTvis.

130. momsaxureba, romelsac aviaxazebi yidian mgzavrebze, did britaneTSi dafuZnebuli turistuli kompaniebis meSveobiT morgebulia dagegmili reisebis sahaero transportis momsaxurebas, romlis miRebac SeiZleba didi britaneTis aeroportebSi da amave aeroportebidan.

131. sasamarTlo am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom BA-s gasaCivrebuli praqtikis dros mis mier realizebuli bileTebis 85% gayiduli iyo Suamavali turistuli saagentoebis meSveobiT.

132. Sesabamisad, aSkarad mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, erTi mxriv, aviaxazebisaTvis did britaneTSi dafuZnebuli saagentoebis mier sahaero turistuli momsaxurebis miwodebasa da, meore mxriv, am aviaxazebis mier gaweul sahaero satransporto momsaxurebas Soris, romelic didi britaneTis sahaero transportis bazarze Seesabameba didi britaneTis aeroportebidan da amave aeroportebSi sahaero marSruts.

133. amasTan, BA-s argumentebis xazi efuZneba mosazrebas, rom aseTi mWidro kavSiri arsebobs CarTul bazrebs Soris. BA aRniSnavs, ... rom agentis mier misi reisebis mxardaWeris ararseboba niSnavs misi (BA-s) biznesis absolutur danakargebs. mogebis aseTi danakargi SeiZleba dadges mxolod BA-s bileTebis gayidvis SemcirebiT.

134. Sesabamisad, BA aRniSnavs, ... rom, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT eqnebaT ufro maRali moTxovna aviaxazebis momsaxurebaze, aviaxazebis mier turistuli saagentoebisaTvis micemuli upiratesoba Sedegad moitans xarjebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas.

322 Case T-219/99, British Airways v. Commission [2003] ECR II-5917, [2004] 4 CMLR 1008.

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135. Sesabamisad, komisia marTali iyo, rodesac daadgina, rom 82-e muxlis mier moTxovnili kavSiri arsebobda aviaxazebis mier turistuli saagentoebis meSveobiT Sesyiduli turistuli saagentoebis momsaxurebis didi britaneTis bazarsa da didi britaneTis sahaero transportis bazars Soris.

saqme AKZO Chemie BV v. Commission323:

evropuli sasamarTlo

66. AKZO davobda komisiis gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis kriteriumTan Se-sabamisobaze, romelsac TviTon miiCnevda gaugebrad, an, ukidures SemTxveva-Si, gamouyeneblad. misi azriT, komisiam unda miiRos obieqturi kriteriumi, romelic daefuZneba Tavis Rirebulebas.

67. amasTan dakavSirebiT is acxadebs, rom fasis konkretuli donis kanoniere-bis sakiTxi ar unda gamoiyos im specifikuri bazris garemoebebidan, romelSic es fasi dadginda. borotad gamoyeneba ar aris, Tu dominanti sawarmo cdilobs miiRos optimaluri gasayidi fasi da pozitiuri dafarvis sazRvrebi. fasi op-timaluria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawarmo gonivrulad miiCnevs, rom sxva fasis SeTavazeba, an am fasis ararseboba mokle vadaSi moitans naklebad xelsayrel mogebas. garda amisa, dafarvis sazRvrebi pozitiuria, Tu SekveTis Rirebuleba aRemateba cvladi xarjebis jams.

68. AKZO-s mixedviT, kriteriumi, romelic efuZneba mokle droSi optimaluri fasis miRebis mcdelobas, ar SeiZleba uaryofil iqnes imis safuZvelze, rom is sawarmos SesaZleblobebs daazianebs grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg sawarmos SeuZlia, zaralis asanazRaureblad miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi, an gamovides wagebaze orientirebuli saqmidan. amavdroulad, sawarmom unda miiRos `optimaluri SekveTebi~, raTa Seamciros danaklisi da uzrunve-lyos moqmedebis gangrZobadoba.

69. ganxiluli unda iqnes, rom, rogorc sasamarTlom ganacxada gadawyvetile-baSi 85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche v. E.C. Commission [1979] ECR 461, para. 91, mdgo-mareobis borotad gamoyeneba aris dominanturi mdgomareobis mqone sawarmos qcevis obieqturi koncefcia, romelsac SeuZlia, gavlena moaxdinos bazarze, sadac swored am ukanaskneli sawarmos operirebis gamo aris Sesustebuli konkurenciis done da im pirobebis Seqmnas, romelic gansxvavdeba im garemoe-bebisagan, romelSic unda xdebodes komerciul tranzaqciebSi produqtebisa da momsaxurebebis konkurencia, Sedegad aqvs an bazarze jer kidev arsebuli konkurenciis SenarCunebisaTvis xelis SeSla an konkurenciis zrdis procesis Seferxeba.

70. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom 82-e muxli ukrZalavs dominant sawar-mos konkurentis ganadgurebas da Sesabamisad sakuTari poziciebis gamyarebas im meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic gansxvavdeba konkurenciis damaxasiaTebeli pi-robebisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, fasebis yvelanairi konkurencia ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes kanonierad.

71. cvladi xarjebis qvemoT arsebuli fasebi (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is fasebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, damokidebulia warmoebuli produqciis raode-nobaze), romlis meSveobiTac dominanti sawarmo cdilobs konkurentis Camo-323 Case C-62/86, AKZO Chemie BV v. Commission [1991] ECR I-3359, [1993] 5 CMLR 215.

298

Sorebas, miCneul unda iqnes mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad. dominant sawarmos aseTi fasebis gamoyenebis interesi mxolod Tavisi konkurentis Camo-Sorebis SemTxvevaSi aqvs, ris Semdegac mas eqneba SesaZlebloba, Tavisi monopo-liuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovnad gazardos fasi, vinaidan Ti-Toeul gayidvas danakargi mohyva, kerZod fiqsirebuli danaxarjis sruli ode-noba (is xarjebi, romlebic mudmivia, miuxedavad warmoebuli raodenobisa) da, sul mcire, warmoebul produqtTan dakavSirebuli cvladi xarjebis nawili.

72. damatebiT, saSualo saerTo xarjis qvemoT dadgenili fasi, igive fiqsire-bul danaxarjs damatebuli cvladi xarji, romelic saSualo cvlad xarjze maRalia, borotad gamoyenebad CaiTvleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadgindeba, rom es iyo konkurenciis aRmofxvris gegmis nawili. aseTi fasebi SeiZleba gamomdinare-obdes bazarze moqmedi sawarmoebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba iseTive efeqturebi iyvnen, rogoric dominanti sawarmoebi, magram mcire finansuri resursebis gamo ar SeeZloT maTken mimarTul konkurenciasTan gamklaveba.

73. es aris kriteriumebi, romlebic unda iqnes gamoyenebuli am saqmeSi.

74. vinaidan misaRebi legitimurobis kriteriumi dominanti sawarmos Rireb-ulebebsa da strategiazea dafuZnebuli, AKZO-s mtkiceba komisiis gamoZiebis araadekvaturobaze, romelic Seexeba misi konkurentebis xarjebis struqturasa da fasebis politikas, dasawyisSive unda uariyos.

saqme T-340/03, France Telecm SA v. Commission:

130. rogorc mzakvruli fasebis maregulirebeli sasamarTlo praqtikidan Cans, pirveli, saSualo cvlad xarjebze naklebi fiqsirebuli, fasi iZleva safuZvels, vivaraudoT rom fasebis politika mimarTulia konkurenciis ganadgurebisaken, Tu fasi aris mTlian xarjze naklebi, magram saSualo cvlad xajze meti, is, SeiZle-ba miCneul iqnes mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad Tu dadgindeba, rom is aris konkurentis ganadgurebis gegmis nawili (AKZO v. Commission para. 100, 71 da 72, saqme T-83/91 Tetra Pak v. Commission [1994]ECR II-755, para. 148 da 149, sasamarTlos mier dadgenili saqmeebSi C-333/94 P Tetra Pak v. Commission [1996] ECR I-5951, para. 41 ‘The Tetra Pak Cases’).

195. (...) rac Seexeba 82-e muxlis gamoyenebas da borotad gamoyenebis mizansa da Sedegs Soris gansxvavebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom am muxlis gamoyenebisaTvis ara-konkurenciuli miznisa da arakonkurenciuli Sedegis Cvenebas zogierT SemTx-vevaSi SeiZleba hqondes erTi da igive Sedegi. Tu Cans, rom dominanti sawarmos mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba miznad isaxavda konkurenciis SezRudvas, mas eqneba aseTive Sedegi. amdenad, rac Seexeba fasebTan dakavSirebul praqtikas, rogorc saqmeSi _ AKZO v. Commission, para. 100-Si _ daadgina sasamarTlom, domi-nanti sawarmos mier dadgenili saSualo cvlad xarjebze naklebi fasebi miiC-neva borotad gamoyenebad, radgan aseTi fasebis dadgenaSi sawarmos erTaderTi interesi aris konkurentebis ganadgureba, xolo produqtis mTlian xarjze na-klebi, magram saSualo cvlad xarjze meti fasi miiCneva borotad gamoyenebad, Tu is aris konkurentis ganadgurebis gegmis nawili. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ar iTxovs praqtikaSi realuri Sedegis demonstrirebas.

196. damatebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom, rodesac dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmo realurad axdens praqtikis implementacias, romlis mizanic

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konkurentis gaZeveba iyo, magram sasurvel Sedegs ver miawia, es viTareba ar aris sakmarisi dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis arsebobis faq-tis gamosaricxavad, 82-e muxlis mixedviT (Compagnie maritime belge transports and Others v. Commission, para. 104, 149 da saqme T-228/97 Irish Sugar v. Commission [1999] ECR II-2969, para. 191).

saqme P, Tetra Pak International SA v. Commission324:

sasamarTlo

24. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadaw-yvetilebis Secvlis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba daisvas, vinaidan 82-e muxli ar iZleva aSkara mimarTulebebs, produqtis bazarze Tu sad SeiZleba moxdes mdgomare-obis borotad gamoyeneba, rogorc es aRniSnuli iyo 113-e paragrafSi. aseve sasamarTlom 115-e paragrafSi sworad aRniSna, rom dominanti sawarmos gansa-kuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobis moculoba ganxiluli unda iqnes TiToeuli saqmis im specifikuri garemoebebidan gamomdinare, romlebic miuTiTebs konkurenciis Sesustebaze.

25. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovania pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier miTiTebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi: gaerTianebuli saqmeebi 6/73 da 7/73, Commercial Solvents v. Commission [1974] ECR 223 da saqme 311/84 CBEM v. CLT and IPB [1985] ECR 3261, romlebic iZleva mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis iseT magaliTebs, rodesac borotad gamoyenebiT qmedebas gavlena aqvs sxva ba-zarze. saqmeSi C-62/86 AKZO v. Commission [1991] ECR I-3359 da saqmeSi T-65/89 BPB In-dustries and British Gypsum v. Commission [1003] ECR II-389, gaerTianebis sasamarTlom sxva bazarze momxdari qmedeba, romelsac gavlena aqvs dominirebul bazarze, cno mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad. Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasa-marTlom marTebulad gaakeTa daskvna Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 116-e paragrafSi, rodesac uaryo aplikantis yvela argumenti, rom sasamarTlom uaryo 82-e mux-lis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba im bazarze momxdari qmedebis mimarT, romelic gansxvavdeba dominirebuli bazrisagan.

26. arc generaluri advokatis mosazrebis 61-e punqtSi Camoyalibebuli argu-mentebis gamo SeuZlia Tetra Pak-s, miiRos raime saxis mxardaWera saqmeebidan: 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission [1979] ECR 461 an Michelin v. Commission.

27. simarTlea, rom 82-e muxlis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs dominanturi mdgomareo-bis kavSirs borotad gamoyenebis faqtTan, rac, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdeba, rodesac dominirebuli bazrisgan gansxvavebul bazarze ganxorcielebuli qmedeba gavle-nas axdens amave gansxvavebul bazarze. gansxvavebuli, magram asocirebuli, bazris SemTxvevaSi, rogorc mocemulia winamdebare saqmeSi, 82-e muxlis gamoyeneba aso-cirebul, magram ara dominirebul, bazarze momxdari qmedebis mimarT da im sawar-mos mimarT, romelsac gavlena hqonda aseve asocirebul bazarze, gamarTlebuli unda iyos gansakuTrebuli garemoebebiT.

28. amasTan dakavSirebiT, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Tavisi gadaw-yvetilebis 118-e paragrafSi aRniSna: arsebiTi iyo is faqti, rom Tetra Pak-s hqonda saerTo bazris 78% rogorc aseptikuri, iseve araaseptikuri muyaos Se-fuTvaSi, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mas hqonda Svidjer meti wili, vidre

324 Case C-333/94 P, Tetra Pak International SA v. Commission [1996] ECR I-5951, [1997] 4 CMLR 662.

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mis uaxloes konkurents. 119-e paragrafSi man aqcenti gaakeTa Tetra Pak-is wamy-van rolze araaseptikur seqtorSi. Semdeg, 121-e paragrafSi man daadgina Tetra Pak-is mdgomareoba aseptikur bazarze, sadac am ukanasknelis wili Seadgenda 90%-s da iyo kvazimonopolisturi. man aRniSna, rom arsebulma mdgomareobam Tetra Pak gadaaqcia araaseptikuri sistemebis yvelaze misaReb momwodeblad. dab-olos, 122-e paragrafSi man daadgina, rom saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, 82-e muxlis gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli iyo sxva bazrebze arsebuli mdgomareo-biT da maT Soris arsebuli mWidro asocirebuli kavSiris gamo.

29. asocirebuli kavSiris relevanturoba, romelic pirveli instanciis sasamarT-lom miiRo mxedvelobaSi, ar SeiZleba iqnes uaryofili. faqti, rom sxvadasxva masala unda iyos CarTuli erTi da imave Txevadi produqtebis SesafuTavad, aCvenebs, rom Tetra Pak-is momxmareblebi erT seqtorSi arian misi potenciuri momxmareblebi sxva sferoSi. es SesaZlebloba Cans 1987 wlis statistikaSi, romelmac gamoavlina, rom Tetra Pak-is momxmareblebis daaxloebiT 35% iZens rogorc aseptikur, aseve araaseptikur sistemebs. aseve mniSvnelovania aRin-iSnos, rom Tetra Pak-isa da misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani konkurenti PKL-is war-modgenilebi iyvnen oTxive bazarze. TiTqmis sruli dominirebis miRebis Semdeg aseptikuri masalis bazrebze Tetra Pak-s aseve SeeZlo gaTvla gaekeTebina misT-vis sasurvel statusze araaseptikuri masalis bazrebze. Tavisi mdgomareobi-dan gamomdinare, pirvel bazarze mas SeeZlo Tavisi SesaZleblobebis koncen-trireba am ukanasknelze sxva ekonomikuri subieqtebisagan damoukideblad.

30. zemoT aRwerili garemoebebi erTad, da ara cal-calke, amarTlebs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas da absoluturad ar aris saWiro imis Cveneba, rom Tetra Pak-s hqonda dominirebuli mdgomareoba araaseptikuri masa-lis bazarze, vinaidan dadginda, rom Tetra Pak sargeblobda qmedebis Tavisu-flebiT imave bazrebze, sxva ekonomikuri pirebisagan gansxvavebiT.

31. Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo marTali iyo, rodesac gam-oiyena 82-e muxli am saqmis mimarT, vinaidan kvazimonopoliuri mdgomareoba aseptikuri masalis bazarze da misi wamyvani roli calkeul, magram mWidrod asocirebul, araaseptikuri masalis bazarze mas ayenebda iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelic absoluturad Sedarebadia bazarze mTlianad arsebul dominantur mdgomareobasTan.

32. aseT mdgomareobaSi myofma sawarmom aucileblad unda gansazRvros, rom misi qmedeba moxvdeba 82-e muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi. amdenad, aplikantis argumentis sawinaaRmdegod, samarTlebrivi darwmunebis moTxovnebi ganxilu-lia.(...)

39. meoTxe saCivarSi Tetra Pak-ma ganacxada, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarT-lom dauSva samarTlebrivi Secdoma, rodesac man Tetra Pak-is fasebi araasep-tikuri masalis bazarze daaxasiaTa rogorc mzakvruli, da ar gaiTvaliswina daedgina am miznisaTvis aucilebeli ram, rom mas gonivruli mosazreba hqonda momavalSi miRebuli danakargebis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT.

40. Tetra Pak miiCnevs, rom danakargebis anazRaureba mzakvruli gayidvebis Sem-deg aris arsebiTi nawili mzakvruli fasebis cnebaSi. misi mtkicebis mixedviT, es naTlad Cans AKZO-s Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis 71-e paragrafidan.

301

vinaidan rogorc komisia, ise pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom Rirebulebaze dabali fasebiT gayidva xdeboda mxolod araaseptikuri masalis bazarze, romelzec Tetra Pak-s ar hqonda dominanturi mdgomareoba, Sesabam-isad, mas ar hqonda realuri SesaZlebloba, mogvianebiT aenazRaurebina miRe-buli zarali.

41. AKZO-s gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom daadgina ori sxvadasxva meTodis arseboba imis gasaanalizeblad, axdenda Tu ara sawarmo praqtikaSi mzakvru-li fasebis gamoyenebas. pirvel rigSi, cvladi xarjebis saSualo maCvenebelze dabali fasi yovelTvis miiCneva borotad gamoyenebad. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs sxva ekonomikuri stimulatori, garda konkurentis ganadgurebisa, vinaidan yvela warmoebul da gayidul produqts sawarmosTvis moaqvs mxolod zarali; meore, fasebi, romelic aris mTliani xarjis saSualo maCvenebelze dabali, magram cvladi xarjebis saSualo maCvenebelze maRali, miiCneva boro-tad gamoyenebad, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadasturdeba, rom am qmedebis mizani aris konkurenciis aRmofxvra.

42. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 150-e paragrafSi pirveli instanciis sasa-marTlom ganaxorciela igive kvleva, romelic sasamarTlom AKZO-s saqmeSi. man daadgina, rom italiaSi araaseptikuri muyaos gayidvisas 1976-1981 wlebSi fase-bi bevrad dabali iyo, vidre saSualo cvladi xarji. Sesabamisad, konkurenciis ganadgurebis miznis dadastureba ar iyo saWiro. 1982 wels fasebi imave muy-aosaTvis meryeobda saSualo cvlad xarjsa da saSualo mTlian xarjs Soris. am mizeziT misi gadawyvetilebis 151-e paragrafSi pirveli instanciis sasamarT-lom daadgina, _ da aplikants ar gaukritikebia is am mimarTulebiT, _ rom Tetra Pak-is mizani iyo konkurenciis aRmofxvra.

43. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo aseve marTali iyo, rodesac misi gadaw-yvetilebis 189-e da 191-e paragrafebSi gamoiyena igive msjeloba araaseptikuri aparatebis gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT did britaneTSi 1981 da 1984 wlebSi.

44. amas garda, ar iqneboda swori winamdebare saqmis garemoebebSi imis mtkice-bis moTxovna, rom Tetra Pak-s realuri Sansi hqonda, aenazRaurebina miRebuli zarali. SesaZlebeli unda iyos mzakvruli fasis gamoyenebis dasja, Tuki arse-bobs konkurentis ganadgurebis riski. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 151-e da 191-e paragrafebSi daadgina, rom winamdebare saqmeSi aseTi riski arsebobda. mizani, rom ar moxdes konkurenciis xelyofa, gamor-icxavs Carevis gadadebas da strategiis mier konkurenciis realur ganadgure-bamde dalodebas.

saqmeebi C-395 da 396/96 P, Compagnie Maritime Belge and Others v. Commission325:

evropuli sasamarTlo

111. saCivris mesame safuZveli moicavs SekiTxvas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba mdgo-mareobis borotad gamoyeneba, rogorc es ganmartebulia gasaCivrebul gadaw-yvetilebaSi, iyos amgvarad daxasiaTebuli.

112. miRebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, 82-e muxlSi mocemuli domi-nanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis akrZaluli sia ar aris amomwuravi

325 Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, Compagnie Maritime Belge and Others v. Commission [2000] ECR-1365, [2000] 4 CMLR 1076.

302

(saqme 6/72 Europemballage and Continental Can v. Commission,( ...) para. 26).

113. garda amisa, dadgenilia, rom garkveul garemoebebSi borotad gamoyeneba SeiZleba moxdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dominanti sawarmo ise iZlierebs mdgomare-obas, rom mis mier dominantobis miRweuli done arsebiTad arRvevs konkuren-cias (Europemballage and Continental Can (...) para. 26).

114. damatebiT, dominanti sawarmosaTvis dakisrebuli gansakuTrebuli pasux-ismgeblobis moculoba ganxilul unda iqnes TiToeuli saqmis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis mixedviT, rac miuTiTebs konkurenciis Sesustebaze (saqme 333/94 P, Tetra Pak International SA v. Commission (...) para. 24).

115. sazRvao transportis bazari aris Zalian specializebuli. swored am ba-zris specifikurobis gamo Seqmna sabWom #4056/86 regulaciaSi sxva ekono-mikuri seqtorebis mimarT moqmedisagan gansxvavebuli konkurenciis wesebi. uflebamosileba, romelic mieniWa SeuzRudavi vadiT lainerebis saTaTbiros, raTa fiqsirebuli tarifebiT eTanamSromlaT sazRvao transportTan, Sesabam-isi regulaciebisa da konkurenciis politikis mixedviT gamonaklisia.

116. #4056/86 regulaciis preambulis merve abzacidan naTelia, rom lainere-bis saTaTbirosTvis uflebamosilebis SeuzRudavi vadiT miniWeba, raTa fiq-sirebuli tarifebiT eTanamSromlaT sazRvao transportTan, gamowveuli iyo maT stabilurobaze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT da maTi mcdelobiT, SeeqmnaT adekvaturad efeqturi sazRvao transportis momsaxurebis ganrigi. Sedegi SeiZleba iyos is, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac laineris erT saTaTbiros aqvs dominanturi mdgomareoba konkretul bazarze, am momsaxurebis mimRebs Sesa-Zloa hqondes mcire interesi, mimarTos damoukidebel konkurents, Tu es uka-naskneli ver SeZlebs, SesTavazos mas lainerebis saTaTbiros mier SeTavaze-bul fasebze dabali fasi.

117. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dominant mdgomare-obaSi myofi lainerebis saTaTbiro SerCeviT, ganzrax amcirebs fasebs im miz-niT, rom miuaxloos Tavisi konkurentisas, is iRebs ormag sargebels: pirveli, is anadgurebs arsebiT da, SesaZloa, konkurenciis erTaderT SesaZleblobas; meore, mas SeuZlia gaagrZelos Tavisi momxmareblebisagan ufro maRali fase-bis gadaxdis moTxovna misi momsaxurebisaTvis, razec gavlenas ar moaxdens konkurencia.

118. am saqmeSi ar aris aucilebeli wesebis miReba garemoebebze, romelSic lai-nerebis saTaTbiros SeuZlia, kanonierad, TiToeuli saqmis analizze dayrd-nobiT, daadginos mis mier reklamaSi gamoyenebul fasze naklebi fasi imis-aTvis, rom konkurencia gauwios Tavis konkurents, an gadawyvetileba miiRos #4056/86 regulaciis 1-li me-3 b muxlis _ `uniforma Tu saerTo sazRvao tarifebi~ _ gamoTqmis safuZvelze.

119. arsebiTia imis aRniSvna, rom gansaxilveli qmedeba am saqmeSi aris Semdegi: saTaTbiros aqvs sabazro wilis 90% da hyavs erTi konkurenti. miuxedavad amisa, aplikantebs seriozulad arasodes udaviaT da, Sesabamisad, mosmenaze daadastures, rom gasaCivrebuli qmedebis mizani iyo bazarze konkurenciis ganadgureba G&C-is mxridan.

120. Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ar dauSvia Secdoma, rode-

303

sac miiRo komisiis protesti, rom `moCxubari gemebis~ saxeliT cnobili praq-tika, romelic mimarTuli iyo G&C-is mimarT da Seesabameboda mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, iyo gamarTlebuli. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmeSi saerTod ar dgas borotad gamoyenebis praqtikis axali definiciis Semotanis sakiTxi.

121. Sesabamisad, `moCxubari gemebis~ gasaCivrebis safuZveli unda uariyos rogorc miuRebeli da daudgeneli.

saqme Irish Sugar PLC v. Commission326:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

111. sasamarTlo praqtika gviCvenebs, rom ̀ borotad gamoyeneba~ aris obieqturi koncefcia. igi Seexeba dominanti sawarmos qcevas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gav-lenas axdens bazris struqturaze, sadac sawarmos yofnis Sedegad konkuren-cia ukve Sesustebulia da romelic produqtisa da momsaxurebis komerciuli tranzaqciebis mmarTveli normaluri konkurenciis meTodebisagan gansxvave-buli gzebiT moqmedebs da iwvevs konkurenciis arsebuli donis SezRudvas an konkurenciis donis ganviTarebis dabrkolebas (Hoffmann-La Roche (...) para. 91). Sesabamisad, 82-e muxli ukrZalavs dominant sawarmos konkurentis ganadgure-bas da am gziT mdgomareobis gaZlierebas im meTodebis gamoyenebiT, rac ar jdeba konkurenciis farglebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, fasze arsebuli yvela formis konkurencia miCneul unda iqnes legitimurad (AKZO (...) para. 70). 82-e muxlSi gaT-valiswinebuli akrZalva SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes aseve im faqtiT, rom ziani ar miadga momxmarebels (Continental Can, para. 26 Suiker Unie para. 526 da 527 (...)).

112. aqedan gamomdinare, radgan dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis dadgena TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs raime sayvedurs CarTuli sawarmos mimarT, misi mdgomareobis mizezebis miuxedavad, mas aqvs gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblo-ba, ar misces sakuTar qmedebebs saSualeba, Selaxos arsebuli daumaxinjebeli konkurenciis pirobebi (Michelin, para. 57 (...)); aseve, vinaidan im faqts, rom dom-inantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos ar SeiZleba CamoerTvas Tavisi komer-ciuli interesebis dacvis funqcia, rodesac xdeba maTze Tavdasxma da vinaidan aseT sawarmos unda mieces ufleba, gadadgas iseTi nabijebi, romlebic mas swo-rad miaCnia Tavisi interesebis dasacavad, mas ar SeiZleba mieces aseTi qmede-bis ganxorcielebis ufleba, Tu mizani dominanturi mdgomareobis gamyareba da, Sesabamisad, misi borotad gamoyenebaa (United Brands, para. 189, BPB Industies, para. 69; saqme 83/91 Tetra Pak II, para. 147, saqme T-24/93 CMB, para. 107 (...)).(...)

189. amdenad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos aqvs ufleba, daicvas Tavisi komerciuli interesebi, Tu maT raime emuqrebaT (ix. para. 112), dominanti sawarmos komerciuli poziciis dacva, romelic xasiaTdeba am SemTxvevaSi aplikantis msgavsi maxasiaTeblebiT, raTa iyos kanonieri, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, unda eyrdnobodes ekonomikuri efeq-turobis kriteriums da unda Seesabamebodes momxmareblis interesebs. am SemTxvevaSi aplikants ar uCvenebia, rom aRniSnuli pirobebi Sesruldeba.

326 Case T-228/97, Irish Sugar PLC v. Commission [1999] ECR II-2969, [1999] 5 CMLR 1300.

304

saqme BPB Industries and British Gypsum Ltd v. Commission327:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

eqskluziuri SesyidviTi SeTanxmebebis borotad gamoyenebiTi xasiaTi

65. saqmeSi _ limine _ sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom aplikanti marTalia Tavis SexedulebaSi, rom myidvelisaTvis wamaxalisebeli fasis gadaxdevineba aris standartuli praqtika, rac mimwodebelsa da distributors Soris komerciu-li TanamSromlobis nawilia. normaluri sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi ase-Ti kontraqtebi orive mxaris intersis sferoa. mimwodebeli, Sesabamisad, cdi-lobs, daicvas Tavisi gayidvebi moTxovnis loialobis uzrunvelyofis gziT, rodesac distributors, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia daeyrdnos miwodebis usafrTx-oebas da masTan dakavSirebul komerciul SesaZleblobebs.

66. aseTi formis komerciuli TanamSromlobisTvis uCveulo ar aris sanacv-lod eqskluziuri SesyidviTi valdebulebis gaCena, an raime valdebulebis warmoSoba zemoT aRniSnuli gadaxdis mimRebis mier mimwodeblisadmi. amgvari eqskluziuri wamaxalisebeli fasis gadaxda ar SeiZleba aikrZalos. rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadgina saqmeSi _ T-61/89, Dansk Pelsdyrav-lerforening v. E.C. Commission, ... aseTi valdebulebis Sedegebis Sefaseba bazris funqcionirebaze damokidebulia am saxis bazris maxasiaTeblebze. rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina saqmeSi _ C-234/89, Delimitis v. Henninger Brau, ZiriTadad, aucilebelia bazarze amgvari gavlenis Sefaseba, maTi specifikuri konteqstidan gamomdinare.

67. magram es mosazrebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba normaluri konkurentuli bazris mimarT, ar SeiZleba ase universalurad iqnes miRebuli im bazris SemTx-vevaSi, sadac dominanti sawarmos arsebobis gamo konkurencia TavisTavad Sez-Rudulia. dominant sawarmos ekisreba gansakuTrebuli valdebuleba, sakuTari qmedebiT saerTo bazarze ar gamoiwvios konkurenciis arsebiTi rRveva (saqme _ 322/81 Michelin v. Commission, para. 57 (...)).

68. rac Seexeba gasaCivrebuli valdebulebis xasiaTs, sasamarTlo ganixilavs, rom, rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, sawarmo, romelic aris dominanti da romelic erTmaneTTan kravs myidvelebs, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac is amas akeTebs maTi moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, _ maTi valdebulebis an dapirebis gamo, rom moaxdenen maTi moTxovnis srul an didi nawilis dakmayofilebas eqskluziurad dominanti sawarmos mxridan, 82-e muxlis mixedviT, borotad iyenebs Tavis mdgomareobas (...), ar aqvs mniSvneloba, es ganpirobebulia Semdgomi kvalifikaciis ararsebobiT, Tu momavalSi Sesabamisi daxmarebis miRebiT (saqmeebi: 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission (...) para. 89 (...) C-62/86 AKZO v. Commission (...) para 149). aseTi mogvareba gamarTlebulia im faqtiT, rom, rogorc winamdebare saqmeSi, ekonomikur operators Zlieri mdgomareoba aqvs bazarze, eqskluziuri miwodebis kontraqtis dadeba arsebiTi Sesyidvis mizniT Seesabameba bazarze Sesvlis miuRebel bariers. faqti, _ Tundac misi dadgenis SemTxvevaSi, _ rom wamaxalisebeli gadaxda iyo moTxovnis da zrdadi SesyidviTi Zalauflebis pasuxi, arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar gaamarTlebda miwodebis kontraqtSi eqskluziuri pirobis Cadebas. Sesabamisad, aplikants

327 Case T-65/89, BPB Industries and British Gypsum Ltd v. Commission [1993] ECR II-389, [1993] 5 CMLR 32.

305

ar SeuZlia amtkicos, rom komisias ar daudgenia aRniSnuli praqtikis borotad gamoyenebiTi xasiaTi da ar aris aucilebeli mxareebs Soris davisaTvis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebiT eqskluziurobis maxasiaTeblebis micema, radgan sasamarTlos winaSe arsebuli dokumentebidan cxadia, rom gansaxilveli sakontraqto pirobebi ukavSirdeba yvela, an TiTqmis yvela, momxmareblis SesyidviT saqmianobas.

70. sasamarTlo Semdeg ganixilavs, rom borotad gamoyeneba aris obieqturi kon-cefcia da rom, Sesabamisad, dominanti sawarmos qmedeba, 82-e muxlis mixedviT, Sesabamisad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aseTad bralis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki. Sesabamisad, aplikantis arguments, romlis mixedviTac BG-s arasodes hqonia miznad Iberian-is Sesusteba Tu daCagvra, araferi aqvs saerTo faqtebis samarT-lebriv klasifikaciasTan.

71. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dadasturdeba, rom sistemis erT-erTi mizani, rogorc amas aplikanti amtkicebs, iyo saerTod plasteris produqciis mx-ardaWera, unda aRiniSnos, amas mivyavarT gadasaxadis meSveobiT daxmarebamde, rac mkacrad ganpirobebulia BG-s mimarT eqskluziuri loialobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, aris mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba, miuxedavad im argumen-tisa, rom Semwynarebloba konkretuli brendis mimarT ar arsebobs.

72. aseve, aplikantis miTiTebam Tavisi konkurentis miwodebaze arsebul sirTu-leebTan dakavSirebiT, ar SeiZleba gaamarTlos maT mier dawyebuli eqskluzi-uri miwodebis SeTanxmeba, vinaidan ar SeuZliaT, gonivrulad amtkicon, rom maT momxmareblebs ar SeeZloT, maTi sabazro politikis misadagebisas mxed-velobaSi mieRoT aRniSnuli sirTuleebi.

73. arguments, rom myidvelebs hqondaT SesaZlebloba, nebismier dros Seew-yvitaT sakontraqto urTierToba BG-sTan, ar aqvs Zala, radgan kontraqtis moqmedebis Sewyvetis ufleba maTTvis ar gamoricxavs am kontraqtis pirobebis gamoyenebas im dromde, sanam is gamoiyenebs aRniSnul uflebas. aseve unda aRin-iSnos, dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmo imdenad Zlieria, rom SeuZlia mosTxovos momxmareblebs ara marto kontraqtis xelmowera, aramed misi Senar-Cuneba, raTa Sewyvetis samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba iyos moCvenebiTi.irlandiasa da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi ganxorcielebuli praqtika

119 (...) sasamarTlos mixedviT, pirveli dokumenturi mtkicebulebebis pirve-ladi analizis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis prezentaciidan, romel-ic am etapisTvis ar aris gasaCivrebuli, arsebiTad naTelia, rom BG-m gadaw-yvita, gamoeyo 4% anazRaurebiTi Tanxa da gadaeca CrdiloeTirlandieli myid-velisaTvis, romelic miznad isaxavda espaneTidan saplastero dafis imports. imave dros, man gadawyvita, daebrunebina Tanxis 5% im myidvelisaTvis, romelic daTanxmda, eqskluziurad mieRo BG-s mier miwodebuli saqoneli. aseTi praq-tika, Tavisi diskriminaciuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aSkarad mimarTuli iyo im momxmareblebis dasjisaken, romlebic apirebdnen saplastero dafebis im-portirebas, razec maTTvis gamiznuli iyo uaris Tqma, raTa SemdgomSic gaegr-ZelebinaT BG-s mxardaWera saplastero dafis bazarze.

120. meore, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom, rogorc evropulma sasamarTlom mi-iCnia (gadawyvetilebaSi _ Michelin (...), im momwodeblis mier, romelic dominan-tur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da romelzec met-naklebad aris damokidebuli

306

momxmarebeli, Tavisi finansuri upiratesobis gamo, loialuri anazRaure-bis meTodebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom am ukanasknelma uari Tqvas Tavisi konkurenti sawarmosagan imave miwodebis miRebaze, Seesabameba 82-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas. ...amasTan dakavSirebiT mcire mniSvnelobisaa, arsebobda Tu ara, aplikantis mtkicebis mixedviT, eqsk-luziuri miwodebis SeTanxmeba, romlis ganmavlobaSi fasdaklebis upiratesoba iyo pirobiTi, momxmarebelze gaTvlili erT-erTi piroba.

saqme Manufacture Francaise Des Pneumatiques Michelin v. Commission328:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

56. sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebidan naTelia, rom Tanxebis anaz-Raureba dominanti sawarmos mier, igive loialuri anazRaureba, romelic xdeba momxmarebeli sawarmos mier misi gayidvebis eqskluziurobis, an TiTqmis eqsk-luziurobis sanacvlod dominanti sawarmos mimarT, ewinaaRmdegba 82-e muxls. aseTi anazRaureba gamowveulia finansuri upiratesobiT, raTa momxmarebelma ar moaxdinos konkurenti sawarmosgan moTxovnis dakmayofileba (gaerTianebu-li saqmeebi: 40/73-idan 48/73-amde, 50/73, 54/73-idan 56/73-amde 111/73, 113/73 da 114/73 Suiker Unie and others v. Commission [1975] ECR 1663, para. 518; Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission (...), para.: 89 da 90; Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 71; da saqme T-65/89 BPB Industries and British Gypsum v. Commission (...) para. 120).

57. ufro zogadad, rogorc aplikanti amtkicebs, anazRaurebis sistema, romel-sac aqvs bazris daxurvis efeqti, ewinaaRmdegeba 82-e muxls, Tu misi gamoyen-eba xdeba dominanti sawarmos mier. am mizezis gamo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom anazRaureba, romelic Seexeba gayidvis miznis miRwevas, aseve ewinaaRmdegeba 82-e muxls (Michelin v. Commission (...)).

58. raodenobiTi anazRaurebis sistemas, romelic dakavSirebulia gayidveb-is moculobasTan da romelic xorcieldeba dominanti sawarmos mier, saerTo damokidebulebis mixedviT, ar gaaCnia bazris daxurvis efeqti, romelic ikrZa-leba 82-e muxliT (ix. Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 71 da saqme C-163/99 Portugal v. Commission [2001] ECR I-2613, para. 50). Tu gazrdili raodenoba Sedegad moitans dabal xarjebs momwodeblisaTvis, am ukanasknels aqvs ufleba, moaxdinos Sem-cireba momxmareblis sasargeblod ufro metad xelsayreli tarifis formiT (...).

59. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom anazRaurebis sistema, romelSic fasdaklebis sistema izrdeba Sesyidvis moculobasTan erTad, ar daarRvevs 82-e muxls, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac anazRaurebis wesi da kriteriumebi gamoavlens, rom sistema ar aris ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli privilegiis gaTvaliswinebiT da miznad isaxavs loialur da mizanmimarTul anazRaurebas, momxmarebels aaridos Tavisi konkurentebisagan produqciis miReba (ix. Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission (...), cit-irebuli 54-e punqtSi, para. 90; Michelin v. Commissio (...) para. 85; Irish Sugar v. Com-mission (...) para. 114; da Portugal v. Commission (...) para. 52).

60. imis gansazRvraSi, aris Tu ara raodenobiTi fasdaklebis sistema mdgomareo-bis borotad gamoyeneba, aucilebelia, ganxilul iqnes yvela garemoeba, kerZod ki grantis gacemis maregulirebeli kriteriumebi da wesebi da gamoZiebul iqnes,

328 Case T-203/01, Manufacture Francaise Des Pneumatiques Michelin v. Commission [2004] 4 CMLR 923.

307

privilegiis miniWebisas efuZneboda Tu ara is gamamarTlebel ekonomikur mom-saxurebas, Tu anazRaurebis mizani iyo myidvelis mier mowodebis wyaros arCevis Tavisuflebis SezRudva Tu gauqmeba, romlis meSveobiTac moxdeboda konkur-entebis daSveba bazarze da sawarmo gamoiyenebda araTanabar pirobebs erTi da imave tranzaqciebis dros sxvadasxva savaWro partnioris mimarT, an mizani iqne-boda dominanturi mdgomareobis gaZliereba Tu konkurenciis moSla (Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission(...), para. 90; Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 73; Irish Sugar v. Commission (...) para. 114). (...)

62. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom fasdaklebaTa sistemis ubralo maxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa raodenobrivi anazRaureba, ar niSnavs, rom aseTi fasdaklebebi See-sabameba 82-e muxls. aucilebelia gaTvaliswineba yvela im garemoebisa, kerZod ki im kriteriumebisa da wesebisa, romlebic gamoiyeneba fasadaklebebis dawese-bisas da gamokvleva iseTi upiratesobis gamoyenebisa, rac ar iyo gamarTle-buli ekonomikuri momsaxurebiT, anu: ramdenad isaxavda miznad myidvelis mier mowodebasTan dakavSirebuli arCevanis gakeTebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas Tu gauqmebas, konkurentis mier bazarze SeRwevis SezRudvas, araTanabari pirobe-bis gamoyenebas erTi da imave tranzaqciebisaTvis sxvadasxva savaWro partnio-ris mimarT an dominanti mdgomareobis gaZlierebas konkurenciis moSlis gziT (ix. me-60 paragrafSi citirebuli gadawyvetilebebi).(...)

64. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebidan naTelia, komisia miiCnevs, rom raodeno-brivi anazRaurebis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba aplikantis mier, Seesabam-eba 82-e muxlis darRvevas, vinaidan is ar aris samarTliani, aris loialobis gamomwvevi da aqvs danawilebis efeqti (...).

65. sasamarTlo praqtikidan, rogorc wesi, unda iqnes miRebuli, rom loialo-bis gamomwvev anazRaurebis sistemas, romelic gamoiyeneba dominanti sawarmos mier, aqvs 82-e muxlis mier akrZaluli bazris daxurvis efeqti (ix. para.: 56 da 60), miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara es sistema diskriminaciuli. saqmeSi _ Michelin v. Commission..., sasamarTlom komisiis gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobis ganxilvisas (...) ar daadastura komisiis mtkiceba, rom Michelin-is mier gamoyen-ebuli anazRaurebis sistema iyo diskriminaciuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom is ar-Rvevda 82-e muxls, vinaidan is dilerebs aqcevda Tavisze damokidebul mdgo-mareobaSi.

66. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia, pirveli, _ ganxilul iqnes, hqon-da Tu ara komisias sapatio mizezi, gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebSi daedgina, raodenobiTi anazRaurebis sistema iyo loialobis gamomwvevi, Tu, sxva sityve-biT rom vTqvaT, is momxmareblebs damokidebuls xdida aplikantze, ris Semde-gac isini aRar axdendnen mowodebis miRebas aplikantis konkurenti momwode-blisgan. rogorc komisiam Tavisi daskvnis dacviT nawilSi aRniSna, sistemis usamarTloba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli loialobis gamomwvev efeqtTan. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom loialobis gamomwvevi anazRaurebis sistema, Tav-isi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aris aseve damanawevrebeli, vinaidan is mimarTulia momxmareblisaTvis sxva mwarmoeblisagan miwodebis miRebis aridebisaken.(...)

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95. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom raodenobiTi anazRaurebis sistemas, romelSic arsebobs seriozuli gansxvavebebi fasdaklebis tarifebSi maRal da dabal zRvars Soris, romelic moqmedebs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da romlic dadgenilia miRebuli wilis mTliani brunvis safuZvelze, aqvs loia-lobis gamomwvevi fasdaklebis sistemis maxasiaTeblebi.

96. damatebiT, rogorc aplikanti aRniSnavs, fasebisa da nebismieri fasdakleb-is konkurenciis mizani aris, waaxalisos momxmarebeli, SeiZinos meti produq-cia erTi da imave mimwodeblisgan.

97. Tumca dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos aqvs gansakuTrebuli pa-suxismgebloba, sakuTari saqcieliT, ar dauSvas gamarTuli konkurenciis mo-Sla saerTo bazarze (Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 57). fasebze arsebuli yvela formis konkurencia ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes kanonierad (AKZO v. Commisssion (...) para. 70, Irish Sugar v. Commission(...) para. 111). dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos ar SeuZlia sxva meTodebis gamoyeneba, garda konkurenciis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebulisa (Irish Sugar v. Commission(...) para. 111).

98. aseT garemoebebSi aucilebelia imis gansazRvra, gamoxatvis miuxedavad, aplikantis mier gamoyenebuli raodenobrivi anazRaurebis sistema efuZneba Tu ara ekonomikur privilegias, risi gamarTlebac SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 73; Irish Sugar v. Commission (...) para. 114; Portugal v. Commission (...) para. 52) Tu, sxva si-tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris aplikantis mier ekonomikuri masStabis farglebSi anazRaureba didi raodenobiT SekveTebze. Tu miwodebis raodenobis gazrda Sedegad moitans mimwodeblisTvis dabali xarjebis miRebas, am ukanasknels ufleba aqvs, moaxdinos momxmareblisTvis fasebis Semcireba metad xelsayreli tarifis SeTavazebis formiT (generalur advokat miSos mosazreba saqmeSi _ Portugal v. Commission (...) 106-e nawili).(...)

100. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom, miRebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mier fasdaklebebis sistemis gamoy-eneba unda efuZnebodes ekonomikurad gamarTlebul upiratesobas (Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 85; Irish Sugar v. Commission (...) para. 114; Portugal v. Commis-sion (...) para. 52). Sesabamisad, raodenobrivi anazRaurebis sistema Seesabameba 82-e muxls, Tu dilerebisaTvis miwodebuli upiratesoba gamarTlebulia maT mier ganpirobebuli biznesis moculobiT an nebismieri masStabis ekonomiiT, romelic SeuZlia miiRos mimwodebelma (Portugal v. Commission (...) paragrafi 52).(...)

107. mniSvnelovania aseve imis Semowmeba, Tu ramdenad daadgina aplikantma, rom anazRaurebis sistema, romelsac aqvs loialobis gamomwvevi maxasiaTeblebi, efuZneboda obieqtur ekonomikur mizezebs (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Irish Sugar v. Commission (...) para. 188; Portugal v. Commission (...) para. 56).

108. unda aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aplikanti ar gvawvdis aranair specifikur informacias. is, ubralod, acxadebs, rom didi odenobis SekveTebi iwvevs ekonomias, xolo momxmarebels aqvs ufleba, miiRos es eko-nomia Tavis mier gadaxdil fasSi (ganacxadis 57-e nawili). is aseve miuTiTebs saCivris ganacxadis pasuxze da mosmenis Canawerebze (pasuxi, nawili 91). imis

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dadgenis gareSe, rom raodenobrivi anazRaurebebi efuZneboda realuri xar-jebis Semcirebas (generalur advokat miSos mosazreba saqmeSi _ Portugal v. Com-mission (...) 118-e nawili), aplikantma ubralod ganacxada, rom raodenobrivi anazRaureba gamarTlebuli iyo produqciis Rirebulebasa da distribuciaSi miRebuli masStaburi ekonomiiT (mosmenis Canaweri, gv. 62).

109. Tumca argumentebis aseTi xazi Zalian zogadia da ar aris sakmarisi, war-moadginos ekonomikuri mizezebi imisaTvis, rom konkretulad ganmartos fas-daklebis tarifebi gansaxilveli anazRaurebis sistemis sxvadasxva safexurze (Portugal v. Commission (...) para. 56).

110. Sesabamisad, rogorc aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, komisia uflebamosili iyo, gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi daeskvna, rom raodenobiTi anazRaurebis sistema Seiqmna, raTa safrangeTSi satvirTo manqanebis saburavebis dilerebi miejaWva aplikantze ekonomikurad gaumarTlebel upiratesobaTa safuZvelze, vinaidan is iyo loialobis gamomwvevi, anazRaurebis sistemis mizani iyo, dil-erebisaTvis CamoerTva Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba, bazarze arsebuli mdgo-mareobidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva sawarmos mier ukeTesi pirobebis SeTavaze-bis safuZvelze da mimwodebeli sawarmos umtkivneulod Secvlis SesaZleblo-ba. anazRaurebis sistemam Sesabamisad SezRuda dilerebis arCevani da bazarze Sesvla sxva konkurentebisTvis gaxada rTuli, maSin, roca dilerebis masze damokidebuleba, rac Seqmnili iyo fasdaklebaTa sistemis gamo, ar efuZneboda Sesabamisi masStabis ekonomiiT gamowveul upiratesobas (Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 85).

111. aplikants ar SeuZlia ipovos daxmareba raodenobrivi anazRaurebis sistemis gamWvirvale xasiaTSi. loialobis gamomwvevi anazRaurebis sistema ewi-naaRmdegeba 82-e muxls, misi gamWvirvalobis miuxedavad. damatebiT, raodeno-brivi anazRaurebis sistemam Seqmna fasdaklebis kompleqsuri sistemis nawili, romelTagan ramdenime, aplikantisve miTiTebiT, gulisxmobda mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas (...) sxvadasxva fasdaklebis sistemis imavdroulma gamoy-enebam, _ kerZod ki: raodenobrivma anazRaurebam, momsaxurebis bonusebma, pro-gresis bonusma da bonusma, romelic dakavSirebulia PRO-s SeTaxmebasTan da Michelin-is megobrebis klubTan _ romlebic ar gamoixateboda invoisSi, dile-risTvis SeuZlebeli gaxada, daedgina Michelin-is saburavebis Sesyidvis zusti fasi Sesyidvis dros. Seqmnilma situaciam udavod Caayena dileri gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi da damokidebuli gaxada momwodebelze.(...)

113. Sesabamisad, komisia marTali iyo, rodesac daadgina, rom aplikantis mier gamoyenebuli anazRaurebis sistema arRvevda 82-e muxls, vinaidan, inter alia, is iyo loialobis gamomwvevi.(...)

140. dominanturi sawarmos mier dilerebisaTvis fasdaklebebis gaweva unda efuZnebodes obieqtur ekonomikur gamarTlebas (Irish Sugar v. Commission (...) para. 218). is ar unda iyos gamowveuli sawarmos subieqturi SefasebiT imis Taobaze, rom dilerma mis mier ganxorcielebuli SesyidvebiT daimsaxura fasdakleba. rogorc komisia aRniSnavs, gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi (251-e nawili) aseTi subieqturi Sefasebebi dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos aZlevs Sesa-

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Zleblobas, dilerze moaxdinos seriozuli zewola (...) da uflebas aZlevs mas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos diskriminaciuli midgoma.

141. Sesabamisad, fasdaklebebis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba dominanti sawar-mos mier da romelic sawarmos utovebs diskreciis mniSvnelovan zRvars imis gadasawyvetad, SeuZlia Tu ara dilers, miiRos fasdakleba, aris usamarTlo da Seesabameba 82-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyen-ebas (amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission (...) para. 105). subieqturi Sefasebis gamo dilerebi gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, radgan winaswar ar SeeZloT eangariSaT, ra xarjebis gaReba mouwevdaT momsax-urebis bonusis gaTvaliswinebiT (Michelin v. Commission (...) para. 83).(...)

219. faqti aris is, rom aplikantma Tavisi argumentebiT, faqtobrivad, mi-iRo komisiis gadawyvetilebaSi dadgenili faqti, rom dilerze dawesebuli valdebuleba informaciis miwodebasTan dakavSirebiT da Michelin-is mier sx-vadasxva sferos amsaxveli miwodebuli siis miReba mxolod asaxavs Michelin-is survils, detaluri zedamxedveloba gauwios distribucias (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 322-e nawili). miuxedavad imisa, rom am informaciis nawili aris sajaro, umetesi nawili daxurulia. aplikantis erTpirovnuli mizani, daavaldebulos distributorebi, acnobon mas brunvis, statistikis, gayidvebis prognozis, momavali strategiisa da bazris ganviTarebis Taobaze, mimarTulia bazris Sesaxeb im informaciis miRebisaken, romelic ar aris Ria da romelic Rirebulia misTvis sakuTari sabazro strategiis gansazRvrisaTvis (Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission (...) para. 107). damatebiT, aplikantis uflebam, gamoricxvis meTodiT gamoikvlios Tavisi klubis wevrebis moqmedeba detalurad, udavod unda gazardos Tavisi klubis wevrebis damokidebuleba Michelin-ze, romlebic aRniSnuli valdebulebebis SesrulebisaTvis iReben finansur privilegiebs (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 104-e-106-e nawilebi). dilerebs, Sesabamisad, aRar aqvT bazris wilis gazrdis SesaZlebloba konkurentis produqciiT, Mi-chelin-isgan damoukideblad.

220. 215-e paragrafSi aRniSnuli valdebulebebi mimarTulia klubis wevrebis gakontrolebisaken, maTi aplikantisadmi mijaWvisa da sxva mwarmoeblebisagan konkurenciis gauqmebisaken. komisia, Sesabamisad, marTali iyo, rodesac aRniS-nuli qmedebebi daaxasiaTa rogorc mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba.(...)

240. amdenad, saqmeSi _ Michelin v. Commission _ sasamarTlom 238-e paragrafSi ganxiluli principis safuZvelze daadgina, rom aucilebelia yvela pirobis ganxilva, kerZod ki fasdaklebis dawesebis wesebisa da kriteriumebis Semow-meba da imis gamoZieba, Tu ramdenad iyo fasdaklebis sistema, romelic ar iyo gamarTlebuli masStaburi ekonomiiT, mimarTuli myidvelis mier mowodebis wyaros SerCevis Tavisuflebis SezRudvisa Tu gauqmebisaken, konkurentebis ba-zarze SeRwevis SezRudvisaken, erTi da imave tranzaqciebisaTvis gansxvavebuli pirobebis gamoyenebisa Tu konkurenciis moSlis gziT misi dominanturi mdgo-mareobis gaZlierebisaken. is askvnida, rom Michelin-ma daarRvia xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli, vinaidan misi fasdaklebis sistema mimarTuli iyo, dilerebisaTvis bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvadasxva konkurenti mom-wodebeli kompaniidan yvelaze xelsayrelis SerCevis uflebis SezRudvisa da

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raime formiT ekonomikuri zianis miRebis gareSe momwodeblis Secvlis Tavi-dan acilebisaken.

241. Sesabamisad, gamomdinareobs, rom, 82-e muxlis mixedviT, arakonkurentuli miznisa da arakonkurentuli Sedegis Seqmna aris erTi da igive (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. .Irish Sugar v. Commission (...) para. 170). Tu dadasturdeba, dominanti sawarmos qmedebis mizani aris konkurenciis SezRudva, miiCneva, rom aRniSnul qmedebas aseTive Sedegi mohyveba.

saqme British Airways v. Commission329:

248. sasamarTlo praqtikidan SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom erTguli anazRaurebis nebismieri sistema mimarTulia, momxmarebels aaridos Tavisi konkurentebisagan miwodebis miReba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis 82-e muxls, imis miuxedavad, aris Tu ara anazRaurebis sistema diskriminaciuli. igive Seexeba erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli Sesrulebis sqemas, romelic praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi myidvelis mier, momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan dakavSirebiT.

271. am saqmeSi saWiroa ganisazRvros, sabazro SeTanxmebasa da anazRaurebis axal sistemas ramdenad aqvT erTgulebaze dayrdnobili Sedegi did britaneTSi moqmedi turistuli saagentoebis mimarT, da Tu maT aseTi aqvT, ramdenad iyo es sqemebi dafuZnebuli ekonomikurad gamarTlebul Sexedulebebze (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Michelin para. 73, para. 246-Si citirebuli Portugal v. Commission, para. 2 da Irish Sugar v. Commission, para. 114). (...)

279. meore, im sakiTxis ganxilvisas, iyo Tu ara Sesrulebis anazRaurebis sqema, romelic gamoiyeneboda BA-s mier, ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli, unda aRiniSnos, simarTlea, rom dominant sawarmos ar SeiZleba CamoerTvas ufleba, moiqces ise, rogorc mas sworad miaCnia, raTa daicvas Tavisi komerciuli interesi, Tu is safrTxis qveS imyofeba (Irish Sugar v. Commission para. 112).

280. Tumca sawarmos konkurentuli mdgomareoba, romelic BA-s msgavsad flobs dominantur mdgomareobas, ukidures SemTxvevaSi aqvs kanonieri ufleba, daeyrdnos ekonomikuri efeqturobis kriteriums (Irish Sugar v. Commission para. 189).

281. winamdebare saqmeSi BA-s ar uCvenebia, rom misi Sesrulebis erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli anazRaurebis sistema emyareboda ekonomikurad gamarTlebul mosazrebebs.(...)

293. dabolos, BA-s ar SeuZlia daadanaSaulos komisia imis dafarvaSi, rom misi praqtika iZleoda eqskluziur Sedegs. pirvel rigSi, 82-e muxlis darRvevis dasadgenad ar aris aucilebeli imis demonstrireba, rom qmedebis borotad gamoyenebad kvalifikaciisaTvis bazarze Sedegis dadgoma ar aris aucilebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia imis Cvenebac, rom dominanatur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mier borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedeba mimarTulia konkurenciis SezRudvisaken, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qmedebas SesaZlebelia, hqondes an aqvs aseTi Sedegi.

329 Case T-219/99, British Airways v. Commission [2003] ECR II-5917, [2004] CMLR 1008.

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294. aqedan gamomdinareobs ara marto is faqti, rom sadavo praqtikas didi britaneTis sahaero turistuli saagentoebis momsaxurebisa da sahaero trans-portis bazarze unda hqonoda SezRudviTi xasiaTi, magram aseve is, rom aseTi Sedegi demonstrirebuli iyo komisiis mier konkretuli formiT.

295. vinaidan gasaCivrebuli qmedebis dros, did britaneTSi dafuZnebuli tur-istuli saagentoebi flobdnen didi britaneTis teritoriaze sahaero bileTe-bis gayidvis 85%-s, BA-s borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedeba sahaero bileTebis ba-zarze aucileblad moitanda Sedegad konkurentuli aviaxazebis didi britane-Tis sahaero transportis bazridan gandevnas, bazarTan misi mWidro kavSiris gamoyenebiT.

296. BA-s mier didi britaneTis sahaero transportis bazarze amoqmedebuli Sesrulebis anazRaurebis sqemis mizezis gamo, sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia mi-iRos BA-s argumenti, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ar moicavda sahaero transportis bazris analizs, an damdgari zaralis mtkicebulebas, romelic miayena misma finansurad wamaxalisebelma sqemam konkurentul aviaxazebsa da mgzavrebs.

297. garda amisa, rodesac dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos realurad moqmedebaSi mohyavs Tavisi konkurentebis gaZevebaze orientirebuli gegma, faq-ti, rom sasurveli Sedegi ar dgeba, ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa dadgindes 82-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba.

298. garda amisa, bazarze BA-s konkurenti aviaxazebis wilebis zrda, rac dai-wyo bazarze mcire wilebis flobidan, ar niSnavs, rom BA-s praqtikas ar aqvs Sedegi. aseTi praqtikis ararsebobisas samarTlianad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, rom BA-s konkurentebis wilebis zrda iqneboda ufro SesamCnevi da mniSvnelo-vani (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Compagnie Maritime Belge Transport (...) para. 149).

299. Sesabamisad, komisias ar dauSvia Sefasebisas Secdoma, rodesac daadgina, rom BA-m Tavisi qmedebiT daarRvia xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli. man turistu-li saagentoebis mimarT aamuSava Sesrulebis anazRaurebis sqema, romelic iyo rogorc diskriminaciuli Tavisi ramdenime beneficiaris mimarT, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, aseve miznad da Sedegad, ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli mosazre-bebis gareSe, hqonda loialuri anazRaurebis sistema BA-sTan dakavSirebuli agentebis mimarT da, Sesabamisad, sxva konkurenti kompaniebis gaZeveba rogorc didi britaneTis sahaero turistuli saagentoebis momsaxurebis bazridan, aseve, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, didi britaneTis sahaero mgzavrobis bazridan....

311. vinaidan 82-e muxli miznad isaxavs konkurenciis struqturis obieqturi SezRudvis dasjas (Europemballage and Continental Can v. Commission [1973] ECR 215, para. 26), BA-s argumenti, rom ar arsebobs misi anazRaurebis sqemis gamo momx-mareblebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis miyenebis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba, ar SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli.

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saqme C-95/04 P. British Airways v. Commission330:

saqmis fabula: BA-m argumentacia daiwyo daviT, rom `imisaTvis, raTa gaekeTe-bina gansxvaveba fasze legitimur konkurenciasa da ukanono, arakonkurentul Tu gamonaklisebze dafuZnebul qmedebas Soris, pirveli instanciis sasamarT-los unda gamoeyenebina 82-e muxlis meore paragrafis (b) qvepunqti, romeli praqtikis Sesabamisadac dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad klasificirebisaTvis unda xdebodes produqciis, bazris an teqnikuri ganvi-Tarebis Semcireba, rac saziano iqneba momxmareblisaTvis. Sesabamisad, man unda Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad SezRuda BA-m Tavisi qmedebiT aviaxazebis bazari da ramdenad iyo es qmedeba zianis momtani momxmareblisaTvis~.

evropuli sasamarTlo

57. pirvel rigSi, im ganacxadis Sesaxeb, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarT-lom Secdoma dauSva, rodesac Tavisi argumentebi daafuZna 82-e muxlis meore paragrafis (b) qvepunqts imis Sefasebisas, Seesabameboda Tu ara gansaxilveli sabonuse sqemebi borotad gamoyenebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom 82-e muxlSi Cadebuli borotad gamoyenebis sia ar aris amomwuravi, ase rom, aRniSnuli praqtika aris dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis ubralo magaliTebi (ix. saqme C-333/94 P Tetra Pak v. Commission [1996] ECR I-5951, para. 37). Sesabamisi sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, xelSekrulebiT akrZa-luli borotad gamoyenebis praqtika, romelic igulisxmeba aRniSnul debule-baSi, ar aris amomwuravi (saqme 6/72 Europemballage and Continental Can v. Commission [1973] ECR 215, para. 26, gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: C-395/96 P da C-396/96 P Compag-nie Maritime Belge Transport v. Commission [2000] ECR I-1365, para. 112).

58. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mier gacemuli bonusebi da fasdaklebebi SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes xelSekrulebis 82-e muxls maSinac ki, rodesac isini ar Seesabamebian zemoT naxsenebi muxlis meore paragrafSi CamoTvlil sias. amdenad, erTgulebis gamomxatveli fasdaklebebisa da gamonaklisis Sedegis gansazRvrisas sasamarT-lom Tavisi gadawyvetileba saqmeebSi _ Hoffmann-La Roche da Michelin _ mTlianad daafuZna 82-e muxlis debulebebs da ara misi meore paragrafis (b) qvepunqts. garda amisa, gadawyvetilebaSi gaerTianebul saqmeebze 40/73-idan 48/73-amde, 50/73, 54/73-idan 56/73-amde, 111/73, 113/73 da 114/73 Suiker Unie and others v. Com-mission [1975] ECR 1663, para. 523, romelic Seexeba erTgulebis anazRaurebas, sasamarTlo aSkarad eyrdnoba EEC xelSekrulebis 86-e muxlis meore para-grafis (g) qvepunqts, romlis mixedviTac dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis praqtika unda Sedgebodes, magaliTad, erTi da imave tranzaqci-isaTvis sxvadasxva savaWro partnioris mimarT gansxvavebuli pirobebis gamoy-enebisa da maT arakonkurentul garemoSi Cayenebisagan.

61. saqmeebSi _ Hoffmann-La Roche da Michelin _ sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am ori dominanti sawarmos mier garkveuli fasdaklebebis gakeTeba Seesabameboda mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas.

330 Case C-95/04 P, British Airways v. Commission, 15 March 2007.

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62. aRniSnuli saqmeebidan pirveli Seexeboda dominanti sawarmos mier ganxorcielebul fasdaklebebs vitaminebis konkretul jgufebze da romelTa gacemac drois umetes SemTxvevaSi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli qvekontraqtoris pirobasTan, rom mas kidev mieRo produqcia dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi mimwodeblisagan, kerZod ki Hoffmann-La Roche-sgan, drois konkretul monakveTSi. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zemoT aRniSnuli fasdaklebebis sistema, romelic erTgulebis anazRaurebis sqemis gamoyenebiT axdenda myidvelebis waxalisebas, mimarTuli iyo momxmareblebis mier eqskluziurad misi produqciis Sesyidvisaken, rac ar Seesabameboda saerTo bazarze urRvevi konkurenciis mizans (Hoffmann-La Roche (...) para. 90).

63. saqmis _ Michelin _ 62-e paragrafSi aRwerili saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, Michelin-is qvekontraqtorebi ar iyvnen valdebulebi, mieRoT mowodebuli saqoneli mTlianad an nawilobriv Michelin-isagan. Tumca cvalebadi wliuri fasdaklebebi gulisxmobda, rom misgan sargeblis misaRebad kompaniis qvekontraqtorebs unda mieRwiaT individualuri fasdaklebis SedegisTvis. am saqmeSi sasamarTlom aRmoaCina ramdenime faqtori imisaTvis, rom Michelin-is qmedebis kvalifikacia yofiliyo dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba. kerZod, am saqmeSi msjelobisaTvis bevrad didi periodi, erTi weli, iyo aRebuli; misi funqcionireba ar iyo gamWvirvale qvekontraqtorebisaTvis da Michelin-isa da misi konkurenti sawarmos sabazro wilebs Soris gansxvaveba iyo mniSvnelovani (ix. mag., Michelin, paragrafebi: 81-83).

64. BA-s argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, mocemuli ori saqmidan ar gamomdin-areobs, rom bonusebisa da fasdaklebebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Seesabamebodes mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas mxolod zemoT naxseneb saqmeebSi aRweri-li garemoebebis arsebobisas. rogorc generalurma advokatma Tavisi poziciis 41-e nawilSi aRniSna, mniSvnelovani faqtorebi aris sasamarTlos wina gadaw-yvetilebis Tanmdevi da ganmapirobebeli da romelTa gamoyenebac SesaZlebe-lia winamdebare saqmis mimarTac.

65. amasTan dakavSirebiT, winamdebare saqmisaTvis Michelin-is saqme gansakuTrebiT gamosayenebelia, vinaidan is moicavs fasdaklebis sistemas, romelic damokide-bulia individualuri Sesyidvis miRwevaze, da ar Seesabameba arc raodenobaze dawesebul fasdaklebas, rac eqskluziurad ukavSirdeba Sesyidvis moculobas, arc erTgulebasTan dakavSirebul fasdaklebas, romelic aRiniSna Hoffmann-La Roche-s SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Michelin-is mier Seqmnili sistema ar moicavs gadamyidvelebis raime saxis valdebulebas, dominanti sawarmosagan miiRon mo-wodebuli saqoneli srulad an misi raime savaldebulo nawili.

66. rac Seexeba 82-e muxlis gamoyenebas fasdaklebebis im sistemis mimarT, romelic damokidebulia gayidvebis mizanze, Michelin-is gadawyvetilebis 70-e paragrafidan Cans, rom dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis SemTx-veva ikrZaleba, rodesac igi gavlenas axdens savaWro urTierTobebze. muxli gamoiyeneba iseTi qmedebis mimarT, romelsac SesaZlebelia, gavlena hqondes bazris struqturaze, romelTanac, rogorc zemoT aRniSnuli sawarmos yofnis Sedegi, konkurenciis done aris ukve Sesustebuli. igi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri operatoris tranzaqciaze dayrdnobiT, produqtebsa Tu momsaxurebas Soris normaluri konkurenciisagan gansxvavebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs, xeli SeuSlos bazarze arsebul konkurencias an mis zrdas.

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68. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom imis gansazRvrisas, iyo Tu ara dominanti sawar-mos mxridan fasdaklebebisa da bonusebis sistemis gamoyeneba, _ rac ar See-sabameboda arc raodenobriv fasdaklebebsa da bonusebs da arc erTgulebiT miRebul fasdaklebebsa da bonusebs Hoffmann-La Roche-s gagebiT, _ mdgomareo-bis borotad gamoyeneba, pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros, SeuZliaT Tu ara zemoT aRniSnul fasdaklebebsa da bonusebs eqskluziuri efeqtis qona, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirveli, ramdenad SeuZliaT maT bazarze SeRwevis garTuleba an SeuZleblad gadaqceva da, meore, misi qvekontraqtorebisaTvis miwodebis miRebisas momwodeblebSi Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZle-blobis SezRudva an gauqmeba.

69. amis Semdeg saWiroa Semowmdes, iyo Tu ara gacemuli fasdaklebebi da bo-nusebi ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Tavisi kvlevis 279-e da 291-e paragrafebSi ganixila, rom sawarmo Tavisufalia daamt-kicos, rom mis mier gatarebuli sabonuse sistema, romelsac Sedegad eqsklu-ziuri efeqti hqonda, aris ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli.

72. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis me-10, me-15 da me-17 paragrafebidan Cans, rom gansaxilveli bonusebis sistema mimarTuli iyo individualuri gayidvebisaken, radgan bonusebis tarifebi damokidebuli iyo BA-s gayidvebis brunvaze, romelic iangariSeboda TiToeul turistul saagentoze gayiduli bileTebidan garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.

73. sasamarTlo praqtikidan aseve naTelia, rom qvekontraqtorebis valdeb-uleba dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mimarT da maTze ganxor-cielebuli zewola SeiZleba iyos Zalian Zlieri, rodesac fasdakleba Tu bo-nusi ar ukavSirdeba mxolod gayidvebidan miRebul ekonomikur zrdas, rac gamowveulia am periodSi qvekontraqtorebis mier ganxorcielebuli Sesyidve-biT da vrceldeba aseve gayidvebis srul brunvaze. am gziT SedarebiT zomier cvlilebebs _ mimarTuls zrdisa Tu Semcirebisaken, aqvs araproporciuli Sedegi qvekontraqtorebze (ix. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Michelin, para. 81).

74. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am bonusebis sqemam war-moSva igive mdgomareoba (...).

75. dabolos, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dominanti sawarmosgan, romelic gascem-da bonusebs zemoT aRwerili maxasiaTeblebiT, myidvelebze ganxorcielebuli zewola bevrad ufro Zlieria, Tu dominant sawarmos Tavis konkurentTan Se-darebiT bevrad didi sabazro wili aqvs (ix. mag., Michelin, para. 82.). man daadg-ina, rom aseT garemoebebSi, saerTo gayidvebis moculobaze bonusebisa da fas-daklebebis arsebobisas Zalian rTulia sawarmos konkurentisaTvis Sesabamisi fasis dadgena. misi mniSvnelovnad maRali sabazro wilis gamo dominanti sawar-mo aris Seucvleli biznespartniori bazarze. ufro xSirad aseTi sawarmos mier fasdaklebebisa da bonusebis sistemebis gamoyeneba misi saerTo brunvis safuZvelze iRebs precedentis xasiaTs... imisaTvis, rom dominanti sawarmos qvekontraqtorebi miizidon, an miiRon didi moculobis SekveTebi maTgan, mis konkurentebs unda SeeZloT maTTvis gacilebiT maRali tarifis bonusebisa da fasdaklebebis SeTavazeba.

76. am saqmeSi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 277-e paragrafSi daadgina, rom BA-s sabazro wili mniSvnelovnad maRali iyo, vidre

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did britaneTSi misi xuTi konkurentis sabazro wili. 278-e paragrafSi man daaskvna, rom konkurentuli aviaxazebi BA-s msgavs xelsayrel poziciaSi ar iyvnen, rom hqonodaT SesaZlebloba, didi britaneTis bazarze mieRoT iseTi maRali Semosavlebi, rac maT nebas miscemda, aemuSavebinaT BA-s msgavsi efeq-turi anazRaurebis sistemebi (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 278-e nawili).

77. Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo marTali iyo, rodesac gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis 270-e-278-e paragrafebSi, romlebic miznad isax-avda eqskluziuri efeqtis miRebas, Seamowma, Tu ramdenad hqonda bonusebis sistemas erTgulebis damdgeni Sedegi.(...)

84. dominanti sawarmos mier Tavisi qvekontraqtorebisaTvis fasdaklebebisa da bonusebis SeTavazeba ar niSnavs aucileblad mdgomareobis borotad gamoy-enebas da ar aris akrZaluli 82-e muxliT. arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinare, mxolod is bonusebi da fasdaklebebi CaiTvleba borotad gamoy-enebad, romlebic ar aris ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli (ix. mag. Hoffmann-La Roche, para. 90 da Michelin, para. 73).

85. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo marTali iyo, rodesac winamdebare saqmis 69-e paragrafSi daadgina, rom gansaxilveli bonusebis sistema warmoSobda eqskluziur efeqts da saWiroebda imis Semowmebas, iyo Tu ara aRniSnuli sqe-mebi obieqturad ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli.

86. dominanti sawarmos mier gacemuli bonusebisa Tu fasdaklebebis sistemis ekonomikuri gamarTleba unda efuZnebodes saqmis yvela pirobas (ix., magali-Tad, Michelin, para. 73). unda ganisazRvros aseTi sistemebiT warmoqmnili eqsk-luziuri efeqti, romelic xels ar uwyobs konkurencias, ramdenad aris da-balansebuli an gadawonili im gavleniT, rac am sistemas axlavs da ramdenad aris is efeqturi momxmareblisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqskluziur efeqts ar aqvs kavSiri bazrisa da momxmareblis waxalisebasTan, an Tu misi waxalisebis miRwevis aucilebloba aris SesaZleblobis miRma, aseTi sistema miCneuli unda iqnes borotad gamoyenebad.

87. winamdebare saqmeSi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo sworad daeyrdno sasa-marTlo praqtikidan gamomdinare kriteriumebs, Tu ekonomikurad ramdenad iyo gamarTlebuli gansaxilveli bonusebis sistema. gasaCivrebuli gadaw-yvetilebis 284-e da 285-e paragrafebSi man miiRo gadawyvetileba, romelic efuZneboda BA-s wardgenil argumentebs, romlebic moicavda sahaero trans-portis fiqsirebuli Rirebulebis maRal dones da TviTmfrinavis dakavebis donis mniSvnelobas. saqmis garemoebebis Sefasebis safuZvelze, pirveli in-stanciis sasamarTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli sistemebi ar iyo obieq-turi ekonomiiT gamarTlebuli.(...)

90. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos, Sesabamisad, ar dauSvia Secdoma, rodesac daadgina, rom bonusebis sistemas hqonda erTgulebis Seqmnis efeqti, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoSobda eqskluziur efeqts, da romelic ar iyo gamarTle-buli ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT.

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96. BA-s argumentTan dakavSirebiT, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ar Seumowmebia bonusebis sistemis SesaZlo Sedegi, mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 272-e-273-e paragrafebSi sasamarTlom gan-marta gansaxilveli sqemebis moqmedebis meqanizmebi.

98. amis safuZvelze pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom kanonSi raime cdomileb-is gareSe SeZlo gaekeTebina daskvna, rom gansaxilveli bonusebis sistema xels uwyobda erTgulebis efeqtis warmoSobas. Sesabamisad, aRniSnulidan gamomdin-areobs, rom BA-s mier sasamarTlos dadanaSauleba sqemebis savaraudo Sedegis SeumowmeblobaSi ar dasturdeba.

99. amasTan, Tavisi saCivris 99-e paragrafSi BA acnobierebs, rom pirveli in-stanciis sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebSi sworad miiCnia, rom turistuli saagentoebi waxalisebulni iyvnen, gaezardaT BA-s bileTebis gayidva. damate-biT, Tavisi saCivris 113-e paragrafSi man ganacxada, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo Seafasebda bonusebis sistemis savaraudo gav-lenas turistul saagentoebs Soris konkurenciaze, is gaakeTebda daskvnas, rom aRniSnuli gavlena iyo umniSvnelo.

100. Sesabamisad, BA seriozulad ar uaryofda, rom mis mier SemuSavebul sqe-mebs hqondaT erTgulebis efeqti turistul saagentoebze da mimarTuli iyo konkurentul aviaxazebs Soris mdgomareobaze gavlenis moxdenisaken. (...)

105. unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli, rogorc ganimarta am gadawyvetilebis 57-e da 58-e paragrafebSi, dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mier fasdak-lebebisa da bonusebis gacema SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes 82-e muxls maSinac ki, Tu isini ar Seesabamebian aRniSnuli muxlis meore paragrafSi CamoTvlil magaliTebs.

106. garda amisa, rogorc sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 26-e paragrafSi aRniSna, saqmeSi _ Europemballage and Continental Can _ 82-e muxli mimarTulia ara marto praqtikisaken, romelic SeiZleba pirdapir saziano iyos momxmareblebi-saTvis, aramed imaTkenac, romlebic zianis momtania efeqturi konkurentuli garemosaTvis, rac aRniSnulia xelSekrulebis me-3 muxlis 1-l z qvepunqtSi.

107. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo, Sesabamisad, uflebamosili iyo, kanonSi Secdomis daSvebis gareSe, ar ganexila, rom BA-s qmedeba zianis momtani iyo momxmareblebisaTvis, 82-e muxlis meore paragrafis b qveparagrafis mixedviT, magram gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 294-e da 295-e paragrafebSi ganexila, Tu ramdenad hqondaT gansaxilvel sqemebs SemzRudavi efeqti konkurenci-aze da gaekeTebina daskvna, rom aseTi Sedegis arseboba demonstrirebuli iyo komisiis mier gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi.

108. aRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mesame saCivari uaryofil unda iqnes rogorc daudasturebeli.

saqme Eurofix-Bauco/Hilti331:

saqmis fabula: Hilti iyo dominanti lursmnis pistoletis mowodebaSi, romli-danac yvelaze metad gayidvadi modeli daculi iyo patentiT. is aseve axdenda

331 Case Eurofix-Bauco/Hilti [1988] OJ L65/19, [1989] 4 CMLR 677.

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kartrijis lentis miwodebas, romelic aseve iyo dapatentebuli. lursmnebi, romlebic iyo pistoletebis Sesabamisi, rogorc Cans, ar iyo patentiT daculi da bazarze Hilti-s Sesabamisi lursmnebis ramdenime damoukidebeli mwarmoe-beli iyo. Hilti-s imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom momxmarebels, romelic yidulob-da kartrijs, eyida misive lursmnebi, rom ar momxdariyo maTi Sesyidva sxva damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebisagan, hqonda ramdenime meTodi: a) dapatentebuli kartrijis lentis Sesyidva damokidebuli iyo Sesabamisi lursmnebis Sesyid-vaze; b) kartrijebze fasdaklebis Semcireba, Tu momxmarebeli ar yidulobda lursmnebs; g) aiZulebda Tavis distributorebs, ar miewodebinaT saqoneli konkretuli momxmarebelebisaTvis, ise, rom lursmnebis damoukidebel mwar-moeblebs ar hqonodaT Hilti-s kartrijebis flobis SesaZlebloba; d) miwodebaze uars eubneboda grZelvadian momxmareblebs, romelTac SeeZloT misi miyidva lursmnebis damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebisaTvis; e) cdilobda kartrijis len-tis teqnologiis licenziebze aplikaciebis ganxilvis gadadebas an uaris Tqmas im mizniT, rom damoukidebel mewarmeebs ver mieRoT sxva kartrijebi, garda Hilti-sa; v) uars ambobda garantiis gacemaze Hilti-s pistoletebze, Tu gamoyen-ebuli iqneboda misi lursmnebis nacvlad sxva lursmnebi. komisiam daadgina, rom lursmnebis pistoletebs, kartrijebsa da lursmnebs hqondaT sxvadasxva, calkeuli produqtis bazari da rom Hilti iyo dominant mdgomareobaSi TiToeul maTganze. man daadgina, rom Hilti-m daarRvia 82-e muxli, vinaidan sakuTari praq-tikiT scada, lursmnebi miejaWva kartrijisaTvis da aseTi formiT SeezRuda an Tavidan aecilebina Hilti-s Sesabamisi lursmnebis damoukidebeli mwarmoe-blebis Sesvla bazarze. Hilti amtkicebda, rom praqtika obieqturad gamarTle-buli iyo, vinaidan, usafrTxoebis mizniT, aucilebeli iyo Hilti-s pistoletebis gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa mxolod Hilti-s Sesabamisi produqciiT, damoukide-beli mwarmoeblebis mier Seqmnili lursmnebi ki iyo qvestandartis. komisiam uaryo es argumenti da ganacxada, rom Hilti-s arasodes ucdia damoukidebel mwarmoeblebTan usafrTxoebis sistemebis ganxilva da arc arasodes gaufrTx-ilebia didi britaneTis savaWro standartis departamenti Tu janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis aRmasrulebeli uwyeba safrTxis Taobaze da rom arcerTxel ar dafiqsirebula raime angariSi usafrTxoebis sirTuleebze, Hilti-s garda, sxva lursmnebis gamoyenebidan gamomdinare. Hilti pirveli instanciis sasamarT-loSi asaCivrebda rogorc bazris definicias, aseve mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtis dadgenas.

komisia

74. Hilti-m borotad gamoiyena Tavisi mdgomareoba EEC-s lursmnis pistolete-bis Sesabamis bazarze da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, Hilti-s Sesabamisi lursmne-bisa da kartrijis lentebis bazarze. amiT igi, ZiriTadad, Seecada, SeezRuda Hilti-s Sesabamisi detalebis damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebis Sesvla bazarze. Hilti-s mcdeloba, daebloka an SeezRuda aseTi Sesvla, midioda dominanti sawarmosaTvis samarTlebrivad nebadarTuli sazRvris miRma. Hilti-s komerci-uli saqmianobis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebi miznad isaxavda Hilti-s Sesabamisi kar-trijis lentebis Tavisufali miRebis SesaZleblobis Tavidan acilebas. Hilti-s Sesabamisi kartrijis lentebis aseTi Tavisufali miRebis gareSe, romelzec ukanasknel periodamde Hilti sargeblobda EEC-s bazarze patentis flobis gamo dacviT, Hilti-s Sesabamisi lursmnebis damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebi mkacrad iyvnen SezRudulebi bazarze SeRwevisas. amasTan, momxmareblebi valdebulebi

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iyvnen, dayrdnobodnen Hilti-s, maTi Hilti-s pistoletebisaTvis rogorc kartri-jebis, iseve lursmnebis Sesyidvisas. axali mwarmoeblebis bazarze SeRwevis da Tavisufali konkurenciis SezRudvis gziT Hilti axerxebda bazarze dominanturi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. misi SesaZlebloba, gaetarebina ukanono politika, ganpirobebuli iyo misive ZalauflebiT Hilti-s Sesabamisi kartrijis lente-bisa da pistoletis lursmnebis bazarze (sadac misi sabazro mdgomareoba aris uZlieresi da bazarze SeRwevis barierebis done Zalian maRali) da miznad isax-avda Tavisi dominanturi mdgomareobis gamyarebas Hilti-s Sesabamisi lursmnebis bazarze (rac potenciurad metad mtkivneulia axali konkurenciisaTvis) (...) borotad gamoyenebis axali mcdelobebi saTaves iRebda an koncentrirebuli iyo did britaneTSi, rac Seesabameboda saerTo bazris arsebiT nawils. Tumca, minimum, erTi aseTi borotad gamoyenebiT qmedebas pirdapiri Sedegi hqonda meore wevr saxelmwifoSi da damatebiT, Hilti Tavisi strategiiT iribad miznad isaxavda, gavlena hqonoda EEC-s mTlian bazarze da cdilobda, SeeCerebina ba-zarze axali operatorebis Sesvla (romelTac SeeZloT eqsportis dawyeba) da Tavidan aecilebina sxvagvarad Semosavliani Suamavali.

75. dapatentebuli kartrijebis yidvisaTvis misi Sesabamisi damatebiTi lursmnebis yidvis pirobis SemoReba Seesabameba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, iseve rogorc Semcirebuli fasdaklebebi da sxva diskriminaciuli politikis gatareba, rac aRwerilia mxolod kartrijis SekveTebTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi politika momxmarebels ar utovebs aranairi arCevanis uflebas lursmnebis wyarosTan dakavSirebiT da, rogorc aseTi, borotad axdens mis eqspluatacias. damatebiT, aseT politikas aqvs lursmnebis im damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebis bazridan gamoricxvis mizani Tu Sedegi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnidnen bazarze mis dominantur mdgomareobas. mijaWvuloba da fasdaklebebis Semcireba iyo ara TiToeuli incidenti, aramed Seesabameboda saerTod miRebul politikas.

saqme P. Tetra Pak International SA v. Commission332:

evropuli sasamarTlo

34. Tavis mesame saCivarSi Tetra Pak acxadebda, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Secdoma dauSva kanonSi, rodesac erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli muyaosa da Sesavsebi manqanis gayidva miiCnia 82-e muxlis darRvevad im garemoebebSi, rodesac bunebrivi kavSiri arsebobda am ors Soris da SeerTebuli gayidva xorcieldeboda komerciuli gamoyenebis Sesabamisad.

35. Tetra Pak axdens 82-e muxlis ganmartebas, rogorc mxolod iseTi kontraqtis dadebis praqtikis akrZalvas, romelic damokidebulia damatebiT momsaxurebaze, romelsac, Tavisi xasiaTidan Tu komerciuli gamoyenebidan gamomdinare, ar aqvs kontraqtis saganTan arsebiTi kavSiri.

36. unda aRiniSnos, rom, pirveli, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom garkveviT uaryo Tetra Pak-is mier miwodebuli argumenti, romelic iTvaliswinebda man-qanebsa da muyaos Soris bunebrivi kavSiris arsebobis gamovlenas. gasaCivre-buli gadawyvetilebis 82-e paragrafSi man daadgina: `komerciuli gamoyene-bis sakiTxi mxars ar uWers daskvnas, rom produqciis damfasoebeli manqana

332 Case C-333/94 P, Tetra Pak International SA v. Commission [1996] ECR I-5951, [1997] 4 CMLR 662.

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ganuyofelia muyaosagan. mniSvnelovani drois ganmavlobaSi bazarze imyofe-bodnen araaseptikuri muyaoebis warmoebaSi daspecialebuli damoukidebeli mwarmoeblebi, romlebic mas qmnidnen im sxva mwarmoeblebis mier Seqmnili sa-manqano gamoyenebisaTvis, romlebic TviTon ar awarmoebdnen aseT manqanebs~. aRniSnuli Sefaseba, romelic efuZneba komerciul gamoyenebas, gamoricxavs Tetra Pak-is mier damtkicebuli bunebrivi kavSiris arsebobas da gulisxmobs, rom sxva mwarmoeblebsac SeuZliaT Tetra Pak-is manqanebisaTvis gamosayenebeli muyaos damzadeba. rac Seexeba aseptikur muyaos, pirveli instanciis sasamarT-lom Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 83-e paragrafSi daadgina, rom `imdenad, ramdena-dac CarTulia sazogadoebis konkurenciis samarTali, nebismieri damoukide-beli mwarmoebeli Tavisufalia awarmoos sxva mwarmoeblis mier warmoebuli danadgarebisaTvis detalebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac aseTi qmedeba zRudavs konkurentis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebas.~ man aseve 138-e paragrafSi uaryo miTiTebuli argumenti bunebrivi kavSiris arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT da aRniSna, rom Tetra Pak-is gadasawyveti ar iyo, mieRo garkveuli zomebi Tavis gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT teqnikuri mosazrebebis sa-fuZvelze Tu produqciisaTvis zianis miyenebis, sazogadoebis janmrTelobis dacvisa da sakuTari reputaciis dacvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli faqtorebi, rogorc erTad aRebuli mTliani, uCvenebs, rom, rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom miiCnia, Tetra Pak ar iyo erTaderTi, romelsac SeeZlo Tavisi manqanebisaTvis muyaos warmoeba.

37. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis meore paragrafSi CamoTvlili borotad gamoyenebis praqtikis nusxa ar aris amomwuravi. Sesabam-isad, maSinac ki, Tu ori produqtis gaerTianebuli gayidva Seesabameba komer-ciul gamoyenebas, an arsebobs bunebrivi kavSiri gansaxilvel or produqts Soris, aseTi gaerTianebuli gayidva mainc SeiZleba Seesabamebodes 82-e mux-liT gaTvaliswinebul mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, garda im SemTxve-visa, rodesac aseTi gayidva obieqturad gamarTlebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos msjeloba Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 137-e para-grafSi arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos defeqturad.

saqme Microsoft, Commission Decision333:

komisia

(794) xelSekrulebis 82-e muxliT akrZaluli mijaWvuloba moiTxovs Semdegi elementebis arsebobas: a) gaerTianeba da gaerTianebuli produqcia unda Sead-gendes or sxvadasxva produqts; b) gansaxilveli sawarmo aris dominanti gaer-Tianebuli produqciis bazarze, g) CarTuli sawarmo ar aZlevs momxmarebels SesaZleblobas, airCios mijaWvuli produqcia im produqciis gareSe, romelT-anac moxda misi gaerTianeba; da d) gaerTianeba xuravs konkurencias.

(841) ra Tqma unda, arsebobs garemoebebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba WMP-s gaer-Tianebas, romelsac sWirdeba im efeqtebis ufro axlos ganxilva, romlebic gav-lenas axdenen konkurenciaze. maSin, roca dominant produqtze sxva produqci-is mimagrebis klasikur SemTxvevaSi komisia da sasamarTlo miiCneven, rom sxva konkurentebisaTvis momavalSi konkurenciis daxurvis gavlena demonstrire-buli unda iyos, winamdebare saqmeSi momxmareblebs SeuZliaT mesame mxaris me-

333 Microsoft, Commission Decision Comp/C-3/37.792, [2005] 4 CMLR 965.

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diafleerebi miiRon internetis meSveobiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, absoluturad ufasod. Sesabamisad, Semdgomi ganxilvisa da analizis gareSec arsebobs kargi mizezebi imisaTvis, rom WMP-s mimagreba miCneul iqnes qmedebad, romelic, Tav-isi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, pasuxismgebelia konkurenciis daxurvaze.

(978) komisia miznad ar isaxavs, miiRos gadawyvetileba, rogorc survili, erTi unikaluri mediafleeris an mediateqnologiebis (magaliTad, DRM-formati) SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic dominanti iqneba bazarze. Tumca xasiaTi, romelSic konkurencia ixsneba mediafleeris bazarze, rac ar iZleva aseTi sax-is gavlenas, aris konkurenciis maxasiaTebeli. 82-e muxli wakiTxuli unda iqnes misi ganmsazRvreli miznis farglebSi. igi miznad isaxavs imis uzrunvelyofas, rom konkurencia Sida bazarze ar aris darRveuli (ix. xelSekrulebis me-3 z muxli... Sesabamisad, konkurenciis SenarCuneba Sida bazrebze, ise, rom inova-ciebs SeeZloT damsaxurebisamebr warmatebis an warumateblobis miRweva, aris sazogadoebis konkurenciis politikis mniSvnelovani mizani.

(979) Microsoft-ma Windows-Tan WMP-s mimagrebiT Windows gamoiyena rogorc sadis-tribucio arxi, raTa arakonkurentuli gziT sakuTari TavisTvis uzrunveleyo mniSvnelovani sakonkurencio upiratesoba mediafleerebis bazarze moqmedi konkurentebis mimarT, swored Microsoft-is mier gamoyenebuli mimagrebiT, rad-gan misi konkurentebi a priori arian naklebad saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi, imis miuxedavad, aris Tu ara maT mier warmoebuli produqcia metad mimzidveli.

(980) amdenad, Microsoft iWreba normalur konkurenciul procesSi, romlisganac sargeblis miReba SeuZliaT momxmareblebs, konkurenciis Seviwroebis ararse-bobis SemTxvevaSi, inovaciis swrafi ciklebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. WMP-s mimagreba zrdis Secvlisa da gamoyenebis barieris Sinaarss, romelic icavs Win-dows-s da romelic xels Seuwyobs aseTi barierebis aRmofxvras WMP-isaTvis. bazarze arsebuli siZliere, romelsac miaRwia efeqturi qseliT daxasiaTebul bazarze, rogoricaa mediafleeris bazari, aris gangrZobadi. Tu erTxel mainc qselurma efeqtma imuSava im kompaniisaTvis sasikeTod, romelmac miiRo gadamw-yveti momenti, is gautoldeba potenciuri konkurentebisaTvis bazarze Sesvlis bariers (...).

(981) es gamoyofs Microsoft-s efeqturi konkurenciisagan potenciurad ufro efeqturi mediafleerebis mwarmoeblebisaTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT Secvalon misi mdgomareoba. amdenad, Microsoft-ma Seamcira mediafleerSi kapitalisa da ta-lantis investireba (...) da arakonkurentulad gazarda barierebi bazarze Sesas-vlelad. Microsoft-is saqcieli gavlenas axdens bazarze, romelic SesaZlebelia iyos cxeli wertili axali da gasaocari produqciisaTvis, es rom momxdariyo Seulaxavi konkurenciis klimatSi.

(982) amas garda, WMP-is mimagreba Microsoft-s aZlevs SesaZleblobas, arakonkuren-tulad gazrados Tavisi mdgomareoba axlos myof mediasTan dakavSirebuli programis bazarze da Seasustos efeqturi konkurencia momxmareblebisaTvis SesaZlo zianis miyenebiT.

(983) Microsoft-is mier WMP-is mimagreba aseve gzavnis signals, romelic zRudavs inovacias nebismier teqnologiaSi, romliTac Microsoft-s SeuZlia dainteresdes da SemdgomSi miamagros Windows-s (...) Microsoft-is mier mimagrebis mcdeloba Se-sabamisi produqciis bazris monawileebs unergavs arasaimedoobis gancdas da,

322

Sesabamisad, asustebs rogorc programebis ganmaviTarebelTa motivacias, ga-naxorcielon inovacia msgavs sferoebSi, iseve mwarmoeblebis miswrafebas, in-vestireba moaxdinon damoukidebeli programebis gamomyenebel kompaniebSi (...) aseT bazarze moqmedi piri sawarmoo kapitalis gazrdis an bazarze Sesvlis dasawyisSi iZulebuli iqneba, Seamowmos Tavisi biznesis modelis elastikuroba Microsoft-is gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli gadawyvets, produqtis sakuTari versia miamagros Windows-s (...).

(984) Sesabamisad, arsebobs gonivruli varaudi, rom WMP-is mimagreba Win-dows-Tan gamoiwvevs konkurenciis Sesustebas iseTi formiT, rom efeqturi konkurenciis struqturis SenarCuneba ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili gansazRvrad momavalSi. aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, WMP-is mimagreba Windows-Tan arRvevs xelSekrulebis 82-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis akrZalvas, kerZod, arRvevs meore paragrafis (d) nawils.

saqmeebi: Instituto Chemioterapico Italiano Spa and Commercial Solvents Corp v. Commission334:

saqmis fabula: Commercial Solvents (CSC) axdens aminobutanolis daumuSavebeli masalis warmoebas, romlisganac SesaZlebelia eTambutolis miReba. CSC-s aqvs italiuri filiali. Istituto, romelic yidda aminobutanols italiaSi Zoja-ze, italiur farmacevtul kompaniaze, romelic misgan awarmoebda eTambutols, tuberkulozis sawinaaRmdego ZiriTad preparats. 1970 wels Zoja-m Istituto-sTan gaauqma Tavisi SekveTa aminobutanolze, radgan damoukidebeli distributorebi aRniSnul masalas ufro iafad awvdidnen. rodesac alternatiulma momwodeblebma aradamakmayofileblad miawodes produqti, Zoja-m axali SekveTa ganaTavsa Istituto-sTan. Tumca CSC-m gadawyvita, aRar moexdina aminobutanolis miwodeba EEC-s bazarze da amis nacvlad miewodebina ukve warmoebuli produqti deqstroaminobutanoli, romelsac Istituto gadaaqcevda eTambutolad da misgan TviTon awarmoebda eTambutolze dafuZnebul wamlebs. Sesabamisad, Zoja-s uari eTqva miwodebaze. Zoja-m SeuZleblad miiCnia miwodebis miReba msoflio bazarze, radgan yvela gzas isev CSC-sTan mihyavda. Zoja-m saCivriT mimarTa komisias, romelmac daadgina, rom CSC aminobutanolis bazarze dominanti iyo da rom Zoja-sTvis miwodebaze uaris TqmiT man borotad gamoiyena Tavisi mdgomareoba, rasac SeeZlo gamoewvia eTambutanolis mTavari mwarmoeblis ganadgureba saerTo bazarze. CSC-m gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra sasamarTloSi, romelmac daadastura daumuSavebeli masalebis bazarze dominanti mdgomareobis arseboba da mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis dadgena.evropuli sasamarTlo

23. aplikanti acxadebs, rom isini ar unda ganisazRvron pasuxismgeblad mi-wodebis SeCerebaze Zoja-sTvis, radgan es gamomdinareobda im faqtidan, rom 1970 wels Zoja-m TviTon acnoba Istituto-s, rom auqmebda aminobutanolis didi raodenobis Sesyidvas, romelic mas unda miwodeboda kontraqtis mixedviT, romelic maSin ZalaSi iyo Zoja-sa da Istituto-s Soris. rodesac 1970 wlis bolos Zoja kvlav daukavSirda Istituto-s aRniSnuli produqciis miRebis mizniT, es uka-naskneli valdebuli iyo, CSC-sTan konsultaciebis safuZvelze epasuxa, rom CSC-m Secvala Tavisi komerciuli politika da rom moTxovnili produqcia

334 Cases 6 and 7/73 Instituto Chemioterapico Italiano Spa and Commercial Solvents Corp v. Commission [1974] ECR 223, [1974] 1 CMLR 309.

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aRar iyo xelmisawvdomi. rogorc isini amtkicebdnen, CSC-is mier politikis Secvla gamomdinareobda absoluturad legitimuri mosazrebebidan im upi-ratesobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac isini miiRebdnen maTive produqci-idan dasrulebuli produqciis warmoebis gziT da rom ar SezRuduliyvnen daumuSavebuli masalebisa da Sualeduri produqciis miwodebiT. aRniSnuli politikidan gamomdinare, man gadawyvita, aRar miewodebina aminobutanoli Tavisi distributorebisaTvis maT mier ukve daSvebuli Secdomis gaTval-iswinebiT.

24. dokumentebidan da mosmenidan Cans, rom daumuSavebeli masalebis momwode-blebi, EEC-s mixedviT, SezRudulebi arian Istituto-Ti, romelmac rogorc amas amtkicebs CSC, 1968 wels daiwyo eTambutolze dayrdnobiT sakuTari special-izaciis ganviTareba da 1969 wlis noemberSi miiRo italiis mTavrobis Tanx-moba, rac aucilebeli iyo warmoebis dawyebisaTvis. man 1970 wels daiwyo sa-kuTari produqciis warmoeba. rodesac Zoja-m gadawyvita aminobutanolis Sem-degi miwodebis miReba, man miiRo negatiuri pasuxi. CSC-m gadawyvita SeezRuda an, saerTod, srulad Seewyvita nitropropanisa da aminobutanolis miwodeba garkveuli mxareebisaTvis im mizniT, rom gaemartivebina sakuTari daSveba war-moebuli produqciis bazarze.

25. Tumca sawarmos, romelic imyofeba dominantur mdgomareobaSi daumuSave-beli masalebis produqciis bazarze da, Sesabamisad, aqvs SesaZlebloba, gaa-kontrolos aRniSnuli masalidan gamomdinare produqciis mwarmoeblebisaTvis miwodeba, mxolod imitom rom gadawyvets, Tavad daiwyos produqciis warmoeba (Tavis yofil momxmareblebTan konkurenciis gamo) ar SeuZlia moiqces iseTi formiT, rom gaanadguros maTi konkurencia, rac am saqmeSi utoldeba saerTo bazarze eTambutolis erT-erTi mTavari mwarmoeblis ganadgurebas. vinaidan aseTi qmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis me-3 1z muxlSi gamoxatul miz-nebs, romlebic ufro vrclad da detalurad aris aRwerili 81-e da 82-e mux-lebSi, gamomdinareobs, rom sawarmos, romelsac dominanturi mdgomareoba aqvs daumuSavebeli masalebis bazarze da romelic aseT daumuSavebel masalebs inaxavs mxolod TavisTvis, raTa awarmoos aRniSnul masalebze dayrdnobiT produqcia, uars eubneba miwodebaze sxva sawarmos, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aris mwarmoebeli da, Sesabamisad, riskavs, rom moxdes konkurenciis ganadgureba am mwarmoeblis mxridan, borotad iyenebs Tavis dominantur mdgomareobas 82-e muxlis miznebisaTvis. am konteqstSi aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs im faqts, rom sawarmom miwodeba Sewyvita 1970 wlis gazafxulze Zoja-s mier Sesyidvis gauqmebis safuZvelze, vinaidan, rogorc aplikantis piradi gancxadebidan Cans, kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg aminobutanolis gayidva nebismier SemTxvevaSi SeCerdeboda.

26. aseve, aplikantis Txovnis sawinaaRmdegod, ar aris saWiro imis Semowmeba, hqonda Tu ara Zoja-s aminobutanolis aucilebeli saWiroeba 1970 da 1971 wleb-Si, Tu aRniSnul kompanias isev hqonda aRniSnuli produqciis mniSvnelovani moculoba, romelic mas miscemda SesaZleblobas, moexdina Tavisi produqci-is reorganizacia gonivrul vadaSi, vinaidan es SekiTxva ar aris aplikantis qmedebis Sesabamisobis gansazRvrisaTvis.

27. dabolos, CSC acxadebs, rom mis mier nitropropanisa da aminobutanolis warmoeba ganxilul unda iqnes parafinis nitratis konteqstSi, romlidanac ni-

324

tropropani aris erTaderTi warmoebuli da rom zustad aseve aminobutanoli aris nitropropanis erTaderTi warmoebuli. Sesabamisad, gansaxilveli ori produqtis warmoebis SesaZlebloba ar aris SeuzRudavi, igi damokidebulia nawilobriv sxva warmoebulebis SesaZlo gayidvebze.

28. Tumca aplikanti seriozulad ar davobda gadawyvetilebaSi gakeTebul gansaxilvel gancxadebaze, vinaidan `CSC-s produqciis moculobis gegmis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia dadasturdes, rom CSC-s SeuZlia daakmayofilos Zo-ja-s saWiroebebi, radgan Zoja-s nitropropanis warmoebaSi CSC-s globaluri produqciis Zalian mcire procentuli maCvenebeli aqvs (daaxloebiT 5-6%)~. Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT unda dadgindes, rom komisia marTali iyo, rodesac gadawyvita, msgavsi gancxadebebi ar unda mieRo mxedvelobaSi.

29. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli wardginebebi unda uariyos.

saqme United Brands v. Commission335:

sasamarTlo

182. (...) a) sasurvelia, Tavidanve pozitiurad damtkicdes, rom dominant mdgo-mareobaSi myof sawarmos, bazarze gansaTavsebeli produqciis miznebidan gamomdinare, _ romelic ericxeba momxmareblebisaTvis cnobil da maT mier Sefasebuli samarko niSnis reputacias, _ ar SeuZlia SeaCeros miwodeba gr-Zelvadiani momxmareblisaTvis, rasac aqvs Cveulebrivi komerciuli praqtika, Tu momxmareblis mier ganTavsebuli SekveTa arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar aris Cveu-lebrivisgan Sors.

183. aseTi qmedeba SeuTavsebelia xelSekrulebis me-3 1z muxlis miznebTan, romlebic detalurad gawerilia 82-e muxlSi, kerZod (b) da (g) paragrafeb-Si, vinaidan gayidvaze uaris Tqma bazars momxmareblis sazianod SezRudavs da gautoldeba diskriminacias, romelmac sabolood SeiZleba gaanadguros savaWro partniori saerTo bazridan.(...)

189. miuxedavad imisa, rogorc aplikanti aRniSnavs, simarTlea, rom dominan-turi mdgomareoba ar arTmevs sawarmos uflebas, daicvas Tavisi komerciuli interesebi, Tu xdeba maTze Tavdasxma, da aseT sawarmos unda hqondes ufleba, ganaxorcielos sawarmos sapasuxismgeblo nabijebi, Tu saWiro gaxdeba inter-esebis Sesabamisi formiT dacva, misi qmedeba ar unda iqnes mxardaWerili im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi realuri mizani aris Tavisi dominanturi mdgomareobis gaZliereba da Semdeg borotad gamoyeneba.

190. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac arsebobs sawinaaRmdego Tavdasxmis miRebis SesaZlebloba, aseTi Tavdasxma unda iyos muqaris proporciuli da unda iT-valiswinebdes erTmaneTis konkurenti sawarmoebis ekonomikur siZlieres.

191. miwodebaze uaris TqmaSi gamoxatuli sanqcia dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos mxridan iyo imis gadaWarbeba, rac unda yofiliyo im SemTx-vevaSi, Tu warmoiqmneboda zemoT naxsenebi SemTxveva, rac gonivrulad iyo miCneuli, rogorc dakisrebuli sanqcia, iseve rogorc, es moxda olsenis mier UBC-is dadanaSaulebaSi.

335 Case 27/76, United Brands v. Commission [1978] ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429.

325

192. faqtobrivad, UBC-s ar SeiZleboda ar scodnoda, rom aseTi saqcieliT is zians miayenebda mis sxva damamwifebel/distributorebs sxva samarko niSnis reklamirebaSi mxardaWerisas da rom mis mier erT erTze dakisrebuli san-qciis gansxvavebuli gavlena mis mdgomareobas saerTo bazarze gaaZlierebda da ufro efeqturs gaxdida.

193. Sesabamisad, aseTi qmedebebis kursi utoldeba dominant sawarmosTan pa-tara da saSualo firmebis komerciuli urTierTobebis damoukideblobaSi se-riozul Carevas da es damoukidebloba, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs uflebas, upi-ratesoba mianiWos konkurentis produqcias.

194. am saqmeSi aseTi qmedebebis kursis miReba mimarTulia imisaken, rom hqondes seriozuli uaryofiTi efeqti bananis Sesabamis bazarze arsebul konkuren-ciaze, rodesac mxolod dominant sawarmoze damokidebul kompaniebs rCebaT SesaZlebloba, darCnen biznesSi.

195. aplikantis argumenti, rom daniis bazarze bananis fasis 40 %-iT vardna niSnavs, rom mis mier miwodebaze uaris TqmiT konkurencia ar iyo darRveuli, ar SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli.

196. realurad fasebis vardna gamowveuli iyo Zalian cocxali konkurenciiT _ romelsac im periodSi moixseniebdnen rogorc `bananTa brZolas~, romelSic ori transnacionaluri kompania, UBC da Castle and Cooke, iyo CarTuli.

saqme BBI/Boosey & Hawkes: Interim Measures336:

komisia

19. dominanti sawarmos saqmianobis kursi, romelic miiReba bazridan konkurentis gaZevebis mizniT damsaxurebaze orientirebuli legitimuri konkurenciisagan gansxvavebuli meTodebiT, Seesabameba 82-e muxlis SezRudvas.

am saqmeSi arsebuli dokumenturi mtkicebulebiT dgindeba, rom B&H-ma awar-moa qmedebaTa kursi, romelic mimarTuli iyo BBI-s mxridan konkurenciis sa-frTxis moxsnisaken da rom mis mier GHH-isa da RCN-isaTvis miwodebis gauqmeba am gegmis nawili iyo.

kargad dadgenili faqtia, rom dominanti mwarmoeblis mier miwodebaze uaris Tqma, arsebuli momxmareblisaTvis obieqturi gamarTlebis gareSe, SeiZleba Seesabamebodes 82-e muxlis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebul mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas (saqme 27/76 United Brands v. Commission; saqme 6/73 da 7/73 Commercial Solvents (...)).am saqmis faqtebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, GHH-isa da RCN-is damokide-buleba B&H-ze iseTi formis iyo, rom am ukanasknelis mier miwodebis SeCereba, savaraudod, gamoiwvevda maTi biznesis moSlas.

konkurenciaze zianis miyeneba SeiZleba damZimdes, rodesac qmedebis mizani aris arapirdapiri gziT dominanti sawarmos potenciuri konkurentebisaTvis bazarze Sesvlis SezRudva.

dominant sawarmos yovelTvis SeuZlia, gadadgas gonivruli nabijebi Tavisi komerciuli interesis dasacavad, magram miRebuli zomebi unda iyos samar-

336 BBI/Boosey & Hawkes: Interim Measures [1987] OJ L286/36, [1988] 4 CMLR 67.

326

Tliani da muqaris proporciuli. faqti, rom dominanti sawarmos momxmare-beli SeiZleba asocirebul iqnes mwarmoeblis konkurentTan, an potenciur konkurentTan, rogorc wesi, ar aZlevs dominant mwarmoebels uflebas, dauy-ovnebliv uTxras uari mas miwodebaze, an mis sawinaaRmdegod daawesos garkveu-li represaliebi.

ar arsebobs valdebuleba, romlis mixedviTac dominanti sawarmo moaxdens konkurenciis TavisTvis subsidirebas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmarebeli Tavis mTavar saqmianobas daxmarebisaTvis gadascems konkurent samarko niSans, dominanti sawarmoc ki xdeba uflebamosili, gadaxedos Tavis komerciul urTierTobas momxmarebelTan da adekvaturi informirebis safuZvelze Sew-yvitos raime saxis gansakuTrebuli urTierToba. rogorc Cans, GHH-isa da RCN-isaTvis srul miwodebaze uaris Tqma da B&H-is sxva qmedebebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo maT winaaRmdeg, rogorc misi reaqciis nawili BBI-is mxridan garkveuli safrTxis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT, am saqmeSi miCneuli unda iqnes rogorc B&H-is mxridan misi komerciuli interesebis dacvis legitimuri Car-Coebs miRma ganxorcielebulad.

saqme Liptons Cash Registers/Hugin337:komisia

63. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sawarmo, romelic imyofeba dominantur mdgomare-obaSi saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze konkretuli produqciis mowode-bisaTvis da, kerZod, rodesac dominanti sawarmo aris monopoliuri:

a) obieqturi gamarTlebis gareSe eubneba uars produqciis miwodebaze Tavis ZiriTad momxmareblebsa da gamomyeneblebs, rac seriozulad azianebs am uka-nasknelis biznessaqmianobas da, Sesabamisad, arTmevs maT SesaZleblobas, gaagr-Zelon momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, an gaagrZelon maTi biznesi da, aqedan gamom-dinare, anadgurebs bazarze moqmedi dominanati sawarmosgan damoukidebel yvela konkurents da Riad tovebs bazars aRniSnuli momsaxurebisaTvis; da

b) ukrZalavs Tavis filialebsa da dilerebs produqciis miwodebas Tavisi uSualo sadistribucio qselis gareT. kerZod ki, sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi moq-medi myidvelebisaTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare, miwodebaze uaris Tqmas aniWebs met efeqturobas, zemoT aRniSnuli momxmareblebisaTvis produqciis miuwode-blobiT;aseTi saqcieli utoldeba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, sadac is iwvevs konkurenciis arsebiTad SezRudvas da wevr saxelmwifoebs So-ris vaWrobaze mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdenas.

saqme British Midland/Aer Lingus338:

saqmis fabula: xazebs Soris moqmedeba sahaero satransporto industriisaTvis standartuli praqtikaa, romelic aamoqmeda IATA-m Tavisi mravalmxrivi SeT-anxmebebis safuZvelze, romlis mxareebic gaxdnen dainteresebuli aviaxazebi, ris safuZvelzec CarTuli aviaxazebi uflebamosilebi arian, naxon erTmaneTis momsaxureba. Sesabamisad, erTi gacemuli bileTi moicavs ramdenime aviaxazis mier Sesrulebul segments. gamcemi aviakompania krebs yvela segmentis fass, romelsac Semdeg ixdis myidveli da aviakompania mas Sesabamisi momsaxurebebis

337 Liptons Cash Registers/Hugin [1978] OJ L22/23, [1978] 1 CMLR D19.338 British Midland/Aer Lingus [1992] OJ L96/34, [1993] 4 CMLR 596.

327

mixedviT unawilebs momwodebel aviaxazebs. aRniSnuli sistema mgzavrs aZlevs SesaZleblobas, erTi gza ifrinos erTi aviaxazis meSveobiT, xolo dasabrune-beli gza gaiaros sxva aviakompaniis meSveobiT. Aer Lingus, romelic komisiam londoni (hiTrou) _ dublinis sahaero mimosvlaSi dominantad miiCnia, gam-ovida British Midland-Tan arsebuli Sida xazebis SeTanxmebidan mas Semdeg, rac am ukanasknelma daiwyo hiTrou-dublinis reisis Sesruleba. presisTvis gankuT-vnil gancxadebaSi Aer Lingus-ma ganacxada: `Cven CamovyalibdiT rogorc domi-nanti gadamzidavi kompania or dedaqalaqs Soris reisze da miznad gvqonda aseTad darCena..., British Midland-s ar aqvs SesaZlebloba, SesTavazos momxmareb-els frenis aseTive sixSire. ase rom, maT surT, Cven mivawodoT maT produqti xazebis Sida SeTanxmebis meSveobiT.~komisiam daadgina, rom Sida xazebisaTvis uaris Tqma Seesabameboda Aer Lingus-is mier mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, daajarima is 750 000 ECU-s odenobiT da ubrZana British Midland-Tan Sida xazebis meSveobiT TanamSromloba hiTrou-dublinis reisze ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.

komisia

24. borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedeba gansazRvrulia rogorc `praqtika, romelic mimarTulia bazris struqturis Secvlisaken, romelzec gansaxilveli sawar-mos arsebobis Sedegad konkurencia ukve Sesustebulia da romelsac vaWrobis mxareebis mier mowodebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis bazarze normaluri konkurenciis mmarTveli normebisagan gansxvavebuli meTodebis gamoyenebis gamo aqvs konkurenciis donis ganviTarebis SezRudvis an misi SenarCunebis xe-lis SeSlis efeqti~(saqme 85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche v. E.C Commission (...)).

25. Sida xazisTvis uaris Tqma ar aris damsaxurebaze mimarTuli normaluri konkurencia. Sida xazebis sistema didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo miRebuli rogorc industriuli praqtika, rasac farTod gavrcelebuli dadebiTi Sede-gebi hqonda rogorc aviaxazebisaTvis, aseve mgzavrebisaTvis. Sida xazze uaris Tqma sxva mizezis gamo, garda valutis konvertaciisa da beneficiari aviaxazis sandoobisa, sakmaod uCveulo nabijia da evropuli aviaxazebis industriis mier am dromde miCneuli iyo rogorc normaluri konkurentuli strategia. Aer Lingus-ma, Tavis mxriv, SeinarCuna londoni-dublinis reisze sxva konkurent aviaxazebTan Sida SeTanxmeba, kerZod British Airways-sa da Dan Air-Tan.

Aer Lingus davobda, rom, miuxedavad imisa, Sida xazebis sistema umetes SemTx-vevaSi mogebis momtania yvela monawile aviaxazisaTvis, mas ziani miadgeba Brit-ish Midland-is CarTulobiT, radgan dakargavs bazris wilidan garkveul nawils am ukanasknelis sasargeblod, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es dadasturdeba _ Se-mosavlis dakargvasTan dakavSirebuli argumenti _ mainc ar iqneba kanonieri safuZveli uarisaTvis. Aer Lingus-s ar udavia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom British Midland-s eqneboda mniSvnelovani gavlena mis xarjebze, maSin roca arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom mis uars SeeZlo gamoewvia mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba British Midland-isaTvis.

26. uaris Tqma Sida xazebis axal SesaZleblobaze, iseve rogorc arsebulis gauqmeba, garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT xels uSlis konkurenciis ganviTarebas. is faqti, Tu ramdenad warmoiqmneba Sida xazebTan dakavSirebuli valdebuleba, damokidebulia konkurenciaze Sida xazebisaTvis gacemuli uaris efeqtze (...).

328

27. rodesac aviakompania iwyebs axal momsaxurebas, is unda elodebodes garkveuli danakargis miRebas sawyis etapze, romlis ganmavlobaSic mas mou-wevs Tavisi momsaxurebis ekonomikuri operirebis organizeba da mgzavrebisa da samgzavro biznesis mxridan mniSvnelovani interesis mizidva. misi molo-dini ver iqneba momsaxurebis dawyebis dRidanve im Semosavlis miReba, romelic aucilebelia momgebiani moqmedebis uzrunvelsayofad. Sesabamisad, bazarze Sesvla yovelTvis iqneba rTuli.

Sida xazebis SesaZleblobaze uaris Tqma hgavs aRniSnuli sirTulis gazrdas. axalSesuli Sida xazebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, turistuli saagentoebisa da mogzaurebis mier miiCneva meorexarisxovan aviakompaniad, rac misTvis gaarTu-lebs momgebiani operirebisaTvis aucilebeli komerciuli stabilurobis miR-wevas. turistul saagentoebs surT, Tavidan aicilon drois dakargva, damate-biTi samuSao da Semosavlis potenciuri dakargva im aviakompaniis bileTis ga-cemiT, romelsac ar gaaCnia Sida xazebis SesaZlebloba. damatebiT, mgzavrebis did nawils urCevnia hqondes bileTis Secvlis an erT bileTze kompleqsuri mogzaurobis marSrutis datanis SesaZlebloba, xolo Sida xazebis ararseboba Sedegad moitans aseTi mgzavrebis jgufis gadasrolas axali aviaxazebidan sxva aviaxazebze. Sesabamisad, Sida xazebze uaris Tqma bazarze axalSesul aviaxa-zebs moaklebs kargad informirebul biznesmgzavrebs, romelTaTvisac moqnili bileTis arseboba Zalian mniSvnelovania da romelTagan miRebuli Semosavalic Seadgens aviaxazebis Semosavlis didi nawils, xolo aseTi Semosavlis mniS-vnelovan Semcirebas eqneba seriozuli efeqti axali operatoris ekonomikur mdgomareobaze (...).

30. Sesabamisad, Aer Lingus iyenebda strategias, romelic (Tundac ar iyos srulad efeqturi) aris rogorc SerCeviTi, aseve eqskluziuri da zRudavs konkurenciis ganviTarebas londoni (hiTrou) _ dublinis marSrutze.

saqme P, RTE &ITP v. Commission339:

sasamarTlo

(a) dominanturi mdgomareobis arseboba

46. imdenad, ramdenadac CarTulia dominanturi mdgomareoba, unda davimaxs-ovroT, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ubralo floba ar Seesabameba aseT mdgomareobas.

47. Tumca ZiriTadi informacia, rogoricaa: arxi, dRe, dro da programis sa-Tauri satelevizio sadgurebisaTvis programebis dasagegmavad aucilebeli informaciaa, rac, Sesabamisad, erTaderTi wyaroa iseTi sawarmosTvis, rogor-icaa Magill, romelsac aqvs survili, dabeWdos programebi suraTebTan an komen-tarebTan erTad. garemoebebidan gamomdinare, RTE da ITP, rogorc ITV-s agen-ti BBC-sTan erTad sargeblobs de facto monopoliiT irlandiaSi satelevizio programebis CamonaTvalis meSveobiT miRebuli informaciis gavrcelebaSi, xolo 30-40%-iT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi. aplikantebi, Sesabamisad, arian iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom moaxdinon satelevizio Jurnalebis bazarze efeqturi konkurenciis SezRudva. Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo marTali iyo, rodesac daadastura komisiis Sefaseba, rom aplikanti imyofeboda domi-nantur mdgomareobaSi (Michelin, para. 30).

339 Case C-241 - 1/91 P, RTE &ITP v. Commission [1995] ECR I-743, [1995] 4 CMLR 718.

329

(b) mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis arseboba

48. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ganmcxadebeli da IPO arasworad miiCneven, rom iseTi uflebis kavSiri, rasac adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi `saavtoro ufleba~ ewodeba, dominantur mdgo-mareobasTan ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlTan mimarTe-biT.

49. damatebiT, gaerTianebis samarTlis harmonizaciisa da standartizaciis ararsebobisas inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis pirobebisa da proce-durebis gansazRvra erovnuli wesebis saqmea. amasTan, warmoebis eqskluziuri ufleba aris avtoris uflebis nawili da, Sesabamisad, licenziis gacemaze uar-is Tqma im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sawarmo aris dominantur mdgomareobaSi, Tavis mxriv, ar SeiZleba Seesabamebodes mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas (Volvo v. Veng, para.: 7 da 8).

50. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, zemoT naxsenebi gadawyvetilebidan aSkaraa (para. 9), rom mesakuTris mier eqskluziuri uflebis gamoyeneba gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gulisxmobdes dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas.

51. am saqmeSi gasaCivrebuli qmedeba aris Semdegi. aplikanti eyrdnoboda adgi-lobrivi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul `saavtoro uflebas~ imisaTvis, rom aecilebina Magil-is an imave ganzraxvis mqone sxva romelime damoukidebeli sawarmos mier sakvirao informaciis gamoqveyneba (arxi, dRe, dro da programis saTauri), komentarebTan da aplikantis mier mopovebul suraTebTan erTad.

52. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli erT-erTi garemoeba, rom-lidanac man daadgina, rom qmedeba moicavda borotad gamoyenebis niSnebs, iyo, pirveli, is faqti, rom, sasamarTlos mixedviT, ar arsebobda mTeli kviris programebis SeTavazebis arc realuri da arc potenciuri alternatiuli wy-aro. am TvalsazrisiT, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadastura komisiis daskvna, rom 24-saaTiani programebis sruli sia _ 48-saaTiani programebis das-venebis dReebisa da SabaT-kviris win, rac ibeWdeboda yoveldRiur da mTeli kviris gamocemebSi da zogierTi gazeTis satelevizio ganyofilebaSi iyo mx-olod SezRudul doneze Canacvlebadi im adamianebisTvis, visac mTeli kviris satelevizio programebis gacnobis survili hqonda. mxolod mTeli kviris satelevizio programebis gacnobis Semdeg Seeqmneboda mkiTxvels imis SesaZle-bloba, ganesazRvra, romeli programebis midevnebas apirebda da, Sesabamisad, daegegma Tavisi gasarTobi dro. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom aseve daad-gina, rom arsebobda gansakuTrebuli, mudmivi da regularuli potenciuri moTxovna momxmareblebis mxridan (ix., magaliTad, RTE gadawyvetileba, para. 62 da ITP gadawyvetileba, para. 48).

53. amdenad, aplikantebi, _ romlebic, garemoebebidan gamomdinare, programe-bis ganrigis erTaderTi wyaroa, rac aris mTeli kviris satelevizio programe-bis megzuris Seqmnis ganuyofeli daumuSavebeli masala, _ momxmareblebs ar aZlevdnen aranairi arCevanis saSualebas, garda erTisa, _ eyidaT kviris meg-zuri TiToeuli satelevizio sadgurisaTvis da aseTi gziT gaekeTebinaT maT-Tvis sasurveli Sedarebebi.

54. Sesabamisad, ganmcxadeblis uari, warmoedgina ZiriTadi informacia erovnu-li kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, axdenda axali produqtis, saerTo sakvirao

330

satelevizio programebis megzuris, Seqmnis Tavidan acilebas, ris SeTavaze-basac ar axdenda aplikanti da razec iyo momxmareblis potenciuri moTxovna. aseTi uaris Tqma mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba, 82-e muxlis meore punq-tis b qvepunqtis mixedviT.

55. meore, aseTi uari ar iyo gamarTlebuli arc satelevizio mauwyeblobebisa da arc satelevizio programebis gamomqveynebeli JurnalebisaTvis (RTE gadaw-yvetileba, para. 73 da ITP gadawyvetileba, para. 58).

56. mesame da bolo, rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadgina, apli-kantebma TavianTi qmedebiT daibeves sakvirao satelevizio megzuris meoradi bazari arsebuli bazridan konkurentebis gandevniT (Commercial Solvents, para. 25), vinaidan isini uars ambobdnen ZiriTadi informaciis, imave daumuSavebeli masalis (rac ganuyofeli nawilia), miwodebaze satelevizio megzuris Seqm-nisaTvis.

57. zemoT aRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirveli instanciis sasa-marTlos ar daurRvevia kanoni, rodesac aplikantis qmedeba miiCnia dominan-turi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis farg-lebSi.

saqme Teirce Ladbroke SA v. Commission340:

saqmis fabula: Ladbroke-s belgiaSi hqonda totalizatorebi, romlebic muSao-bda cxenebis rbolaze da romelic fsonebs iRebda sazRvargareT, maT Soris safrangeTSi arsebul rbolebze. franguli cxenebis rbolis asociaciaTa kom-paniebs (PMU-s da PMI-s) hqondaT eqskluziuri pasuxismgebloba, organizeba gaewiaT, raTa safrangeTSi ganxorcielebuli rbolebisaTvis fsonebi mieRoT sazRvargareT da amisTvis gamoeyenebinaT safrangeTis gareT arsebuli infor-macia. PMI-m franguli cxenebis rbolis televiziiT gadacemis eqskluziuri ufleba germaniasa da avstriaSi misca DSV-s. PMI-m da PMU-m uari ganucxades Ladbroke-s mauwyeblobis uflebis micemaze, xolo DSV-m uari ganucxada maT miwodebaze. Ladbroke-ma saCivriT mimarTa komisias da ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli qmedeba iwvevda 82-e (da 81-e) muxlis darRvevas, magram komisiam ar daakmayofi-la saCivari. Ladbroke-m komisiis gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom geografiuli bazari iyo mxolod belgia da ara ufro farTo bazari, romelic aseve moicav-da belgias, safrangeTsa da germanias, da man uaryo saCivari.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

128. unda aRiniSnos, rom belgiaSi franguli gamosaxulebisa da xmis miwode-baze uaris Tqma ar Seesabameba borotad gamoyenebas, vinaidan, rogorc sasa-marTlom daadgina, is ar moicavs raime saxis diskriminacias belgiis bazarze myof operatorebs Soris, da aseTi uari ar SeiZleba borotad gamoyenebad CaiTvalos mxolod imis gamo, rom germaniis bazarze moqmed mauwyeblobebs aqvT franguli gamosaxuleba da xma. ar arsebobs konkurencia germaniisa da belgiis teritoriaze moqmed totalizatorebs Soris.

129. garda amisa, arc franguli gamosaxulebisa da xmis gadacemisaTvis teqni-kuri barierebis ararseboba belgiaSi, arc is faqti, rom aplikanti saerTo

340 Case T-504/93, Teirce Ladbroke SA v. Commission [1997] ECR II-923, [1997] 5 CMLR 309.

331

TvalTaxedviT miiCneva franguli asociaciebis potenciur konkurentad, ar aris sakmarisi, rom gasaCivrebuli uaris Tqma miCneul iqnes rogorc mdgomare-obis borotad gamoyeneba, vinaidan asociaciebi Tavad ar arian warmodgenilebi im calkeul geografiul bazarze, romelzec operirebs aplikanti da, meore, maT ar miuciaT raime saxis licenzia imave bazarze moqmedi sxva kompaniisaT-vis.

130. aplikants ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos Magill-is gadawyvetilebas miTiTebuli borotad gamoyenebis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad, vinaidan aRniSnuli gadaw-yvetileba ar aris Sesabamisi. piriqiT, Magill-Si gamoxatuli pozicia exeba li-cenziis gacemaze uaris Tqmas im kompaniisTvis, romelic cdilobs bazarze SeRwevas, am SemTxvevaSi ki aplikanti ara marto warmodgenilia bazarze, aramed sakmaod mozrdili wili aqvs totalizatorebis bazarze, romelzec gansaxil-veli produqti, kerZod xma da gamosaxuleba, miewodeba momxmarebels maSin, roca franguli asociaciebi saerTod ar aris warmodgenili am bazarze. Se-sabamisad, belgiis bazarze asociaciebis mier maTi inteleqtualuri ufle-bebis pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri eqspluataciis ararsebobis gamo maT mier miwodebaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes rogorc belgiis bazarze konkurenciis SezRudva.

131. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom asociaciebis ararseboba bel-giis bazarze ar iyo arsebiTi faqtori, romlis gamoc ar moxda xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis gamoyeneba, aRniSnuli debulebis gamoyeneba mainc ar moxdeboda am saqmeSi. miwodebaze uaris Tqma ar moxvdeba 82-e muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi, Tu is ar moicavs produqts an momsaxurebas, romelic iyo arsebiTi nawili gansaxorcielebeli qmedebis da mas ar gaaCnda realuri Tu potenciuri Ca-manacvlebeli, an iyo axali produqti, romlis Seqmnac unda yofiliyo Tavidan acilebuli, miuxedavad mudmivi da regularuli potenciuri moTxovnisa momx-mareblebis mxridan (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: C-241-242/91P, RTE and ITP v. E. C. Commission (...))

132. am saqmeSi, rogorc komisiam da CarTulma mxareebma aRniSnes, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxenebis rbolis satelevizio gadacema iyo damatebiTi da, ra Tqma unda, xelsayreli momsaxureba moTamaSeebisaTvis, is TavisTavad ar aris to-talizatoris funqcionirebisaTvis, kerZod ki fsonebis miRebisaTvis arsebiTi nawili, vinaidan, rogorc es mtkicebulebidan Cans, aplikanti warmodgenilia belgiis bazarze da aqvs SesaZlebloba, miiRos fsonebi safrangeTSi mimdinare rbolebze. garda aRniSnulisa, is, rom satelevizio gadacema ar aris total-izatoris saqmianobis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawili, dasturdeba imiTac, rom satelevizio gadacema xdeba mas Semdeg, rac totalizatori miiRebs fsonebs im SedegiT, rom misi ararseboba ar moaxdens aranair gavlenas fsonebis ganTavse-baze da, Sesabamisad, ar SezRudavs totalizatorebis saqmianobas.

saqme IMS Health GmbH &Co OHG v. NDC Health GmbH &Co KG341:

saqmis fabula: Landgericht Frankfurt am Main svams sam SekiTxvas:

• pirveli: iyo Tu ara mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba, rodesac konku-rents, romelic eZebda imave geografiul da produqciis bazarze Sesv-

341 Case C-418/01, IMS Health GmbH &Co OHG v. NDC Health GmbH &Co KG [2004] ECR I-5039, [2004] 4 CMLR 1543.

332

lis gzebs, uari eTqva licenziis gacemaze da, Sesabamisad, momxmarebeli miiRebs produqcias, romlis momzadebac daculia saavtoro uflebiT;

• meore: iyo Tu ara momxmareblebis monawileoba saavtoro masalebis gan-viTarebaSi relevanturi;

• mesame: iyo Tu ara is xarjebi, rac gaswia momxmarebelma saavtoro ufle-biT daculi sabanko monacemebis moxmarebaze gadasvlisas, Sesabamisi.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom meore da mesame SekiTxvebi moicavda faq-torebs, romlebic mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli imis gansaz-Rvrisas, iyo Tu ara daculi struqtura ganuyofeli Sesabamisi market-inguli swavlebisagan. Semdegi amonaridi aris gadawyvetilebaSi pirveli SekiTxvis ganxilvidan.

evropuli sasamarTlo

34. miRebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT, reproduqciis eqsk-luziuri ufleba qmnis mesakuTris uflebebis nawils, Sesabamisad, licenziis gacemaze uaris Tqma, maSinac ki, roca es modis dominanti sawarmos mxridan, TavisTavad ar Seesabameba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas (gadawyvetileba saqmeSi _ 238/87 Volvo, (...) para. 8, da Magill, para. 49).

35. amasTan, rogorc sasamarTlo praqtikidan Cans, uflebis mesakuTris mier eqskluziuri uflebis gamoyeneba gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi moicavs borotad gamoyenebiT qmedebas (Volvo, (...) para. 9, da Magill, para. 50).

36. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aseTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi iyo Magill-is gad-awyvetilebaSi, romelSic dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi satelevizio arxis mier ganxorcielebuli gasaCivrebuli qmedeba moicavda adgilobriv kanonmde-blobaSi Cadebuli saavtoro uflebis gamowvevas, kvireuli satelevizio pro-gramebis beWdvasTan dakavSirebiT, rac sxva kompanias aridebda, komentarebTan erTad, yovelkvireuli programebis beWdvis SesaZleblobas.

37. Magill-is saqmis Sejamebis mixedviT, (...) gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi ganpirobe-buli iyo faqtiT, rom gansaxilveli uari Seexeboda produqts (...), romlis miwodebac ganuyofeli iyo gansaxorcielebeli saqmianobisgan, vinaidan aRniS-nuli informaciis gareSe is piri, romelsac hqonda survili, Seeqmna gzamkv-levi, ver SeZlebda miznis ganxorcielebas; aseve im faqtiT, rom aseTma uarma moaxdina bazarze axali produqtis gaCenis Tavidan acileba, is, rom aRniSnuli uari ar iyo obieqturad gamarTlebuli da aseve im faqtiT, rom, savaraudod, gamoiwvevda konkurenciis aRmofxvras meorad bazarze.

38. sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom imisaTvis, raTa moxdes saav-toro uflebis mqone sawarmos mier uaris Tqma dakvalificirdes borotad gamoy-enebad, saWiroa sami kumulaciuri moTxovnis dakmayofileba, kerZod: uaris Tqma unda axdendes bazarze axali produqtis Sesvlis Tavidan acilebas, romelzec ar-sebobs momxmareblis potenciuri moTxovna; aseve, is unda iyos gaumarTlebeli da unda axdendes konkurenciis aRmofxvras meoradi bazridan.

39. sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenil ganxilvebSi davis sagani gaxda mesame moTx-ovnis ganmarteba, Sesabamisad, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa swored misi ganxilva.

mesame piroba, romelic dakavSirebulia meoradi bazridan konkurenciis srul gaZevebasTan

333

40. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, kargi iqneboda, gamogveyenebina sasamarTlos midgoma Bronner-is gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, sadac presaze orientirebuli sawarmo, romelsac hqonda yoveldRiuri Jurnal-gazeTebis didi wili wevri saxelmwifos bazarze da romelic adgilobriv doneze axorcielebda wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze Jurnal-gazeTebis saxlSi mitanis momsaxure-bas, uars eubneba aRniSnul sqemaze daSvebas Sesabamisi anazRaurebis Semdeg sxva gamomcemels, romelsac mcire brunvis gamo ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos produqtis saxlSi mitanis sqema ekonomikurad gonivruli garemoebebis gamo. gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, aseTi uari Seesabameba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas.

41. sasamarTlom, pirvel rigSi, mouwoda adgilobriv sasamarTlos, ganesaz-Rvra, Tu ramdenad iyo saxlSi mitanis sqema calke bazari, romelzec, garemoe-bebidan gamomdinare, presis sawarmos hqonda de facto monopolia da, Sesabamisad, ekava dominanturi mdgomareoba. amis Semdeg man moiwvia adgilobrivi sasamarT-lo, raTa ganesazRvra, Tu ramdenad CaiTvleboda wevr saxelmwifoSi Tavisi gazeTebis adgilze mitanis ganmaxorcielebeli erTaderTi sawarmos mier uar-is Tqma konkurenti yoveldRiuri gazeTebis gamomcemeli kompaniisaTvis Tavis sqemaSi CarTvaze bazarze konkurenciis aRmofxvrad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom distribucia CaiTvala gayidvis arsebiT nawilad.

42. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad iyo daSvebaze uaris Tqma mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba, relevanturi iyo produqtisa da momsaxurebis bazris Sefaseba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Seesa-bameboda yoveldRiuri gazeTebis adgilze mitanis bazars da aseve saWiro iyo gamomdinare (meoradi) bazris Sefaseba, romelzec produqcia da momsaxureba gamoiyeneba sxva produqciis Seqmnis an sxva momsaxurebis miwodebis mizniT, romelic am SemTxvevaSi aris uSualod yoveldRiuri gazeTebis bazari.

43. faqti, rom adgilze mitanis sistema ar iyo Seqmnili calke, ar gamori c xavs imis SesaZleblobas, misi ganxilva moxdes calke bazris formiT.

44. rogorc generalurma advokatma aRniSna Tavisi Sexedulebis 56-e da 59-e na wilebSi, arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis miznebidan gamomdinare, arsebi-Tia ganisazRvros potenciuri an, Tundac, hipoTezuri bazari. aseTi SemTx-vevebi gvxvdeba, rodesac produqcia da momsaxureba ganuyofelia erTmaneTis-gan, raTa moxdes erTi konkretuli biznesis warmoeba, an rodesac maTze arse-bobs realuri moTxovna sawarmoTa mxridan, romelTac surT ganaxorcielon produqciasa Tu momsaxurebasTan ganuyofeli saqmianoba.

45. Sesabamisad, ganmsazRvrelia, rom SeiZleba identificirebul iqnes produqciis ori sxvadasxva safexuri, romlebic ise iyos erTmaneTTan dakav-Sirebuli, rom ZiriTadi produqti ganuyofeli iyos meoradi produqtis dak-mayofilebisaTvis.

47. adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dasadgenia, Tu ra sixSiriT xdeba aseTi SemTxve-va da aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi man unda ganixilos, Tu ramdenad aris IMS-is uari licenziis gacemaze SesabamisobaSi konkurenciis srul aRmofxvrasTan germanuli farmacevtuli produqciis miwodebis bazarze.

pirveli piroba, romelic dakavSirebulia axali produqtis warmoSobasTan

334

48. rogorc generalurma advokatma ganacxada Tavisi mosazrebis 62-e nawilSi, es piroba ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom saavtoro uflebis dacvisa da misi mesakuTris ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis interesis dabalansebisas Tavisufali konkurenciis dacvis interesTan mimarTebiT, am ukanasknels SeiZleba hqondes upiratesoba marto im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac licenziis gacemaze uari axdens meoradi bazris ganviTarebis Tavidan acilebas momxmareblisTvis sazianod.

49. Sesabamisad, dominanti sawarmos mier gacemuli uari misi saavtoro uflebiT daculi produqciis daSvebaze, rodesac produqti ganuyofelia meorad ba-zarze funqcionirebisagan, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes borotad gamoyenebad mar-to im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sawarmo, romelic moiTxovda licenzias, miznad ar isaxavda, moexdina im produqciisa da momsaxurebis dublireba, romelTa SeTavazebasac axdenda saavtoro uflebis mqone sawarmo, aramed surda, ewar-moebina axali produqcia da momsaxureba, romelzec arsebobda momxmareblis potenciuri moTxovna.

50. adgilobrivi sasamarTlos gansasazRvravia, iyo Tu ara aseTi SemTxveva ZiriTad saqmiswarmoebaSi.

meore piroba, dakavSirebuli uaris samarTlianobasTan

51. rac Seexeba winamdebare pirobas, adgilobrivma sasamarTlom unda Seamow-mos, Tavis winaSe arsebuli faqtebidan gamomdinare, Tu ramdenad aris licen-ziis gacemis moTxovnaze uari obieqturi garemoebebiT gamarTlebuli.

52. aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel SekiTxvaze pasuxi unda iyos Semdegi: domi-nantur mdgomareobaSi myofi im sawarmos mier gacemuli uari licenziaze, romelic aris inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis mflobeli wevr saxelm-wifoSi farmacevtuli produqciis regionaluri gayidvebis monacemTa bazisa-gan ganuyofel struqturasTan dakavSirebiT da surs imave monacemTa bazis miwodebis ganxorcieleba imave wevr saxelmwifoSi, Seesabameba dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT, Semdegi pirobebis dakmayofilebiT:

- sawarmo, romelmac moiTxova licenzia, miznad isaxavs gansaxilveli mo-nacemebis bazarze axali produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis miwodebas, rac ar aris ukve SeTavazebuli saavtoro uflebis mesakuTre sawarmos mier da romelzec arsebobs momxmareblis potenciuri moTxovna;

- uari ar aris gamarTlebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT;

- uari aris imgvari, rom saavtoro uflebis mqone sawarmos unaxavs far-macevtuli produqtis miwodebis bazars wevr saxelmwifoSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs aRniSnul bazarze konkurenciis srul aRmofxvras.

saqme ITT Promedia v. EC Commission342:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

60. (...) rogorc komisiam samarTlianad aRniSna, piris SesaZlebloba, amtkicos Tavisi ufleba sasamarTlos meSveobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoiyenos sasa-marTlo kontroli amasTan dakavSirebiT, Seesabameba samarTlis sayovelTao principis gamoxatvas, romelic xazs usvams wevri saxelmwifoebis konstituci-

342 Case T-111/96, ITT Promedia v. EC Commission [1998] ECR II-2937, [1998]5 CMR 491.

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ur tradiciebs da romelic aseve Cadebulia adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvis 1950 wlis 4 noembris evropuli konvenciis me-6 da me-13 muxlebSi (ix. saqme 222/84, Johnson v. Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (...)). vinaidan sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva aris fundamenturi ufleba da kanoniT ganmtkicebuli sayovelTao principi, mxolod absoluturad gamonaklis gare-moebebSi aris SesaZlebeli, rom sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva da samarTlebrivi saqmis warmoeba Seesabamebodes dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis miznebidan gamomdinare.

61. meore, vinaidan kumulaciuri kriteriumi Seesabameba sasamarTlosadmi mi-marTvis sayovelTao principidan gamonakliss, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvely-ofs kanonis uzenaesobas, maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes mkacrad, iseTi formiT, romelic ar xelyofs saerTo wess (ix. inter alia, saqme T-105/95, WWF UK v. E.C. Commission (...));(...)

72. komisiis mier gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi ganxiluli kumulaciuri pi-robebidan erT-erTis mixedviT, sasamarTlo saqmiswarmoeba SeiZleba miCneul iqnes borotad gamoyenebad, xelSekrulebis 28-e muxlis mniSvnelobidan gamom-dinare, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar SeiZleba, gonivrulad iqnes miCneuli aRniSnuli qmedebis gamoiyeneba, rogorc sawarmos mcdeloba, amtkicos Tav-isi ufleba da rodesac misi gamoyeneba xdeba mxolod mowinaaRmdege mxaris dasaSineblad. aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli Seqmnili garemoeba, es kriteriumi dakmayofildes.

73. garda aRniSnulisa, rodesac xdeba am kriteriumis gamoyeneba, sakiTxi ar unda iqnes ganxiluli im formiT, aris Tu ara is uflebebi, romelTa dasamt-kicebladac moxda saqmiswarmoebis dawyeba, damtkicebuli Tu dadasturebuli, aramed am SemTxvevaSi unda ganisazRvros, iyo Tu ara am qmedebis mizani imis mtkiceba, rac sawarmos gonivrulad SeeZlo mieCnia Tavis uflebad. am krite-riumis meore nawilis mixedviT, moTxovna dakmayofilebulia, Tu qmedebas ar hqonda aseTi mizani da Tu igi mimarTuli iyo oponentis daSinebisaken.

saqme United Brands v. Commission343:

saqmis fabula: United Brands Tavisi bananis transportirebas axdenda atlanti-kis gadakveTaze, roterdamsa da bremerhafenSi. am portebSi is maT sxvadasxva fasad yidda mowonebul damamwifebel/distributorebze, romlebic warmodge-nilebi iyvnen sxvadasxva wevri saxelmwifodan. kontraqtis pirobebSi, romli-Tac xdeboda distributorebze bananis miyidva, iyo akrZalva, romlis mixed-viTac am distributorebs ar SeeZloT bananis gayidva damwifebamde (`mwvane bananis~ piroba). komisiam daadgina, rom aRniSnuli debuleba iyo fasebs Soris sxvaobis gamyarebis ubralo taqtika, vinaidan mas Semdeg, rac banani daiwyebda gayviTlebas, is imdenad malfuWebadi xdeboda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo misi trans-portireba sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze. komisiam aseve daadgina, rom United Brands-is praqtika, mieyida distributorebisaTvis moTxovnilze naklebi raodenobis banani, am ukanasknelT aiZulebda, gaeyidaT igi adgilobrivad da ar gaetanaT is sxva bazrebze. komisiam daadgina, rom aRniSnuli praqtika ewi-naaRmdegeboda 82-e muxls, rac gaasaCivra United Brands-ma.343 Case 27/76, United Brands v. Commission [1978]ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429.

336

evropuli sasamarTlo

204. UBC-is mier Sesabamis bazarze ganTavsebul yvela banans aqvs erTi da igive saxeli _ `Chiquita~, aqvs erTi da igive geografiuli warmomavloba, miekuT-vneba erTsa da imave saxeobas (Cavendish Valery) da aris TiTqmis erTi da imave xarisxis.

205. bananis transportireba 20-kilogramiani yuTebiT xdeba or portSi _ rot-erdamsa da bremerhafenSi, sadac gadatvirTvis xarjebi gansxvavdeba mxolod ramdenime centiT, da maTi miyidva, scipiosa da irlandiis garda, xorcieldeba erTsa da imave garemoebebsa da gadaxdis pirobebSi mas Semdeg, rac maT ganaTa-vseben myidvelis vagonebsa Tu satvirTo manqanebze. fasi Seadgens 3-4 dolars Soris Tanxas, xolo 1974-Si Seadgenda 5 dolars.

206. CamotvirTvisa da damamwifebel aparaturamde mitanis xarjebi, iseve rogorc sabaJo tarifebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva xarjebi, irlandiis garda, yvelgan myidvelis gadasaxdelia.

207. vinaidan aseTi midgomaa roterdamsa da bremerhafenSi Casuli yvela dis-tributoris mimarT, arsebobs molodini, rom UBC maT sTavazobs erTsa da imave gasayid fass `Ciquita~-s bananze.

208. komisia adanaSaulebs aplikants Tavis brendirebul bananze yovel kviras _ obieqturi gamarTlebis gareSe _ gasayidi fasebis cvlis gamo, rac sagrZno-blad gansxvavdeba im wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, sadac misi momxmareblebi arian.

209. wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, gansxvavebuli fasebis gadaxdis politika gamoiyeneba 1971 wlidan germaniis federaluri respublikis, niderlandebisa da BLEU-s mimarT, xolo 1973 wlis ianvarSi gavrcelda daniaSi myof momx-mareblebze, xolo 1973 wlis noemberSi irlandiaze. (...)

227. miuxedavad imisa, rom bananis erTiani bazris Seqmnis pasuxismgebloba ar gaaCnia aplikants, mas SeuZlia, Seecados, miiRos mxolod `is, rasac ba-zari atarebs~ da imoqmedos bazris wesebis Sesabamisad, rac gansazRvrulia xelSekrulebaSi.

228. mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom arsebobs gansxvavebebi transportis Rire-bulebaSi, sabaJo valdebulebaSi, samuSao ZalaSi, ganTavsebis sabazro pirobeb-Si, sxvadasxva valutis kursSi, _ es yvelaferi akumulirdeba konkurenciis simZimeSi, saidanac gamomdinareobs, rom aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi aris swored is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben gansxvavebul gasayid fass. amis gaT-valiswinebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT aRwerili garemoebebi UBC-m unda gaiTvaliswinos SezRudul doneze, vinaidan is yidis produqts, romelic yov-elTvis aris erTi da igive, erTsa da imave adgilze, im damamwifebel/distrib-utorebze, romlebic Tavad atareben momxmareblis bazris risks.

229. miwodebisa da moTxovnis urTierTkavSiri, maTi maxasiaTeblidan gamomdin-are, unda gamoiyenebodes im TiToeul safexurze, romelzec is gamoixateba.

230. bazris meqanizmebze uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs garemoebebs, rodesac fase-bis daTvlisas ugulebelyofilia bazris erTi nawili da mxedvelobaSi miiReba

337

miwodebisa da moTxovnis wesi, romelic moqmedebs mimwodebelsa da Sesabamis momxmarebels Soris, da ara wesi, romelic moqmedebs mimwodebelsa (UBC) da myidvels (damamwifebeli/distributori) Soris.

231. amdenad, Tavisi dominanturi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, UBC-s, romelic iRebda informaciebs sakuTari adgilobrivi warmomadgenlebisagan, SeeZlo daewesebina misi gasayidi fasi Suamaval myidvelze. fasi da Sesabamisi `mTeli kviris kvota~ aris fiqsirebuli da momxmarebels ecnobeba bananis gad-amzidavi gemis portSi Sesvlamde oTxi dRiT adre.

232. es diskriminaciuli fasebi, romlebic icvleboda wevr saxelmwifoeb-Si arsebuli pirobebis mixedviT, iyo sxva araferi, Tu ara barierebis Seqmna produqciis Tavisufali gadaadgilebisTvis da maTi Sedegi gaZlierebuli iyo im debulebiT, romelic krZalavda mwvane bananis gayidvas da SekveTil raode-nobaze naklebi produqciis miwodebiT.

233. amdenad, uxeSi dayofa erovnul bazrebad Seqmnili iyo fasebis doneze, da gansxvaveba gamowveuli iyo xelovnurad, rac damamwifebeli/distributorebis garkveul nawils aqcevda arakonkurentul mdgomareobaSi, vinaidan konkuren-cia iyo ganadgurebuli.

234. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli fasebis gamoyenebis politika, romelmac SesaZlebloba misca UBC-s, gamoeyenebina araerTgvarovani pirobebi absoluturad Tanabar tranzaqciebSi sxvadasxva savaWro partnioris mimarT, ri-Tac man isini Caayena arakonkurentul mdgomareobaSi, iyo mdgomareobis boro-tad gamoyeneba.(...)

248. dominanti sawarmos mier pirdapir Tu arapirdapir usamarTlo gasayidi Tu SesyidviTi fasebis daweseba aris, 82-e muxlis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, mdgo-mareobis borotad gamoyeneba, romelsac aqvs gamonaklisi.

249. sasurvelia dadgindes, moaxdina Tu ara dominantma sawarmom Tavisi Sesa-Zleblobebis gamoyenebiT im savaWro mogebis miReba, romelsac is miiRebda nor-maluri da arsebiTad efeqturi konkurenciis pirobebSi.

250. am SemTxvevaSi im fasis dakisreba, romelic gadaWarbebulia, vinaidan ar aqvs gonivruli kavSiri miwodebuli produqtis ekonomikur RirebulebasTan, iqneba mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba.

251. aRniSnuli eqscesi, inter alia, unda ganisazRvros obieqturad da SesaZle-blobis SemTxvevaSi daangariSebuli unda iyos produqtis gasayidi fasisa da misi warmoebis fasis SedarebiT, rac gaxsnida mogebis moculobis sazRvars, Tumca komisias ar mouxdenia aseTi kalkulacia, vinaidan mas ar gauanalizebia UBC-s xarjebis struqtura.

252. aqedan gamomdinare, SekiTxvebi unda ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: ramdenad aris gansxvaveba moweul xarjebsa da dadgenil fasebs Soris gadaWarbebuli? da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pasuxi iqneba dadebiTi, Semdegi SekiTxva iqneboda: dadge-nili fasi usamarTloa uSualod produqtis Rirebulebidan gamomdinare, Tu konkurenti produqciis fasTan SedarebiT?

253. aseve SeiZleba ganisazRvros sxva gzebi _ da ekonomikuri Teoriis mim-

338

devrebma moifiqres ramdenime gza _ imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad aris produqciis fasi usamarTlo.(...)

258. komisia Tavis Sexedulebas, rom fasebi iyo gadaWarbebuli, afuZnebs sirTuleebis analizze _ misi SexedulebiT gadaWarbebuli _ sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi gadaxdil fasebs Soris da zemoT ganxiluli diskriminaciuli fasebis politikis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze.(...)

260. imis dadgenis Semdeg, rom sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi moqmedi damamwifeblebis mimarT dawesebuli fasebi bevrad aRemateboda, zogjer 100%-iTac ki, irland-iaSi myofi momxmareblebis mimarT dawesebul fasebs, komisam daaskvna, rom UBC iRebda arsebiT mogebas.(...)

264. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad aradamajerebeli iyo UBC-s mtkicebule-bebi, faqtia, rom komisias ekisreba valdebuleba, amtkicos, rom aplikanti awesebda usamarTlo fasebs.

265. UBC-s qmedeba, romelic damajereblad ver daasabuTa komisiam, rom UBC-m kalkulaciaze dafuZnebiT gonivruls miRma eqscesiuri fasebi daawesa, Riaa kritikisaTvis, da masTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs eWvi, romliTac SeiZleba isargeblos aplikantma, vinaidan gansakuTrebiT bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi realur pirobebSi bananis fasebi Sesabamis bazarze ar gazrdila.

266. miuxedavad imisa, rom ̀ Chiquita~-s bananis fasi gansxvavebulia misi konkuren-ti produqtis fasisagan, gansxvaveba aris 7%, romelic ar aris ganmsazRvreli da romelic avtomaturad ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes gadaWarbebulad da, Sesa-bamisad, usamarTlod.

267. aRniSnuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinareobs, rom komisiam ver warmoadgina aRniSnuli faqtisa da Sefasebis adekvaturi samarTlebrivi mtkicebuleba, rom UBC-m bananebze pirdapir Tu iribad usamarTlo fasebis dawesebiT daarRvia xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli.

268. Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebis 1 g muxli unda gauqmdes.

saqme Portugal v. Commission: Landing Fees at Portuguese Airports344:

evropuli sasamarTlo

49. komisia eTanxmeba, rom dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos aqvs ufle-ba, daawesos fasdaklebebi. Tumca aseTi fasdaklebebi unda iyos gamarTlebuli obieqturi safuZvlebiT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT gansaxilvel sawarmos unda miscen SesaZlebloba, awarmoon masStaburi ekonomia. am saqmeSi portugali-is xelisuflebas ar uxsenebia masStaburi ekonomia. saerTo pirobaa, rom TviTm-frinavs esaWiroeba erTi da igive dajdomisa da afrenis momsaxureba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdeni TviTmfrinavi hyavs kompanias.

344 Case C-163/99, Portugal v. Commission: Landing Fees at Portuguese Airports [2001] ECRI-2613, [2002] 4 CMLR 1319.

339

50. dominantur mdgomareobaSi myof sawarmos SeuZlia, momxmarebels SesTavazos fasdakleba, gayidvis raodenobidan gamomdinare (ix., Inter alia, saqme 322/81 Michelin v. Commission [1983] ECR 3461, para. 71). Tumca aseTi fasdaklebebis kalkulaciis wess Sedegad ar unda mohyves sxvadasxva savaWro partniorebTan ganxorcielebuli erTi da imave tranzaqciebis mimarT sxvadasxva pirobebis gamoyeneba, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis meore paragrafis g qveparagrafis mniSvnelobiT.

51. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, raodenobiTi fasdaklebebis sistemis arsi isaa, rom didi odenobiT produqciis Sesyidvisas momxmarebelma unda gadaixados gacilebiT dabali fasi produqtis SeZenisas, vidre momxmarebelma, romelic axdens produqciis mcire odenobiT Sesyidvas an momsaxurebis miRebas... raodenobiTi fasdaklebebis sistemis damaxasiaTebeli ubralo faqtia, rom zogierTi momxmarebeli didi odenobiT Sesyidvis gamo sargeblobs proporciulad maRali fasdaklebebiT, vidre sxva momxmareblebi. Sesyiduli produqciis odenobis arsebiToba damaxasiaTebelia am tipis sistemisaTvis, magram mxolod am maxasiaTeblis mixedviT ar SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom fasdaklebebis sistema diskriminaciulia.

52. aseve, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sxvadasxva fasdaklebis gamoyenebis Sedegad fasdaklebebi damatebiT fasdaklebebze gamoiyeneba mxolod ramdenime savaWro mxaris mimarT, rac maT aZlevT ekonomikur upiratesobas, da rac ar aris gamarTlebuli arc maT mier ganxorcielebuli biznesiT da arc masStaburi ekonomiiT. fasdaklebis aseT sistemas Sedegad moaqvs gansxvavebuli pirobebis gamoyeneba Tanabari tranzaqciebis mimarT.

53. obieqturi gamarTlebis ararsebobis pirobebSi maRali fasdaklebis sistemis gamoyeneba, romelic SeiZleba gavrceldes mxolod dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi sawarmos ramdenime msxvil partniorze an gangrZobadi progresis ararse-boba raodenobiTi fasdaklebebis gazrdisas SeiZleba Seesabamebodes diskrimi-naciuli moqcevis mtkicebulebas.

54. am saqmeSi komisiam daadgina, rom yvelaze maRali fasdakleba (32.7% lisa-bonis aeroportSi da 40.6% sxva aeroportebSi) gamoiyena mxolod orma aviax-azma _ TAP-ma da Portugalia-m. gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi aRwerili monace-mebi aseve gviCvenebs, rom fasdaklebebis sistemaSi arsebuli zrda aris mniS-vnelovnad maRali didi moculobis, da ara mcire moculobis, Sesyidvebisas, romelsac raime specifikuri obieqturi gamarTlebis ararsebobisas mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom maRali moculobis SesyidvebisaTvis fasdakleba aris gadaWar-bebuli mcire moculobis Sesyidvebze arsebul fasdaklebebTan SedarebiT.

55. naTelia, rom portugaliis respublikam, mocemuli sakiTxis gamarTlebis mizniT, warmoadgina mxolod zogadi argumentebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo aeroportis sistemasTan, daSvebis xarjebis raodenobriv fasdaklebebTan mimarTebiT da ar gaukeTebia sxva araferi, garda imis mtkicebisa, rom sistema Ria iyo yvela aviakompaniisaTvis.

56. im garemoebebSi, rodesac, rogorc komisia ganixilavs, fasdaklebebis sistema upiratesobas aniWebs garkveul aviaxazebs, am saqmeSi de facto naciona-lur aviaxazebs da im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac CarTul aeroportebs aqvT bune-brivi monopolia saqmianobis bevr sferoSi, msgavsi zogadi argumentebi ar

340

aris sakmarisi ekonomikuri mizezebis dasasabuTeblad, gansakuTrebiT SerCeu-li tarifebis gasamarTleblad.

57. am garemoebebidan gamomdinareobs, rom gansaxilveli sistema diskrimina-cias axdenda TAP-isa da Portugalia-s sasargeblod.

VI. karteli da oligopolia

saqme John Deere Ltd v. Commission345:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

51. sasamarTlo, rogorc aplikanti, aRniSnavs, ganixilavs, rom gadawyvetile-baSi komisiam akrZala informaciis gacvlis sistema, romelic Seexeba arse-biTad erTgvarovan produqcias, romelic pirdapir ar moicavda aRniSnuli produqciis fass, magram romelic ar aZlierebs sxva konkurenciis Semlax-vel qcevas. rogorc aplikanti samarTlianad davobs, konkurenciul bazarze movaWreebs Soris gamWvirvaleobas realurad ufro metad mivyavarT mim-wodeblebs Soris konkurenciis gaZlierebisaken, vinaidan aseT garemoebebSi im faqts, rom movaWre gaiTvaliswinebs Tavis xelT arsebul informacias _ mis mier bazarze SeRwevisa da iq dafuZnebisaTvis ar unda hqondes miwodebis gacamtverebis, sxva movaWreebisaTvis maTi konkurentis winaswar navaraudevi qmedebis aucileblobaSi gaurkvevlobis Semcirebisa Tu misi moxsnis Sedegi; meore mxriv, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom, rogorc komisia am SemTxvevaSi davobs, aplikantis gasaCivrebis miuxedavad, informaciis mudmivi gamoyeneba ZiriTad momwodeblebs Soris, romelic mimarTulia maTi piradi mogebisaken, xolo Sed-egad moaqvs sxva momwodeblebisa da momxmareblebis bazridan gaZeveba, rac efuZneba: konkretuli informaciis gacvlas mcire intervalebiT, registri-rebuli avtomobilebis identificirebas, rodesac maTi registraciis adgili aris maRali datvirTvis oligopoliuri bazari, rogoric gansaxilveli ba-zaria, sadac konkurencia ukve mniSvnelovnad aris SezRuduli da informaciis gacvla gamartivebuli, gamoiwvevs movaWreebs Soris warmoSobili konkurenci-is arsebiT SezRudvas (ix. qvemoT mocemuli para. 81). aseT garemoebebSi baz-ris funqcionirebis Taobaze informaciis regularul da xSir gacvlas eqneba yvela konkurentisaTvis bazris mdgomareobisa da sxvadasxva individualuri konkurentis strategiis periodulad miwodebis Sedegi.

52. amas garda, gansaxilveli informaciis miwodeba yvela mimwodeblisaTvis gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas, an Cum Tanxmobas mainc, movaWreebs Soris dilerebis gasayidi teritoriebis gansazRvris Taobaze gaerTianebuli samefos safosto kodebis sistemis mixedviT, iseve rogorc instituciuri CarCo iZleva SesaZle-blobas, moxdes informaciis gacvla movaWreebs Soris im savaWro asociacie-bis meSveobiT, romlebsac isini miekuTvnebian da, meore, aseTi informaciis sixSirisa da sistematiuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT is konkretul movaWres aZlevs saSualebas, zedmiwevniT gansazRvros Tavisi konkurentis qmedeba, rac amcirebs an, saerTod, Slis bazarze momavali moqmedebis gaurkvevlobas, rac iarsebebda, Tu ar moxdeboda aseTi informaciis gacvla. amasTan, komisia swo-rad amtkicebs Tavisi gadawyvetilebis 44-e da 48-e punqtebSi, rom, ra gadaw-

345 Case T-35/92, John Deere Ltd v. Commission [1994] ECR II-957.

341

yvetilebac ar unda yofiliyo miRebuli movaWris mier, romelsac miznad hqon-da gaerTianebuli samefos soflis sameurneo daniSnulebis traqtorebis ba-zarze SeRweva, da xdeba Tu ara is SeTanxmebis wevri, es SeTanxmeba aucileblad aris araxelsayreli misTvis. CarTuli movaWre ar xdeba informacis gacvlis SeTanxmebis wevri da Tavisi konkurentebisagan gansxvavebiT Tavs aridebs in-formaciis gacvlas da bazris Taobaze informacias, romelic xelmisawvdomia informaciis gacvlis gziT, an is xdeba SeTanxmebis wevri da amis Semdeg misi biznesis strategia cnobili xdeba misi yvela konkurentisaTvis maT mier miRe-buli informaciis meSveobiT.

53. Sesabamisad, Suamdgomloba, romelic amtkicebs, rom informaciis gacvlis Taobaze gansaxilveli SeTanxmeba ar arRvevs gaerTianebis konkurenciis wesebs, miuRebelia.(...)

81. meore, gacvlili informaciis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom aplikantis mtkicebis sawinaaRmdegod, gansaxilveli informacia, romelic ukavSirdeba sadistribucio qselis TiToeuli sadileros teritoriaze ganxor-cielebul gayidvebs, ganekuTvneba biznessaidumlo xasiaTis informacias. ra Tqma unda, es aRiarebulia TviTon SeTanxmebis mxareTa mier, maT mkacrad gansaz-Rvres is pirobebi, romelSic unda momxdariyo miRebuli informaciis miwodeba mesame mxarisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT maTi sadistribucio qselis wevrebisaTvis. sasamarTlo aseve ganixilavs, rom, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna (51-e paragrafSi), Sesabamisi bazris maxasiaTeblebis analizidan gamomdinare, gansaxilveli in-formaciis xSiri da sistematiuri gacvla konkretuli movaWris konkurente-bis qmedebas bazarze advilad gaTvlads xdis, vinaidan is amcirebs an Slis gaurkvevlobas, rac ar iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar moxdeboda informaciis gacvla. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, aplikants ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos faqts, rom gacvlili informacia ar moicavda informacias fasebis an warsulSi gayidvebis Taobaze. Sesabamisad, Suamdgomlobis pirveli nawili, romelic amtkicebs, rom konkurencia ar izRudeba, ̀ dafaruli konkurenciis Tavidan acilebis~ Sedegad uaryofilia.

saqme Asnef-Equifax, Servicios de Informacion sobre Solvencia y Credito, Sl v. Asociacion de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (Ausbanc)346:

55. rogorc winamdebare ganaCenis 47-e paragrafSi aris dadgenili, ZiriTad procesSi gansaxilveli reestri, msesxeblis valdebulebis SemcirebiT, SesaZleblobas iRebs, gaaumjobesos miwodebis krediti. rogorc saerTo advokati mimoixilavs Tavisi mosazrebis 54-e punqtSi, msesxeblis valdebulebis Taobaze informaciis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, safinanso institutebs ar eqnebaT SesaZlebloba, gamoarCion is msesxeblebi, romlebic TavianTi SexedulebiT ufro metad daarRveven valdebulebas da, Sesabamisad, aseTi institutebis riski aucileblad gaizrdeba, ris Sedegadac maT mouwevT riskis gaTvaliswineba kreditebis gacemisas yvela msesxebelze, maTi CaTvliT, romlebic yvelaze naklebad hgvanan valdebulebis damrRvevT, romlebsac Semdeg mouwevT ufro maRali xarjis gaReba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca instituts SeuZlia Seafasos gadaxdis SesaZlebloba ufro zustad. sinamdvileSi iseT reestrs, rogoric

346 Case C-238/05, Asnef-Equifax, Servicios de Informacion sobre Solvencia y Credito, Sl v. Asociacion de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (Ausbanc) [2006] ECR I-11125, [2007] 4 CMLR 6.

342

zemoT aRvniSneT, SeuZlia aseTi tendenciis Semcireba.

56. amasTan, finansuri institutebis mier TavianT momxmareblebze maT xelT arsebuli informaciis mniSvnelobis Semcireba realurad unars aZlevs aRniSnul reestrebs, moaxdinon kreditis momxmareblis mobilurobis gazrda. damatebiT, aseT reestrebs SeuZliaT, es ufro metad gaamartivon bazarze SeRwevis msurveli axali konkurentebisaTvis.

57. garda amisa, imis gansazRvrisas, aris Tu ara mTavar procesSi es konkurenci-is SezRudva 81-e 1-li muxlis mixedviT, evropuli gaerTianeba damokidebulia im ekonomikur da samarTlebriv konteqstze, romelSic reestri arsebobs da, ufro konkretulad, bazris ekonomikur pirobebze, iseve rogorc reestris konkretul maxasiaTeblebze.

58. amasTan dakavSirebiT, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tu miwodeba bazarze aris sakmaod koncentrirebuli, garkveuli informaciis gacvla, rac damokideb-ulia gacvladi informaciis saxeze, SeiZleba pasuxismgebeli iyos sxva sawarmoe-bis mier maTi konkurentebis komerciuli startegiisa da bazarze arsebuli vi-Tarebis Taobaze informaciis miRebaze, rac gamoiwvevs bazarze brZolis Semcire-bas da gazrdis an xels Seuwyobs SeTanxmebebis miRwevas; meore mxriv, Tu miwodeba aris fragmentuli, konkurentebs Soris informaciis gacvla SeiZleba iyos nei-traluri, an, Tundac, pozitiuri, bazris konkurenciuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare (ix. amasTan dakavSirebiT Thyssen Stahl v. Commission, para.: 84 da 86). am saqmeSi saerTo safuZveli, rac Cans ganaCenis me-10 paragrafidan, aris is, rom mim-marTavma sasamarTlom winaswari gadawyvetilebisaTvis Tavis mimarTvaSi gad-awyvetileba moiTxova `fragmentul bazarTan~ dakavSirebiT, rac sasamarTlos Sesamowmebelia.

59. meore, vinaidan ZiriTad procesSi gansaxilvel reestrs ar aqvs bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobisa Tu konkurentebis komerciuli strategiis gamJRavne-bis ufleba, mniSvnelovania, rom pirdapir an iribad ar gamJRavndes gamsesx-eblebis vinaoba. am saqmeSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebidan aSkaraa, rom Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia-m Asnef-Equifax-s dauwesa da am ukanasknelma miiRo piroba, rom reestrSi arsebuli informacia sesxis gamcemebis Taobaze ar unda gaxsniliyo.

60. mesame, aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom aseT reestrebze daSveba SeiZle-bodes aradiskriminaciuli formiT kanonierad da faqtobrivad am sferoSi moqmedi yvela aqtiuri operatorisaTvis. Tu aseTi daSvebis garantireba ver xerxdeba, am operatorebidan ramdenime araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn-deba, vinaidan maT eqnebaT naklebi informacia riskis SefasebisaTvis, rac aseve ar Seuwyobs xels bazarze axali operatorebis Sesvlas.

61. gamomdinare aqedan, im SemTxvevaSi, roca Sesabamisi bazari ar aris mniS-vnelovnad koncentrirebuli, sistema ar iZleva sesxis gamcemebis identi-ficirebis uflebas da finansuri institutebis daSvebisa da gamoyenebis pi-robebi ar aris diskriminaciuli. informaciis gacvlis sistema, rogoricaa reestri, ar aris pasuxismgebeli, evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis mixedviT, konkurenciis SezRudvaze.

343

62. maSin, roca aseT pirobebSi aRniSnul sistemebs SeuZliaT Seamciron gaurkvevloba kreditis aplikantis mier valdebulebis SeusruleblobasTan dakavSirebuli riskis Taobaze, isini ar arian pasuxismgeblebi konkurenciis gaurkveveli riskis SemcirebisaTvis. amdenad, TiToeulma operatorma unda imoqmedos damoukideblad da avtonomiurad, rodesac miiRebs qmedebis kurss, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli unda hqondeT aplikantebTan dakavSirebuli riski. Ausbanc-is sapasuxod, mxolod sakredito informaciis gacvlis arseboba ar iwvevs koleqtiur antikonkurenciul qmedebas, rogoricaa boikoti potenci-uri msesxeblebis garkveuli jgufis mimarT.

63. amasTan, rogorc generalurma advokatma aRniSna arsebiT nawilSi _ Tavisi Sexedulebis 56-e punqtSi, nebismieri savaraudo sakiTxi, romelic dakavSire-bulia personaluri monacemTa bazis sensitiurobasTan, rogorc aseTi, ar aris konkurenciis samarTlis sakiTxi da maTi mowesrigeba unda moxdes monacemTa dacvis maregulirebeli Sesabamisi debulebebis safuZvelze. ZiriTad saqmis war-moebaSi sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenili dokumentebidan Cans, rom, reestris mamarT gamoyenebadi wesebis Tanaxmad, im momxmareblebs, romelTac miadgaT uaryofiTi Sedegi espaneTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, SeuZliaT Seamowmon maT Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia da Seasworon an saerTod waSalon is.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Re Wood Pulp Cartel: Ahlstrom Oy v. Commission (Wood Pulp II)347:

evropuli sasamarTlo

70. vinaidan komisias ar gaaCnia dokumentacia, romelic pirdapir daadgens CarTuli mwarmoeblebis Sekrebas, saWiroa damtkicdes, iyo Tu ara kvartaluri fasebis gamocxadebis sistema fasebis gamocxadebisa da fasebis gamocxadebis paralelizmis imavdrouli an daaxloebiT imavdrouli, rac dadginda 1975-idan 1985 wlamde periodSi, romelic Seesabameboda mkacr, zust da Tanmimdevrul organos, rogorc winaswari Sexvedris mtkicebulebas.

71. aRniSnuli gansxvavebuli faqtorebis probaciuli Rirebulebis gansazRvr-isas unda aRiniSnos, rom paraleluri qceva ar unda iyos miCneuli rogorc Sexvedris mowyobis mtkicebuleba, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca Sexvedra Seesa-bameba mxolod aseTi qmedebis damajerebel ganmartebas. aucilebelia gaviT-valiswinoT, rom, marTalia, 81-e muxli... krZalavs nebismieri formiT Sekre-bas, romelic amaxinjebs konkurencias, is ar arTmevs ekonomikur operatorebs uflebas, moaxdinon gonivruli adaptacia TavianTi konkurentebis arsebul Tu mosalodnel qmedebasTan (ix. Suiker Unie, (...) para. 174).

72. Sesabamisad, am saqmeSi aucilebelia, produqciis maxasiaTeblebis, sawarmoe-bis zomisa da raodenobis da gansaxilveli bazris moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT damtkicdes komisiis mier miTiTebuli paraleluri qmedeba SesaZlebelia Tu ara, dakvalificirdes sxvagvarad, vidre Sekreba. (...)

126. am analizis mixedviT, unda dadgindes: rom am saqmeSi koncentracia ar aris paraleluri qmedebis erTaderTi damajerebeli ganmarteba; dasawyisisT-

347 Cases C-89, 104, 114, 116-17 and 125-9/85, ReWood Pulp Cartel: Ahlstrom Oy v. Commission (Wood Pulp II) [1993] ECR I-1307, [1993] 4 CMLR 407.

344

vis fasebis gamocxadebis sistema SesaZlebelia miCneul iqnes rogorc raciona-luri pasuxi im faqtze, rom rbili qsovilis bazari Seesabameboda grZelvadian bazars da aseve gamyidvelisa da myidvelis mier komerciuli riskis SezRudvis saWiroebas; damatebiT, fasebis gamocxadebis TariRebis msgavseba SeiZleba miC-neul iqnes rogorc maRali donis bazris gamWvirvalobis pirdapiri Sedegi, romelic ar unda aRiweros rogorc xelovnuri; dabolos, fasebis paralel-izmi da fasebis mimarTuleba SeiZleba damakmayofileblad ganimartos bazris oligopolisturi tendenciebiT da gansakuTrebuli garemoebebiT, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo garkveul periodebSi. Sesabamisad, paraleluri qmedeba, romelic dadgenilia komisiis mier, ar Seesabameba koncentraciis (Sekrebis) mtkicebulebas.

127. mtkicebulebebis mkacri, zusti da Tanmimdevruli organos ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi unda dadgindes, rom komisiis mier gamocxadebul fasebTan dakav-SirebiT ver dadginda koncentraciis arseboba. Sesabamisad, unda gauqmdes gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 1-li 1-li muxli.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Societa Italiana Vetro SpA v. Commission (‘Flat Glass’) 348:

saqmis fabula: saqmeSi _ Flat Glass _ komisiam daadgina, rom brtyeli minis samma italielma mwarmoebelma daarRvia 81-e 1-li muxli (vinaidan miaRwies SeTanxmebas fasebis fiqsirebasa da maT produqciaze kvotebis dadgenis Taobaze) da daarRvies 82-e muxli TavianTi koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebiT (Tumca komisias ar warmoudgenia raime mtkicebuleba, riTac daadgenda am ukanasknel darRvevas, rac efuZneboda 81-e muxlSi dadgenil darRvevas). gasaCivrebisas, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gaauqma komisiis gadawyvetileba, rom iyo gaerTianebuli dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba.349 81-e muxlis darRvevis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebis Segroveba sakmarisi ar iyo imis dasadastureblad, rom maTi qmedeba Seesabameboda koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas.

sasamarTlom, rogorc Cans, sabolood gamoxata sakuTari damokidebuleba, rom 82-e muxli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod damoukidebeli sawarmoebis mi-marT da rom 82-e muxli ar gamoiyeneba erTsa da imave korporaciul jgufSi moqmedi erTi an meti sawarmos qmedebis mimarT.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

357. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom 82-e muxlis pirveli paragrafis pirvelive sityve-bia: `erTma an metma sawarmom~ SeiZleba borotad gamoiyenos dominanturi mdgo-mareoba. mudmivad meordeboda, rom, rogorc mxareebi acnobiereben, SeTanxmebis koncefcia da SeTanxmebuli praqtika sawarmoebs Soris ar faravs SeTanxmebas da SeTanxmebul praqtikas im sawarmoebs Soris, romlebic miekuTvnebian erTsa da im-ave jgufs, an Tu isini qmnian ekonomikur erTobas... Sesabamisad, gamomdinareobs, rom, roca 81-e muxli gamoiyeneba `sawarmoebs~ Soris SeTanxmebasa Tu SeTanxme-bul praqtikaze, is gulisxmobs urTierTobas or an met ekonomikur dawesebule-bas Soris, romlebsac SeuZliaT erTmaneTisaTvis konkurenciis gaweva.

348 Cases T-68, 77 and 78/89, Societa Italiana Vetro SpA v. Commission (‘Flat Glass’) [1992] ECR II-1403, [1992] 5 CMLR 302.

349 [1989] OJ L33/44, [1990] 4 CMLR 535.

345

358. sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi Tu ekonomikuri mizezi imis sagulisxmod, rom termins `sawarmo~ 82-e muxlSi aqvs gansxvave-buli mniSvneloba, vidre 81-e muxlSi. realurad ar arsebobs araviTari safuZ-veli, romelic xels SeuSlida or an met damoukidebel ekonomikur daweseb-ulebas, specifikur bazarze gaerTianebuliyvnen iseTi ekonomikuri kavSiriT, romelic am faqtis meSveobiT maT erTad Caayenebda dominantur mdgomareobaSi imave bazarze moqmedi sxva konkurentebis mimarT. es SeiZleba moxdes, magali-Tad, rodesac or an met sawarmos SeTanxmebisa Tu licenziebis safuZvelze erToblivad aqvT teqnologiuri miRweva, romelic maT aZlevs Zalauflebas, moiqcnen SesamCnev donemde damoukideblad maTi konkurentebisa da momxmare-blebisgan (Hoffmann-la Roche, saqme 102/77, 1978 ECR 1139, para. 38 da 48).

359. sasamarTlo aRniSnuli interpretaciisaTvis poulobs dasayrdens evro-puli sabWos 4065/86 regulaciis me-8 muxlSi..., romelSic gawerilia deta-luri wesebi sazRvao transportis mimarT 81-e da 82-e muxlebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. me-8 me-2 muxlis mixedviT, lainerebis konferenciis mier miRe-bul sargebels, rac evropuli xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxliT dadgenili akrZalvebidan gamonaklisia, SeiZleba hqondes 82-e muxlTan SeuTavsebeli Sedegi. konferenciis mier gakeTebuli moTxovna, _ yofiliyo gamonaklisi 81-e 1-li muxlis moqmedebis farglebidan, aucileblad gulisxmobs or an met damoukidebel ekonomikur sawarmos Soris SeTanxmebas.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi Compagnie Maritime Belge Transposrts SA v. Commission350:

evropuli sasamarTlo

35. xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis farglebSi dominanturi mdgomareoba SeiZleba ekavos ramdenime `sawarmos~. evropulma sasamarTlom araerTxel aRniSna, rom `sawarmos~ koncefcia xelSekrulebis nawilSi, romelic eZRvneba konkurenciis wesebs, gulisxmobs CarTuli uwyebis ekonomikur damoukideblobas (ix. kerZod saqme 22/71 Beguelin Import v. G.l. Import Export [1971] ECR 949).

36. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom gamoTqma `erTi an meti sawarmo~ xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlSi gulisxmobs, rom dominanturi mdgomareoba SeiZleba ekavos or an met ekonomikur uwyebas, romlebic samarTlebrivad damoukideblebi arian erTmaneTisagan da romlebic, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, warmodgenilebi arian erTad, an moqmedeben erTad erT Sesabamis bazarze, rogorc koleqtiuri uwyeba. es aris rogorc gamoTqma `koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareoba~, romlis gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba am ganaCenSi aris mocemuli.

37. rogorc Cans, sawarmos dominantur mdgomareobaSi yofnis dadgena ar aris, Tavis mxriv, kritikis safuZveli, magram, ubralod, niSnavs, rom, miuxedavad im mizezebisa, ris gamoc is flobs dominantur mdgomareobas, CarTul sawarmos aqvs gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba, ar dauSvas, misma qmedebam ziani miayenos saerTo bazarze arsebul namdvil konkurencias (ix. Michelin, para. 57).

38. igive moqmedebs im sawarmoebis mimarTac, romlebic floben koleqtiur dominantur mdgomareobas. imis dadgena, rom ori an meti sawarmos mier koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis floba, ZiriTadad, unda xdebodes

350 Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, Compagnie Maritime Belge Transposrts SA v. Commission [2000] ECR I-1365, [2000] 4 CMLR 1076.

346

Sesabamis bazarze CarTuli sawarmoebis mdgomareobis ekonomikuri Sefasebis safuZvelze, im sakiTxis ganxilvamde, gamoiyenes Tu ara borotad am sawarmoebma bazarze TavianTi mdgomareoba.

39. amdenad, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis analizis mixedviT, aucilebelia ganvixiloT, miekuTvnebian Tu ara CarTuli sawarmoebi koleqtiur uwyebas TavianTi konkurentebis, savaWro partniorebisa da momxmareblebis sawinaaRmdegod konkretul bazarze. es aris is SemTxveva, rodesac dasmul SekiTxvas pasuxi gaecema dadebiTad da rodesac ukve SesaZlebelia imis ganxilva, realurad flobs Tu ara koleqtiuri uwyeba dominantur mdgomareobas da Seesabameba Tu ara maTi qmedeba borotad gamoyenebas.

40. gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo sakmaod frTxili iyo am sami elementis cal-calke ganxilvisas, kerZod ki koleqtiuri mdgomareobis, dominanturi mdgomareobisa da aseTi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis ganxilvisas.

41. koleqtiuri uwyebis arsebobis dasadgenad, rogorc ganmartebulia zemoT, aucilebelia Semowmdes ekonomikuri kavSirebi Tu faqtorebi, romlebic iZle-va sawarmoebs Soris urTierTobebis dawyebis SesaZleblobas (ix., inter alia, saqme C-393/92 Almelo [1994] ECR I-1477, para. 43 da gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: C-68/94 da C-30/95 France and others v. Commission [1998] ECR I-1375, para. 221).

42. kerZod, unda damtkicdes, arsebobda Tu ara ekonomikuri kavSiri CarTul sawarmoebs Soris, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevda maT, emoqmedaT erTad, maTi konkurentebisa da momxmareblebisagan damoukideblad (ix. Michelin).

43. ubralo faqti, rom ori an meti sawarmo dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan SeTanx-mebiT, arsebobs sawarmoTa asociaciis gadawyvetileba Tu SeTanxmebuli praqtika, 81-e 1-li muxlis mniSvnelobiT, TavisTavad ar Seesabameba aseTi daskvnis gamot-anis arsebiT safuZvels.

44. meore mxriv, SeTanxmebam, gadawyvetilebam Tu SeTanxmebulma praqtikam (miuxedavad imisa, xvdeba Tu ar xvdeba xelSekrulebis 81-e me-3 muxlis gamon-aklisebis farglebSi), rodesac xdeba misi implementacia, SeiZleba Sedegad mogvces CarTuli sawarmoebis iseTi saxiT dakavSireba erTmaneTTan, rom konk-retul bazarze maTi qmedeba iyos maTi moqmedeba koleqtiuri uwyebis formiT vis-à-vis maTi konkurentebis, savaWro partniorebis da momxmareblebisa.

45. koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arseboba SeiZleba gamomdinareob-des SeTanxmebis pirobebidan da xasiaTidan, im gzidan, romelSic xdeba misi imple-mentacia da, Sesabamisad, im kavSirebidan da faqtorebidan, romlebic dasawyiss aZlevs sawarmoebs Soris kavSirs, da Semdeg iZleva zemoT aRniSnul Sedegs. miuxe-davad amisa, SeTanxmebis an sxva kavSirebis arseboba kanonSi ar aris ganuyofeli koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis dadgenisagan; aseTi dadgena SeiZleba efuZnebodes sxva damakavSirebel faqtorebs da damokidebuli iqneba ekonomikur Sefasebasa da, kerZod, gansaxilveli bazris struqturis Sefasebaze.

347

saqme Independent Music Publishers and Labels Association (Impala) v. Commission351:

249. unda ganvixiloT, rom, rogorc aRniSnuli ganaCenebis sityvebidan Cans, Sesabamisi sasamarTlo praqtika ganviTarebuli iyo im riskis konteqstis Sefasebidan, rom koncentracia Seqmnida koleqtiur dominantur mdgomareobas da ara winamdebare saCivris pirveli nawilis konteqstSi, koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis gansazRvris Taobaze.

250. rogorc Cans, rodesac xdeba riskis Sefaseba, rom iqmneba aseTi dominan-turi mdgomareoba, komisias moeTxoveba ex hipothesi ganaxorcielos delikaturi prognozireba bazris SesaZlo ganviTarebasTan da konkurenciis pirobebTan dakavSirebiT samomavlo analizis safuZvelze, romelic gulisxmobs kompleq-sur ekonomikur Sefasebas. masTan dakavSirebiT komisias aqvs farTo diskrecia, romelsac amyarebs konkretuli analizi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros arseb-uli mdgomareobis Taobaze. koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis faqtis dadgena gamyarebuli unda iyos warsulsa Tu awmyoSi dadgenili faqte-bis elementebiT, romlidanac Cans, rom mniSvnelovnad izRudeba konkurencia bazarze, sadac Zalaufleba Tavmoyrilia ramdenime sawarmoSi, romelTac Se-Zles mieRoT bazarze moqmedebis erTi da igive kursi mniSvnelovan donemde damoukideblad Tavisi konkurentebisa da momxmareblebisagan.

251. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis ar-sebobis Sefasebis konteqstSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli instanciis sasa-marTlos mier gansazRvruli sami piroba saqmeSi _ Airtours v. Commission, para. 45, _ romlebic gamomdinareobda koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis kon-cefciis Teoriuli analizidan, ra Tqma unda, aseve aucilebelia. rogorc Cans, maT SeuZliaT, Sesabamis garemoebebSi arapirdapir warmoiqmnan, imis sa-fuZvelze, rac SeiZleba iyos Sereuli niSnebi da niSnebTan dakavSirebuli mt-kicebulebis saSualebebi, koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis damaxasiaTebeli manifestaciebi da fenomeni.

252. amdenad, fasebis siaxlove didi drois ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is konkurenciis dones aRemateba, im faqtorebTan erTad, romlebic damaxasiaTe-belia koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobisaTvis, alternatiuli gonivruli ganmartebis ararsebobisas sakmarisia koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis dasadgenad, maSinac ki, roca ar arsebobs bazris Zlieri gamWvirvalobis mkacri pirdapiri mtkicebuleba, imdenad, ramdenadac aseTi gamWvirvaloba ivaraudeba aseT garemoebebSi.

253. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom am saqmeSi fasebis daaxloeba, rogorc gadasax-adebiT, aseve gadasaxadebis Semdeg bolo 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom produqtebi ar aris erTi da igive (TiToeul disks hqonda gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi), da aseve faqti, rom maTi SenarCuneba xdeboda stabilurad, romel-ic iyo sakmaod maRali, miuxedavad moTxovnis mniSvnelovani vardnisa, sxva faqtorebTan erTad (sawarmos Zala oligopoliur garemoSi, sabazro wilebis stabiluroba da a.S.), rogorc es daadgina komisiam Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi, alternatiuli ganmartebis ararsebobisas unda Seesabamebodes gadaadgilebas, rom fasebis daaxloeba ar aris efeqturi konkurenciis normaluri funqcioni-

351 Case Independent Music Publishers and Labels Association (Impala) v. Commission [2006] ECR II-2289, [2006] 5 CMLR 19

348

rebis Sedegi da rom bazari aris arsebiTad gamWvirvale, vinaidan is iZleva fasebis Cumi koordinaciis SesaZleblobas.

gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: P Papierfabrik August Koehler AG and Others v. Commission352 [2009]:

evropuli sasamarTlo

Divipa-s saCivris pirveli safuZveli, dakavSirebuli mis monawileobasTan dar-RvevaSi

49. Divipa uaryofs Tavis monawileobas 1992 wlis 5 martisa da 1994 wlis 19 oqtombris SexvedrebSi espaneTis bazris Taobaze da, agreTve, uaryofs evro-pis bazarze kartelSi monawileobas. igi yofs saCivris safuZvels sam nawilad, romelTa ganxilvac rigrigobiT unda ganxorcieldes:

Divipa-s saCivris pirveli safuZveli: pirveli nawili dakavSirebulia 1992 wlis 5 martis SexvedraSi mis monawileobasTan

50. kerZod, Divipa amtkicebs, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daamaxinja Sappi-is TanamSromlis mier 1992 wlis 9 marts miwodebuli informaciis WeSmar-iteba im kuTxiT, rom man ver SeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina an misi nawilis citireba moexdina apelirebis safuZvelze sasamarTlo ganxilvisas, romlis mixedviTac Divipa-s fasebi gagebul iqna ara pirdapir Sappi-is, aramed momxmareblebis mier. Divipa-s azriT, aralogikuria, rom sawarmom, romelmac TiTqos monawileoba miiRo kartelis SexvedraSi, romelzec fasebis sakiTxi ganixiles, pirda-pir, TavisTavad, ar miawodos Tavisi fasebi Sexvedraze. Sesabamisad, Divipa-s monawileoba 1992 wlis 5 martis SexvedraSi ar dasturdeba.

51. komisia pasuxobs, rom nebismieri dokumenti ganxilul unda iqnes saqmis sxva dokumentebTan erTobliobaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac komisias da pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos moeTxovebaT, ganaxorcielon yovlismomcveli Semow-meba. is argumenti, rom erTi konkretuli dokumenti ver amtkicebs faqts, ver iqneba gaziarebuli, Tu saqmeSi sxva dokumentebic aris warmodgenili, romelT-ac SeuZliaT warmoadginon amgvari mtkicebuleba. Divipa-s eWvi ar Seaqvs AWA-sa da Sappi-is mier gakeTebul mtkicebulebiT gancxadebebSi an pirveli in-stanciis sasamarTlos mier maT interpretirebaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, komisia, kerZod, miuTiTebs, rom gancxadebaSi Sappi-is TanamSromeli martivad adas-turebs, rom Divipa-m ar gazarda Tavisi fasebi da rom man es icis momxmare-blis mier misTvis gagzavnili fasebis nusxis safuZvelze. gasakviri ar aris, rom sawarmo, romelic ar icavs kartelis farglebSi SeTanxmebul fasebs, ar acnobebs kartelis sxva wevrebs aRniSnulis Taobaze, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igi ar monawileobs kartelSi. ufro metic, logikuria, rom sawarmoebma, romlebic kartelSi monawileoben, dakvirveba unda ganaxorcielon kartelze da gaataron zomebi im wevrebis mimarT, romlebic ar asruleben erToblivad SeTanxmebul gadawyvetilebebs.

52. amasTan mimarTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom evropul sasamarTlos ar gaaCnia uflebamosileba, daadginos faqtebi an Seamowmos is mtkicebulebebi, rom-lebic pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gaiziara am faqtebis mxardaWerasTan

352 Joint Cases C-322/07 P, C-327/07 and C-338/07 P Papierfabrik August Koehler AG and Others v. Commission [2009].

349

dakavSirebiT. imdenad, ramdenadac uzrunvelyofilia, rom mtkicebuleba swo-rad iqna mopovebuli da samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi da mtkicebulebis tvirTTan da mtkicebulebis aRebasTan dakavSirebuli proceduruli normebi iqna ganxiluli, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos prerogativaa im Rirebuleb-is Sefaseba, romelic misTvis mopovebul mtkicebulebas unda daerTos. iq, sa-dac mtkicebulebis gasagebi azri damaxinjebuli iyo, Sefaseba, Sesabamisad, ar aris kanonis Sexeduleba, romelic evropuli sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagania, rogorc aseTi (ixileT, inter alia: saqme C-551/03 P General Motors v. Commission [2006] ECR I-3173, para. 52; saqme C-266/06 P Evonik Degussa v. Cimmission and Council [2008] ECR I-0000, para. 73, da gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: C-101/07 P da C-110/07 P Coop de France betail et viande and Others v. Commission [2008] ECR I-0000, para. 59).

53. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos winaSe faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis damaxinjeba aSkaraa sasamarTlos dosies dokumentebidan am axali elementebis axali Sefasebis ganxorcielebis saWiroebis gareSe (ixileT, inter alia: saqme Gen-eral Motors v. Commission, paragrafi 54; saqme Evonik Degussa v. Cimmission and Council, para. 74, da gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: Coop de France betail et viande and Others v. Com-mission, para. 60).

54. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom dasaSvebad miiCnia is garemoeba, rom Diva-m monawileoba miiRo 1992 wlis 5 martis SexvedraSi mas Semdeg, rac saapelacio sasamarTlo ganxilvis paragrafebSi _ 162-idan 164-is CaTvliT, 171, 192, 194 da 197 _ gaakeTa Semdegi aRmoCenebi:

162. pirvel rigSi, Sappi-m aRniSna, rom monawileoba miiRo espaneTis bazarTan dakavSirebiT organizebul kartelis SexvedrebSi, dawyebuli 1992 wlis Teberv-lidan, da miawoda sxvadasxva saxis informacia aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT. komisiisadmi 1999 wlis 18 maiss gagzavnil pasuxSi... Sappi miuTiTebs ramden-ime saidumlo Sexvedraze espaneTis bazarTan dakavSirebiT, romelic ganxor-cielda 1992 wlis 17 da 27 Tebervals, 1993 wlis 30 seqtembersa da 19 oqtomb-ers, da 1994 wlis 3 maissa da 29 ivniss. aRniSnul periodTan dakavSirebiT, 1993 wlidan 1995 wlamde Sappi-is TanamSromelma ganacxada..., rom igi daeswro eqvs Tu Svid Sexvedras barselonaSi (espaneTi) sxva mimwodeblebTan erTad. aRniSnuli Sexvedrebi yovelwliurad oTx-xuTjer imarTeboda. misi infor-maciiT, igi pirvelad amgvar Sexvedras 1993 wlis 19 oqtombers daeswro, xolo ukanasknelad – 1995 wels. misi gancxadebiT, aRniSnuli Sexvedrebis mizani espaneTis bazrisTvis fasebis dadgena iyo. Sexvedrebi daaxloebiT or saaTs grZeldeboda da, rogorc wesi, mTavrdeboda gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli procentulobiT fasebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. am SexvedrebSi monawileobd-nen: Copiragh, Koehler da Divipa. Sappi-is gancxadebebis amonakrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dokumentSia asaxuli, (saprotesto gancxadebebis) TandarTuli do-kumentebis nawilia, ase rom, yvela ganmcxadeblisTvis isini xelmisawvdomia. komisiam isini waradgina sasamarTlos winaSec.

163. meore rigSi, AWA-m aRniSna, rom monawileobda kartelis mravalmxriv Sex-vedrebSi ukarbono qaRaldis mwarmoeblebis monawileobiT da komisias miawoda konkurentTa Soris organizebuli SexvedraTa sia, ganxorcielebuli 1992-1998 wlebSi. dokumenti #7828, romelic AWA-s mier komisiisTvis 1999 wlis 30 aprils gagzavnili sapasuxo werilis amonakrebia, Seicavs AWA-s mTavar gancxa-debas ramdenime Sexvedris organizebasTan dakavSirebiT, inter alia, lisabonsa

350

(portugalia) da barselonaSi (espaneTi) 1992-1994 wlebSi, romlebzec igi moi-azrebs, rom monawileobdnen Divipa-s an sxva sawarmoTa warmomadgenlebi.(...)

171. Sappi-is espanuri agentis mier Sappi Europe-is mimarT 1992 wlis 9 marts gagzavnili Setyobineba, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar asaxavs Sexvedris srul an-gariSs, naTels hfens miTiTebuli sawarmoebis, maT Soris Divipa-s, qmedebas. monawile mxareebma ganixiles fasis 10 espanuri pesetiT gazrdis sakiTxi, rac distributorebis mier warmodgenili amocana iyo, Tumca srulyofilad es mi-zani miRweuli ar yofila. am Setyobinebis avtori acxadebs, rom Divipa-s saer-Tod ar gauzrdia Tavisi fasebi. misi informaciiT, aSkaraa, rom Sappi Europe-s ar SeuZlia fasebis gazrda, Tu sxva mimwodeblebi ar ganaxorcieleben imaves.(...)

192. (...) AWA-s gancxadebebis Tanaxmad, miTiTebul zemoT moyvanil 163-e para-grafSi, Divipa monawileobda espaneTis bazarTan dakavSirebul SexvedrebSi, romlebic gaimarTa 1992-1994 wlebSi. an, sul mcire, zogierT am SexvedraSi.(...)

194. 1999 wlis 18 maisis Divipa-s sapasuxo weriliT ganxiluli faqti, rom Sap-pi-is ar uxsenebia espaneTis bazarTan dakavSirebiT 1994 wlis 19 oqtombers gamarTuli Sexvedra, axsnilia imiT, rom Sappi ar daswrebia am Sexvedras, rac dadasturebulia Mougeot-is mier amoRebuli Sexvedris monawileTa siiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es faqti veranair zegavlenas ver moaxdens im araerT mtkicebule-basTan mimarTebiT, romelTa mixedviTac mtkicdeba, rom es Sexvedra gaimarTa da mas Divipa eswreboda.(...)

197. Divipa-s monawileoba kartelSi 1992 wlidan da Semdgom periodSi, cxadia, pirvel rigSi, AWA-s gancxadebebidan miTiTebul zemoT moyvanil 163-e da 192-e paragrafebSi. aRniSnuli gancxadebebi damatebiT gamyarebulia Divipa-s sityvebiT 1992 wlis 9 martis SetyobinebiT miTiTebul zemoT moyvanil 171-e paragrfSi (...).

55. zemoaRniSnuli paragrafebidan naTelia, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarT-los mier gakeTebuli aRmoCenebi efuZneboda zogierT faqtsa da niSan-Tvise-bas, AWA-s gancxadebisa da Sappi-is agentis 1992 wlis 9 martis Setyobinebis CaTvliT, da dokumentebis mimoxilvam ar gamoavlina raime Secdoma sasamarT-los aRmoCenebSi.

56. arc raime saxis Secdoma ikveTeba im faqtidan, rom pirveli instanciis sasa-marTlom ar aRniSna Divipa-s fasebis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT gansazRvruli detalebi gansaxilvel Sexvedraze, rac gamovlinda ara im sawarmos, aramed misi momxmareblebis mier mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze. rogorc mTavarma advokatma aRniSna Tavisi mosazrebis 165-e punqtSi, Secdoma ar aris imgvari, davadginoT, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom igi dauSva Divipa-s mier 1992 wlis 5 martis SexvedraSi monawileobis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT.

57. Sesabamisad, Divipa-s saCivris pirveli nawilis pirveli safuZveli unda miC-neul iqnes dausabuTeblad.

351

VII. sadistribucio SeTanxmebebi

saqme Pronuptia de Paris GmbH v. Pronuptia de Paris Irmgard Schillgallis353:

saqmis fabula: frenSaizingis SeTanxmeba daido Pronuptia de Paris-sa da q-n Silgals Soris. am ukanasknels hqonda eqskluziuri ufleba, gamoeyenebina Pronuptia de Paris-is savaWro niSani gansakuTrebul teritoriebze. Pronuptia exmareboda q-n Silgals Tavisi biznesis komerciul mxareebSi. amis sanacvlod q-nma Silgalma gadawyvita, Tavisi maRazia moewyo frenSaizeris instruqciebis mixedviT: ar Seecvala misi mdebareoba, Seesyida misi saqorwino kabebisa da aqsesuarebis 80% frenSaizerisagan, gadaexada saavtoro honorari da ase Semdeg. mxareebs Soris warmoSobili davis gamo, germanuli sasamarTlos winaSe dadga SeTanxmebis 81-e muxlTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi. germanulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saqmis Sedegi damokidebuli iyo evropuli gaerTianebis samarTlis interpretaciaze da 234-e muxlis safuZvelze gaakeTa mimarTva evropuli sasamarTlosadmi. pirveli SekiTxva, romelic man dasva iyo Semdegi: ramdenad iyo xelSekrulebis 81-e muxli gamoyenebadi frenSaizingis SeTanxmebebis mimarT, rogorsac ganekuTvneboda mxareebs Soris dadebuli kontraqti.

evropuli sasamarTlo

16. pirveli, frenSaizers unda SeeZlos frenSaizis mimRebTan SeaTanxmos Tavisi know-how da SesTavazos mas, daexmaros misi meTodebis gamoyenebaSi im riskis ga-reSe, rom misi know-how da daxmareba garkveul mogebas, Tundac arapirdapirs, moutans mis konkurentebs. amis Sesabamisad, debulebebi, romlebic arsebiTia riskis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, ar Seesabameba 81-e 1-li muxlis mixedviT gan-sazRvrul konkurenciis SezRudvas. es aseve vrceldeba debulebaze, romelic ukrZalavs frenSaizis mimRebs kontraqtis moqmedebisa da misi vadis gasvlidan gonivruli drois ganmavlobaSi imave saxis maRaziis gaxsnas im teritoriaze, sadac man SeiZleba konkurencia gauwios qselis wevrs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas frenSaizis mimRebis valdebulebaze, ar gadasces Tavisi maRazia sxva mxares frenSaizis gamcemis winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe; es debuleba miznad isaxavs know-how-s da daxmarebisgan konkurentebis mier arapirdapiri mogebis Tavidan acilebas.

17. meore, frenSaizis gamcems unda SeeZlos miiRos saWiro zomebi Tavisi biznes-saxelisa da simbolos matarebeli qselis identurobisa da reputaciis dacvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis. amasTan, is debuleba, romelic adgens saWiro kontro-lis zomebs am miznis miRwevisaTvis, ar Seesabameba konkurenciis SezRudvas xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis mixedviT.

18. igive gamoiyeneba frenSaizis mimRebis valdebulebis mimarT, gamoiyenos frenSaizis gamcemis mier ganviTarebuli meTodebi da mis mier miwodebuli know-how.

19. amas aseve vxvdebiT frenSaizis mimRebis valdebulebis SemTxvevaSi, gayi-dos kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebiT dafaruli produqcia mx-olod frenSaizis gamcemis instruqciebis mixedviT mowyobil da dekorirebul dawesebulebebSi. igive moTxovnebi gamoiyeneba maRaziebis mdebareobis mimarT,

353 Case 161/84, Pronuptia de Paris GmbH v. Pronuptia de Paris Irmgard Schillgallis [1986] ECR 353, [1986] 1 CMLR 414.

352

romlis SerCevac aseve, savaraudod, gavlenas moaxdens qselis reputaciaze. amdenad, gasagebia, rom frenSaizis mimRebs ar SeuZlia gadaitanos Tavisi maRa-zia frenSaizis gamcemis winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe sxva teritoriaze.

20. frenSaizis mimRebis mier frenSaizis gamcemis winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gadacemis akrZalva icavs am ukanasknelis uflebas, Tavisuflad airCios frenSaizis mim-Rebi, romlis bizneskvalifikaciazec aris damokidebuli qselis reputaciis Seqmna da misi SenarCuneba.

21. frenSaizis gamcemis kontroli frenSaizis mimRebis mier SeTavazebuli produqciis SerCevaze mosaxleobas aZlevs SesaZleblobas, miiRos erTi da im-ave xarisxis produqcia yvela frenSaizis mimRebisagan. es garkveul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba _ magaliTad, moduri sagnebis distribuciisas _ iyos arapraqtikuli obieqturi xarisxis specifikaciebis gansazRvrisaTvis. frenSaizis mimRebTa didi raodenobis gamo aseve SeiZleba Zalian Zviri iyos aRniSnuli specifika-ciebis Semowmeba. aseT garemoebebSi debuleba, romelic frenSaizis mimRebs sTxovs, gayidos mxolod frenSaizis gamcemisagan miwodebuli produqcia, an miwodebuli im pirebisagan, romlebic SerCeulia mis mier, SeiZleba saWirod CaiTvalos qselis reputaciis dacvis miznisaTvis. aseT debulebas, rogorc Cans, ar unda hqondes frenSaizis mimRebisaTvis sxva frenSaizis mimRebisagan aRniSnuli produqciis miRebis akrZalvis efeqti.

22. dabolos, vinaidan reklamireba exmareba sazogadoebis TvalSi qselis saxelisa da simbolos imijis gansazRvraSi, debuleba, romelic moiTxovs fren-Saizis gamcemis Tanxmobas yvela sareklamo kampaniaze, aseve arsebiTia qselis identurobis SenarCunebisaTvis, im vadiT, rasac debuleba moicavs reklamis xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT.

23. meore mxriv, unda aRiniSnos, rom miwodebuli know-how-s dacvisagan an qselis identurobisa da reputaciis SenarCunebis saWiroebisagan sakmaod Sors dgas garkveuli debulebebi, romlebic zRudaven konkurencias qselis wevrebs Soris. es aseve gamoiyeneba im debulebebis mimarT, romlebic anawilebs bazars frenSaizis gamcemsa da frenSaizis mimRebs Soris, an mxolod frenSaizis mim-Rebebs Soris, an frenSaizis mimRebebs Tavidan acilebs erTmaneTTan fasebTan dakavSirebul konkurenciaSi CarTvas.

24. amasTan dakavSirebiT, erovnuli sasamarTlos yuradReba unda gamaxvildes debulebaze, romelic frenSaizis mimRebs avaldebulebs, gayidos kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli produqcia mxolod zemoT aRweril dawesebulebebSi. aRniS-nuli debuleba ukrZalavs frenSaizis mimRebs meore maRaziis gaxsnas. misi re-aluri efeqti naTeli xdeba, rodesac is ganixileba frenSaizis gamcemis sawar-mosTan erTad, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes, rom frenSaizis mimRebs aqvs Tavisi biznessaxelisa da simbolos eqskluziuri gamoyeneba mocemul teritoriaze. imisaTvis, rom sawarmos Sesabamisi gaxdes, frenSaizis gamcemma ara marto Tavi unda Seikavos mocemul teritoriaze dafuZnebisagan, aramed moiTxovos fren-Saizis sxva mimRebebisagan, ar gaxsnan meore maRazia maTTvis gansazRvruli teritoriis gareT. aseTi saxis debulebebis kombinacia Sedegad iZleva baz-ris ganawilebas frenSaizis gamcemsa da, Sesabamisad, frenSaizis mimRebs Soris da zRudavs konkurencias qselis farglebSi. rogorc naTelia, 1966 wlis 13 ivlisis sasamarTlos ganaCenidan (gaerTianebuli saqmeebidan: Constan and Grun-

353

dig v. Commission [1996] ECR 299) aseTi saxis SezRudva Seesabameba konkurenciis SezRudvas 81-e 1-li muxlis miznebisaTvis, Tu is moicavs biznessaxels an sim-bolos, romelic ukve kargad cnobilia. aseve, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, rom momavlma frenSaizis mimRebma ar aiRos sakuTar Tavze qselis wevrad gaxdomis, misi sakuTari Tanxis investirebis, mniSvnelovnad maRali Tanxis gadaxdisa da sawarmosaTvis saavtoro uflebisaTvis mniSvnelovani wliuri Tanxis gadaxdis riski, Tu is ver imedovnebs, rom frenSaizis gamcemisa da frenSaizis sxva mimRebebis mxares arsebuli konkurenciisagan dacvis safuZvelze misi bizne-si iqneba momgebiani. es msjeloba, rogorc Cans, mxolod relevanturia, Tu SeTanxmebis ganxilva moxdeba 81-e me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis mixedviT.

25. miuxedavad imisa, rom debulebebi, romlebic zRudavs frenSaizis mimRebis Tavisuflebas sakuTari fasebis gansazRvrisas, zRudavs konkurencias. es ar aris is SemTxveva, romelSic frenSaizis gamcemi mimRebs awvdis fasebis nusxas, imdenad, ramdenadac ar arsebobs SeTanxmebuli praqtika frenSaizis gamcemsa da mimRebs Soris, an frenSaizis mimRebebs Soris aseTi fasebis realur gamoy-enebaze.

saqme SA Binon & Cie v. SA Agence et Messageries de la Presse354:

44. pirvel rigSi, ganxilul unda iqnes, rom debulebebi fasebis fiqsirebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Cadebulia mesame mxaresTan dadebul kontraqtebSi, TavisTavad Seesabameba konkurenciis SezRudvas xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis mixedviT.

45. aRniSnul garemoebebSi, rodesac SeTanxmeba, romelic qmnis SerCeviTi distribuciis sistemas da romelic gavlenas axdens wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze, moicavs aseT debulebas. gamonaklisi 81-e muxlis 1-li paragrafis akrZalvidan SeiZleba mieniWos mxolod komisiis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, 81-e muxlis me-3 paragrafis mixedviT.

46. Tu distribucia moicavs gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs, sacalo gayidvebze fase-bis fiqsireba gamomcemlebis mier Seesabameba erTaderT saSualebas finansuri tvirTis daxmarebisaTvis, romelic warmoiSoba gauyidavi calebis ukan dab-runebis Sedegad da Tu es ukanaskneli praqtika Seesabameba erTaderT meTods, romlis meSveobiTac gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis farTo seleqcia SeiZleba xe-lmisawvdomi gaxdes mkiTxvelebisaTvis, komisiam mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos aRniSnuli faqtorebi, rodesac amowmebs SeTanxmebas, 81-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT.

saqme Van Den Bergh Foods Ltd v. Commission355:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

138. sasamarTlo adgens HB-is argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic man gaa-keTa 123-e paragrafSi, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebidan naTelia, rom komisiam Caatara HB-is sadistribucio SeTanxmebis detaluri analizi xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis me-3 paragrafis oTxive pirobis mimarT (ix. gasaCivrebuli gadaw-yvetilebis paragrafebi _ 221-idan 254-amde).

354 Case 243/85, SA Binon & Cie v. SA Agence et Messageries de la Presse [1985] ECR 2015, [1985] 3 CMLR 800.355 Case T-65/98, Van Den Bergh Foods Ltd v. Commission [2003] ECR II-4653, [2004] 4 CMLR 1.

354

139. rac Seexeba pirvel pirobas, SeTanxmebebi, romlebic gamonaklisebSi xvde-bian, aris is SeTanxmebebi, romlebsac wvlili SeaqvT produqciis gaumjobese-baSi an produqciis distribuciaSi, an teqnikuri Tu ekonomikuri progresis mxardaWeraSi. sasamarTlo amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom es aris swored evropuli sasamarTlosa da pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos praqtika, rom-lis mixedviTac gaumjobeseba ar SeiZleba identificirdes yvela im upirate-sobasTan erTad, romelTac mxareebi iReben warmoebis an distribuciis Taoba-ze SeTanxmebis dadebidan. gaumjobesebam konkretulad unda aCvenos arsebuli SeTanxmebis SefasebiTi obieqturi upiratesoba imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos im usargeblo garemoebebis kompensireba, romlebsac isini iwveven konkurenciis sferoSi (gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: 56/64 da 58/64 Consten and Grundig v. Commission [1966] ECR 299, nawili 348, da Langnese-Iglo, para. 180).

140. pirveli piroba ganxilulia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 222-e-238-e nawilebSi. komisiam gaacnobiera, rom SeTanxmeba, romliTac gasayini kabinebi aris xelmisawvdomi, SeiZleba icavdes ramdenime an yvela upiratesobas, rac aRwerilia #1984/83 regulaciis mexuTe nawilSi, rogorc HB-isTvis, ise misi gadamyidvelebisaTvis, romlebic warmoadgenen SeTanxmebis meore mxares da rom sadistribucio meTodebi, romlebic am bolo periodSi gamoiyeneba HB-is mier, sTavazobs mas da mis gadamyidvelebs garkveul upiratesobebs efeqturi dagegmvis, organizebisa da distribuciis pirobebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabam-isad, komisiam daadgina, rom aseTi momzadeba ar aris mniSvnelovani, obieq-turi xasiaTis upiratesoba, raTa SeZlos konkurenciisaTvis miyenebuli zianis kompensacia. aRniSnuli mtkicebis mxardasaWerad man aRniSna, rom gansaxilveli SeTanxmeba gasayini kabinebis Taobaze mniSvnelovnad amyarebda HB-is mdgo-mareobas Sesabamis bazarze, gansakuTrebiT misi potenciuri konkurentebis vis-à-vis. amasTan dakavSirebiT man sworad aRniSna, rom iseTi sawarmos gaZliere-bas, romelic iseve mniSvnelovania bazarze, rogorc HB, mivyavarT mxolod konkurenciis Semcirebisaken, vinaidan sawarmoebis SeTanxmebebis qseli Seesa-bameba sxvebisaTvis bazarze SeRwevis udides bariers, iseve rogorc arsebuli konkurentebis gafarToebas Sesabamis bazarze (kerZod ix. gasaCivrebuli gad-awyvetilebis 225-e da 236-e nawilebi da analogiis safuZvelze Langnese-Iglo v. Commission, para. 182). aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom Sesabamisi bazris daxur-vis done aris daaxloebiT 40% (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. para. 98) da ara 6%, rogorc amas acxadebda HB (...).

141. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom HB-is davis sawinaaRmdegod (...), komi-siam sworad miiRo mxedvelobaSi Sesabamis bazarze Sesvlis barierebi, romlebic warmoiSva eqskluziurobis debulebidan da konkurenciis Sesabamisi dasuste-bidan, rodesac is afasebda HB-is sadistribucio SeTanxmebas xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis pirveli pirobis mixed-viT (analogiiT ixileT: Consten and Grundig v. Commission, para. 348, da Langnese-Iglo, para. 180). aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia miiRos HB-is argumenti (...), vinaidan gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 222-e-225-e nawilebi moicavs fundamentur logikur jaWvs xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis 1-l nawilsa da imave muxlis me-3 nawils Soris, da komisia valdebuli iyo, am sakiTxze miRebuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinare, emtkicebina, arsebobda Tu ara iseTi xasiaTis obieqturi upiratesoba, romelic moaxdenda im zianis kompen-

355

sirebas, rasac konkurencias ayenebda miRebuli SeTanxmeba.

142. sasamarTlo aseve aRniSnavs, rom HB-is sadistribucio SeTanxmebas aqvs ori konkretuli aspeqti, kerZod ki, pirveli, isini akeTeben gasayin kabinebs, xelmisawvdoms gadamyidvelebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis gareSe, da, meore, gadamyidvelebi aRniSnul kabinebs iyeneben mxolod HB-is nayinebis Sesanaxad. gansaxilveli SeTanxmebiT garantirebuli upiratesobebi aris pirveli aspeq-tis Sedegi da maTi miRweva SesaZlebelia gamonaklisis debulebis gamoyenebis gareSec.

143. sasamarTlo aseve iRebs komisiis arguments, dafiqsirebuls gasaCivrebu-li gadawyvetilebis 227-e nawilSi, rom, miuxedavad gasayid punqtebSi nayinebis gasayidi gasayini kabinebis farTo xelmisawvdomobisa, romelic faravs arsebiT geografiul bazars da Sedgeba ZiriTadad HB-is kabinebisagan, SeiZleba miCneu-li iyos rogorc obieqturi upiratesoba aRniSnuli produqciis distribucia-Si, sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare. naklebad savaraudoa, rom HB aucile-blad Sewyvets gasayini kabinebis miwodebas gamyidvelebisaTvis, ra pirobebic ar unda iyos Seqmnili, garda mcire raodenobis SemTxvevebisa, Tu misi Zalau-fleba eqskluziurobis valdebulebis dadgenaze misi gasayini kabinebis mimarT iqneba SezRuduli. HB-m ver aCvena, rom komisiam dauSva manifestaciuri Sec-doma, rodesac mxedvelobaSi miiRo, rom bizensrealoba iseTi kompaniisaTvis rogoricaa HB, romelsac surs, SeinarCunos pozicia Sesabamis bazarze, iqneba warmodgenili SeZlebisdagvarad bevr gasayid punqtSi (ix. nawili 228 da para. 125). HB-is wardginebebis sawinaaRmdegod, komisiias TiTqmis ar uvaraudia HB-is mier gasayini kabinebis miwodebis gangrZobadoba Sesabamis bazarze, magram Caatara samomavlo analizi bazris moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg. amasTan, HB-is argumentis sawinaaRmdegod (ix. Para. 125), komisias SeeZlo marTebulad dayrdnoboda arguments, rom mwarmoe-blebma, romlebic konkurencias uwevdnen HB-s, unda miiRon erTiani politika gasayini kabinebis gasayid punqtebSi miwodebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis brun-vac nayinebSi aris sakmaod dabali, imisaTvis, rom moxvdnen HB-is interesis sferoSi da ase unda moiqcnen, vidre ar miaRweven metad xelsayrel pirobebs, vidre gadamyidvelebi moelian miiRon im SemTxvevaSi, Tu HB Sewyvets gasayi-ni kabinebis miwodebas garkveuli gasayidi punqtebisaTvis. zustad amgvarad, komisias SeeZlo marTebulad mieTiTebina im SesaZleblobebze, rom kabinebi SeiZleba damontaJebuli yofiliyo damoukidebeli gamyidvelebisagan, rom-lebic miiRebdnen miwodebas sxvadasxva wyarodan da daakmayofilebdnen yvela gasayidi punqtis moTxovnas, romlidanac HB gaitanda Tavis mowyobilobebs, an romlisTvisac is gadawyvetda, rom ar miewodebina mowyobilobebi. HB-s ar SeuZlia amtkicos, rom komisiis analizi damaxinjebulia SefasebaSi daSvebuli aSkara SecdomiT, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac is amas gaakeTebs konkretul mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT, risi gakeTebac am saqmeSi HB-m ver SeZlo.

144. vinaidan HB-is sadistribucio SeTanxmebebi ar akmayofilebs xelSekruleb-is 81-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul pirvel pirobas, mesame saCivari Sesabamisad unda iyos uaryofili da ar aris aucilebeli, ganxilul iqnes, dauSva Tu ara komisiam aSkara Secdoma aRniSnuli debulebiT gaTvaliswinebu-li sxva pirobebis Sefasebisas. Tu aRniSnuli oTxi pirobidan erT-erTi ar aris dakmayofilebuli, gamonaklisi uaryofil unda iqnes.

356

VIII. Serwyma

saqme BAT and Reynolds v. Commission356:

36. unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebebi, romlebic akrZalulia 81-e muxliT, aris is, romlebsac maT miznad an Sedegad aqvT saerTo bazarze konkurenciis Tavi-dac acileba, SezRudva an ganadgureba.

37. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi kompaniis mier Tavisi konkurentis aqciebis Sesyidva TavisTavad ar aris konkurenciis amkrZalavi qmedeba, aseTi SenaZeni aseve ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc kompaniebis komerciul qmedebaze gavlenis mqone instrumenti, imisaTvis, rom im bazarze, romelzec mas aqvs bi-znesi, moxdes konkurenciis SezRudva an ganadgureba.

38. es simarTlea, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca wilebis mqoneTa meS-veobiT an SeTanxmebis damatebiTi debulebebis safuZvelze SeZeniT, investori kompania iRebs sxva sawarmos komerciuli qmedebis iuridiul Tu de faqto kontrols, an, roca SeTanxmeba iZleva sawarmoebs Soris komerciuli Tanam-Sromlobis SesaZleblobas, an qmnis struqturas, romelic gamoyenebadi iqneba aseTi TanamSromlobisaTvis.

39. es SeiZleba moxdes maSinac, rodesac SeTanxmeba investor kompanias aZlevs SesaZleblobas, gaiZlieros mdgomareoba, gviani periodis ganmavlobaSi da ga-naxorcielos efeqturi kontroli sxva kompaniaze. mxedvelobaSi miRebuli unda iqnes SeTanxmebis ara mxolod maSinve damdgari Sedegi, aramed misi poten-ciuri Sedegi da albaToba, rom SeTanxmeba iqneba grZelvadiani gegmis nawili.

saqme British Aerospace/GEC Marconi357:

III. evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 296-e muxlis 1-li b nawilis gamoy-eneba

7. rogorc winamdebare gadawyvetilebis me-2 paragrafSi ukve aRniSnulia, gaer-Tianebuli samefos mTavrobam evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 296-e muxlis 1-l b nawilze dayrdnobiT, instruqtaJi gauwia BAe-s, ar miewodebina informacia, romelic Seexeba operaciis samxedro aspeqtebs.

8. komisiam ganixila 296-e muxlis 1-li b nawilis gamoyenebadoba am saqmeSi da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobis mier warmodgenili informaciis safuZ-velze man aRniSna, rom:

koncentraciis nawili, romelic ar iyo cnobili, dakavSirebulia mxolod iaraRis warmoebasTan, an iaraRiT vaWrobasTan, samxedro aRWurvilobasTan da omis im masalebTan, romlebic naxsenebia 296-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi mi-TiTebul siaSi;

gaerTianebuli samefos mier gatarebuli zomebi saWiroa misi usafrTxoe-bis arsebiTi interesebis dasacavad;

miRebul zomebs ar eqneba gadataniTi efeqti BAe-sa da MES-is arasamxedro produqtze.

356 Cases 142 and 156/84, BAT and Reynolds v. Commission [1987] ECR 4487, [1988] 4 CMLR 24.357 Case IV/M. 1438 - British Aerospace/GEC Marconi.

357

9. Sesabamisad, komisia kmayofilia, rom gaerTianebuli samefos mier miRebuli zomebi xvdeba evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 296-e muxlis 1-li b nawilis farglebSi. vinaidan aRniSnul zomebs ar aqvT saerTo bazarze arsebuli konkurenciuli pirobebis gauaresebis efeqti, komisia ver xedavs evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 298-e muxlis gamoyenebis saWiroebas.

saqme Gencor Limited v. Commission358:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

273. sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi Flat Glass miuTiTa struqturuli xa-siaTis kavSirebze mxolod magaliTis gziT da ar gauweria, rom aseTi kavSirebi unda arsebobdes koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis dasad-genad.

274. is, ubralod, adgenda, rom arafers SeuZlia, xeli SeuSalos or an met damoukidebel ekonomikur sawarmos ekonomikuri kavSirebiT gaerTianebaSi gamorCeul bazarze da am faqtis meSveobiT moipovon dominanturi mdgomareo-ba vis-a-vis imave bazarze moqmedi sxva operatorebis mimarT.(...)

276. amasTan, samarTlebriv Tu ekonomikur pirobebSi ar arsebobs mizezi, rogorc aseTi, romelic ekonomikuri kavSiris cnebidan gamoricxavda urT-ierTdamokidebulebas mWidro oligopoliis mxareebs Soris, romlis fargleb-Sic Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebis mqone bazarze, kerZod ki bazris koncentraciis, gamWvirvalobisa da produqtis erTgvarovnebis pirobebSi, mxareebi imyofebian iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom gansazRvron erTmaneTis qmedeba da, Sesabamisad, aqvT Zlieri mxardaWera, gaaerTianon TavianTi qmedeba bazarze, kerZod ki iseTi formiT, rom gazardon TavianTi gaerTianebuli mogeba produqciis SezRud-viT, fasebis gazrdis mizniT. aseT konteqstSi TiToeul movaWres gacnobiere-buli aqvs, rom misi mxridan mniSvnelovnad konkurenciuli qmedeba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba misi sabazro wilis gazrdisaken (magaliTad, fasis Semcireba), provocirebas moaxdens sxvebis mxridan imave qmedebis dawyebisaTvis, Sesabam-isad, is ver miiRebs veranair sargebels aseTi iniciativisagan. amdenad, yvela movaWre miiRebs Sedegs mis mier fasebis Semcirebidan.

277. aseTi daskvna ufro metad mniSvnelovania koncentraciebis kontrolisaT-vis, romelTa mizanic aris antikonkurenciuli bazris struqturis Camoyal-ibebisa da misi gaZlierebisaTvis xelis SeSla. aseTi struqturebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas aplikantis mier mkacrad argumentirebuli ekonomikuri kavSiri-dan an oligopoliuri Tvisebebis bazris struqturidan, romelSic TiToeulma sawarmom SeiZleba miiRos informacia saerTo interesebis Sesaxeb da xeli Seu-wyos fasebis zrdas SeTanxmebis dadebisa da SeTanxmebul praqtikasa da garige-baSi Sesvlis gareSe.

278. mocemul saqmeSi aplikantis safuZveli im davasTan dakavSirebiT, rom komisiam ver moaxerxa daedgina struqturuli kavSiris arseboba, uadgiloa.

279. komisia uflebamosili iyo, bazris cvalebadobasa da Amplats-ebisa da Im-plats-ebis fasebs Soris msgavsebebze dayrdnobiT daeskvna, rom SeTavazebuli tranzaqcia Seqmnida koleqtiur dominantur mdgomareobas da realurad Sed-

358 Case T-102/96, Gencor Limited v. Commission [1999] ECR II-753 [1999] 4 CMLR 971.

358

egad moitanda aRniSnuli ori sawarmos mier Seqmnil duopolias.

saqme Airtours plc v. Commission359:

58. maSin, roca #4064/89 regulaciis gamoyenebis mizniT komisia amowmebs Ses-aZlebel koleqtiur dominantur mdgomareobas, unda damtkicdes, ramdenad SeiZleba hqondes koncentracias pirdapiri da imavdrouli efeqti aseTi saxis mdgomareobis gaZlierebaze, romelic mniSvnelovnad da gangrZobadad SezRu-davs konkurencias Sesabamis bazarze (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Gencor v. Com-mission, para. 94). Tu ar xdeba konkurenciis mniSvnelovani SezRudva, Serwyma SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. saqmeebi: T-2/93 Air France v. Commission [1994] ECR II-323, para.: 78 da 79 da Gencor v. Commission para.: 170, 180 da 193).

59. sasamarTlo praqtikidan naTelia, rom `miTiTebuli dominanaturi mdgo-mareobis SemTxvevaSi komisia ... valdebulia, miTiTebuli bazris samomavlo ana-lizis safuZvelze Seafasos, axdens Tu ara misTvis Sesafaseblad gadacemuli koncentracia iseTi garemos Seqmnas, romelSic efeqturi konkurencia Sesabamis bazarze iqneba arsebiTad SezRuduli koncentraciaSi CarTuli sawarmoebis mier, an erTi an meti sawarmos mier, romlebsac erTad, kerZod ki maTi kavSiris gamom-wvevi faqtorebis gamo, SeuZliaT miiRon saerTo politika bazarze da moiqcnen mniSvnelovan donemde damoukideblad maTi konkurentebisagan, damkveTebisa da momxmareblebisagan~ (Kali &Salz, para. 221 da Gencor v. Commission,para. 163).

60. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom: `ekonomikur Tu samarT-lebriv pirobebSi ar arsebobs mizezi, romlis safuZvelzec ekonomikuri kav-Siris cnebidan gamoiricxeba mWidro oligopoliis mxareebs Soris urTierT-damokidebulebiTi urTierToba, romlis farglebSic Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebis mqone bazarze, kerZod ki bazris koncentraciis, gamWvirvalobisa da produqciis erTgvarovnebis pirobebSi, mxareebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTis qmedebis gansazRvra da, Sesabamisad, aqvT Zlieri mxardaWera bazarze qmedebis gaerTianebisaken, ker-Zod ki iseTi formiT, rom gazardon TavianTi gaerTianebuli mogeba produqciis SezRudviT, fasebis gazrdis mizniT. aseT konteqstSi TiToeul movaWres gacno-bierebuli aqvs, rom misi mxridan mniSvnelovnad konkurenciuli qmedeba, romel-ic mimarTuli iqneba misi sabazro wilis gazrdisaken (magaliTad fasis Semcireba), moaxdens sxvebis mxridan imave qmedebis dawyebis provocirebas, Sesabamisad, is ver miiRebs veranair sargebels aseTi iniciativisagan. amdenad, yvela movaWre mi-iRebs Sedegs mis mier fasebis Semcirebidan.~ (Gencor v. Commission para. 276).

61. koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareoba, romelic mniSvnelovnad zRudavs konkurencias saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze, SeiZleba warmoiSvas rogorc koncentraciis Sedegi, romelSic Sesabamisi bazris realuri maxasi-aTeblebidan da mis struqturaSi Setanili tranzaqciT gamowveuli cvlilebe-bidan gamomdinare, es ukanaskneli TiToeuls gadaaqcevs dominanti oligopo-liis wevrad. mas Semdeg ki, rac is miiRebs informacias saerTo interesebis Taobaze, miiCnevs, rom mas SeuZlia, SesaZleblad, ekonomikurad racionalurad da, amdenad, sasurvelad miiRos saerTo politika gangrZobad safuZvelze, ba-zarze, romelzec surs gazardos fasebi konkurenciuli fasebis miRma, 81-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebis dadebis da SeTanxmebul praqtikasa da

359 Case T-342/99, Airtours plc v. Commission [2002] ECR II-2585, [2002] 5 CMLR 317.

359

garigebaSi Sesvlis gareSe (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Gencor v. Commission, para. 277) da realuri Tu potenciuri konkurentebis, damkveTebisa da momxmare-blebis gareSe, efeqturi reagirebis unaris SenarCunebiT.

62. rogorc aplikanti davobda, da rogorc komisiam miiRo Tavis Suamdgom-lobebSi, aucilebelia sami pirobis arseboba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes koleq-tiuri dominanturi mdgomareoba:

pirveli. dominanturi oligopoliis yvela wevrs unda hqondes SesaZle-bloba, icodes, Tu rogor moqmedeben sxva wevrebi, raTa SeZlon Tvalyuris devneba maT mier saerTo politikis SemuSavebaze. rogorc komisia gansa-kuTrebulad acnobierebs, dominanturi oligopoliis TiToeuli wevri-saTvis ar aris sakmarisi, ubralod icodes, rom urTierTdamokidebulebiT bazarze qmedeba momgebiania yvelasTvis, amis nacvlad yovelma wevrma unda icodes, aqvs Tu ara yvela sxva operators iseTive strategia da inarCunebs Tu ara mas. Sesabamisad, bazari arsebiTad gamWvirvale unda iyos dominanti oligopoliis yvela wevrisaTvis, romelTac zustad da swrafad unda mi-iRon informacia bazarze yvela wevris moqmedebis Taobaze.

meore. mdumare koordinaciis mdgomareoba SenarCunebuli unda iyos garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wevrebisTvis unda arsebobdes waxaliseba, raTa ar moxdes maTi gamijvna saerTo sabazro poli-tikisagan. rogorc komisia ganixilavs, es xdeba mxolod maSin, Tu domi-nanturi oligopoliis yvela wevri SeinarCunebs im paralelur qmedebas, romelic maTTvis momgebiani iqneba. samagieros gadaxdis cneba saerTo politikidan gadaxris mimarT arsebiTia am pirobebisTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi mxareebi ibrZvian, koleqtiuri dominantoba iyos praqtikuli, rom iq arse-bobdes adekvaturi SezRudvebi, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos grZelvadiani waxalisebebi, rom ar moxdes saerTo politikidan gasvla, rac gulisxmobs, dominanti oligopoliis TiToeulma wevrma unda icodes, misi mxridan mniSvnelovnad konkurenciuli qmedeba romelic mimarTuli iqneba misi sabazro wilis gazrdisken, sxvebis mxridan imave qmedebis dawyebis provo-cirebas moaxdens, Sesabamisad, is ver miiRebs veranair sargebels aseTi ini-ciativisagan (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Gencor v. Commission para. 276);

mesame. samarTlebrivi standartis Sesabamisad, koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis arsebobis damtkicebis mizniT, komisiam aseve unda daadgi-nos, rom arsebuli da momavali konkurentebis, iseve rogorc momxmare-blebis, savaraudo reaqcia ver miayenebs zians saerTo politikis Sedegad misaReb Sedegs.faqtobrivad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom komisiis gad-awyvetileba, romelic sakmaod Sors iyo samomavlo analizis damajerebel mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebisagan, damaxinjebuli iyo SefasebaSi arsebuli Secdomebis mTeli seriisagan imis Sefasebisas, iyo Tu ara Seqmnili koleq-tiuri dominanturi mdgomareoba.

360

saqmeebi: France v. Commission, Societe Commerciale des Potasses et de l’Azote (SCPA) v. Commission360:

evropuli sasamarTlo

109. sasamarTlo dasawyisSi ganixilavs, rom regulaciis me-2 (2) muxlis safuZvelze, `koncentracia, romelic ar qmnis an ar aZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas, romlis Sedegadac mniSvnelovnad SeizRudeba efeqturi konkurencia saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze, SeiZleba misaRebi iyos saerTo bazrisaTvis.~

110. amdenad, Tu koncentracia ar iwvevs dominanturi mdgomareobis an Seqmnas, an gaZlierebas, romelsac aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena Sesabamis bazarze arse-bul konkurentul garemoze, is unda gamocxaddes misaRebad saerTo bazarze.

111. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 71-e nawilidan Cans, rom, komisiis mosaz-rebis mixedviT, koncentracia, romelic miCneuli iqneboda dominanturad mdgomareobis Seqmnisa Tu gaZlierebisaken mimavali, masSi Semavali sawarmos mxridan SeiZleboda ar miCneuliyo aseTis gamomwvevad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es koncentracia akrZaluli iqneboda, da Tu sawarmo mainc miaRwevda domi-nantobas, an gaaZlierebda mas. 71-e nawilis mixedviT, koncentracia ar aris konkurenciuli struqturis gafuWebis mizezi, Tu naTelia, rom:

Serwymuli (miRebuli) sawarmo uaxloes momavalSi aRmoCndeboda gaZevebuli bazridan, Tu mas ar miierTebda sxva sawarmo;

Semrwymeli sawarmo moipovebda Serwymuli sawarmos wils, Tu es ukanaskneli gaZevebuli iqneboda bazridan;

Tu ar arsebobs naklebi arakonkurentuli alternatiuli Sesyidva.

112. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, is faqti, rom komisiis mier gansazRvruli pi-robebi imis dasadgenad, rom ar arsebobda mizezobrivi kavSiri koncentraciasa da konkurentuli struqturis gauaresebas Soris, arsebiTad ar Seesabameba im pirobebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli Statebis `damarcxebuli kompani-is Tavdacvis~ pirobebs, ar aris TavisTavad gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis umoqmedobis safuZveli. mxolod faqti, rom komisiis mier dadgenili pirobebi iyo uunaro im SesaZleblobis gamosaricxavad, rom koncentracias SeiZleboda gamoewvia bazris konkurenciuli struqturis gauareseba, SeiZleboda CaTv-liliyo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlad.

113. am saqmeSi, safrangeTis mTavroba sadavod xdis im kriteriumis Sesabamiso-bas, romlis mixedviTac unda Semowmdes, SeZlebda Tu ara mimRebi sawarmo ne-bismier SemTxvevaSi mieRo mierTebul sawarmos bazris wili, Tu es ukanaskneli iZulebuli iqneboda, daetovebina bazari.

114. rogorc Cans, am kriteriumis ararsebobisas koncentracias SeeZlo, Tu sxva kriteriumebi iqneboda dakmayofilebuli, miCneuli ar yofiliyo bazris konkurenciuli struqturis gauaresebis mizezad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoCnde-boda, rom koncentraciis ararsebobisas mimRebi sawarmo ver miiRebda mierTe-buli sawarmos bazris wilis arsebiT nawils. amdenad, SesaZlebeli iqneboda mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobis uaryofa koncentraciasa da bazris konkuren-360 Cases C-68/94 and C-30/95, France v. Commission, Societe Commerciale des Potasses et de l’Azote (SCPA) v. Commission [1998] ECR I-1375, [1998] 4 CMLR 829.

361

tuli struqturis gauaresebas Soris, miuxedavad imisa, Tu bazris konkuren-tuli struqtura gauaresdeboda ufro nakleb donemde, rom ar Seqmniliyo koncentracia.

115. aRniSnuli kriteriumis Seqmna miznad isaxavs imis uzrunvelyofas, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri koncentraciasa da bazarze konkurenciuli struqturis gauaresebas Soris SeiZleba amoRebul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu koncen-traciis Sedegad miRebuli konkurenciuli struqtura daazianebs konkuren-cias imave formiT, ra formiTac mas miadgeboda ziani, rom ar yofiliyo sawar-moebis koncentracia.

116. bazris wilis STanTqmis kriteriumi, miuxedavad imisa, rom komisiis mier ar aris miCneuli sakmarisad, raTa bazarze arsebul konkurencias aaridos raime saxis uaryofiTi Sedegi koncentraciis Seqmnisgan, exmareba, uzrunvelyos koncentraciis neitraluri Sedegi bazarze konkurenciuli struqturis gaua-resebaze. aRniSnuli Tavsebadia mizezobrivi kavSiris koncefciasTan, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-2 nawilSi.

117. rac Seexeba komisiis mimarT kriticizms, rom man ver SeZlo eCvenebina, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu koncentracia ar Sedgeboda, MdK-s ar mouwevda bazridan gasv-la, ganxilul unda iqnes ise, rogorc komisiam gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 73-e nawilSi daadgina: miuxedavad imisa, rom MdK-s restruqturizacia moxda 1993 wlis 1 ianvars, aRniSnuli sawarmo agrZelebda mniSvnelovani danakargebis miRebas wlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. komisiis mixedviT, MdK-s serio-zuli gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba arsebiTad iyo misi moZvelebuli saoperacio sistemis Sedegi da gayidvebSi Seqmnili krizisi gamomdinareobda aRmosavleT evropaSi bazris ganadgurebidan. MdK-s aseve aklda efeqturi sa-distribucio sistema (ix. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 74-e da 75-e nawile-bi).

118. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 76-e nawilSi komisia ganixilavs, rom MdK-s hqonda SesaZlebloba, gaegrZelebina moqmedeba mxolod imitom, rom Treuhand mudmivad faravda Tavis danakargebs. komisiam, rogorc Cans, daamata, rom Treu-hand-s ar SeeZlo MdK-s xarjebis dafarva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sajaro dax-marebidan, vinaidan es nebismier SemTxvevaSi SeuTavsebeli iyo xelSekrulebis debulebebTan saxelmwifos daxmarebis Taobaze.

119. aqedan gamomdinare, komisia ar SeiZleba gakritikebuli iyos imis dadgenisaT-vis, rom MdK aRar iyo ekonomikurad moqmedi da, Sesabamisad, saTuo iyo, Tu ramdenad SeZlebda is TviTon, damoukideblad moexdina xarjebis akumulireba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Treuhand SeZlebda misTvis restruqturizaciisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis gamoyofas SeTavazebuli koncentraciisaTvis.

120. aseT garemoebebSi komisiis mier imis winaswar gansazRvra, rom SesaZle-beli iyo MdK-s daxurva uaxloes momavalSi, Tu mas ar miierTebda damoukide-beli kerZo kompania, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebe-biT gaumyareblad.

121. dabolos, im pirobis mixedviT, romelic Seexeba alternatiuli, naklebad arakonkurentuli meTodis ararsebobas MdK-s mierTebaze, unda aRiniSnos ar-seboba safrangeTis mTavrobis saCivrisa, rom komisiam, Semowmebis procesSi

362

gamWvirvalobis naklebobis gamo ver moaxerxa eCvenebina, rom aRniSnuli pi-roba iyo dakmayofilebuli.

122. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, safrangeTis mTavrobam ubralod ganixila, rom MdK-s profesiulma kavSirebma miuTiTes ganxilvis procesSi gamWvirvalobis naklebobaze, im detalebis warmodgenis gareSe, Tu maTi SexedulebiT ra iyo gamWvirvalobis nakleboba.

123. aRniSnuli saCivris detalebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi is ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes.

124. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom koncentraciasa da germanuli bazris konkurentuli struqturis gauaresebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris ararse-boba ar damdgara mniSvnelovani ganxilvis qveS. Sesabamisad, unda aRiniSnos, rom imdenad, ramdenadac bazari aris CarTuli, koncentracia akmayofilebs regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-2 nawilSi Cadebul kriteriums da, Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia gamocxaddes saerTo bazarTan SeTavsebadad Sesworebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, safrangeTis mTavrobis mtkicebis sawinaaRmdegod, germaniis baz-ris gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia moeTxovos komisias, daamatos raime piroba koncentraciis SeTavsebadobas.

saqme BASF/Pantochim/Eurodiol361:

(140) zogadad rom aRvniSnoT, `xsnis Serwymis~ koncefcia moiTxovs, Serwy-muli sawarmo miCneul iqnes `sust firmad~ da Serwyma, Tavis mxriv, ar unda iyos konkurenciuli struqturis gauaresebis mizezi. amdenad, `xsnis Serwymis~ gamoyeneba unda akmayofilebdes or pirobas:

(a) mierTebuli sawarmo uaxloes momavalSi unda gaZevdes bazridan, Tu ar moxdeba misi mierTeba sxva sawarmos mier; da

(b) ar arsebobs naklebad arakonkurentuli alternatiuli Sesyidva.

141. rogorc Cans, am ori kriteriumis gamoyeneba mTlianad ar gamoricxavs mesame mxaris mier CarTuli sawarmos aqtivebis miRebis SesaZleblobas, maTi gabankrotebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu aseTi aqtivebi mierTebuli iqneba konkurentis mier gabankrotebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmiswarmoebis dros, ekonomikuri Sedegi iqneba igive, rac `susti~ firmis mierTebisas sxva alternatiuli myid-velis mier.

amdenad, pirvel or kriteriumTan erTad saWiroa dadgindes, rom mierTebuli aqtivebi aucileblad gaqreboda bazridan Serwymis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

(142) am zogadi CarCodan gamomdinare, komisia am kriteriumebs miiCnevs aseve relevanturad `xsnis Serwymis~ koncefciis gamoyenebisaTvis:

(a) mierTebuli sawarmo uaxloes momavalSi unda gaZevdes bazridan, Tu ar moxdeba misi mierTeba sxva sawarmos mier;

(b) ar arsebobs naklebad arakonkurentuli alternatiuli Sesyidva; da

(g) misaerTebeli aqtivebi, udavod, datoveben bazars, Tu maTi mierTeba ar moxdeba sxva sawarmos mier.

361 Case IV/M.2314, BASF/Pantochim/Eurodiol.

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(143) nebismier SemTxvevaSi, `xsnis Serwymis~ koncefciis gamoyeneba moiTxovs, rom bazris konkurenciuli struqturis gauareseba Serwymis dros ar iyos ukidures SemTxvevaSi imaze uaresi, vidre is iqneboda Serwymis ararsebobisas.

saqme General Electric Company v. Commission362:

73. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom komisiam mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos potenciurad ukanono da, Sesabamisad, dasjadi xasiaTi im zogierTi faqto-risa, romlebmac SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad daazianon im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar aR-mofxvra sawarmos garkveul saqmianobaSi Cabmis wamqezebeli faqtorebi. es Sefaseba, rogorc Cans, ar moiTxovs im sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi wesrigis wesebis amomwurav da detalur Semowmebas, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebadi iyos da praqtikaSi Cadebuli, maT Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Sefaseba, romelic miznad isaxavs imis dadgenas, iyo Tu ara SezRudva da mtkiceba, rom es SeiZleba dasjadi iyos ramdenime samarTlebriv wesSi, mniSvnelovnad speku-laciuri iqneba.

74. amdenad, rodesac komisia gansakuTrebuli da detaluri gamoZiebis Catare-bis gareSe adgens gansaxilveli qmedebis ukanono xasiaTs, evropuli gaerTiane-bis xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis farglebSi, an gaerTianebis samarTlis sxva de-bulebebis safuZvelze, romlis gamoyenebis uflebac mas aqvs, mis pasuxismge-blobas ganekuTvneba, daadginos is Sedegi da mxedvelobaSi miiRos aRniSnuli, rodesac Seafasebs Serwymuli uwyebis CarTulobas aRniSnul qmedebaSi (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Commission v. Tetra Laval, para.: 60, 74).

75. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom, Tumca komisia uflebamosilia, ganxil-vis safuZvlad miiRos saboloo analizi, romelic efuZneba misTvis xelmisawv-dom mtkicebulebebs im droisaTvis, rodesac is miiRebs misi Serwymis makon-trolebel gadawyvetilebas gansaxilveli qmedebis kanonierebasTan dakavSire-biT da im albaTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom is SesaZlebelia daisajos, man ganx-ilvis procesSi aucileblad unda moaxdinos momavali qmedebis identificire-ba da sadac saWiroa, Seafasos da mxedvelobaSi miiRos savaraudo uaryofiTi efeqti, romelic gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom qmedeba aSkarad, an didi albaTobiT, iqneba ukanono, gaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT. (...)

399. komisiam gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis arsebiT nawilSi ganacxada, rom Serwymis Sedegad Serwymul uwyebas eqneba SesaZlebloba, konkurentebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis momxmareblebs SesTavazos komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis sahaero farTo paketebi, didi, regionaluri da korporaciuli TviTmfri-navebi, romlebic moicavs rogorc Zravis mqone da aviaciur eleqtroobas, aseve araeleqtroproduqcias. man aseve daadgina, rom msgavsi qmedeba aSkarad iqneboda Serwymuli uwyebis komerciul interesTan da, amdenad, savaraudod, CaerTveboda masSi sawarmoebis Serwymis Semdeg (nawilebi: 350-e-404-e, 412-e-416--e, 432-e-434-e, 443-e-444-e da 445-e-458-e). Sedegad, aviaciuri eleqtroobisa da eleqtroobis armqone produqciis bazarze dominanturi mdgomareoba Seiqmne-boda Honeywell-isaTvis, xolo GE-s dominanturi mdgomareoba gaZlierdeboda didi komerciuli reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis Zravis bazarze (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 458-e nawili).

362 Case T-210/01, General Electric Company v. Commission [2005] ECR II-5575.

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400. komisiis SemTxveva eyrdnoba im faqts, rom, erTi mxriv, reaqtiuli Zra-va, xolo meore mxriv, eleqtro-, an araeleqtro- saaviacio produqcia aris damatebiTi, vinaidan yvela es produqti ganuyofelia sahaero xomaldis aSen-ebisagan. saboloo momxmarebeli, sahaero xomaldis mmarTveli, Sesabamisad, valdebulia, SeiZinos yvela es nawili maTi mwarmoeblebisagan pirdapir an ara-pirdapir. gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebSi komisiam daadgina, rom mTlianobaSi yvela produqtis momxmareblebi arian arsebiTad erTi da igive da, amdenad, es ukanaskneli produqcia SesaZlebelia gaerTiandes (Seikras erTad). komisia aseve ganixilavs, rom aplikantis jgufi finansurad sakmaod Zlieria rogorc Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT Zravis bazarze, iseve eleqtro- da arael-eqtro- saaviacio produqciis bazarze moqmed konkurentebTan SedarebiT (amas-Tan dakavSirebiT ix. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 302-e-304-e, 323-e da 324-e nawilebi; aseve ix. 398-e nawili). amdenad, Serwymuli uwyeba Tavisi Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, SeZlebs, Seamciros mogebis zRvari eleqtroo-bisa da araeleqtroobis bazarze im mizniT, rom gazardos misi sabazro wili da mogeba momavalSi.

401. rogorc winaswari SeniSvna, unda aRiniSnos, rom is gza, romelic aris winaswar gansazRvruli komisiis mier, Tu rogor moiqceva momavalSi Serwy-muli uwyeba, aris mimagrebasTan dakavSirebiT komisiis analizis mniSvnelovani nawili am saqmeSi. faqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom aplikanti ar aris warmod-genili eleqtro- da araeleqtro- aviaciis produqciis bazarze Serwymamde, iseve, rogorc Honeywell ar aris warmodgenili reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis Zravis bazarze Serwymamde da rom Serwymas ar eqneba horizontaluri anti-konkurenciuli Sedegi aRniSnul bazrebze.

402. amasTan, imdenad, ramdenadac amas komisia winaswar gansazRvravs gasaCivre-buli gadawyvetilebis 443-e da 444-e nawilebSi, rom mimagrebas eqneba gavlena korporaciuli reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis Zravis bazarze, unda aRiniSnos, rom aplikantis Serwymamde arsebuli bazris wili iyo mxolod 10-20% damon-taJebuli safuZvlis pirobebSi, maSin roca Honeywell-is wili Seadgenda 40-50%-s, xolo 0-10%-s isev warmoebaSi arsebuli TviTmfrinavebis damontaJebu-li safuZvlis pirobebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad mcire iyo Honeywell-is 40-50%-ian wilTan SedarebiT (ix. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 88-e nawili). aRniSnul garemoebebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rom yofiliyo naCvenebi, Serwymuli uwyeba erTmaneTTan miamagrebda Zravs eleqtro- an araeleqtrosaaviacio produqcia-sTan Serwymis Semdeg, ar iqneboda mizezobrivi kavSiri Serwymasa da mimagrebis SeTavazebas Soris, garda im mcire raodenobis SemTxvevebisa, romelSic Zrava iyo yofili GE-s produqti. amis garda, gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi ar aris dafiqsirebuli, rom Serwymis romelime mxare awarmoebs Zravas patara regionaluri TviTmfrinavebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom nebismieri saxis mimagreba, romelic SeiZleba gamoiwvios Serwymam regionaluri TviTm-frinavebis bazarze, nebismier SemTxvevaSi moicavs mxolod did, regionalur TviTmfrinavebs.

403. gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi komisiam daadgina, rom TiToeuli eleqt-rosaaviacio produqti regionaluri da korporaciuli TviTmfrinavebi-saTvis, Tavis mxriv, Seesabameba bazars da rom arsebobs bazari yvela saxis TviTmfrinavis TiToeuli araeleqtroproduqtisTvis, maT Soris didi komer-

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ciuli TviTmfrinavisaTvis. Sesabamisad, misi msjeloba sxvadasxva saaviacio eleqtroproduqtis bazarze dominanturi mdgomareobis SeqmnasTan dakavSire-biT, mimagrebis meSveobiT, ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes korporaciuli Tu re-gionaluri TviTmfrinavebis sxvadasxva eleqtroproduqciis bazrebTan dakav-SirebiT. ra Tqma unda, imis varaudis safuZvelze, rom is namdvilad gaxdeba realoba tranzaqciis Semdeg, nebismieri mimagreba, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba SerwymasTan, gavlenas moaxdens aRniSnuli bazrebis mxolod erT, didi, regionaluri TviTmfrinavebis segmentze. imave gziT komisiis msjeloba dan-grevis pirasaa (oRond am SemTxvevaSi ufro naklebad) araeleqtrosaaviacio produqciasTan dakavSirebiT, romlisTvisac komisiam gansazRvra individu-aluri bazari TiToeuli specifikuri produqtisaTvis, miuxedavad TviTmfri-navis zomisa da misi sxva maxasiaTeblebisa.

404. swored amitom didi komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis seqtorSi, romlisTvisac komisiam gansazRvra calke bazari, rogorc reaqtiuli Zravis aseve TiToeuli eleqtroaviaciuri produqtisaTvis, komisiis damokidebuleba mimagrebis mimarT damajereblad iyo gaZlierebuli.

405. Serwymis savaraudo SedegTan mimarTebiT (i) didi komerciuli TviTmfrinavebisa da didi regionaluri TviTmfrinavebis reaqtiuli Zravis bazarTan, (ii) didi komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis eleqtroproduqciis bazarTan da (iii) araeleqtroproduqciis bazarTan, sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, ramdenad daadgina komisiam, rom Serwymul uwyebas ara marto eqneboda unari, CarTuliyo gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi aRweril mimagrebiT saqmianobaSi, magram aseve damajerebeli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze aRniSna, rom is, savaraudod, CaerTveboda aRniSnul qmedebebSi Serwymis Semdeg da rom Sedegad Seiqmneboda an gaZlierdeboda dominanturi mdgomareoba erT an met Sesabamis bazarze mniSvnelovnad axlo momavalSi (Tetra Laval v. Commission, para. 58 da para.: 146-162).

saqme Tetra Laval BV v. Commission363: 146. pirvel rigSi, unda ganixilos, rom regulacia, kerZod ki meore muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi, aranair gansxvavebas ar axdens, erTi mxriv, Serwymis tranzaqciebis horizontalur da vertikalur efeqtsa da, meore mxriv, konglomeratis efeqtis qonas Soris. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom aseTi saxis tranzaqciebs Soris gansxvavebis ararsebobisas Serwyma SeiZleba aikrZalos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dakmayofildeba me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis orive moTxovna (ix. para. 120). Sesabamisad, Serwymas, romelsac aqvs konglomeratis Sedegi, sxva Serwymis msgavsad (ix. para. 120), uflebamosileba unda mieces komisiis mier, Tu ar dadgindeba, rom is qmnis an aZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze, riTic Sedegad mniSvnelovnad iqneba xelyofili efeqturi konkurencia. (...)

155. komisiis analizi konglomeratis Sedegis warmomqmneli Serwymis Taobaze ganpirobebulia imave moTxovnebis msgavsad, romlebic sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrulia koleqtiuri dominanturi mdgomareobis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT (Kali &Salz, para. 222 da Airtours v. Commission, para. 63). amdenad, komisiis analizi Serwymis tranzaqciaze, romelsac, mosalodnelia, hqondes antikonkurenciuli konglomeratis efeqti, saWiroebs garemoebebis detalur Semowmebas, 363 Case T-5/02, Tetra Laval BV v. Commission [2002] ECR II-4381, [2002] 5 CMLR 1182.

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romlebic mniSvnelovania konkurenciis pirobebze gavlenis Sesafaseblad bazarze. rogorc sasamarTlom ukve aRniSna, rodesac komisiis mosazrebiT Serwyma unda aikrZalos, vinaidan is qmnis an aZlierebs bazarze dominantur mdgomareobas gansazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi, misi pasuxismgeblobaa, warmoadginos amis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi (Airtours v. Commission, para. 63). vinaidan konglomeratis tipis Serwymis Sedegi CarTul bazarze arsebuli konkurenciisaTvis zogadad miCneulia neitralurad an, ufro meti, momgebianad, rogorc am saqmeSi citirebuli ekonomikuri werilobiTi namuSevrebidan Cans, romlebic mxareebis werilobiT saCivarze aris TandarTuli analizis saxiT, Serwymis antikonkurentuli konglomeratis gavlenis mtkicebuleba eqvemdebareba zedmiwevniT Seswavlas, rasac unda amyarebdes im garemoebebis damarwmunebeli mtkicebuleba, romlebic warmoSoben aRniSnul Sedegs (analogiis saxiT ix. Airtours v. Commission, para. 63).

156. am saqmeSi aseptikuri muyaos bazarze gavlenis qonas, rogorc es aRwerilia gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi, TviTgamoxatvis moxdenas _ damatebiT Serwymuli uwyebis SesaZleblobasTan, romelic CarTulia iseT praqtikaSi, rogoricaa muyaos SefuTvis sistemebisa da moxmarebis sagnebis mijaWvuli gayidvebi PET SefuTvis sistemebTan da iZulebiTi gayidvebi (345-e da 365-e nawilebi) _ pirveli, Serwymuli uwyebis mier mzakvruli fasebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT (364-e nawili, citirebuli 49-e paragrafSi); meore, fasebis omiT; da mesame, loialuri fasdaklebebis miniWebiT. am praqtikebSi Cabma Serwymul uwyebas SesaZleblobas miscems, SeZlebisdagvarad uzrunvelyos, rom muyaos bazarze misi momxmareblebi Sidel-isgan iRebdnen maTTvis saWiro nebismier PET aRWurvilobas. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba adgens, rom Tetra imyofeba dominantur mdgomareobaSi aseptikuri muyaos bazrebze, anu, sxvagavrad rom vTqvaT, aseptikuri muyaos SesafuTi sistemisa da aseptikuri muyaos bazarze (231-e nawili. ix. para. 40) dadgena, romelic ar aris gasaCivrebuli aplikantis mier.

157. unda aRiniSnos, rom, miRebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, rodesac sawarmo aris dominantur mdgomareobaSi, is valdebulia, saWiroebis SemTx-vevaSi moaxidnos Tavisi saqcielis modificireba, rom ar SezRudos efeqturi konkurencia bazarze, miuxedavad imisa, miiRo Tu ara komisiam gadawyvetileba amasTan dakavSirebiT (saqme 322/81, Michelin v. Commission [1993] ECR 3461, para. 57; saqme T-51/89 Tetra Pak v. Commission [1990] ECR II-309, para. 23; da gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: T-125/97 da T-127/97 Coca-Cola v. Commission [2000] ECR II-1733, para. 80).

158. amas garda, sasamarTlos mier mosmenaze dasmuli SekiTxvebis pasuxad komisias ar uaruyvia, rom Tetra-s mier misi qmedebiT miRebuli gavlena See-sabameboda Tetra-s Serwymamde arsebuli dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas aseptikuri muyaos bazarze. igive SeiZleba iTqvas komisiis mier mis dacvaSi gamoxatul poziciaze, im garemoebebSi, romlebSic Serwymuli uwyeba uars ambobs, monawileoba miiRos Sidel SBM-is aparatebis damontaJe-basa da saWiro gadakeTebaSi, gayidvebis Semdgom momsaxurebasa da garantiis gacemaSi, rodesac aseTi aparaturis Sesyidva xdeboda Semsyidvelebis mier. rogorc Cans, komisiam gadawyvita, emtkicebina, is faqti, rom aseTi qmedeba SeiZleboda SesabamisobaSi yofiliyo evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis damoukidebel darRvevasTan, ar gamoricxavs, komisiis SefasebaSi

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gaTvaliswinebuliyo, rodesac is axdenda Serwymis Semdeg SeZenili kontrolis yvela savaraudo formis Seswavlas.

159. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Tumca regulacia krZalavs Ser-wymas, romelic qmnis an aZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas, romelsac aqvs mniSvnelovani antikonkurenciuli efeqti, es pirobebi ar moiTxovs imis demon-strirebas, rom Serwymuli uwyeba, rogorc Serwymis Sedegi, iqneba CarTuli borotad gamoyenebiT da, Sesabamisad, ukanono qmedebaSi. Tumca, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom gaerTianebis samarTalTan Sesabam-isobaSi ar iqneba konglomeratis tipis Serwymis tranzaqcia; aseTi albaToba ar unda iqnes gamoricxuli komisiis mier, rodesac is awarmoebs mis kontrols Serwymaze. Sesabamisad, rodesac komisia afasebs Serwymis savaraudo Sedegebs, eyrdnoba nawinaswarmetyveleb momavals, romelic, Tavis mxriv, unda Seesabam-ebodes arsebuli dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas. mas moeTx-oveba, Seafasos, miuxedavad aseTi qmedebis akrZalvisa, ramdenad aris alba-Toba rom Serwymuli uwyeba moiqces amgvarad, Tu amis sawinaaRmdegod aseTi qmedebis ukanono xasiaTi da/an misi gamovlenis riski aseT strategias nakleb savaraudos xdis. maSin, roca kargi iqneboda, Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSi mieRo antikonkurenciul saqmianobaSi Cabmis wamqezebeli faqtorebi, rogorebicaa saqmeSi _ Tetra-sTvis im komerciuli upiratesobebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba winaswar navaraudevi iyos PET-is aparatebis bazarze (359-e nawili), komisiam aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos is done, romelzec unda Semcirdes, an saerTod aRmoifxvras zemoT aRwerili wamqezebeli faqtorebi, gansaxilveli qmedebis ukanano xasiaTidan, misi aRmoCenis varaudidan, rogorc gaerTianebis, ise adgi-lobriv doneze kompetenturi organoebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebidan da mosalodneli finansuri sasjelidan gamomdinare.

160. vinaidan gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi komisias ar Cautarebia msgavsi Sefaseba, gamomdinareobs, rom imdenad, ramdenadac komisiis Sefaseba emyareba SesaZleblobas, an ufro meti, varauds, rom Tetra iqneba CarTuli aseT qmede-baSi aseptikuri muyaos bazarze, misi dadgenebi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT ar SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli.

161. ufro meti, is faqti, rom aplikantma SesTavaza Tavis momaval qmedebaze valdebulebis aReba, aseve aris faqtori, romelic komisias mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo, rodesac axdenda Sefasebas, Tu ramdenad savaraudo iyo, Serwymul uw-yebas emoqmeda im formiT, romelsac Sedegad mohyveboda dominanturi mdgo-mareobis Seqmna PET-is aparaturis erT an met Sesabamis bazarze. gasaCivre-bul gadawyvetilebaSi ar aris miTiTebuli, rom komisiam mxedvelobaSi miiRos aRniSnuli valdebulebebis mniSvneloba, rodesac is afasebda momavalSi domi-nanturi mdgomareobis Seqmnas arsebuli gavlenisa da kontrolis meSveobiT.

162. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom aucilebelia Semowmdes, Tu ramdenad afuZnebs komisia Tavis analizs aseptikuri muyaos bazris kontrolis albaTobasa da Serwymuli uwyebis mier aseTi gavlenis Tanmdev Sedegebze arsebiT damajereb-el mtkicebulebebs. aseTi Semowmebisas saWiroa, am saqmeSi mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli mxolod iseTi qmedeba, romelic, sul mcire, savaraudod, ar iqneba ukanono. damatebiT, vinaidan winaswar gansazRvruli dominanturi mdgomareo-ba Seiqmneba mxolod garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, komisiis mixedviT, 2005 wels, misi analizi momaval mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac garkveuli

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diskreciis zRvars iyenebs, unda iyos mniSvnelovnad damajerebeli.

saqme P. Commission v. Tetra Laval BV364:

42. im saxis analizi, romelic saWiroa Serwymis kontrolisaTvis, unda Catardes udidesi sifrTxiliT, vinaidan is ar moiTxovs warsuli SemTxvevebis Semowmebas, _ saidanac Zalian xSirad bevri mtkicebuleba aris xelmisawvdomi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis mizezis gaanalizebas, _ arc bolodroindeli movlenebis Seswavlas, ufro metad, aRniSnuli analizi mimarTulia momavali moqmedebebis gansazRvrisaken, rac met-naklebad savaraudoa, rom moxdeba momavalSi, Tu ar iqneba miRebuli dagegmili koncentraciis amkrZalavi an garkveuli pirobebis ganmsazRvreli debuleba.

43. amdenad, samomavlo analizi Sedgeba imis Semowmebisagan, Tu rogor Secvlis koncentracia am bazarze arsebuli konkurenciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, raTa dadgindes, ramdenad warmoSobs is efeqturi konkurenciis mniSvnelovan SezRudvas. aseTi analizi aucilebels xdis, ganxilul iqnes sxvadasxva miz-ezobrivi kavSiri da is Sedegi, romelic komisiis SexedulebiT ufro metad realuria.

44. `konglomeratis tipis~ koncentraciis analizi aris samomavlo procedu-ra, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos, pirveli, momavalSi mniSvnelovnad grZeli drois monakveTi da, meore, aucilebeli kontroli, romelic dasa-bams miscems efeqturi konkurenciis mniSvnelovan SezRudvas, sustad Sesam-Cnevi, gaurkveveli da rTulad dasadgeni mizezobrivi kavSiriT. vinaidan es asea, komisiis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebis xarisxi, raTa miRebul iqnes koncentraciis SeuTavsebloba saerTo bazarTan, aris gansakuTrebulad mniS-vnelovani. mtkicebuleba ki unda amyarebdes komisiis daskvnas, rom Tu aseTi gadawyvetileba ar iqneboda miRebuli, masSi gaTvaliswinebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba iqneboda damajerebeli.

saqme Guinness/Grand Metropolitan365:

40. wamyvani spirtiani sasmelebis portfolios mesakuTre unda sargeblobdes uamravi upiratesobiT. kerZod, misi mdgomareoba Tavis momxmareblebTan mi-marTebiT ufro Zlieria, vinaidan mas SeuZlia warmoadginos poduqciis farTo arCevani da daeyrdnos Tavisi biznesis did proporciebs, mas eqneba mniSvnelo-vani elastikuroba Tavisi fasebis struqturirebaSi, fasdaklebebsa da sare-klamo kampaniebis CatarebaSi. Aseve, mas eqneba udidesi potenciali produqci-is mimagrebaSi da mas aseve eqneba SesaZlebloba, gaakeTos masStaburi ekonomia da iqonios gaqaneba gayidvebsa da marketingul saqmianobaSi, da bolos, Cumi (an gamoxatuli) muqara miwodebaze uaris Tqmaze, aris ufro metad potenciuri.

41. aRniSnuli upiratesobebis Zala da maTi potenciuri efeqti bazris konkuren-ciul struqturaze damokidebulia garkveuli raodenobis faqtorebze, esenia: hyavs Tu ara portfolios mflobels erTi an erTze meti wamyvani brendi konkretul bazarze; sxvadasxva brendis bazris wili, kerZod ki konkurentebis wilTan dakavSirebiT; individualuri bazris Sesabamisi mniSvneloba, romelSic mxareebs aqvT mniSvnelovani wilebi da produqciis bazarze arsebuli brendebi,

364 Case C-12/03 P. Commission v. Tetra Laval BV [2005] ECR I-987.365 Case IV/M. 938, Guinness/Grand Metropolitan [1998] OJ L228/24.

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romelSic aris gamoxatuli portfolio; da/an bazrebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelSic portfolios mflobels hyavs brendis lideri an lideri brendi.

saqme Fujitsu/Siemens366:

63. qvemoT moyvanili mizezebis gamo, finansuri samuSao sadgurebis bazari avlens sxvadasxva struqturul maxasiaTebels, romlebic finansuri samuSao sadgurebis wyaroTa koordinacias erTmaneTis msgavss xdis: pirveli, bazari mniSvnelovnad koncentrirebulia NCR-is Siemens-is da Fujitsu-s gamo, maTi gay-idvebis 70%-iani wilis gaTvaliswinebiT; meore, NCR-s da Siemens-s Fujitsu-sTan erTad aqvT, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, simetriuli bazris wilebi; mesame, danarCen konkurentebs, yvelas erTad, aqvT bazris wili, romelic ar aRemateba 10%-s; meoTxe, finansuri samuSao sadgurebis teqnologiebi aris mniSvnelovnad mom-wifebuli, vinaidan finansuri samuSao sadgurebisaTvis saWiro teqnologiebi aris standartul personalur kompiuterze dafuZnebuli teqnologiebi.

64. nebismieri koordinacia mSobel kompaniebs Soris iqneba mniSvnelovnad da-fasebuli. orive mxares erTdroulad eqneba gayidvebis 20-40%-iani wili da iqneba sididiT meore konkurenti NCR-is Semdeg, romlis gayidvebis wilic Seadgens finansuri samuSao sadgurebis 30-40-%-s. finansuri samuSao sadgure-bis bazarze ori mTavari jgufis TiTqmis simetriuli bazris wilebis pirobeb-Si da Sedegad miRebuli urTierTdamokidebulebiTi urTierToba NCR-sa da Fujitsu/Siemens (miRebuli erT jgufad) Soris, nebismieri koordinacia mxareebs Soris gamoixateba ufro metad rogorc finansuri samuSao sadgurebis bazris arsebiT nawilze konkurenciis aRmofxvris mizezi.

65. koordinacias mSobel kompaniebs Soris aseve eqneba gavlena wevr saxelm-wifoebs Soris vaWrobaze. rogorc Siemens, ise Fujitsu aris evropuli ekonomi-kuri SeTanxmebis sivrceSi moqmedi operatorebi, saqmianobiT, romelic faravs evropuli ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis yvela did wevr saxelmwifos. nebismieri cvlileba maT konkurenciul qmedebaSi aisaxeba da gavlenas moaxdens gaer-Tianebis Sida vaWrobaze finansur samuSao sadgurebSi.

66. rodesac aRniSnuli mosazrebebi ecnoba mxareebs, Siemens-ma SesTavaza meqanizmi im mizniT, rom moexsnaT konkurenciuli sazrunavi, romelic Seexe-boda evropuli ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis farglebSi arsebul finansur samuSao sadgurebs.

67. or werilSi, romlebic TariRdeba 1999 wlis 15 da 23 seqtembriT, Siemens-ma ganacxada Semdegi:

`(i) 1998 wlis noemberSi Siemens-ma ganacxada, rom misi ganzraxva iyo, gaeyida Tavisi sacalo gayidvebisa da sabanko sistemebis biznesi. es moxdeba Siemens Nixdorf Retail-sa da Banking Systems GmbH-Si (dafuZnebuli paderbornSi) Tavisi yvela wilis gayidviT da aRniSnulTan dakavSirebuli sazRvargareT misi yvela biznessaqmianobis gayidviT, imisaTvis, rom CamoeWras regionalur iuridiul uwyebas (`sacalo gayidvebisa da sabanko sistemis biznesi~), ...Siemens-ma gadaw-yvita, gayidos sacalo gayidvebisa da sabanko sistemebis biznesi (...)~(...)

366 Case IV/JV.22, Fujitsu/Siemens.

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69. Siemens-is sawarmo auqmebs komisiis sazrunavs, rom JVC-is Seqmnis Sedegad eqneba SIemensi-sa da Fujitsu-s konkurenciuli qmedebis koordinireba finansuri samuSao sadgurebis bazarze. sawarmo, romelic gamoyofs Siemens-is sacalo gayidvebisa da sabanko sistemebis bizness..., aSorebs wamaxalisebel faqtorebs Fujitsu-sTan misi qmedebis koordinirebasTan dakavSirebiT.... gamoyofis Semdeg finansuri samuSao sadguris bazari aRar iqneba kandidati bazari koordinaciisaTvis, Serwymis regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-4 nawilis mniSvnelobiT.

saqme Nestlé/Perrier367 (komisiis gadawyvetileba):

VIII. gavlena efeqturi konkurenciis ganviTarebasa da SenarCunebaze

108. Serwymis Semdeg Nestle-sa da BSN-is qmedunarianobisa da maRali bazris wilis da Volvic-is BSN-isadmi miyidvis, iseve rogorc adgilobrivi mineraluri da wyaros wylis kompaniebisgan konkurentuli gamawonasworeblis ukmarisoba, gazrdili damokidebuleba sacalo gamyidvelebisa da gadamyidvelebis Nestle-sa da BSN-is brendebis portfolioze, axalmosulebisagan fasebis efeqturi SemzRudavi potenciuri konkurenciis ararseboba da sxva maxasiaTeblebis gaT-valiswinebiT, komisiam unda daaskvnas, rom SeTavazebuli SerwymiT Nestle da Per-rier Seqmnian duopolistur dominantur mdgomareobas, romelic mniSvnelovnad SezRudavs efeqtur konkurencias safrangeTis boTlis wylis bazarze. aRniS-nuli bazari Seesabameba saerTo bazris arsebiT nawils.

109. Nestle-m, romelsac mxars uWerda BSN, ganacxada, rom Serwymis regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-3 nawili ar gamoiyeneboda oligopoliuri dominanturi mdgo-mareobis mimarT da Tu gamoiyeneboda, komisiam ver daadastura mniSvnelovani konkurenciis ararseboba adgilobriv momwodeblebs Soris, aseve realuri Tu potenciuri konkurenciis ararseboba momavali oligopoliis mxridan.

110. Serwymis regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-3 nawili adgens: koncentracia, romel-ic qmnis an aZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas, romlis Sedegadac efeqturi konkurencia iqneba mniSvnelovnad xelyofili saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze, unda gamocxaddes saerTo bazarTan SeuTavseblad.

SekiTxva aris Semdegi: aRniSnuli debuleba faravs mxolod bazris mdgomare-obas, romelzec efeqturi konkurencia mniSvnelovnad aris ganadgurebuli erTi firmis mier, romelsac martos aqvs Zalaufleba, moiqces mniSvnelovan donemde damoukideblad Tavisi konkurentebisagan, klientebisa da, Sesabam-isad, misi momxmareblebisagan, Tu aRniSnuli debuleba aseve faravs bazris mdgomareobas, romelzec efeqturi konkurencia aris mniSvnelovnad SezRudu-li erTze meti firmis mier, romelTac erTad aqvT Zala, moiqcnen mniSvnelo-van donemde damoukideblad danarCeni konkurentebisagan, klientebisa da, Se-sabamisad, maTi momxmareblebisagan.

111. Nestle-s ar uaruyvia is faqti, rom, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc erTi firmis, ise oligopoliuri dominantoba SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad zRu-davdes efeqtur konkurencias garkveuli bazris struqturis pirobebSi.

367 Case No. IV/M. 190 - Nestlé/Perrier.

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112. komisia miiCnevs, rom gansxvaveba erTi firmis dominantobasa da oligopoliur dominantobas Soris ar SeiZleba iyos ganmsazRvreli Serwymis regulaciis gamoyenebis an argamoyenebisaTvis, vinaidan orive situaciam SeiZleba mniSvnelovani ziani miayenos efeqtur konkurencias, bazris garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es xdeba, konkretulad, rodesac Serwymis win konkurencia Sesustebulia oligopoliebs Soris, rac, savaraudod, kidev ifro Sesustdeba koncentraciis mniSvnelovani gazrdiT da Tu warmoiqmneba fasis SemzRudavi konkurenciis ukmarisoba realuri da potenciuri konkurenciisagan, romelic momdinareobs oligopoliis garedan.

113. evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-3 muxli mouwodebs iseTi sistemis uzrunvelyofaze, romliTac konkurencia saerTo bazarze ar iqneba ganadgurebuli. amdenad, xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizani aris efeqturi konkurenciis SenarCuneba. efeqturi konkurenciis SezRudva, romelic akrZalulia, Tu es aris erTi firmis dominanturi mdgomareobis Sedegi, daSvebadia, Tu is aris erTze meti dominanti firmis qmedebis Sedegi. Tu, magaliTad, rogorc Serwymis Sedegi, `ori an meti sawarmo SeiZens bazris Zalauflebas da, savaraudod, gamoiyenebs gadaWarbebul fasebs, es iqneba koleqtiuri bazris Zalauflebis gamoyeneba, romlis Tavidan acilebasac konkurenciuli bazris struqturis SenarCunebis gziT, miznad isaxavs Serwymis regulacia. dominanturi mdgomareoba aris, ubralod, gza, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba dabrkoleba Seeqmnas efeqtur konkurencias. aRniSnuli dabrkoleba iqmneba erTi firmis Zalauflebidan gamomdinare, Tu koleqtiuri Zalauflebis gamoyeneba ar aris ganmsazRvreli Serwymis regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis gamoyeneba argamoyenebisaTvis.

114. me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, oligopoliuri dominantobis aSkara gamoricxvis ararsebobis pirobebSi ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kanonmde-bloba miznad isaxavda efeqturi konkurenciis Seferxebis daSvebas ori an meti sawarmos mier, romelTac aqvT Zala, moiqcnen bazarze mniSvnelovan donemde damoukideblad. es Seqmnida xarvezs xelSekrulebis fundamentur miznebSi, SeenarCunebinaT efeqturi konkurencia mTeli drois ganmavlobaSi, raTa ar dazianebuliyo saerTo bazris swori funqcionireba; Tu, im mizniT, rom moxdes Serwymis regulaciis gamoyenebis Tavidan acileba, is kmayofili iqneba, domi-nanturi mdgomareoba ganawildes, magaliTad, or kompanias Soris, raTa gaeqces me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis akrZalvas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saerTo bazris Ziri-Tadi principebis sawinaaRmdegod, efeqturi konkurencia mniSvnelovnad iqneba Seferxebuli. am hipoTezaSi evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis xelSekruleb-is me-3 muxlis mizani iqneba gacamtverebuli.

115. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri ganxilvebisas me-2 muxlis me-3 nawili interpretirebuli unda iyos rogorc erTi firmis, aseve oligopoli-uri dominanturi mdgomareobis damfaravi. aseve mniSvnelovania imisi aRniSvna, rom yvela ZiriTadi antitrastruli sistema Serwymis kontrolis sistemis mi-marT iyenebs, an SeuZlia gamoiyenos maTi wesebi rogorc erTi firmis, ise oli-gopoliuri dominantobis mimarT, magaliTad: amerikuli sistema, safrangeTis kanoni, germaniis kanoni da gaerTianebuli samefos kanoni. am sistemebis umetes nawilSi damkvidrebuli praqtikaa Serwymis kontroli, rac qmnis oligopoli-uri dominantobidan gamomdinare problemebs. ar SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom Ser-

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wymis regulaciis miRebis mere Serwyma, romelic adre eqvemdebareboda aseT kontrols, axla moxvdeba mxolod erTi firmis dominanturi mdgomareobis kontrolis qveS. Serwymis regulacia ara marto gadascems erovnuli Serwymis kontrolis uflebas, gaerTianebas, aramed is wevri saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT oligopoliuri dominanturi mdgomareobis kontrolis meqanizmebi, ima-vdroulad Tavs anebeben aseT kontrols erTdroulad gaerTianebis doneze raime Camanacvleblis gareSe. aSkarad gamoxatuli debulebis ararsebobis pi-robebSi kontrolis aseTi CamorTmeva ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT.

116. BSN-is argumenti, rom komisia arRvevda samarTlebrivi sizustis princips, vinaidan es saqme iqneboda pirveli saqme, romelic gamoiyeneboda oligopoli-uri dominantobis principis mimarT, ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes. rogorc ze-moT aris ganmartebuli, Serwymis regulaciis swor interpretacias mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom me-2 muxlis me-3 nawili yovelTvis faravda dominantobas, romelic mniSvnelovnad aferxebda efeqtur konkurencias damoukideblad im-isa, arsebuli mdgomareoba gamomdinareobda erTi Tu meti firmis qmedebidan. amasTan, BSN-is argumenti swori rom yofiliyo, is niSnavda, rom komisias ar SeeZlo ganeviTarebina Tavisi administraciuli praqtikuli samarTali. miuxe-davad imisa, rom BSN-is arguments SeeZlo sxva garemoebebSi yofiliyo drouli, kerZod ki, sadac momdevno kontroli iRebs saTaves da moicavs CarTulobas miRebul uflebebSi, Serwymis kontrolis sistema aris winaswari kontrolis sistema, romelic ganmartebis meSveobiT ar aZlevs Serwymis implementacias uflebas, komisiis mier winaswari uflebamosilebis micemis gareSe.

117. Tumca Nestle-m ganacxada, rom komisias ar daumtkicebia mimwodeblebs Soris mniSvnelovani konkurenciis arseboba, mas ar gaugrZelebia komisiis mier me-18 muxlis Sesabamisad gakeTebul gancxadebaSi naxsenebi pirobebis gasaCivreba, kerZod ki imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Serwymis winac ki, momwodeblebs Soris arsebuli fasebis konkurencia mniSvnelovnad iyo Sesustebuli _ didi drois ganmavlobaSi aRiniSneboda maRali donis fasebis paralelizmi Zalian maRali produqciis fassa da Rirebulebis zRvars Soris da didi naprali erovnuli mineraluri wylisa da adgilobrivi wyaros wylis damuSavebis fasebs Soris.

118. komisias ar umtkicebia, rom arsebobda oligopoliuri dominanturi mdgomareoba Nestle-s Perrier-sa da BSN-s Soris Serwymamde. faqtebi da bazris struqtura gviCvenebs, rom franguli boTlis wylis bazari aris ukve sakmaod koncentrirebuli, sadac fasebis konkurencia mniSvnelovnad Sesustebulia. am bazarze arsebuli konkurenciis SenarCuneba Tu ganviTareba moiTxovs konkre-tul dacvas. nebismieri struqturuli moqmedeba, romelic kidev ufro zRu-davs konkurenciis moculobas aseT garemoebebSi, mkacrad unda iyos gansjadi. bazris struqturis kombinacia, romelic warmoiSoba Serwymisa da garkveuli damatebiTi faqtorebisagan (ix. 119-e-120-e nawilebi), migviyvans daskvnamde, rom SeTavazebul Serwymas eqneba duopolisturi dominanturi mdgomareo-bis Seqmnis efeqti, romelic Nestle-sa da BSN-s miscems SesaZleblobas, erTad gazardon mogeba erTmaneTTan konkurenciisTvis Tavis aridebiT da mniSvnelo-van donemde maTi momxmareblebisa da konkurentebisagan damoukideblad.

119. Serwymis Semdeg koncentraciis done eqstremalurad gaizrdeba Nestle-sa da BSN-isaTvis, romlebsac eqnebaT mTeli franguli wylis bazris 82% Ri-rebulebiT da 75% moculobiT (TiTqmis 95% ugazo mineraluri wylis ba-

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zarze). frangul bazarze iqneba mxolod ori adgilobrivi ugazo da gaziani mineraluri wylis mimwodebeli. orive imoqmedebs boTlis wylis maqsimalurad momgebian segmentSi da eqneba Zlieri interesi da motivi _ erTad daicvan Ta-vianTi pozicia.

Serwymis Semdeg gaerTianebaSi aRar iqneba miaxloebuli sididis, kargad cno-bili farTo arCevanis mqone da geografiulad gavrcelebuli konkurenti arc Nestle-sTvis da arc BSN-isaTvis. momdevno ZiriTadi kompania, romelic arc Nestle-sTan iqneba dakavSirebuli da arc BSN-Tan, iqneba ̀ spa belgiaSi~, mTliani gayidvebiT, moculobiT _ 256,3 milioni litri boTlis wyali belgiaSi da brun-viT 1989 wels _ 8,05 miliardi Bfrs (ECU 185 milioni), rac ramdenjerme mcirea, vidre Nestle-sa da BSN-is brunva. germanuli boTlis wylis mwarmoeblebic gacilebiT mcire zomisaa. Apollinaris-is gayidva germaniaSi 1990 wels gautolda daaxloebiT 345 milion litrs, gerolsteiner Brunnen (427 milioni litri) da Min-eralbrunnen UEberkingen (490 milioni litri) aseve arian mniSvnelovnad mcire zomisa, Nestle-sa da BSN-Tan SedarebiT.

120. samidan or momwodeblamde Semcireba (duopolia) ar aris ubralo kosme-tikuri cvlileba bazris struqturaSi. koncentracia miva bazarze im mTavari moqmedis aRmofxvramde, romelsac aqvs yvelaze didi SesaZlebloba gayidve-bisa da rezervebis moculobaSi. Perrier-is resursebi da brendebi ganawildeba darCenil or momwodebelze. damatebiT, samidan mxolod or adgilobriv mom-wodeblamde Semcireba Seqmnis arakonkurentul paralelur qmedebas, romelic bevrad ufro martivad miiyvans darCenil konkurentebs koleqtiuri dominan-turi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebasTan.

121. mineraluri wylis mimwodeblebma safrangeTSi ganaviTares gamWvirvalobis instrumenti, romelic xels uwyobda Cum koordinacias safaso politikaze. boTlis wylis sacalo fasi gamWvirvalea. mTavari produqtebis SefuTva da produqtis zoma bazarze erTi da igivea. sacalo fasebi advilad SeiZleba Semowmdes, xolo statistikis mowodeba regularulad xdeba sxvadasxva orga-nizaciis mier.

damatebiT, Perrier, Vittel da BSN aqveyneben yvela satarifo fass, romlebic Se-darebiTia (Zveli muSaobis, damatebuli gadasaxadebis, TiToeuli boTlisa da transportis sxvadasxva saSualebis). es sabazo fasebi Seesabameba miTiTebas, romlis safuZvelzec safaso politika SeiZleba koordinebul iqnes Cumad. sa-tarifo fasis ganviTareba droTa ganmavlobaSi (realur droSi, magaliTad, zogadi inflacia ar aris Cadebuli) aCvenebs fasebis paralelizmis maRal dones (ix. danarTebi 5-8 (12)).

122. kompaniebma ganaviTares instrumentebi, romelTac ufleba misces, gaekon-trolebinaT da monitoringi gaewiaT erTmaneTis saqcielisaTvis. tarifebis erTgvarovneba da gamWvirvaloba saSualebas iZleva, ganxorcieldes ormxrivi monitoringi konkurentebis safaso politikaze. damatebiT, Perrier-ma, BSN-ma da Vittel-ma moaxdines yoveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi gayiduli ZiriTadi brendebis produqciis raodenobis Taobaze informaciis regularuli gacvlis meqanizme-bis implementacia. es yovel maTgans aZlevs SesaZleblobas, mudmivad, Tveebis mixedviT, Tvali adevnon erTmaneTis qmedebas da gayidvebis moculobas. garda amisa, es aseve SesaZleblobas miscems, dauyovnebliv aRmoaCinon raime saxis

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deviacia romelime calkeuli didi brendis mosalodneli saqcielisagan.

Serwymis Semdeg aRniSnuli instrumentebi SeiZleba gaxdes naklebad ganuyofeli bazarze momwodeblebis Semcirebisa da TviTon bazris gazrdili gamWvirvalo-bis gazrdis gamo. aseve saWiroa damaxsovrebul iqnes, rom aRniSnuli mom-wodeblebi maTi gayidvebis did nawils axorcieleben erTsa da imave momxmare-belTan.

123. ori monawile, romelnic rCebian bazarze, aris erTi da imave zomisa da xasiaTis. Serwymis Semdeg bazarze darCeba ori nacionaluri momwodebeli, romelTac eqnebaT msgavsi SesaZleblobebi da bazris erTi da igive wili (sim-etriuli duopolia)...

bazarze arsebuli adekvaturi mniSvnelobisa da maTi maRali moculobis gay-idvebis gamo, nebismier agresiul konkurentul qmedebas erTis mier, eqneba mniSvnelovani gavlena meore momwodeblis moqmedebaze da metad savaraudoa, moaxdens Zlieri reaqciis provocirebas, rasac Sedegad mohyveba, rom aseTi saqcieli mniSvnelovnad daazianebs orive momwodebels maTi mogebis miRebisas gayidvebis moculobis gazrdis gareSe. maTi ormxrivi damokidebuleba amdenad qmnis Zlier saerTo interessa da motivs, maqsimalurad gazardon mogeba anti-konkurenciul paralelur saqmianobaSi Cabmis gziT. saerTo interesebis aRniS-nuli mdgomareoba SemdgomSi gaZlierebulia faqtiT, rom Nestle da BSN arian erTi zomisa da xasiaTis, orive aris aqtiuri sakvebis farTo industriaSi da ukve TanamSromloben am industriis ramdenime seqtorSi.

124. moTxovna aris fasis Sesabamisad araelastikuri: fasebi SeiZleba gaizardos imis SiSis gareSe, rom gayidvebis moculoba Semcirdeba. momxmareblis motivaciis gamo, iyidos da moixmaros mineraluri wyali yovel-dRiurad, ar arsebobs mineraluri wylis realuri Camanacvlebeli. brendirebu-li wylis arsebuli imiji da brendis mimarT loialoba gansazRvravs moTxovnis fasis araelastikurobas. Sesabamisad, realuri fasis zrdas aqvs proporciulad mcire gavlena moTxovnis raodenobaze; fasis zrda Sedegad moitans mTliani ga-dasaxadebisa da mogebis gazrdas. fasebis gazrdis motivacia da SesaZlebloba am bazarze erTdroulad, rogorc Cans, warsulSi ukve kargad iyo gacnobierebuli kompaniebis mier (ix. danarTi 13, romelic aCvenebs fasebis ganviTarebas bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod ki paralelur fasebs). SeTavazebuli koncen-tracia amartivebs da aZlierebs Nestle-sa da BSN­is mier aseTi strategiis Cumad miRebis albaTobas. orive kompania iyofs didxnian saerTo gamocdilebas sa-frangeTis boTlis wylis bazarze.

125. Rirebuleba aris msgavsi. savaraudod, arcerTi kompania ar sargeblobs Rirebulebis mniSvnelovani upiratesobiT.

SeiZleba vidavoT, rom kompaniebs, romelTac aqvT gansxvavebuli xarjebi, aqvT Zalian gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba fasebze, im bazarze, sadac fasebis politika-ze arsebobs Cumi koordinacia, kompaniebs Soris gamoxatuli da savaldebulo SeTanxmebebis gareSe, sadac upiratesi fasebis dadgena aris Zalian rTuli. xarjebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi gonivrulad aris miCneuli elementad, romelsac SeuZlia, xeli SeuSalos Cumi paraleluri saqcielis implementa-cias.

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aRniSnuli elementi ar aris warmodgenili bazarze. daumuSavebeli masala (wya-li, rogorc wyaro) aris ufaso. warmoebis procesi, ZiriTadad, Sedgeba boTl-Si Camosxmisagan, rac aris kargad damuSavebuli teqnologia, sadac rTuli iqneba mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri upiratesobis miRweva. resursebidan miRe-buli wylis boTlSi moTavseba da Sedegad miRebuli mravalricxovneba boTlis masalisa, amcirebs masStaburi ekonomiis moculobas. dabolos, Nestle-m daadas-tura, rom sami mTavari momwodeblis fasebi ar iyo Zalian gansxvavebuli da komisiisaTvis miwodebuli informacia amasTan dakavSirebiT adasturebda am Sexedulebas.

126. teqnologia momwifebulia. R & D ar asruleben mniSvnelovan rols.

mxareebis sabazo warmoebis procesi Sedgeba boTlSi wylis Camosxmisgan, rac aris kargad dadgenili teqnologia. Nestle-s ar warmoudgenia raime indika-tori am mimarTulebiT raime mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis molodinis Taobaze. damatebiT, wylis bazarze produqciis inovaciis moculoba Semcirebulia. wy-lis industria ar SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc kvlevaze dafuZnebuli indus-tria, sadac axalma teqnologiurma ganviTarebam swrafad unda aRmofxvras dakavebuli poziciebi. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis qmedebebi am bazarze, faqto-brivad, aris mcire mniSvnelobis. Nestle-s mTliani danaxarji R & D-Si wyalTan dakavSirebiT (1,5% seqtorSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli brunvis), aris aRniSnulis naTeli indikatori. es monacemi ufro dabalia, vidre sakvebis se-qtorSi arsebuli saSualo danaxarji (ix. Setyobinebis 33-e gverdi). is aseve SeiZleba Sedarebul iqnes R & D-s tipuri inovaciuri industriis mimarT gan-sazRvruli brunvis 15-idan 25%-Tan.

127. Setyobinebuli moqmedeba, Tavis mxriv, asustebs Nestle-sa da BSN-s Soris konkurenciis ganviTarebas.

Nestle-m da BSN-ma erTad moaxdines Zlieri reagireba gare moqmedis (Ifint) mier Perrier-is Sesyidvis mcdelobaze. vinaidan BSN-sa da Vittel-s aqvT Perrier-Tan SedarebiT ufro patara saTadarigo adgili, Perrier-s mesame mxaris mflobe-lobaSi, romelic modioda wylis bazris garedan, SeiZleba bazarze gamoewvia problemebi da orWofoba. Nestle-sa da BSN-is gaerTianebuli reaqcia Ifint-is mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba danaxul iqnes rogorc gaerTianebuli qmedeba bazarze SeRwevis dabrkolebis mimarT.

128. Sesabamisi SeTanxmeba Nestle-sa da BSN-s Soris Perrier-is gayofasTan dakav-SirebiT (Volvic-is gayidva), kidev ufro asustebda konkurenciis ganviTarebis albaTobas Nestle-sa da BSN-s Soris. konkurencia or momwodebels Soris kidev ufro Semcirdeboda im faqtiT, rom BSN-s eqneboda ori brendi (Evian da Volvic) dabali mineralizaciis doniT (litrze 500 miligramze qvemoT), maSin, roca Nestle-s mflobelobaSi eqneboda sami brendi (Contrex, Vittel da Hepar) maRali min-eralizaciis doniT (litrze 500 miligramze zeviT). brendebis aseTi dayofa gazrdida produqciis diferenciacias or momwodebels Soris, rac moitanda SemdgomSi konkurenciis kidev ufro Sesustebas, xolo myidvelebi gaxdebodnen kidev ufro metad damokidebulebi TiToeul momwodebelze. dabolos, bolo momxmareblebi daitanjebian konkurenciis ararsebobiT am bazarze, maRali fasebis gamo.

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129. gverdiTi firmebi (adgilobrivi wyaros wyali) an calobiT movaWreebi ar Seesabamebodnen arsebiT konkurentul SemzRudavebs.

adgilobrivi wyarosa da mineraluri wylebi Zalian mcire zomisaa da bevrad ufro ukan arian, vidre nacionaluri wylebis mniSvnelovani alternativaa. rogorc ganxilul iqna 64-e nawilSi, am kompaniebidan arcerTi ar Seesabamebo-da arsebiTi fasebis SemzRudav konkurentul Zalas, romelsac eqneboda Sesa-Zlebloba, Seesustebina SesaZlebloba, romlis SeTavazebasac axdendnen BSN-isa da Netsle-s gavlenis qveS moqceuli bazriT, erTmaneTs Soris konkurenci-is aridebiT da Semosavlis maqsimaluri gazrdiT. igive Seesabameba sacalo movaWreebis Semsyidvel Zalauflebas (ix. 77-e nawili). bazarze moqmed arcerT aRniSnul Zalas warsulSi ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, Tavidan aeridebina realur pirobebSi mineraluri wylebis momwodeblebis mier maTi fasebis paralelur reJimSi mudmivi zrda.

130. bazarze SesvlisaTvis barierebi sakmaod maRalia.

bazarze Sesvlis pirobebi da potenciuri konkurenciis gavlena franguli wy-lis bazarze zemoT aris ganxiluli. ar SeiZleba gonivrulad viqonioT molo-dini, rom realuri Sesvla, an savaraudo Sesvlis muqara zians miayenebs Nestle-sa da BSN-s, erToblivad momgebianad gazardon TavianTi fasebi momavalSi.

damatebiT, Serwyma, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro metad zrdis axalmosulebTan dakavSirebul asocirebul riskebsa da sirTuleebs.

daskvna

131. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom bazris struqtura, romelic warmoiSoba Nestle-sa da Perrier-is Serwymis safuZvelze (rasac mohyveba Volvic-is wyaros miyidva BSN-isaTvis), Seqmnis duopolistur dominantur mdgo-mareobas safrangeTis boTlis wylis bazarze, romelic mniSvnelovnad SezRu-davs efeqtur konkurencias da, savaraudod, gamoiwvevs mniSvnelovan zians momxmareblebis mimarT, mTliani franguli wylis bazrisa (9000 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi) da frangi momxmareblebis mier SeZenili wylis gaTvaliswinebiT (Seesabameba gaerTianebaSi yvelaze maRali moxmarebis produqts), boTlis wy-lis fasis mxolod Zalian mcire odenobiT, magram mniSvnelovani procentiT (magaliTad 5-%) gazrda gamoiwvevs arsebiT danakargebs momxmareblebisaTvis.

b) BSN-isaTvis Volvic-is miyidvis gareSe. erTi firmis dominantoba

132. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Volvic-is SeTanxmeba ar iqneba implementirebuli, SeT-avazebuli Serwyma Nestle-sa da Perrier-s Soris Seqmnis dominant mdgomareobas axali uwyebisaTvis, romelsac miscems Zalauflebas, moiqces mniSvnelovan donemde damoukideblad Tavisi konkurentebis, klientebisa da, Sesabamisad, momxmareblebisagan.

133. faqtorebi, romlebmac komisia aRniSnul daskvnamde miiyvana, aris Sem-degi:

_ bazris maRali wili franguli boTlis wylis bazarze (daaxloebiT 60% RirebulebiT da 53% moculobiT), rac ufro metia, vidre Semdegi konkurentis bazris wili orjer gamravlebuli;

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_ uwyebis kombinirebuli saerTo da Tavisufali SesaZleblobebi, rogorc ugazo, ise gaziani wylis bazarze: aRniSnuli unarebi mravaljer aRe-mateba Semdegi yvelaze didi konkurentis SesaZleblobebs da bevrad aRe-mateba mTliani wylis bazris moculobas;

_ mineraluri wylis resursis portfolios floba Nestle/Perrier-is mier: rva ugazo mineraluri wylis wyaro, romelTaganac sami aris ZiriTadi wyaro (Contrex, Volvic da Vittel) da Svidi gaziani mineraluri wylis wyaro, romelTaganac ori aris ZiriTadi wyaro (Perrier da Saint-Yorre); es Seqmnis udides upiratesobas vis-a-vis misi konkurentebis mimarT;

_ axal uwyebas aseve eqneba wyaros wylis resursebis mniSvnelovani raode-noba;

_ nacionalur doneze iarsebebs kidev erTi konkurenti BSN, mxolod erTi mTavari ugazo wylis resursiT (Evian) da erTi didi gaziani mineraluri wylis resursiT (Badoit); BSN-s aqvs ugazo mineraluri wylis rezervi, romelic mas mxolod SezRuduli moculobis qmedebis SesaZleblobas utovebs Nestle/Perrier-is mimarT saSualo da grZelvadian periodebSi. ga-ziani mineraluri wylis segmentSi misma resursma Badoit-ma miaRwia srul SesaZleblobas da, amdenad, aRar SeuZlia upasuxos gazrdil moTxovnas;

_ konkurencia adgilobrivi wyaros wylebidan arasakmarisi iqneba imisaT-vis, rom SezRudos Nestle/Perrier-is qmedebebis moculoba;

_ sacalo da sabiTumo gamyidvelebi kidev ufro metad damokidebulebi gaxdebian axali uwyebis kargad nacnob brendebze da, amdenad, arcTu ise efeqturad SezRudaven Nestle/Perrier-is sabazro Zalauflebas;

_ ar arsebobs fasis SemzRudavi potenciuri konkurenciis niSani, romelic swrafad da efeqturad Seva franguli wylis bazarze;

134. Tu Evian-is SezRuduli Tavisufali SesaZleblobis miuxedavad BSN mainc SeinarCunebs moqmedebis garkveul moculobas, raTa konkurencia gauwios Nes-tle/Perrier-s, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes imis molodini, rom BSN SeZlebs, efeqturi konkurencia gauwios Nestle/Perrier-is, vinaidan orive momwodebels aqvs Zlieri saerTo interesi da motivi, erTad gazardon mogeba.

ugazo mineraluri wylis segmentSi BSN-s aqvs mxolod erTi didi brendi, Evian, romlis meSveobiTac is axdens miwodebas rogorc safrangeTis, aseve eqsportis bazarze. nakleb savaraudoa, rom BSN-ma miiRos gadawyvetileba, gamoiyenos misTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebi da Nestle/Perrier-isgan wamoiRos mniS-vnelovani moculoba, vinaidan mas eqneba survili, monawileoba miiRos mTliani moTxovnis gazrdaSi da aseve SeinarCunos, da Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba, gazardos misi eqsporti. Sesabamisad, winaswar SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom BSN-s ar See-Zleba, gauwios an ar gauwevs efeqtur konkurencias Nestle/Perrier-s.

daskvna

135. zemoT aRwerili yvela mizezis gamo, komisia askvnis, rom Volvic-is BSN-isaTvis, miyidviT Tu miyidvis gareSe, SeTavazebuli Serwyma Seqmnis dominantur mdgomareobas, romlis Sedegadac efeqturi konkurencia iqneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli saerTo bazris arsebiT nawilze sabWos #4064/89 regulaciis me-2

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muxlis me-3 nawilis mniSvnelobiT.

saqme Volvo/Scania368 (komisiis gadawyvetileba):

IV. saerTo bazarTan Tavsebadoba

12. SeTavazebuli moqmedeba Seexeba or ZiriTad sferos: satvirTo manqaneb-sa (kerZod, mZime satvirTo manqanebs) da avtobusebs (qalaqis avtobusebs, qalaqTaSoris avtobusebsa da turistul etlebs). gamoZiebam daadastura, rom SeTavazebuli koncentracia ar gamoiwvevs dominanturi mdgomareobis Seqmnas an gaZlierebas dizelis Zravis (industriuli da sazRvao) bazarze. Sesabamisad, dizelis Zravis bazari aRar iqneba ganxiluli am gadawyvetilebaSi.

(i) satvirTo manqanebi

Sesabamisi produqciis bazari

13. SeTavazebuli koncentracia Seqmnis satvirTo manqanebis evropis udides mwarmoebels (16 tonaze meti).

14. Setyobinebis ganmxorcielebeli mxare eyrdnoba komisiis wina gadawyvetile-bas (saqme # IV/M.004 Renault/Volvo) imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos sami bazris segmen-tis identificireba, satvirTo avtomobilebis zrdadi wonis mixedviT: msubuqi avtomobilebis segmenti (5 tonaze mcire wonis), saSualo wonis segmenti (5-16 tona) da mZime wonis segmenti (16 tonaze meti).

mZime wonis satvirTo avtomobilebi saSualo wonisa da msubuqi wonis sat-virTo manqanebis winaaRmdeg

15. komisiis mier aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Catarebuli bazris gamoZieba far-Tod adasturebs Setyobinebis warmdgeni mxaris gancxadebebs. ra Tqma unda, rogorc konkurentebma, ise maTma momxmareblebma daadastures, rom me-14 para-grafSi gakeTebuli gansazRvreba sworia da Seesabameba industriis standart-ebs. damatebiT, uamravi elementi adasturebs, rom gakeTebuli gansxvaveba mar-Tebulia.

16. 16 tonaze mcire da 16 tonaze meti wonis satvirTo manqanebis teqnikuri konfiguracia aris Zalian gansxvavebuli, rodesac es Seexeba ZiriTad kompo-nents, rogoricaa Zravis tipi da RerZebis raodenoba. zeda zRvaris teqnikuri aspeqtebi metad daxvewilia, gamZleobis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare (sicocx-lis xangrZlivoba) da vinaidan moqmedebis xarjebi ufro metia, vidre sxva wonis avtomobilebis SemTxvevaSi. 16 tonaze meti wonis satvirTo manqana aris avtomobili, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc mniSvnelovani wonis transportSi. transportis saxe SeiZleba iyos regionuli an grZel manZilze gaTvlili.

17. damatebiT, satvirTo manqanebis bazarze ganTavsebaze gavlenas axdens aRniSnuli teqnikuri gansxvavebebi, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania myidvelisaTvis. amitom teqnikuri zRvari ori produqtis jgufs Soris Seesabameba komerciul gansxvavebas, romelic SesaZlebels xdis, ganasxvavos momxmarebelTa ori jgu-fi. zeda rigis satvirToO manqanebi, rogorc wesi, momxmareblebis mier ar aris miCneuli Canacvlebadad an alternatiulad saSualo an dabal zRavrs mikuT-vnebul satvirTo avtomobilebTan. amdenad, satvirTo manqanebis sami katego-ria ganekuTvneba calkeul Sesabamisi produqtis bazars.368 Case No COMP/M. 1672 Volvo/Scania; Commission Decision of 14/03/2000.

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18. amasTan, aRniSnuli gansxvaveba, rogorc Cans, asaxavs faqts, rom sxvadasxva produqciis xazi aris gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva satvirTo kategoriis satvirTo manqanebis warmoebisaTvis da rom mwarmoeblebs SeuZliaT maTi warmoebis kon-centracia moaxdinon erT zRvarze da saerTod ar iyvnen, an Zalian sustad iyvnen warmodgenilebi warmoebis sxva doneze (magaliTad, imdenad, ramdenadac Volvo da Scania arian CarTulebi: Volvo warmodgenilia 7-idan 16 tonamde wonisa, maSin roca Scania-s saerTod ar aqvs warmoeba aRniSnul segmentSi. arcerTi mxare ar awarmoebs 7 tonaze naklebi wonis satvirTo manqanebs. orive mxare aqtiuria 16 tonaze meti wonis mqone satvirTo avtomobilebis bazarze).

mZime wonis satvirTo avtomobilebi (16 tonaze meti)

Volvo­s mier SetyobinebaSi mowodebuli informacia

19. vinaidan SeTavazebuli tranzaqcia ufro metad Seexeba 16 tonaze meti wo-nis satvirTo manqanebis bazris segments, an mZime satvirTo manqanebs, winamde-bare Sefaseba fokusirebas moaxdens bazris am konkretul segmentze.

20. SetyobinebaSi Volvo-m miuTiTa, rom mZime satvirTo manqanebisaTvis, zoga-dad, arsebobs kategoriebis ori modeli: grZeli wevisa da regionuli/adgilo-brivi. rogorc Cans, Volvo uTiTebs: 16 tonaze meti wonis satvirTo manqanebis Sasi, arsebiTad, erTi da igivea yvela modelisaTvis. diferenciacia xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konfiguracia specifikuri gamoyenebisaTvis aris gansxvavebuli (magaliTad, cementis mdRvebi, qalaqis momaragebis, grZeli we-vis transporti).

21. am kategoriebTan damatebiT, Volvo aRniSnavs, SvedeTsa da fineTSi grZeli satvirTo manqanebi (25.25 metri) ufro maRali, maqsimaluri datvirTvis Ses-aZleblobebiT (60 tona) ufro farTod gamoiyeneba. satvirTo manqanebis es specifikuri tipi sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi ar aris daSvebuli

22. Semtyobinebeli mxare amtkicebs, rom nebismieri didi satvirTo manqanebis mwarmoebeli iqneba iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom martivad moaxdinos misi erT-erTi standartis modificireba gansakuTrebuli gamoyenebisaTvis (magaliTad: grZeli satvirTo manqanebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba SvedeTsa da fineTSi).

23. zemoT aRniSnulis safuZvelze Volvo akeTebs daskvnas, rom 16 tonaze meti wonis satvirTo manqanebi Seesabameba imave produqciis Sesabamis bazars.

bazris gamoZiebis Sedegebi

24. winamdebare saqmeSi Catarebulma bazris gafarToebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom momxmareblis TvalTaxedvidan realoba sakmaod kompleqsuria. kerZod, baz-ris kvlevam gamoavlina, rom arsebobs kriteriumebis garkveuli raodenoba, rac relevanturia mocemuli mZime satvirTo manqanis SerCevisas, meoresTan SedarebiT.

25. zogadi kategoriis `mZime datvirTvis satvirTo manqanebs~ Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba SeiZleba gavlebuli iyos, erTi mxriv, egreT wodebul ̀ xist satvir-To manqanebsa~ da, meore mxriv, ̀ mZime satvirTo manqanebs _ traqtorebs~ Soris. xisti satvirTo manqanebi aris integrirebuli satvirTo manqanebi imis gaTval-iswinebiT, rom isini Seesabamebian erT organos, romelsac unda gamoakldes naxevrad traileri. `mZime satvirTo manqanebi _ traqtorebi~, meore mxriv,

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aris advilad gancalkevebadi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom naxevrad traileri emateba kabinis ukana mxaris dasawyiss. maTi satransporto saWiroebebisa da pirovnuli preferensebis safuZvelze momxmarebeli airCevs an traqtors, an xist satvirTo manqanas. faqtidan gamomdinare, momxmareblis geografiuli mdebareoba Zlier gavlenas moaxdens mis arCevanze traqtoris tipisa Tu xisti satvirTo avtomobilis arCevisas. rogorc iqneba miTiTebuli 52-e paragraf-Si, evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi myofi momxmareblebi, rogorc wesi, yiduloben xist mZime satvirTo manqanebs. arsebobs ramdenime indikatori, rom moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, xisti manqanebi da traqtorebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen srulad Canacvlebadi. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli SekiTxva Riad unda darCes, vinaidan is arsebiT gavlenas ar axdens Setyobinebuli koncentraciis Sefasebebze.

26. aRniSnuli sabaziso gansazRvrebis miRma, bazarze Catarebulma gamoZie-bam gamoavlina, rom arsebobs sami ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romelTa mixedviTac momxmareblebi sayidlad irCeven konkretul mZime satvirTo manqanas (gamoi-yeneba rogorc xisti, ise traqtorebis mimarT). pirveli kriteriumi dakav-Sirebulia ZravasTan, kerZod, mis ZalasTan (hp). Zravis Zala mniSvnelovania, gadasazidi simZimisa da gamosayenebeli geografiuli adgilis topografiidan gamomdinare; meore kriteriumi aris RerZebis raodenoba, romlisganac Sedgeba satvirTo manqanebi. gamoZiebis mixedviT, arsebobs RerZebis standartuli kom-binacia (4X2), rac aris yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli kombinacia evropaSi. sxva kombinaciebi, romlebic Sedgeba RerZebis ufro maRali raodenobisagan (magaliTad: 6X2 da 6X4) ufro metad mimarTulia, raTa moaxdinos momxmare-blebis specifikuri moTxovnis dakmayofileba, romlebic sanacvlod, sul mcire, nawilobriv arian dakavSirebulebi topografiasTan da amindis gansaz-RvrasTan; mesame kriteriumi dakavSirebulia satvirTo manqanebis kabinasTan, romelic SeiZleba iyos dabali, maRali an Zalian maRali, moTxovnili komfor-tis gaTvaliswinebiT.

27. arCevanis sakmaod arsebiTi raodenoba arCeuli iqneba momxmareblis mier misi specifikuri saWiroebebisa da CarTuli transportis tipis gaTval-iswinebiT. Tumca, zogadad, yvela mZime satvirTo manqanis mwarmoebels SeuZlia SesTavazos satvirTo manqana, romelic moicavs nebismier ZiriTad elements, romlebic ganmsazRvrelia momxmareblis TvalTaxedvidan, iseve, rogorc mwar-moeblis TvalTaxedvidan (magaliTad, rodesac xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba, SesTavazon Tu ara satvirTo manqanisaTvis iseTi fasi, romelic Sedarebadi iqneba misi konkurenti mwarmoeblis mier SeTavazebul fasTan).

28. amasTan, specifikuri momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebisa da gamosayenebeli specifikuri nacionaluri regulaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, momxmarebels See-Zleba SvedeTsa da fineTSi SeiZinos ufro grZeli satvirTo manqana (25.25 me-tri) yvelaze maRali tvirTwevis SesaZleblobiT (60 tona).

29. miwodebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoCndeba, rom nebismieri msxvili evropuli satvirTo manqanebis mwarmoebeli aris im mdgomareobaSi, rom moaxdinos sxva-dasxva tipis mZime satvirTo manqanebis sruli arCevanis SeTavazeba. imisaTvis, rom moaxdinon specifikuri satvirTo manqanebis SeTavazeba centraluri ev-ropis teritoriaze, mwarmoeblebs dasWirdebaT damatebiTi xarjebis gaReba. Rirebuleba Semdeg unda Sedardes gansaxilveli bazris mimzidvelobas. Tumca, produqciis bazris sakiTxisadmi specifikuri miTiTebis safuZvelze, ganxilul

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iqna, rom xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mZime satvirTo manqanebis erTi tipis warmoebidan mere tipze gadasvliT, ar miiCneva arsebiTad. Sesabamisad, ganxilul iqna, rom mZime satvirTo manqanebis sxvadasxva tipi ar Seesabameba calkeuli produqciis bazars.

30. zemoT aRniSnulis safuZvelze unda gakeTdes daskvna, rom mZime satvirTo manqanebis kategoria (16 tonaze meti) am Sefasebis miznebisaTvis SeiZleba miC-neul iqnes rogorc erTiani Sesabamisi produqcia bazari.

Sesabamisi geografiuli bazari

31. wina saqmeSi komisiam miuTiTa, rom ̀ aucilebeli ar aris, ganisazRvros, aris Tu ara satvirTo manqanebisaTvis arsebuli geografiuli bazari gaerTianebis bazari, Tu isev Sedgeba sxvadasxva nacionaluri bazrisagan~, vinaidan SekiTxva ar iyo arsebiTi aRniSnuli specifikuri saqmisaTvis. gamoZieba am saqmeSi foku-sirebuli iyo CrdiloeT evropaze, kerZod skandinaviis oTx qveyanasa (dania, fineTi, norvegia, SvedeTi) da irlandiaze. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu nacionaluri bazris gansazRvrisas moqmedebas ar mivyavarT gaerTianebis sxva teritori-aze dominanturi mdgomareobis warmoqmnisaken, saWiro aRar aris ganisazRvros geografiuli bazris zusti moculoba skandinaviis qveynebisa da irlandiis miRma.

32. gamoZiebam, rogorc Cans, aCvena, rom aRniSnuli xuTi qveynisTvis mZime sat-virTo manqanebis Sesabamisi geografiuli bazari isev nacionalizebulia Tavisi moculobiT. aRniSnuli daskvnis mizezebi ganmartebuli iqneba qvemoT; sawyisi wertili iqneba Volvo-s mier SetyobinebaSi Cadebuli argumentebi.

komisiis mier Sesabamisi geografiuli bazris Sefaseba

37. Tavis pasuxSi Volvo waradgens uamrav axal arguments sakuTari poziciis dasasabuTeblad, geografiuli bazris moculobasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom, rogorc pasuxidan Cans, kompania aRar miiCnevs Tavis Setyobin-ebaSi miTiTebul arasafaso faqtorebs saWirod geografiuli bazris gansaz-RvrisaTvis, es faqtorebi mainc Sefasebulia, vinaidan isini saWiro element-ebia saerTo bazris gansazRvris Sefasebisas. midgomis ZiriTadi Secvla isaa, rom Volvo-s axla sjera, Sefasebis upiratesi fokusi unda iyos mimwodeblis SesaZlebloba, moaxdinos fasebis diskriminacia bazarze. pasuxSi Camoyalibe-buli mtkicebis sawinaaRmdegod, komisiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi mtkicebuleba aCvenebs, rom Volvo da mZime satvirTo manqanebis sxva momwodeblebi iyenebdnen sagrZnobad gansxvavebul fasebsa da sazRvrebs SedarebiTi produqciisaTvis sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoSi. es iseve, rogorc Sesabamisi arasafaso mtkiceb-uleba, romelic aCvenebs, rom konkurenciis pirobebi mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarze gansxvavebulia wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, ganxilulia momdevno paragrafebSi.(...)

momxmareblis upiratesoba

50. bazris gamoZiebidan aSkaraa, Tumca satvirTo manqanebis mwarmoeblebi ar-ian iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom moaxdinon satvirTo manqanebis sxvdasxva modelis miwodeba (miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul wevr saxelmwifoSi moqmed speci-fikur regulaciebTan adaptacia namdvilad damatebiTi xarjia, romelic See-

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sabameba garkveul bazarze SeRwevis motivaciis ararsebobas), momxmareblebis moTxovnebi imgvaria, rom satvirTo manqanebis modelebi da teqnikuri kon-figuraciebi, romlebic iyideba sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia.

51. es daskvna damtkicebulia sxvadasxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, satvirTo manqane-bis mTavari mwarmoeblebis mier yvelaze metad gayidvadi satvirTo manqanebis modelebis magaliTze. vidre ganxilulia, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi war-moiqmneba Tundac sxvadasxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze gayiduli mZime satvirTo manqanebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebSi (maSinac ki, roca erTi da imave mwarmoeblebis modelebi aris Sedarebadi), es gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovnad nak-lebad aris aRniSnuli, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT sxvadasxva satvirTo manqanis mwarmoebelTa yvelaze kargad gayidvad modelebs erTi wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze. (...)

53. (...) ZiriTad maxasiaTebelTa tipebi, romlebic miCneulia mZime satvirTo man-qanebis mTavar elementebad, saWiroa Seicvalos wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, sadac xdeba satvirTo manqanebis gayidva. momxmareblebs fineTSi, saberZneTSi, norvegiasa da SvedeTSi aqvT Zlieri upiratesobis gancda xisti satvirTo man-qanebis mimarT, sxva saxelmwifoSi myof momxmareblebTan SedarebiT. imavdrou-lad, momxmareblebi avstriaSi, fineTSi, saberZneTsa da norvegiaSi moiTxoven ufro did da Zlier Zravebs, maSin, roca momxmareblebi gaerTianebul samefoSi moiTxoven ufro patara Zravas. msgavsi gansxvavebebia RerZis konfiguraciis SemTxvevaSic. dabolos, kabinis komfortis done ufro naklebad mniSvnelova-nia fineTSi, safrangeTSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, italiaSi, norvegiaSi, por-tugaliasa da SvedeTSi. garda amisa, skandinaviis qveynebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aSkaraa, rom moTxovnili sabaziso specifikaciebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, ara marto, Tu maTi Sedareba moxdeba sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi arsebul moTx-ovnebTan, aramed skandinaviis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiTac, sadac danieli momxmareblebi upiratesobas aniWeben traqtoris stilis avtomobilebs, maSin, roca danarCen sam saxelmwifoSi myofi momxmareblebi upiratesobas aniWeben xist transports sakabine komfortis naklebi moTxovniT. amasTan, norvegieli momxmareblebi da finelebi moiTxoven ufro mZlavr Zravas, vidre SvedeTsa da daniaSi mcxovrebi momxmareblebi.

54. arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebTan mimarTebiT, damate-biT, gamomdinareobs, rom momxmareblebis moTxovnebi SeiZleba icvlebodes sx-vadasxva arCevanis mixedviT, rac SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes mZime satvirTo man-qanebis modelTa mimarT (magaliTad, siCqareTa kolofi da Zravis cilindrebis raodenoba).

55. gamomdinareobs, rom skandinaviis sami saxelmwifos momxmareblebi (norve-gia, fineTi da SvedeTi), rogorc wesi, yiduloben xisti tipis (integrirebul) mZime satvirTo manqanebs, romlebsac Zrava aqvT ufro mZlavri da RerZebis raodenobac ufro metia, vidre sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi gayiduls. es Se-syidviTi saqcieli dakavSirebulia topografiasa da klimatur pirobebTan, romelic arsebobs samive qveyanaSi, iseve rogorc specialur regulaciebTan, romlebic gansazRvravs nebadarTul tonaJs. aRniSnuli pirobebis gaTval-iswinebiT, satvirTo manqanebis gamomyeneblebs mouwevT iseTi manqanebis gamoy-

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eneba, romlebic realurad SeZleben moTxovnili momsaxurebis miwodebas.

teqnikuri moTxovnebi icvleba wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT

56. bazris gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom miuxedavad evropul doneze miRweuli harmonizaciis garkveuli donisa (kerZod ki sabWos direqtiva 85/3/EEC, romel-ic harmonizacias ukeTebda kavSiris farglebSi saerTaSoriso transportis wonasa da zomebs), isev arsebobs garkveuli raodenobis teqnikuri moTxovne-bi mZime satvirTo manqanebis mimarT, romelic gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixed-viT. es daskvna moqmedebs gaerTianebul samefoSi, irlandiasa da skandinaviis ramdenime qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac gaerTianebuli samefo da irlandia arian CarTulebi, faqti, rom yvela satransporto saSualeba adaptirebuli unda iyos marjvniv moZraobaze, mkacrad zRudavs kontinenturi evropisaTvis gaTvlili transportis importirebis SesaZleblobas. amasTan, komisiis yura-dReba mimarTuli iyo im faqtisken, rom erTi da imave modelis avtomobilebis specifikacia, rac moqmedebs irlandiaSi, gansxvavdeba gaerTianebuli samefos teritoriaze arsebuli moTxovnebisagan. ra Tqma unda, Scania, Volvo da Iveco _ yvela awarmoebs mZime specifikaciebs (safexurebis meqanizmebs, samgzavro xazebs, SeCerebas, saburavebsa da placdarmebs) irlandiis bazarze, qveyanaSi arsebuli gzebis mZime mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT. skandinaviis zogierTi qveynisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, mTeli avtomobilis tipis mowoneba (magaliTad, teqnkuri regulaciebis sruli harmonizacia) mZime satvirTo manqanebis seq-torSi ar igegmeba momavali 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi. gansxvavebuli regulaciebi isev gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, SvedeTsa da fineTSi, vinaidan moicavs nebadarT-ul mTlian satransporto tonaJsa da satvirTo manqanis maqsimalur sigrZes. ufro maRali tonaJi da ufro grZeli satvirTo manqanebi evropis danarCeni qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, nebadarTulia aRniSnul or qveyanaSi (60 tona da 25-25 metri). es, zogadad, Volvo-sa da Scania-s aZlevs upiratesobas, vinaidan maTi satvirTo manqanebi tradiciulad iwarmoeba ufro grZeli da mZime sa-transporto saSualebebis moTxovnaTa TanxvedrisaTvis (magaliTad, Zrava da RerZebis konfiguracia).

57. SvedeTSi aseve arsebobs specifikuri maregulirebeli barieri bazarze Ses-aRwevad. SvedeTis samarTlis mixedviT, moiTxoveba gansakuTrebuli damtkice-ba, romelic cnobilia `kabinis avariis testis~ saxeliT. konkurentma aRniS-nuli testis Sedegi komisias auxsna Semdegi gziT: `teqnikuri barieri SvedeTis bazarze SeRwevisaTvis aris ukve naxsenebi SvedeTis kabinis testi. aman sxva meTodebs Soris efeqturad SeaCera (konkurentis saxeli) gayidvisagan misi yve-laze metad gayidvadi modeli (modelis saxeli) da mniSvnelovani modelebis mTeli rigi. aRniSnuli modelebi mowonebulia evropaSi gayidvisaTvis da, faq-tobrivad, yvelgan iyideba didi odenobiT. testis Cabarebis xarjebi aRemateba im mogebas, rac SeiZleba miRebul iqnes damatebiTi gayidvebidan arsebuli qse-lis meSveobiT~. zepiri mosmenis dros Volvo-m daadastura, rom kabinis avariis testi Seesabameba SeRwevis bariers satvirTo manqanebis araSveduri mwarmoe-blebisaTvis. Volvo-m Seafasa, rom Daimler Chrysler-ma germaniaSi Tavis momxmareb-lebs, romelTac surdaT Sveduri moTxovnebis Sesabamisi kabinis usafrTxoeba, damatebiT mosTxova 7.850 DM.

Sesyidva xdeba nacionalur safuZvelze

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58. satvirTo manqanebis bazris zemoT aRwerili specifikurobidan, rac dakav-Sirebulia momxmareblebis mier gamoxatul upiratesobasTan, teqnikur moTx-ovnebTan da fasebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebsa da dilerebis mxardaWerasTan, gasakviri ar aris, rogorc bazarze Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mZime satvirTo manqanebis myidvelebi Zalian iSviaTad ukavSirdebian dilerebs, rom-lebic dafuZnebulebi arian da moqmedeben maTi qveynis gareT. maSinac ki, roca myidveli aris egreT wodebuli `swrafwarmavali momxmarebeli~ saerTaSoriso satransporto aqtivobebiTa da moqmedebebiT, rac xdeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, bazris gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom satvirTo manqanebi iyideba nacionalurad da yidvis gadawyvetilebebi miiReba dilerebis daxmarebisa da im konkretul qveyanaSi arsebuli fasebis safuZvelze. aRniSnuli a fortiori simarTlea, rode-sac momxmarebeli aris mciredan saSualo zomis satransporto kompaniamde. rogorc faqti, skandinaviis qveynebSi mZime satvirTo manqanebis myidvelebi ar-ian mcire da saSualo zomis kompaniebi, romlebic yiduloben adgilobrivad da ar fiqroben, miiRon sargebeli gansxvavebuli fasebisagan, gayidvis Semdgomi saWiroebisa da momsaxurebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vinaidan mxedvelobaSi iReben kerZo pirebis mier importirebuli meoradi satvirTo manqanebis Semcirebuli RirebulebasTan dakavSirebul risks da teqnikur maxasiaTeblebs, rac moq-medebs sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi.

59. amas garda, didi xania, komisiis yuradReba gamaxvilda im faqtze, rom dilerebi axali satvirTo manqanebis gayidvas uyureben rogorc momavali Se-mosavlis wyaros momsaxurebisa da nawilebis gayidvidan, romelzec dilers, rogorc wesi, aqvs maRali zRvari, vidre axali satvirTo manqanis gayidvaze. Volvo-s mier wardgenili monacemebi adasturebs, rom dileris mogebis didi nawili modis momsaxurebidan da nawilebis gayidvidan. Sesabamisad, dileri, romelmac icis, rom satvirTo manqanis miyidva konkretuli momxmareblisaT-vis ar gamoiwvevs gayidvis Semdgom Semosavals, naklebad motivirebuli iqneba, aseT momxmarebels SesTavazos mimzidveli fasi. aqedan gamomdinare, momxmare-blebma, romlebic cdiloben, damoukideblad moaxdinon satvirTo manqanebis importi sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan (magaliTad danieli satvirTo manqanebis momxmareblebi survils gamoTqvamen, manqanebi SeiZinon germaniaSi), SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom maT mouwevT ufro meti safasuris gadaxda, vidre im konkre-tul teritoriaze mcxovreb momxmareblebs. aseve komisiam yuradReba gaamax-vila, rom sxvadasxva problema (momsaxureba, garantiebi da a.S.), rac mezobeli qveynebidan kerZod ganxorcielebul imports mohyveboda, iyo is, rom mezobel qveyanaSi Sesyidvisas fasis gansxvaveba Seadgenda maqsimum 10%-s, rac mezobeli qveynisaTvis iyo momgebiani da esec mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxmareblebi yidulobdnen satvirTo manqanebis garkveul raodenobas.

60. Semdegi sakiTxi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ramdenad miiCnevs sat-virTo manqanis momxmarebeli mimzidvelad kerZod ganxorcielebul imports, an paraleluri importiorisagan Sesyidvas, aris nawilobriv an srulad anaz-Raurebis SesaZlebloba satvirTo manqanebTan dakavSirebuli problemebisaTvis mas Semdeg, rac amoiwureba sagarantio vada. gadawyvetilebas aseTi anazRau-rebis gawevaze, Cveulebriv, iRebs importiori, romelsac Zalian mcire motivi aqvs imisaTvis, rom gasces aseTi anazRaureba satvirTo manqanisaTvis, romelic ar aris importirebuli oficialuri importioris mier.

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distribuciisa da momsaxurebis qseli

61. bazris gamokvlevam gamoavlina kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic aucileblad unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli, rodesac xdeba Sesabamisi bazris geografi-uli zomebis gansazRvra. miuxedavad imisa, rom bazarze moqmedi zogierTi mZ-ime satvirTo manqanis bazars moixsenieben rogorc `evropul bazars~, isini ucvlelad miuTiTeben, rom mTavari faqtori satvirTo manqanebis Sesyidvisas aris gayidvis Semdgomi qseli (Senaxva, ordinaruli Tu araordinaruli, iseve, rogorc nawilebis miwodeba), rac SeiZleba SeTavazebuli iyos am satvirTo manqanebis mwarmoeblebis mier. satvirTo manqanebis momxmarebelTa pasuxebi ucvlelad miuTiTebs, rom kargad gavrcelebuli gayidvis Semdgomi da Sem-naxavi momsaxureba arsebiTia satvirTo manqanebis gamoyenebisaTvis. rogorc faqti, bazris gamoZiebam naTeli gaxada, rom satvirTo manqanis gamomyeneblis gadawyvetileba, SeiZinos garkveuli tipis satvirTo avtomobili, damokidebu-lia garkveuli raodenobis cvlilebaze, romelTaganac TiToeuli aris arse-biTi yidvis gadawyvetilebisaTvis: yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementebia: fasi, yidvisSemdegi momsaxureba, meoradi Rirebuleba da garantiis pirobebi (yvela es elementi aisaxeba brendis saxelSi, rogorc amas vnaxavT mogvianebiT). Se-sabamisad, satvirTo manqanis mwarmoeblis SerCeva, rac dakavSirebulia sat-virTo manqanis garkveuli brendis SesyidvasTan, arsebiTad damokidebulia gansakuTrebuli satvirTo manqanis mwarmoeblis SesaZleblobaze, SesTavazos efeqturi gayidvisSemdgomi daxmareba. aRniSnul kavSirs satvirTo manqanebis momwodeblis survilsa da misTvis xelmisawvdom gayidvisSemdgomi momsaxure-bis qsels Soris, SeuZlia axsnas, momxmarebelTa umetesoba Tu ratom (miuxeda-vad imisa, rom Volvo-s saxelis mixedviT isini arian `profesionali myidvelebi~) ar iyenebs fasebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas sakuTari sargeblisaTvis. imave mizezis gamo, savaraudod, SuamavlebisaTvis sakmaod rTuli iqneba, daajeron satvirTo manqanebis momxmareblebi garkveul qveynebSi, SeiZinon paralelu-rad importirebuli avtomobilebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tumca mwarmoebleb-is mier SeTavazebuli garantiebi, rogorc wesi, moqmedebs mTlianad evropis farglebSi, es faravs mxolod sawarmoo defeqtebs. avtomobilis normaluri Senaxva da momsaxureba ar aris dafaruli garantiiT, magram, rogorc wesi, xdeba adgilze, xSirad momsaxurebis kontraqtze dayrdnobiT im dilerTan, romelmac gayida avtomobili.

62. rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba ganxiluli SefasebaSi, gansakuTrebiT skandinavi-is yvela qveyanaSi, situacia iseTia, rom sxva evropuli satvirTo manqanebis kompaniebs aqvT mniSvnelovnad patara da naklebad gavrcelebuli gayidvis Sem-dgomi qseli da rom arsebuli alternatiuli qseli, pirvel rigSi, mimarTulia mZime satvirTo manqanebis saerTaSoriso kompaniebis saWiroebis momaragebaze (romlebic moiTxoven gadaudebel saremonto samuSaoebs evropaSi), da, nawi-lobriv, manqanebisa da furgonebis momsaxurebaze. bazris gamokvlevis Sed-egad miTiTeba gakeTda konkurentis qselis adaptirebaze Volvo-sa da Scania-s donesTan, imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo momxmareblis moTxovnebTan Tanxvedra, vinaidan skandinaviis qveynebSi farTod gavrcelebuli moqmedebebi moiTxovda arsebiT investiciebs (rac, ra Tqma unda, Sedarebadi unda iyos bazris ekono-mikur mimzidvelobasTan).

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63. bazris gamokvlevis periodSi konkurentebma miuTiTes, rom gadawyvetileba, romelic dakavSirebulia momsaxurebis qselis Seqmnasa Tu ganviTarebasTan, dakavSirebulia romelime konkretul qveyanaSi gayiduli avtomobilebis `kri-tikul masasTan~. SeTavazebuli iyo, rom es yofiliyo 10%-is farglebSi, rac damokidebuli iqneboda garkveuli raodenobis faqtorebTan, da rac, Tavis mxriv, mierTebuli iqneboda bazarze arsebul xarjebsa da SesaZleblobebTan. skandinaviis qveynebisaTvis, maT Sesabamisad, patara zomis bazrisa da teqni-kur moTxovnebTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi xarjebis gamo, dadginda, rom bazris wili minimum 10%-idan 15%-amde aucilebeli iqneboda imisaTvis, rom gaemarTlebina gadawyvetileba damatebiTi xarjebis gamowvevasTan dakavSire-biT. komisiam yuradReba gaamaxvila aseve im faqtze, rom skandinaviis qveynebis patara zomebi SeiZleboda ar yofiliyo arsebiTi motivi aRniSnul bazrebze SeRwevisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu fasi gaizrdeboda 5-idan 10%-amde.

64. Sesabamisi geografiuli bazris gansazRvrisaTvis arsebiTia aRiniSnos, rom sadistribucio da momsaxurebis qselis mniSvneloba, rogorc Cans, aris erT-erTi mTavari elementi, romelic momxmarebels uzRudavs maTi dafuZnebis qveynis gareT avtomobilebis Sesyidvas da aseve zRudavs Suamavlebis SesaZle-blobas, sargebeli miiRos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli fasebis dis-kriminaciisagan.

gansxvavebebi bazris wilSi

65. amasTan, Volvo-s mikuTvneba evropis ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis farTis bazri-saTvis mZime satvirTo manqanebTan mimarTebiT ar aris mxardaWerili im faqte-biT, romlebic moicaven mis gayidvebs am teritoriis farglebSi, rogorc es aRniSnulia SetyobinebaSi. dadginda, rom Volvo-s bazris wili Seadgens 15,2%-s evropis ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis teritoriaze. Tumca misi bazris wili mniS-vnelovnad maRalia uamrav calkeul wevr saxelmwifoSi (45% _ SvedeTSi, 34% _ fineTSi, 29% _ daniaSi, 38% _ norvegiaSi, 22%-idan 25%-amde _ irlandiaSi, belgiaSi, holandiaSi, portugaliasa da saberZneTSi). imavdroulad, misi baz-ris wili zogierT qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad dabalia evropis ekonomikuri SeTanx-mebis saSualo maCvenebelze (12% _ avstriaSi, 8% _ germaniaSi, 13% _ espaneTSi, 12% _ italiasa da 11% _ luqsemburgSi). rogorc Cans qvemoT mocemuli cxril-idan, msgavsi nacionaluri gansxvavebebi da gadacdoma evropis ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis saSualo maCveneblisgan SeiniSneba rogorc Scania-s, ise satvirTo manqanebis sxva mwarmoeblebis SemTxvevaSic. Tundac im mezobel wevr saxelmwi-foebSi, romelTac aqvT daaxloebiT msgavsi topografia, rogorebicaa: dania da germania, seriozuli gansxvavebebia mTavari mwarmoeblebis bazris wileb-Si. istoriuli mizezebiT gaugebari miTiTebis garda, Volvo-s ar warmoudgenia raime saxis ganmarteba, misi Sexedulebisamebr Tu rogor aris mainc Sesabamiso-baSi bazris wilebs Soris, wevri saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, aseTi gansxvavebebis fonze, misi moqmedeba mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarze evropis ekonomikuri SeTanxmebis farTobisa.(...)

wevri saxelmwifoebis doneze bazris struqtura _ amJamad arsebuli struqtura da SeTavazebuli koncentraciis gavlena

84. Tavis pasuxSi Volvo akeTebs or zogad komentars individualur wevr saxelm-

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wifoSi Serwymis konkurentuli gavlenis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi, is davobs, rom momxmareblebi ar gamoxataven gadaWarbebul SeSfoTebas SeTavazebuli koncentraciis gamo; meore, is amtkicebs, rom fasis diskrimina-cia did da mcire momxmareblebs Soris SeuZlebelia mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarze. komisiam aRniSnuli saerTo SeniSvnebi yuradRebiT ganixila da mivida daskvnamde, rom arcerTi ar iyo dadasturebuli xelmisawvdomi faqtebiT. in-dividualur wevr saxelmwifoSi Sedegebis Sefasebamde daskvnis mizezebi ganxi-luli iqneba qvemoT.

momxmareblis SeSfoTeba

85. rodesac afasebda Volvo-s arguments, rom momxmareblebi ar arian CarTule-bi, saWiroa gaTvaliswineba, rom satvirTo manqanebis industrias aqvs eqstre-malurad fragmentirebuli momxmareblebis struqtura. imisaTvis, rom movax-dinoT ilustracia, Volvo-s mier warmodgenili maCveneblis mixedviT arsebobs 23000-ze meti satvirTo manqanis mflobeli mxolod SevdeTSi. amaTgan 5%-ze naklebi marTavs 10-ze meti satirTo manqanis avtoparks. situacia daaxloebiT msgavsia sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSic (aseve avtobusebis bazarze, kerZod turis-tuli etlebis bazarze).

86. aseTi fragmentuli moTxovnis struqturis bazarze aragonivruli iqneboda, gvqondes molodini, rom aseTi momxmareblebis umetesobas SeeZlos, warmoad-ginos SeTavazebuli Serwymis daxvewili samarTlebrivi analizi. es niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia, rogorc Volvo gvTavazobs ganvixiloT, momxmareblebi, romlebic gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo aqtiurad ar monawileobdnen saqmis warmoebaSi, ar iqnebian SeSfoTebulebi. amis nacvlad, konkurenciis uwyebis pasuxismge-bloba, yuradRebiT ganixilos Serwymis Sedegebi bazarze, aris gansakuTrebiT Zlieri.

87. amdenad, komisias ar SeuZlia miiRos Volvo-s xedva, rom SekiTxva, arsebobs Tu ara mniSvnelovani SeSfoTeba garkveul bazarze, SeiZleba pasuxgacemuli iyos mxolod qveyanaSi moqmedi 20 yvelaze msxvili myidvelis pasuxze dayrdno-biT. es midgoma aucileblad wamowevs SekiTxvas, Tu ramdenad ician msxvili my-idvelebis warmomadgenlebma im gavlenis Sesaxeb, rasac Serwyma moaxdens mcire momxmareblebze. Volvo-s piradi dokumentaciidan Cans mtkicebuleba, rom am bazrebze iqneba fasebis diskriminacia.

88. Tumca SezRuduli nimuSis safuZvelzec ki komisia adgens, rom qvemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi arsebobs SeSfoTebis Zlieri mizezi. am konteqstSi unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc Volvo amtkicebda, relevanturi SekiTxva aris warmod-genili `saCivrebis~ raodenoba. amis nacvlad xarisxiani analizi unda Catardes warmodgenil pasuxebze. am konteqstidan naTelia, rom sakonkurencio uwyebas aqvs SeSfoTebis Zlieri safuZveli, vinaidan am saqmeSi msxvili momxmareblebis arcTu ise umniSvnelo raodenoba acxadebs, rom inter alia mxareebi gaxdebian dominantebi, rom Scania aris erTaderTi alternativa Volvo-sTvis, rom sxva brendebs ar aqvT SesaZlebloba, Seasrulon maTi teqnikuri moTxovnebi, an aqvT arasakmarisi momsaxurebis qseli da rom isini valdebulebi iqnebian, miiRon fasis gazrda 5-idan 10%-amde. maSinac ki, Tu miviRebT, rom momxmareblebis garkveul raodenobas ar gamouxatavs SeSfoTeba SeTavazebul koncentracia-sTan dakavSirebiT, komisias ar SeuZlia miiRos Volvo-s argumenti, rom ar arse-

388

bobs aranairi SeSfoTeba momxmareblebs Soris.

89. igive argumenti aseve gamoiyeneba GfK-s mier Volvo-s saxeliT Catarebul 12 mimoxilvaSi misi pasuxisTvis (SemdgomSi _ `GfK-s mimoxilvebi~). aRniSnuli mi-moxilvebi Catarebuli iyo telefoniT msxvili momxmareblebis nimuSis mixed-viT skandinaviis yvela qveyanaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, irlandiaSi, belgiasa da portugaliaSi. skandinaviis qveynebSi damatebiTi kvleva Catarda mcire zomis momxmareblebTan mimarTebiTac. komisias ar SeuZlia daeTanxmos Volvo-s mtkicebas, rom GfK-s mimoxilvebi axdens SeSfoTebis ararsebobis demonstri-rebas. amis mizezi aris ormagi: pirveli, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ar-sebobs mravali SekiTxva im gzebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa mixedviTac unda moxdes SekiTxvebis formulireba (magaliTad, respondentebs ar ekiTxebodnen, Tu rogori reaqcia eqnebodaT, Tu Volvo da Scania gazrdidnen fass Serwymis Semdeg). aseTi meTodologiuri kiTxviTi niSnebi udavod amcireben mtkiceb-ulebiT Rirebulebas, romelic SeiZleba axldes GfK-s mimoxilvebs;

90. meore, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu vivaraudebT, rom meTodologiur kiTxviT niSnebs damakmayofilebeli pasuxi gaeca, rTulia mihyve Volvo-s arguments, rom GfK-s mimoxilvebi imis demonstrirebas axdens, rom SeTavazebuli Serwyma Sedegad ar moitans konkurenciasTan dakavSirebul SeSfoTebas. mimoxilvaSi dasmuli erT-erTi SekiTxva iyo, Seicvlida Tu ara respondenti mimwodebels Volvo-s an Scania-s mier fasis 5%-iT gazrdis SemTxvevaSi. manam, sanam TiToeuli mimoxilvis miTiTebuli Sedegi aCvenebs, rom ramdenime respondenti Seicvlida mimwodebels (TiToeuli kvlevis naxevarze naklebi respondenti), naklebad sa-varaudoa, rom Volvo miiRebs strategias, riTic moaxdens sazRvris gadakveTiT fasis gazrdas. ra Tqma unda, Volvo-s mier warmodgenili informacia aCvenebs, rom is iyenebs individualuri fasebis strategias TiToeuli tranzaqciisaTvis da rom fasebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi gamoiyeneba sxvdasxva momxmareblis mimarT. aseve arsebobs Zlieri mtkicebuleba, rom Volvo-s aqvs SesaZlebloba, moaxdinos fasebis diskriminacia msxvil da mcire momxmareblebs Soris. aseve aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc mimoxilvebi aCvenebs, responden-tebis tipuri pasuxi kompaniasTan dakavSirebiT, romelzec apirebdnen fasis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi gadarTvas, aris Volvo da Scania. Sesabamisad, rodesac isini afiqsirebdnen maT survils fasis 5%-iani gazrdis SemTxvevaSi sxva mimwode-belze gadarTvasTan dakavSirebiT, respondentebs eZleodaT SesaZlebloba, evaraudaT, rom maTi Serwymamde arsebuli SesaZlebloba, gadarTuliyvnen Vol-vo-dan Scania-ze, an piriqiT, ucvleli darCeboda SeTavazebuli Serwymis imple-mentaciis Semdegac. Sesabamisad, momxmareblebis isedac dabali nawili, rom-lebic acxadebdnen, rom Seicvlidnen mimwodebels fasis 5%-iani zrdis gamo da gadaerTvebodnen Volvo-dan Scania-ze an piriqiT, kidev ufro dabali iqneboda, rom scodnodaT, rom maTi SesaZlebloba mimwodeblis SecvlasTan dakavSire-biT Serwymis Semdeg ganisazRvreboda ori brendisaTvis Volvo-s marketinguli strategiiT.

fasis diskriminacia

91. Tavis pasuxSi Volvo amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebiT rTuli iqneboda war-matebuli fasis diskriminaciaSi CarTva mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarze da rom im momxmareblebTan gayidvebis dakargvasTan asocirebuli riskebi, rom-lebic ar arian mzad, gadaixadon ufro maRali fasebi, gadaaWarbebs potenci-

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uri mogebas aseTi saqcielis gamo. damatebiT, zepiri mosmenis dros, Volvo-m warmoadgina 1998 wels Svedi da danieli momxmareblebisaTvis misi gayidvebis analizis Sedegi. mas Semdeg, rac Caatara sxvadasxva regulireba avtomobilebis specifikaciebze, analizma aCvena, rom fasebis gansxvaveba aris mcire, (0-10%) na-klebi fasi gamoiyeneba msxvili momxmareblebis mimarT (ganmartebuli rogorc isini, romlebic yiduloben, sul mcire, 30 satvirTo manqanas) da aRniSnuli ar Seesabameba fasis mniSvnelovan diskriminacias. rogorc Cans, unda aRiniSnos, rom miTiTebuli analizi Volvo-s gayidvebze Svedi da danieli momxmareblebi-saTvis 1998 wels ar moicavs aranair miTiTebas misi gayidvebis CarCoze Sesa-bamis geografiul bazarze. Volvo-m ganacxada, rom fasebis diskriminacia unda ganisazRvros rogorc Semosavlis gansxvavebuli CarCo sxvadasxva momxmareb-lisaTvis erTi da imave produqtis miyidvasTan dakavSirebiT.

92. amis garda, unda aRiniSnos, rom Volvo-s mtkiceba fasis diskriminaciis ara-rsebobasTan dakavSirebiT aris seriozul winaaRmdegobaSi missave Sida doku-mentaciasTan, romelic warmoebis dros miawoda komisias. komisiis moTxovni-sTanave Volvo-m warmoadgina informacia, romelSic miTiTebuli iyo misi fase-bi, mogeba da gayidvis sazRvrebi, sami gansxvavebuli Zravis mqone satvirTo manqanebis mcire, saSualo da msxvil myidvelebze (farTod gayidvad modelze). yvelaze farTod gayidvadi Zravis tipze aRniSnuli informaciidan Cans, rom mcire momxmarebeli gadaixdis fass, romelic aris 20-30%-iT maRali, vidre msxvili momxmareblis mier gadaxdili da 0-10%-iT maRali, vidre saSualo zomis momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi. kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad Cans, rom Volvo-s mogebis zRvari aRniSnuli modelis gayidvaze mcire momxmareblebisaT-vis aris 10-20%, maSin, roca msxvil da saSualo zomis momxmareblebze ganx-orcielebuli gayidvidan mogeba aris, Sesabamisad, 0-10% da 10-20%. amdenad, gamomdinareobs, rom, Sesabamisad, fasis iseTi mcire sxvaoba rogoricaa 0-10% mcire da saSualo zomis momxmareblebTan mimarTebiT, Sedegad iZleva 30-40% sxvaobas mogebaSi. imavdroulad, mcire momxmareblebisagan miRebuli mogebis zRvari aris iseve maRali, rogorc msxvili momxmareblebisagan miRebuli moge-ba (saSualo zomis momxmareblebisagan miRebuli mogebis zRvari aris 0-10-jer ufro maRali, vidre msxvili momxmareblebisgan miRebuli).

93. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom fase-bis arsebobis Volvo-s Sida dokumenti Seesabameba Zlier dadasturebas, rom kompanias realurad SeeZlo moexdina fasebis diskriminacia sxvadasxva momx-mareblis jgufis mimarT ganxorcielebul gayidvebSi da rom aRniSnuli dadge-na unda iyos pirveli zemoT aRniSnul da ganviTarebul argumentebs Soris, zepiri mosmenis pasuxis miznebisaTvis.(...)

saerTo daskvna mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarTan dakavSirebiT

213. zemoT aRniSnulis safuZvelze unda dadgindes, rom SeTavazebuli koncen-tracia Seqmnis dominantur mdgomareobas mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarze SvedeTSi, norvegiaSi, fineTsa da irlandiaSi. arsebobs Zlieri mtkicebulebe-bi, rom es aseve moxdeba daniaSi. Tumca aRniSnuli sakiTxisaTvis pasuxis gacema ar moxdeba mimdinare warmoebis konteqstSi.(...)

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VII. saerTo daskvna

363. zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisia mivida daskvnamde, rom Set-yobinebuli koncentracia SeuTavsebelia saerTO bazarTan da EEA-s SeTanx-mebis funqcionirebasTan, vinaidan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu vivaraudebT srul Sesabamisobas SeTavazebul sawarmoebTan dakavSirebiT, is Seqmnis dominantur mdgomareobas mZime satvirTo manqanebis bazarze SvedeTSi, norvegiaSi, fineTsa da irlandiaSi, turistuli etlebisaTvis fineTsa da gaerTianebul samefoSi, saqalaqo avtobusebis bazarze SvedeTSi, fineTSi, norvegiaSi, daniasa da ir-landiaSi, romelTagan TiToeuli Sedegad mogvcems efeqturi konkurenciis arsebiT SezRudvas, saerTo bazarze Serwymis regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis da EEA-s SeTanxmebis 57-e muxlis mixedviT.

saqme Qualcomm Wireless Business Solutions Europe BV v. Commission369:

2. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi

86. imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT sxvadasxva saCivari, romlebic pirvel saCivarSi Cado Qualcomm-ma, saWiroa, pirvel rigSi, yuradReba mivaqcioT im mimoxil-vas, romelic ganaxorciela komisiam koncentraciebTan dakavSirebuli gadaw-yvetilebebis konteqstSi, kerZod, rodesac gadawyvetilebebi miiReba valde-bulebebis mixedviT da Semdeg xdeba dabruneba komisiis mier gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi koncentraciasa da valdebulebebze warmoebul Sefasebaze. Semdeg sasamarTlo gaaanalizebs saCivrebs, romlebic Seexeba im standartebs, romlebze dayrdnobiTac moxda valdebulebebis Sefaseba. dabolos, Sefasdeba saCivrebi, romlebic Seexeba gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulTan dakavSirebul valdebulebas da GPS-is sazRvrebs.

87. Serwymis regulaciis me-8 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, romelSic komisia adgens, rom CarTuli sawarmoebis mxridan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi modificire-bisas Setyobinebuli koncentracia TanxvedraSia regulaciis me-2 muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebTan. kerZod ki, koncentracia ar qmnis an aZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas, romlis Sedegadac efeqturi konkuren-cia mniSvnelovnad iqneba SezRuduli saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze, rac gulisxmobs, rom miRebul unda iqnes gadawyvetileba, romelic koncen-tracias cnobs saerTo bazris Sesabamisad.

88. koncentraciebis ganxilva, Sesabamisad, iwvevs samomavlo analizs, romelic arkvevs, Tu rogor Secvlis koncentracia am bazarze konkurenciis mdgomareo-bis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, raTa dadgindes, gamoiwvevs Tu ara aRniSnuli Serwyma konkurenciis seriozul Seferxebas. aseTi analizi iwvevs sxvadasxva mizezobrivi jaWvisa da Sedegis gaTvaliswinebas imis dasadgenad, Tu romeli maTgani aris metad savaraudo (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. saqme C-12/03 P Commis-sion v. Tetra Laval [2005] ECR I-987, para. 43).

89. Sedegad, dadginda, rom Serwymis regulaciis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT, komisias aqvs uflebamosileba, koncentracia, romelic moicavs val-debulebebs saerTo bazris Sesabamisad, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli valdebulebebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas, gaakeTos daskvna, rom koncentra-cia ar qmnis da arc aZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas, romlis Sedega-

369 Case T-48/04, Qualcomm Wireless Business Solutions Europe BV v. Commission; 19/June/2009.

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dac efeqturi konkurencia mniSvnelovnad iqneba xelyofili saerTo bazarze (saqme T-102/96 Gencor v. Commission [19999] ECR II-753, para. 318 da saqme T-282/02 Cementbouw Handel & Industrie v. Commission [2006] ECR II-319, para. 294; aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. aseve saqme T-87/05 EDP v. Commission [2005] ECR II-3745, para. 63). Sesabamisad, komisiis valdebulebaa, Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi albaTobis mniS-vnelovani donis dacviT gamoacxados koncentracia saerTo bazris Sesabam-isad, rom mxareebis mier SeTavazebuli koncentracia, romelic modificire-bulia mxareebis valdebulebebiT, ar Seqmnis da arc gaaZlierebs dominantur mdgomareobas, romlis Sedegadac konkurencia saerTo bazarze an mis arsebiT nawilze iqneba mniSvnelovnad xelyofili. amdenad, mtkicebis tvirTi, romelic awevs komisias, namdvilad ar aris zianis momtani misi farTo diskreciisTvis, kompleqsur ekonomikur SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT (aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. EDP v. Commission, para. 63 da zemoT moyvanili sasamarTlo saqmeebi).

90. Sesabamisad, es mniSvnelovania dainteresebuli mesame mxarisaTvis, rom-lis moqmedebac miznad isaxavs im daskvnis gabaTilebas, romelmac koncentra-cia, mibmuli valdebulebebiT, gamoacxada saerTo bazarTan Tavsebadad, raTa aCvenos, rom komisiam Secdoma dauSva valdebulebebis miseul SefasebaSi iseTi gziT, rom koncentraciis Sesabamisoba saerTo bazarTan kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga.

91. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom gaerTianebis samarTalwarmoebas aqvs sruli uflebamosileba, ganixilos komisiis mier konkurenciis wesebis gamoyeneba. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc dadginda, Serwymis regulaciis wesebi, kerZod ki me-2 muxli, komisias udgens konkretuli diskreciis zRvars, gansa-kuTrebiT ki ekonomikuri xasiaTis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. aqedan gamomdin-are, gaerTianebis sasamarTlos mier diskreciis gamoyenebis mimoxilvisas, rac arsebiTia koncentraciebis wesebis gansasazRvravad, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli diskreciis zRvari, rac gamomdinareobs ekonomikuri xasiaTis deb-ulebebidan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, qmnis koncentraciis wesebis nawils (gaer-Tianebuli saqmeebi C-68/94 da C-30/95 France and Others v. Commission [1998] ECR I-1375 (`Kali and Salz`), para.: 223 da 224; Commission v. Tetra Laval, citirebuli 88-e paragrafSi, para. 38; saqme T-210/01 General Electric v. Commission [2005] ECR II-5575, para. 60).

92. vinaidan gaerTianebis samarTalwarmoeba cnobs, rom komisias aqvs diskreciis zRvari ekonomikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, es ar niSnavs, rom maT Tavi unda Seikavon komisiis mier ekonomikuri xasiaTis informaciis ganmartebis ganx-ilvisagan. gaerTianebis samarTalwarmoebam, inter alia, ara marto unda daadgi-nos, aris Tu ara gamoyenebuli mtkicebuleba faqtobrivi sizustis, sando da Tanmimdevruli, aramed aseve unda Seamowmos, ramdenad moicavs mtkicebuleba srul informacias, rac mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, raTa Sefasdes kom-pleqsuri informacia da ramdenad SeuZlia mas, ganapirobos misgan gamomdinare daskvna (Commission v. Tetra Laval, citirebuli zemoT, 88-e paragrafSi, para. 39).

93. am saqmeSi mxareebis mier warmodgenili argumentebi xvdeba aRniSnuli principebis mixedviT gansaxilvel kategoriaSi, rac gansazRvravs rogorc mt-kicebulebiT moTxovnebs, ise mtkicebis tvirTs koncentraciebis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT da gaerTianebis samarTalwarmoebis mier am sferoSi Catarebul ganxilvebs.

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g) komisiis analizi koncentraciasa da arsebul valdebulebebTan dakavSire-biT

94. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis me-19 nawili ganmartavs, rom `gadasaxade-bis Segroveba~ Seqmnili iyo koncentraciis mxareebis mier, sajaro Sesyidvis kontraqtis gaformebis Semdeg, germaniis saxeliT gadasaxadebis Segrovebis mizniT, germaniis gzebze mZime avtomobilebTan gamosayeneblad. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, `gadasaxadebis Segroveba~ ar aris konkurentuli sxva, kerZo momsax-urebis momwodeblebTan mimarTebiT.

95. gadasaxadebis Segrovebis uwyeba, romlis mizanic aris gadasaxadebis Seg-roveba, rogorc Cans, pasuxismgebelia aseve telematikis momsaxurebisaTvis xe-lmisawvdomi monacemebis Segrovebaze. ̀ gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ uwyebis aseTi formiT gamoyeneba ar qmnis tenderebis gamocxadebis nawils, rac ukavSirdeba mZime saavtomobilo produqtebis gamo gadasaxadebis Segrovebas da gamoiyen-eba germaniis saavtomobilo trasebze, magram saoperatoro SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sevida `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ uwyebasTan mimarTebiT, im proceduris gaT-valiswinebiT, rom ̀ gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ uwyebas SeeZleba SesTavazos sxva telematikuri momsaxureba mas Semdeg, rac miiRebs Sesabamis uflebamosilebas germaniis mxridan. koncentraciis mxareebma ganacxades, rom maT surT, hqondeT SesaZlebloba, telematikuri momsaxureba SesTavazon `gadasaxadebis Segrove-bis~ uwyebis meSveobiT. Sesabamisad, komisiam daaskvna, rom, vinaidan telemati-kuri momsaxurebis miwodeba ̀ gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ uwyebis meSveobiT mniS-vnelovan wvlils Seitans satransporto qselSi gadasaxadebis Sesagroveblad arasakmarisi moculobis warmonaqmnebis Semcirebis saerTo interesSi, germania ar gauwevs winaaRmdegobas `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ uwyebis meSveobiT aseT momsaxurebebs da, Sesabamisad, koncentracia gavlenas moaxdens sagzao tele-matikuri momsaxurebebis ganviTarebaze, momsaxurebasa da moqmedebaze (gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis me-20-22-e da 47-e-49-e nawilebi).

96. sagzao telematikuri sistemebi, romlebic komisiam gansazRvra rogorc Sesabamisi produqciis bazari, moicavs myar disks, kompiuterul programebsa da momsaxurebas satransporto da lojistikuri sawarmoebisaTvis. satrans-porto sawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic arian momxmareblebi, aRniSnuli bazari moicavs e.w. `erTi gaCerebis maRaziebs~ (kompiuteruli programebis, myari diskisa da telematikuri momsaxurebis momwodeblebi), ̀ myari diskis mom-wodeblebs~ (momwodeblebi, romlebic awarmoeben mxolod terminalur aRWur-vilobas, maT Soris kompiuterul programebs) da `momsaxurebis momwodeblebi~ (momwodeblebi, romlebic awarmoeben mxolod sagzao telematikur momsaxure-bas (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 23-e-32-e nawilebi).

97. komisiam gansaxilveli geografiuli bazari gansazRvra rogorc germani-is teritoria da ganagrZo koncentraciis Sefaseba konkurenciis samarTlis poziciidan, koncentraciis mxareebis mier mowodebuli valdebulebebis gaT-valiswinebis gareSe (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 33-e-36-e nawilebi).

98. pirveli, komisiam aRniSna, rom koncentracia erTmaneTTan akavSirebda ger-maniis satvirTo manqanebis mwarmoeblebs _ Daimler Chrysler-s, romelic aseve aris mobiluri da telematikuri momsaxurebis erT-erTi mTavari mimwodebeli da Deutsce Telekom-s, romelic aris erT-erTi mTavari germanuli mobiluri

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telekomunikaciis mwarmoebeli. komisiam daadgina, rom, aqedan gamomdinare, ori sawarmo Zalian kargad aris ganlagebuli bazarze, raTa awarmoos telema-tikuri momsaxureba (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 39-e da me-40 nawilebi).

99. komisiam amis Semdeg ganixila, rom Daimler Chrysler-ma daadastura, misi mi-zani iyo adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulis gamoyeneba sagzao telematikur momsaxurebaSi da SesaZlebeli iyo imis daSveba, rom germania mas miscemda im uflebamosilebas rac saWiro iyo saoperatoro SeTanxmebisaTvis, raTa moexdina aseTi sagzao telematikuri momsaxurebis miwodeba (gasaCivre-buli gadawyvetilebis 43-e-50-e nawilebi).

100. vinaidan adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulis miwodeba moxdeba ufasod da vinaidan es aris satransporto sawarmoebis praqtikuli interesi, komisiam gaakeTa daskvna _ adgilze gamosayenebeli erTeuli dainstalirdeba im mZime avtomobilebis umetesobaSi, romlebic iyeneben germaniis saavtomo-bilo gzebs. is faqti, rom sagzao gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli uwyebisaTvis im erTeulebis miwodeba, romlebic axdendnen telematikur momsaxurebas, iqne-boda ufaso da Sedegad moitanda mZime avtomobilebis sruli umravlesobis aRWurvas adgilze ̀ gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeuliT, rasac aseve gamoiyen-ebdnen sagzao telematikuri momsaxurebisaTvis. komisiam amis sawinaaRmdegod, satransporto sawarmoebis poziciidan gamomdinare, daadgina, rom maTi xar-jebiT adgilze dasadgami meore erTeulis dainstalireba satarifo telema-tikuri momsaxurebisaTvis, ris miwodebasac moaxdenda konkurenti sawarmo, ar iyo ekonomikuri miznebisaTvis praqtikuli. komisiis azriT, es ganmartebulia viwro sazRvrebSi, romelSic satransporto sawarmoebi moqmedeben germaniasa da evropaSi (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 51-e-54-e nawilebi).

101. komisiam, Sesabamisad, daaskvna, rom adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeuli dafaravda TiTqmis yvela mZime satransporto saSualebas germaniaSi da, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gaxdeboda dominanti platforma sagzao tele-matikur sistemebSi (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 56-e nawili).

102. aRniSnuli dominanti platformis Seqmna, komisiis TvalsazrisiT, gamoi-wvevs germaniis sagzao telematikur sistemebSi bazris daxurvas satransporto da lojistikuri sawarmoebisaTvis. ufro zustad, sagzao telematikuri mom-saxurebisaTvis dominanturi platformis Seqmnis Sedegad sagzao telematikuri momsaxurebis momwodeblebi damokidebulebi gaxdebian adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulze. vinaidan adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeuli aris daxuruli sistema, Daimler Chrysler-s SeeZleba, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis gziT, gaakontrolos germaniis sagzao telematikuri sistemebis momaval ba-zarze daSveba (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 57-e-59-e nawilebi). garda amisa, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platforma migviyvans telematikuri sistemebis ba-zarze arsebuli momwodeblebis gauCinarebamde. vinaidan adgilze arsebuli erTeulebi faravs im arsebiT funqciebs, rac aseve xelmisawvdomia bazarze arsebul sagzao telematikur sistemebSi da vinaidan aRniSnuli erTeulebis miwodeba moxdeba ufasod, komisiam daadgina, rom satransporto sawarmoebi, romelTa satvirTo manqanebi ukve aRWurvili iyo adgilze `gadasaxadebis Seg-rovebis~ erTeuliT, aRar moiTxovs `raime Semdgom telematikuri terminalis aRWurvilobas, damatebiTi sagzao telematikuri SeTavazebebis gamoyenebisaT-vis, rac mowodebuli iqneba konkurenti sistemis mwarmoeblis mier, garda adg-

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ilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulisa~. amdenad, imis gamocxadebam, rom adgilze ̀ gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulis sistema mowodebuli iqneba ufa-sod, mniSvnelovnad gaarTula bazarze moqmedi sagzao telematikuri sisteme-bis momwodeblebisaTvis axali momxmareblebis mopoveba da, garda amisa, riskis qveS moaqcia maTi ekonomikuri arsebobis gangrZobadoba. aRniSnuli daxurva ufro gaZlierdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ er-Teulis funqciebi gafarTovdeba meore Taobis erTeulSi (gasaCivrebuli gad-awyvetilebis me-60-65-e nawilebi).

103. komisiam, Sesabamisad, daaskvna, rom valdebulebis ararsebobis SemTxveva-Si, koncentracia gamoiwvevs Daimler Chrysler-is mxridan dominanturi mdgomare-obis Seqmnas, adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulis gaerTianebuli sawarmos meSveobiT, germaniis sagzao telematikuri sistemebis bazarze sa-transporto da lojistikuri sawarmoebisaTvis, romlis Sedegadac efeqturi konkurencia mniSvnelovnad iqneba xelyofili saerTo bazarze (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 66-e nawili).

104. komisiam daaskvna, rom, rogorc Cans, koncentraciis mxareebis mier ward-genili valdebulebebi sakmarisi iyo mis mier Seqmnili winaaRmdegobebis mosax-snelad (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 69-e nawili).

105. ufro zustad, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, komisiam gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 70-e nawilSi ganacxada, rom mxareebis mizani, ganeviTarebinaT gadasaxadebis Segrovebis moduli me-same mxaris aRWurvilobisaTvis, gadasaxadebis modulis am aRWurvilobisaT-vis damatebiTi daxmarebis Seqmna da aucilebeli mowoneba am aRWurvilobis gamoyenebisa, mesame mxarisaTvis SesaZlebels gaxdis, awarmoon maTi sakuTari telematikuri aRWurviloba gadasaxadebis funqciiT. komisia ganmartavs, rom transportis, mSeneblobisa da dasaxlebis federalurma saministrom gadaw-yvita uzrunveleyo, rom mesame mxaris mier mowodebuli sagadasaxado modulis mqone telematikuri aRWurvilobis mdgomareoba xarjebTan dakavSirebiT ar iyo gansxvavebuli satvirTo manqanebis sagadasaxado sistemis mwarmoebelTa-gan.

106. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 71-e nawilSi komisiam daadgina, rom ̀ mesame mxaris aRWurvilobis warmoeba da ganviTareba, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba gadasaxadebis Segroveba gadasaxadebis modulTan dakavSirebiT, atacebuli iqneba (kerZod) satvirTo manqanebis mwarmoeblebisa da maTi momwodeblebis mier~. aRniSnulis safuZvelze da bazris testis Sesabamisad, komisiam ivarauda, rom `mesame mxareebisaTvis gadasaxadebis modulis integrirebis SesaZlebloba maTive sakuTar aRWurvilobaSi mniSvnelovnad SezRudavs adgilze ̀ gadasaxade-bis Segrovebis~ erTeulis dominantur platformad gadaqcevis SesaZleblobas da mekaris funqciis miRebis albaTobas germaniaSi satransporto da lojisti-kuri sawarmoebis telematikuri sistemebis bazarze~.

107. GPS-is gamosaxulebis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, komisiam daadgina, rom misi bazris testis mixedviT, GPS-is funqciebis gamoyeneba adgilze `gad-asaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulTan mimarTebiT, SesaZleblobas miscems tele-matikuri mowyobilobebis momwodebel mesame mxares, gaakeTos danazogi erT erTeulze 150-idan 200 evromde, da, miuxedavad avtomobilSi terminaluri

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mowyobilobebis Semdgomi integrirebisa, aTavsebs maT iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom konkurencia gauwios adgilze `gadasaxadebis Segrovebis~ erTeulis sa-fuZvelze SeTavazebul telematikur momsaxurebas (gasaCivrebuli gadaw-yvetilebis 72-e nawili).

108. TGG-s karibWis valdebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisiam daadgina, rom mesame mxaris telematikuri momsaxurebis mimwodeblebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, miiRon aradiskriminaciuli daSveba adgilze arsebuli erTeulis arsebiT funqcionalobasa da daumuSavebel monacemebze centraluri telematikuri karibWis meSveobiT, rac imoqmedebs neitralurad da damoukideblad, koncen-traciis mxareebTan dakavSirebiT (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 73-e da 74-e nawilebi).

109. dabolos, komisiam yuradReba gaamaxvila xarisxobrivi moratoriumis mniS-vnelobaze, romelic icavs gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platformas germaniis ba-zarze dominant platformad gadaqcevisagan, dakavSirebuls sagzao moZraobis telematikur sistemasTan imdenad, ramdenadac GPS kavSirisa da gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebebi Sesrulebuli ar aris (gasaCivrebuli do-kumentis 76-e punqti).

110. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisiam aRmoaCina: saerTo valdebulebe-bi uzrunvelyofen, rom germaniaSi sagzao moZraobis telematikebis sistemebis bazari rCeba Ria da rom mxareebi da mesame mxareebi gaagrZeleben konkurenciis Tanabari pirobebiT sargeblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, komisiam daaskvna, rom vinaidan mxareebi asruleben valdebulebebs, registrirebuli koncentracia ar iqneba mimarTuli, Daimler Chrysler-is magier Seqmnas dominanturi pozicia, sagzao moZraobis telematikebis sistemebis germanul bazarze gadasaxadebis Segrovebis gziT (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 77-e punqti).

d) standarti, romlis gamoyenebiTac ganxorcielda valdebulebebis Sefaseba

111. Qualcomm arsebiTad asaCivrebs, rom komisiis mier valdebulebebis Se-faseba ganxorcielda araswori standartis safuZvelze maSin, rodesac man ganacxada, rom GPS kavSirisa da gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdeb-ulebebis Sesrulebam martivad SezRuda gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platformis dominireba.

112. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo adgens, rom sawarmoTa Serwymis regulaciis Tanaxmad, komisiis kompetencias ganekuTvneba ara imis gansazRvra Tu ramdenad zRudaven es valdebulebebi koncentraciis zegavlenas konkuren-ciaze, aramed imis dadgena, Tu es valdebulebebi ramdenad aZleven mas saSu-alebas, daadginos, rom koncentracia ar qmnis da arc aZlierebs dominantur pozicias, romlis Sedegadac saerTo bazarze an mis mniSvnelovan nawilSi efeq-tiani konkurencia mniSvnelovanwilad SeizRudeba (ixileT para. 89, zemoT).

113. am saqmeSi aranakleb aRniSvnas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom komisiis mier aRmoCenilma GPS kavSiris valdebulebam, romelmac `metad SezRuda gadasax-adebis Segrovebis, rogorc telematikuri platformis, mosalodneli domi-nantoba~ da rom gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebam `farTod SezRuda gadasaxadebis Segrovebis Sansebi dominant platformad gaxdomiT da Sesvlis mflobelis funqciis SemZeni telematikuri sistemebis bazarze germa-

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niaSi transportisa da lojistikuri sawarmoebisTvis~ (gasaCivrebuli gadaw-yvetilebis 72-e da 71-e punqtebi), ar gamodgeba komisiis mier koncentraciis Semowmebis Sedegad gakeTebuli daskvnis gasamyareblad, radgan es Sefaseba araswori standartis gamoyenebiT iqna ganxorcielebuli.

114. imis sawinaaRmdegod, rasac Qualcomm asaCivrebs, konkurenciasTan dakav-Sirebuli SeSfoTeba, gamoTqmuli komisiis mier koncentraciasTan mimarTe-biT, rogorc aseTi, gakeTebulia ara im mizniT, rom Seusabamod gamocxaddes adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebis mier formirebuli saerTo bazris potenciuri dominanti poziciis platforma (`gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platforma~), aramed ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom Daimler Chrysler-s adgilze ga-dasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebis safuZvelze SeuZlia miiRos dominantis pozicia sagzao moZraobis telematikuri sistemebis germanul bazarze (gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis 38-e da 66-e punqtebi).

115. koncentraciasTan dakavSirebiT mxareTa valdebulebebi, romelTan mi-marTebiT komisiam miiCnia mis mier gamovlenili naklovanebebis aRmofxvra, mi-marTulia Daimler Chrysler-is dasacavad saTanado bazarze dominantad gaxdomi-saken, pirvel rigSi, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platformis dominanturobis SemcirebiT GPS kavSiris valdebulebisa da gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebisgan gamomdinare; meore, TGG Sesvlis valdebulebidan gamomdin-are, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platformis Ria xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvely-ofis meSveobiT sagzao moZraobis telematikebis momsaxurebebis uzrunvelsay-ofad; da, mesame, xarisxobrivi moratoriumis dacvaze adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebis safuZvelze sagzao moZraobis telematikuri mom-saxurebebis pirobiTobis uzrunvelsayofad (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis punqtebi, 70-idan 76-is CaTvliT).

116. es iyo mxolod mTeli moculobiT am valdebulebebis Sefasebis meSveobiT _ komisia mivida im daskvnamde, romlis Tanaxmadac Tu koncentraciis mxareebi Seesabamebodnen mas, koncentracias sagzao moZraobis telematikis sistemeb-is germanul bazarze gadasaxadebis SegrovebiT ar daudgeboda dominanturi poziciis Seqmnis Sedegi Daimler Chrysler-is mier (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 77-e punqti).

117. amasTan dakavSirebiT, kargi iqneba aRiniSnos, rom, pirvel rigSi, germani-is saxeliT, gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli pasuxismgebelia mxolod im sistemis dafuZnebasa da operirebaze, romelic gansazRvrulia mZimewoniani satvirTo avtomanqanebis gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze germaniis avtostradebiT sargeblobis gamo da igi, Sesabamisad, moqmedi ar aris Sesabamis bazarze (gasaCivrebuli gad-awyvetilebis me-7 da me-19 punqtebi) da, meore rigSi, gadasaxadebis Semgrove-blis mier adgilobrivi erTeulebis ufaso momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa (gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis me-17 punqti) iyo germaniis mier dadgenili moTx-ovna avtostradiT sargeblobis gadasaxadebis Segrovebis sistemis gadasaxade-bis Semgroveblebis mier moqmedebisaTvis. aRniSnulis mixedviT gansaxilveli gadasaxadebis Segrovebis sistemis Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi erTeulebiT ufa-sod sargeblobis uzrunvelyofa TviTon ver Seadgenen komisiis Semowmebis sa-gans, gamomdinare sawarmoTa Serwymis regulaciidan.

118. mimdinare ganxilvidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo uaryofs Qualcomm-is

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saCivars, rom komisiam valdebulebebi araswori standartebis safuZvelze Seamowma.

e) gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba da GPS kavSiris valdeb-uleba

Sesavali

119. rogorc winaswari SeniSvna, unda aRiniSnos, rom komisiis mier gamoxatuli SeSfoTeba konkurenciasTan dakavSirebiT, koncentraciis Sesaxeb informire-bis Semdeg, iyo Daimler Chrysler-is mier dominanturi poziciis Seqmna sagzao moZraobis telematikis sistemebis germanul bazarze gadasaxadebis Segrove-biT, rac moicavda rogorc sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxurebas, aseve aRWurvilobas, romelic am momsaxurebis miwodebas emsaxureboda.

120. koncentraciis winaSe mxareTa mier nakisri valdebulebebi moicavda rogorc sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxurebas, aseve aRWurvilobis uz-runvelyofas, romelsac am momsaxurebis miwodeba unda ganexorcielebina. Ses-abamisad, TGG-s Sesvlis valdebuleba, romelic telematikis momsaxurebis mim-wodebelTa aradiskriminaciul xelmisawvdomobasa da adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebis nedl masalas uzrunvelyofs, exeba mxolod sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxurebis miwodebas. GPS kavSiris valdebuleba da gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia im aRWurvilobis uzrunvelyofasTan, romliTac amgvari momsaxurebis miwode-ba xorcieldeba.

121. Qualcomm-is saCivrebi exeba mxolod im valdebulebebs, romlebic ukav-Sirdeba im aRWurvilobiT momaragebas, romlis meSveobiTac sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxureba uzrunvelyofili iqneba. Qualcomm ar uqmnis sirTu-leebs TGG-s Sesvlis valdebulebas.

122. dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela am valdebulebis Sefaseba daedo sa-fuZvlad komisiis daskvnas, romlis Tanaxmad, isini uflebas miscemdnen sagzao moZraobis telematikis sistemebs, darCeniliyvnen Riad da daicavdnen dominan-turi poziciis Seqmnas Daimler Chrysler-is mier erToblivi sawarmos meSveobiT sagzao moZraobis telematikis sistemebis germanul bazarze (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 77-e punqti).gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba

Sesavali

123. rac Seexeba Qualcomm-is saCivars, dakavSirebuls gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebasTan, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 70-e da 71-e pun-qtebidan, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo zemoT, 105-e da 106-e paragrafebSi, naTelia, valdebuleba dasabamidan uzrunvelyofs, rom sagzao moZraobis telematikis sistemebis mimwodebeli mesame pirebisaTvis, satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoe-blebis CaTvliT, Seqmnan da bazarze ganaTavson adgilobrivi erTeuli, romel-sac SeeZleba gadasaxadebis Segroveba, msgavsad gadasaxadebis Semgroveblisa. am valdebulebis Sedegia, rom satransporto sawarmoebs, romelTac surT gam-oiyenon sagzao moZraobis telematikis maTgan gansxvavebuli sistemebi, romel-sac uzrunvelyofs adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebi, ar das-WirdebaT meore terminalis instalacia.

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124. Qualcom amtkicebs, rom Tumca valdebuleba ar aZlevs uflebas tele-matikis sistemebis mimwodebel mesame pirebs, konkurencia hqondeT adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebel erTeulTan, mas Semdeg, rac, pirvel rigSi, igi ar aRmofxvris adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis safasuris upi-ratesobas, romlis uzrunvelyofac ufasod xdeba, da, meore, Tu mesame pirebi ganaviTareben sakuTar adgilobriv erTeuls gadasaxadebis Segrovebis fun-qciiT, isini gamoiwveven damatebiT xarjebs. damatebiT, Qualcomm kiTxvis niS-nis qveS ayenebs komisiis aRmoCenas, rom satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi SeimuSaveben telematikis terminalebs gadasaxadebis Segrovebis integrirebu-li sistemiT.

- upiratesoba, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom adgilze gadasaxadebis Sem-grovebeli erTeulebi uzrunvelyofili unda iyvnen ufasod

125. sakamaTo ar aris, rom adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebelma erTeulebma ufasod unda uzrunvelyon satransporto sawarmoebi usafrTxoebasTan mi-marTebiT.

126. sakamaTo araa isic, rom xarisxobrivi moratoriumis gamo adgilze gad-asaxadebis Semgrovebel erTeulebs ver gamoiyeneben sagzao moZraobis telema-tikis sistemebis uzrunvelsayofad manam, sanam amgvari uzrunvelyofis avtor-izacia ar iqneba micemuli germaniis mier. aRniSnuli avtorizaciis miniWeba mxolod maSin moxdeba, rodesac koncentraciis mxareebi Seasruleben yvela valdebulebas, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebis CaTvliT.

127. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis winmswrebi administraciuli pro-ceduris farglebSi germaniam komisiis misamarTiT gagzavnil werilSi ganacx-ada, rom nebismieri finansuri daxmareba maTi mxriv koncentraciis mxareTa sasargeblod dafaravs mxolod gadasaxadebis Segrovebis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro xarjebs. germaniam es pozicia daadastura Tavisi gancxadebebiT gakeTe-buli Carevisa da saqmis mosmenis dros.

128. damatebiT, adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebis safasurTan dakavSirebiT, germaniam ikisra pasuxismgebloba imasTan mimarTebiT, rom mesame mxareebisadmi midgoma, romlebic telematikuri mowyobilobebis miwodebas uz-runvelyofen gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulebSi gasaerTianeblad, ar iqneba gansxvavebuli imisgan, romelic satvirTo avtomanqanebis gadasaxadebis Seg-rovebis sistemaze funqcionirebs (gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 70-e punqti). am sawarmos mimarT arsebobs germaniis Tanxmoba, asaxuli komisiis misamarTiT, 2003 wlis 2 aprils gagzavnil werilSi. aRniSnuli aseve dadasturebul iqna germaniis mier sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros.

129. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli er-Teulebis ufaso uzrunvelyofas Sedegad moaqvs konkurenciis gareSe upirate-soba Daimler Chrysler-isaTvis imdenad, ramdenadac gadasaxadebis Segrovebis warmoebis safasuri SeSfoTebas iwvevs. germaniis mier nakisri valdebulebis Sedegad, romelic gansaxilveli adgilobrivi erTeulebis mwarmoebelsa da me-same mxareebs, _ es ukanasknelni sTavazoben TavianT sakuTar sagzao moZrao-bis telematikur sistemebs, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebeli iqneba gadasaxa-debis Sesagroveblad, _ Soris gansxvavebul midgomas gamoricxavs. aranairi konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli upiratesoba ara aqvT micemuli gadasaxade-

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bis Semgrovebels an Daimler Chrysler-s mesame mxareebTan SedarebiT. Tanaswori midgoma, rogorc koncentraciis mxareebs Soris, romlebmac gadasaxadebis Semgrovebels ganusazRvres SekiTxvaSi dasmuli adgilobrivi erTeulis ganvi-Tareba, aseve mesame mxareebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic aviTareben sxva adgilo-briv erTeulebs gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebis sapasuxod, uzrunvelyofilia imdenad, ramdenadac germaniis mier adgilobrivi erTeuleb-is Rirebulebis anazRaureba SeSfoTebas iwvevs.

130. amitomac iyo mizanSewonili komisiisTvis, gaekeTebina daskvna, rom gad-asaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba dakavSirebuli iyo konkurenci-isTvis zianis miyenebasTan, gacxadebuli gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi, ker-Zod ki, satransporto sawarmoebi ar iqnebodnen mzad, gadaexadaT meore adgi-lobrivi erTeulisTvis. am valdebulebis mizeziT, mesame mxaris warmomadgnel mwarmoeblebs SeeZlebaT SesTavazon telematikuri sistemebi gaerTianebuli gadasaxadebis Segrovebis gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulSi da miiRon iseTive finansuri mxardaWera, rogorsac gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli iRebs Tavisi adgilobrivi erTeulebis ufaso uzrunvelyofiT.

131. dasasruls, da saerTo SejamebisTvis, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tumca gasa-Civrebul gadawyvetilebaSi komisia aSkarad ar daeyrdno xarisxSi raime gan-sxvavebas, gamomdinare gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebis Se-fasebidan, sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxurebebsa, romlebic SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebiT da imaT Soris, romlebic SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnen mesame mxareebis mier mi-wodebuli aRWurvilobiT, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebidan, aRebuli rogorc erTi mTliani, aSkaraa, rom amgvari xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba Sesaferisia kon-centraciis konkurenciaze gavlenis Sefasebis mizniT.

132. valdebulebebis ararsebobis pirobebSi konkurenciaze koncentraciis gavlenis SefasebaSi komisia eyrdnoba xarisxobriv gansxvavebas (gasaCivrebu-li gadawyvetilebis punqtebi, 62-idan 65-is CaTvliT). Sesabamisad, komisiam ganacxada, rom sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxurebebi, xelmisawvdomi adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis meSveobiT, ar moicavs bazarze dReis mdgomareobiT arsebuli telematikuri terminalebis gamoyenebiT SeT-avazebul yvela momsaxurebas, aramed `isini Zireul funqciebs Seadgenen, rom-lebic aseve im sistemebis nawilia, romlebic dResdReobiT xelmisawvdomia ba-zarze~. damatebiT, man, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebi uzrunvelyofilia ufasod, ganacxada, rom `es (iyo)... mosalodneli, rom avtosatransporto parkis operatorebi, romelTa satvir-To avtomanqanebi ukve aRiWurvnen gadasaxadebis Semgroveblis mier adgilo-brivi erTeuliT, aRar SeiZenen sxva telematikuri terminalis aRWurvilobas damatebiTi sagzao moZraobis telematikis gamosayeneblad, SeTavazebuls konkurentuli sistemis mimwodeblebis mier damatebiT adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebisa~.

133. aRniSnuli xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba mniSvnelovans xdis komisiis analizs gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebasTan mimarTebiT.

134. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, komisiis mier Tavisi argumentis mxardasaWerad moyvanili Frost & Sullivan angariSi ambobs, rom im dros, rodesac koncentracia

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Sefasda, evropaSi moTxovna iyo sistemebze, romelTa meSveobiTac ufro sru-lyofili sagzao moZraobis telematikuri sistemebi iqneboda miwodebuli da adasturebs, rom es moTxovna wlebis ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba.

135. Sesabamisad, komisiisTvis mizanSewonili iyo, gaekeTebina daskvna, rom im droisTvis, rodesac moxda koncentraciis Sefaseba, evropaSi arsebobda siste-mebze moTxovna, romlis mixedviTac ufro srulyofili sagzao moZraobis telematikuri momsaxurebebi unda yofiliyo miwodebuli da rom is moTxovna gaizrdeboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi. ufro metic, saerTo safuZvelia is, rom adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebel erTeuls dasawyisidanve SeeZlo yofiliyo gamoyenebuli naklebad srulyofili telematikuri momsaxurebebisaTvis (gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis 62-e punqti). aRniSnulidan SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna, rom `erTi gaCerebis maRaziis~ mimwodeblebi, gadasaxadebis Segrove-bis momsaxurebis damatebiT, TavianTi sistemebiT sTavazoben ufro srulyo-fil telematikur sistemebs, vidre isini, romlebic uzrunvelyofili arian adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebiT, da maT kiTxvaSi dasmuli adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulebiT warmoebuli momsaxurebis mimwodeblebis sawinaaRmdegod aqvT konkurenciuli upiratesoba.

136. am xarisxobrivma upiratesobam aradiskriminaciul midgomasTan er-TobliobaSi, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebis gamoyenebasTan mesame pirebis xarjebTan dakavSirebiT, misca komisias, SefasebaSi aSkara Sec-domis dauSveblad, daskvnis gakeTebis safuZveli, rom gadasaxadebis Segrove-bis modulis valdebuleba farTod SezRudavs gadasaxadebis Semgroveblis mcdelobebs, gaxdes dominanti platforma da SeiZinos karibWis mpyrobelis funqcia germaniaSi telematikuri sistemebis bazrze transportisa da lojis-tikis sawarmoebisaTvis.

damatebiTi gadasaxadebi

137. Qualcomm amtkicebda, rom telematikuri sistemebis mimwodebel mesame mxareebs daekisrebaT damatebiTi gadasaxadebi imis CaTvliT, rogoricaa Ta-vianTi sistemebis integrireba gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulSi, modulis ganviTareba da miwodeba (ixileT valdebulebebis punqti B.IV.2.4) da modulis integrirebis sistemebisTvis gadasaxadebis damtkiceba (ixileT valdebulebe-bis punqti B.IV.2.4).

138. amasTan mimarTebiT, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom koncentraciis mxareeb-is mier aRebuli valdebulebebidan naTlad Cans, adgilze gadasaxadebis Sem-grovebel erTeulebs dauyovnebliv ar SeeZlebaT telematikuri momsaxurebe-bis uzrunvelyofa. aSkaraa, rom am valdebulebebis punqtebis _ A.3 da B.II.16.1 _ mixedviT, saWiroa damatebiTi programuli uzrunvelyofis ganxorcieleba gansaxilvel adgilobriv erTeulebSi amgvari momsaxurebebis uzrunvelsay-ofad. valdebulebebis A.3 punqtis meore paragrafi adgens, rom `damatebiTi Rirebulebis momsaxurebebi uzrunvelyofili iqneba pirdapir [gansaxilveli adgilobrivi erTeulebis] funqcionirebiT [am erTeulebSi] damatebiTi pilo-turi kompiuteruli programebis meSveobiT (romelic moiTxovs gadamWrel moqmedebas)~. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom gansaxilveli adgilobrivi erTeulebis funqcionireba aseve gamoiwvevs aucilebel saadaptacio xarjebs, Tu sawarmoebs SeeZlebaT maTi, rogorc sagzao moZraobis telematikis aR-

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Wurvilobis, gamoyeneba. rac Seexeba modulis ganviTarebisa da miwodebis ga-dasaxadebsa da modulis integrirebis mowyobilobebisTvis gadasaxadebis gan-sazRvras, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo valdebulebebis punqtSi B.IV.2.4, Qualcomm ar uCvenebs, rom es gadasaxadebi iqneba imaze meti, vidre isini, romlebic gad-asaxadebis Semgrovebelma gamoiyena sakuTari gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modu-lis gansaviTareblad. dasasruls, yvela SemTxvevaSi Qualcomm ar axdens gasa-Civrebuli damatebiTi gadasaxadebis raodenobis gansazRvras, arc mis sawyis miaxloebiTi odenobis dadgenas.

139. Sesabamisad, Qualcomm-ma ar daadgina, rom telematikuri sistemis mim-wodebel mesame mxareebs mouwevT damatebiTi gadasaxadebis tvirTva, rodesac iyeneben gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebas.

- satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebis mier telematikuri terminalebis ganviTareba gadasaxadebis Segrovebis integrirebuli funqciiT

140. Qualcomm aseve eWvqveS ayenebs komisiis aRmoCenas, romlis mixedviTac sat-virTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebma telematikuri terminalebis ganviTareba daiwyes gadasaxadebis Segrovebis integrirebuli funqciiT.

141. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs amasTan mimarTebiT, rom Frost & Sullivan-is anga-riSidan aSkaraa, 2000 wlidan originali aRWurvilobis mwarmoeblebma evropaSi daainstalires xazze morgebuli telematikuri sistemebi TavianT satvirTo avtomanqanebSi (ixileT Frost & Sullivan-is angariSis diagrama _ 3-10 da ilustra-cia _ 3-14). damatebiT, angariSma aRmoaCina, rom avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi gegmavdnen komerciuli telematikuri avtomanqanebis bazris ganviTarebasa da gaZRolas da eleqtronuli gadasaxadebis Semgroveblisa da telematikuri sistemebis kombinacia araCveulebriv SesaZleblobaa (ixileT Frost & Sullivan-is angariSi, gv. 2-21). angariSi aseve asaxavs, rom mosalodnelia, avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi miznad daisaxaven, xazze morgebuli sagzao moZraobis telema-tikuri sistemebi gaxadon prioritetuli (ixileT Frost & Sullivan-is angariSi, gv. 3-11). dasasruls, angariSis avtorebi winaswarmetyveleben, rom 2009 wels originali aRWurvilobis mwarmoeblebi evropaSi miaRweven mZime komerciuli satvirTo avtomanqanebis (16 tona da meti) sagzao moZraobis telematikebis bazris daaxloebiT 80%-amde da mZime da saSualo komerciuli satvirTo av-tomanqanebis Sereuli bazris 50%-ze metze SeRwevas (ixileT Frost & Sullivan-is angariSis diagramebi, gv. 3-20, 3-21 da 3-22).

142. swored amitom iyo mizanSewonili komisiisTvis, angariSidan gamomdinare gaekeTebina daskvna, rom mZime satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi da maTi aRWurvilobis mommarageblebi ganaviTareben TavianT sakuTar sagzao moZrao-bis telematikis sistemebs. damatebiT, araCveulebrivi SesaZleblobis mice-miT gamoxatuli eleqtronuli gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli sistemebisa da telematikuri sistemebis kombinaciiT, aSkara uzustobas ar aris imis daskvna, rom mZime satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi da maTi aRWurvilobis mom-marageblebi integrirebas gaukeTeben eleqtronuli gadasaxadebis Semgroveb-el sistemas, maT sagzao moZraobis telematikur sistemaSi gadasaxadebis Seg-rovebis modulis valdebulebidan gamomdinare.

143. miuxedavad amisa, Qualcomm amtkicebs, rom, Tavisi gamocdilebidan gamom-dinare, avtosatransporto parkis operatorebs ar moswonT TavianT satvirTo

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avtomanqanebSi xazze morgebuli telematikuri terminalebis qona, gamomdin-are iqidan, rom isini iyeneben sxvadasxva kustarulad damzadebul satvirTo avtomanqanas. xazze morgeba qmnis Sewyobili funqcionirebis problemas sxva-dasxva mwarmoeblis xazze morgebul sistemebs Soris, kerZod ki avtosatrans-porto parkis gasagzavni centris doneze. damatebiT, sxvadasxva terminalis instalacia arTulebs mZRolebis momzadebas.

144. es argumentebi ar unda iqnes uaryofili. Frost & Sullivan-is angariSi acxa-debs, rom mZime satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi aviTareben damoukide-beli satvirTo avtomanqanebis sistemas, raTa daZlion satvirTo avtomanqane-bis operatorebis sakiTxi, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva modifikaciis satvirTo avtomanqanaTa parki (Frost & Sullivan-is angariSi, gv. 3-21). angariSis Tanaxmad, `FMS standarti ̀ wingadadgmuli nabijia im sistemebis mimarTulebiT, romelT-ac ZaluZT imoqmedon yvela satvirTo avtomanqanasTan mimarTebiT, romlebic maRali donis srulfasovnebiT xasiaTdebian. ufro metic, araferi arsebobs Sereuli avtosatransporto parkis mflobelebis dasacavad maTi satvirTo avtomanqanebisTvis (avtosatransporto parkis nawilze) Sesabamisi damatebiTi aRWurvilobis instalciisgan. damatebiT da yoveli SemTxvevisTvis, Qualcomm-ma ver warmoadgina raime saxis mtkicebuleba, romelic miuTiTebs, rom avtosa-transporto parkis operatorebs ar moswonT TavianT satvirTo avtomanqanebze xazze morgebuli telematikis terminalebis qona, an, rom umetesoba maTgani iyenebs sxvadasxva modifikaciis satvirTo avtomanqanebs.

145. Sesabamisad, komisias SeeZlo sworad daeskvna, rom mosalodneli iyo, eseni konkretulad iqnebodnen satvirTo avtomanqanebis mwarmoeblebi da maTi aR-Wurvilobis mommarageblebi, romlebic aviTareben da awarmoeben gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebiT mocul telematikur aRWurvilobas.

daskvna

146. yovelive zemoT ganxilulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom ar unda daak-mayofilos Qualcomm-is saCivari, dakavSirebuli gancxadebasTan, rom aSkara Secdoma iyo daSvebuli Sefasebisas, imdenad, ramdenadac igi gadasaxadebis Seg-rovebis modulis valdebulebas ukavSirdeba. Qualcomm-ma ver aCvena, rom val-debuleba ukanono iyo, dakavSirebuli komisiis SeSfoTebasTan konkurenciis gamo, rac exeba sagzao moZraobis telematikuri sistemebis bazarze uzrun-velyofili sagzao moZraobis telematikuri momsaxurebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis mimcem aRWurvilobas.

C – meore samarTlebrivi saCivari uflebamosilebis gadametebis mtkiceb-ulebis Taobaze

1. mxareTa argumentebi

159. Qualcomm amtkicebs, rom komisiam, koncentraciis Sefasebisas gadaameta Tavis uflebamosilebas zogadi politikis ganxilvebis gaTvaliswinebis gamo. Sesabamisad, komisiam arasworad miiRo mxedvelobaSi is faqti, rom gadasaxa-debis Segrovebis sistemam germaniasa da veropaSi Seqmna telematikuri momsax-urebebis dawyebis SesaZlebloba da mas ar undoda, SeeCerebina misi dawyeba.

160. komisia uaryofs im faqts, rom man gadaameta Tavis uflebamosilebas ne-bismier konteqstSi.

403

2. sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli aRmoCenebi

161. dadgenili sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, uflebamosilebis gadamete-bis koncefcia eyrdnoba saqmeebs, sadac administraciulma organom gamoiyena Tavisi uflebamosileba ara im mizniT, rac misTvis iyo gansazRvruli. gad-awyvetileba SeiZleba CaiTvalos uflebamosilebis gadametebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aSkaraa, rom obieqturi, Sesaferisi da Tanmimdevruli niSnebis safuZvelze, miRebul iqna eqskluziuri an nebismieri proporciis ZiriTadi mizniT, imis misaRwevad, romelic gansxvavdeba gacxadebulisgan (ixileT saqme C-331/88 Fedesa and Others [1990] ECR I-4023, para. 24; saqme C-407/04 P Dalmine v. Commission [2007] ECR I-829, para. 99; da saqme T-143/89 Ferriere Nord v. Commission [1995] ECR II-917, para. 68). iq, sadac erTze meti mizania dasaxuli, Tu gadaw-yvetilebis safuZvlebi Seicavs, swor safuZvlebTan damatebiT, mniSvnelovan safuZvels, igi ar gadaaqcevs gadawyvetilebas ukanonod uflebamosilebis ga-dametebisTvis, da adgens, rom gadawyvetileba ar aCerebs ZiriTadi miznisken swrafvas (ixileT saqme 2/54 Italy v. High Authority [1954] ECR 37, 54 da saqme EDP v Commission, aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 89, para. 87).

162. am saqmeSi Qualcomm ar uaryofs, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ar Sei-cavs raime miTiTebas zogadi politikis ganxilvasTan mimarTebiT. igi zRudavs Tavis Tavs, SeinarCunos zogadi politikis ganxilvebi, mxardaWerili komisi-is mier saboloo valdebulebebis miRebisgan da masTan mimarTebiT eyrdnoba saqmeze pasuxismgebeli komisiis gundis xelmZRvanelis mier 2003 wlis 20 marts zepiri ganxilvisas gakeTebul gamonaTqvamebs.

163. rogorc 2003 wlis 20 martis zepiri ganxilvis Canawerebis amonakrebidan Cans, komisiis warmomadgeneli daeyrdno im faqts, rom adgilze gadasaxade-bis Semgrovebeli erTeulebi, savaraudod, Zalian farTo telematikuri plat-forma iqneba da rom iq uzrunvelyofili iqneba am platformiT bevrad didi bazris SeRwevadoba, vidre mis gareSe. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac man uwoda `ufro strategiuli dakvirvebebi~, komisiis warmomadgenelma SekiTxviT mimar-Ta bazarze moTamaSeebs problemebTan dakavSirebiT maTi mosazrebebis Tao-baze, romlebic gadasaxadebis Semgroveblis mier iyo gamowveuli, rom Daimler Chrysler-s ar hqonoda platformaze kontroli da platformasTan ufro sru-lyofili danadgarebis dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba.

164. miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze ver iqneba gakeTe-buli daskvna, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba miRebuli iyo, an, ufro zustad, valdebulebebi Sefasda nebismieri sxva mizniT, garda imisa, romelic uzrunvelyofs sagzao moZraobis telematikuri sistemebis bazarze efeqtian konkurencias. Serwymis procedurebSi SeTavazebuli valdebulebebis konkuren-ciaze zegavlenis analizi aucileblad moicavs arsebuli situaciisa da Se-sabamisi bazris momavali ganviTarebis Sefasebebs. mas Semdeg, rac komisiam dasaSvebad cno Sesabamis bazarze konkurenciis efeqtianobis ganmapirobebeli valdebulebebi, is faqti, rom man sagzao moZraobis telematikuri sistemebis ufro didi SeRwevadobiT Sesabamis bazarze miiRo dasaSvebad cnobili valde-bulebebis potenciurad gamowveuli ganviTareba, ar qmnis im garemoebas, rom komisiam gamoiyena Tavisi uflebamosileba ara im mizniT, romliTac uflebam-osilebebi miniWebuli hqonda mas Serwymis regulaciis safuZvelze.

404

165. ufro metic, is faqti, rom aseve misaRebi iyo sxva valdebulebebi, rom-lebic ar iwveven amgvari bazris ganviTarebas, ver gamoiwvevs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis anulirebas, radganac komisiam daaskvna, rom gadawyvetile-baSi asaxulma valdebulebebma mas misca gansaxilveli koncentraciis saerTo bazarTan Sesabamisobis deklarirebis safuZveli.

166. yvela SemTxvevaSi, ubralo faqti, rom komisiis warmomadgenelma SekiTxviT mimarTa warmodgenil koncentraciaSi sawarmoebs, SesaZlo bazris ganviTarebis konteqstSi sagzao moZraobis telematikis momsaxurebebisTvis gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platformis gaxsnidan gamomdinare, ar warmoadgens im faqts, rom komisia misdevs germaniaSi telematikuri sistemebisa da mosaxurebebis ufro didi SeRwevadobis dazianebisgan dacvis, an dawyebis gadaudeblobis mizans, da naklebad sarwmunoa, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna am miznis safuZvelze.

167. Sesabamisad, Qualcomm-ma obieqturi, Sesaferisi da Tanmimdevruli Tvise-bebis safuZvelze, ver daamtkica, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba miRebuli iyo gauqmebis miRwevis da ara Serwymis regulaciiT dadgenili mizeziT. gamom-dinare aRniSnulidan, meore sakiTxi uflebamosilebis gadametebis mtkiceb-ulebis Taobaze ar unda iqnes uaryofili.

D – mesame samarTlebrivi saCivari saxelmwifo mizezebis warumateblobis Taobaze

1. mxareTa argumentebi

168. Qualcomm amtkicebs, rom komisiam daarRvia SeTanxmebis 253-e muxli, ram-eTu man ar uzrunvelyo saTanado mizezebis dasaxeleba Tavisi daskvnis mx-ardasaWerad, romlis Tanaxmadac, valdebulebebi sakmarisia mis mier warmo-qmnil konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli eWvebis gasaqarwyleblad. sasamarTlo daeyrdno msjelobas saqmeze _ T-310/01 Schneider Electric, romelSic gansaxilveli sakiTxi iyo uflebamosilebis gadametebasTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb. Commission [2002] ECR II-4071, para. 197 da 203, Qualcomm amtkicebs, rom komisiis mier gakeTebuli daskvna mxardaWerili unda iyos detaluri mizeze-biT, im aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac komisia aRiarebs, Sesabamisad, konkurenciaze koncentraciis zegavlenis SefasebisTvis. damatebiT, saerTo mizezebidan gamomdinare, specifikuri daskvnebi unda Sinaganad dakavSirebuli iyos. Qualcomm amtkicebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli moTxovnebi ar yofila daculi.

169. Qualcomm icavs pozicias, rom koncentraciis Sefasebis konteqstSi imis Semowmebisas, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platforma unda gamxdariyo Tu ara dominanti bazarze da mas unda ganexorcielebina Tu ara bazarze moqmedi al-ternatiuli telematikuri sistemebis mimwodebelTa gauCinareba, komisiam mi-marTa ramdenime detalur sakiTxs (ixileT gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis pun-qtebi 38-idan 56-is CaTvliT da 64-e da 65-e). Tumca, rodesac komisiam ganixila GPS kavSiris valdebuleba da gadasaxadis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba, mas ar miumarTavs arcerTi am sakiTxisaTvis.

170. Sesabamisad, rac Seexeba gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebulebas, komisiam ubralod ganacxada, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 71-e punqt-

405

Si, aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT, yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gakeTebis gareSe, teqnikuri SesaZlebloba farTod zRudavs adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrove-beli erTeulis SesaZleblobebs, gaxdes Sesabamis bazarze dominanti plat-forma. Qualcomm-is mixedviT, komisiis gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT (gasaCivre-buli gadawyvetilebis 72-e punqti), simarTlea, rom GPS kavSiris valdebuleba moaqcevs mesame pirebs telematikur momsaxurebebTan konkurenciis mdgomare-obaSi, ganxorcielebuls adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis sa-fuZvelze. aRniSnuli situacia msgavsia im viTarebisa, romelic sasamarTlos mier ganxilul iqna saqmeSi _ C-76/00 P Petrtub and Republica v. Council [2003] ECR I-79, para. 87. aRniSnul saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mizezi SeiZleba iyos gansakuTrebiT mbrZanebluri gancxadeba, im Sesabamisi safuZvliT, romelic ar Seicavda amgvari saxis raime axsna-ganmartebiT elements, raTa moexdina dakav-Sirebuli mxareebisa da Tanamegobrobis samarTalSemoqmedebis ganmaxorciele-blis informireba aRniSnuli mizezebis Taobaze, romelmac iZulebuli gaxada xelisufali, TviTon gaekeTebina masTan dakavSirebuli aRmoCenebi.

171. damatebiT, komisiis mizezebi erTmaneTTan logikur kavSirSi ar aris. gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis 62-e da 63-e punqtebSi man miaxloebiT gansazRvra adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis Rirebuleba 1000-idan 2500 evromde da ganacxada, rom satransporto sawarmoebs ar mouwevT alterna-tiuli telematikuri sistemebisTvis gadaxda, Tu isini SeiZenen telemati-kur momsaxurebebs adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis meSveobiT. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, rodesac ganixileboda GPS kavSiris valdebuleba, komisiam ganacxada, rom danaxarjis dazogva 150-idan 200 evromde odenobiT TiToeul erTeulze iqneba safuZveli, mesame pirebis mier SeTavazebul tele-matikur sistemebs mieces adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebel erTeulebTan konkurenciis SesaZlebloba. kidevac, Tu adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis ukeTesi Rirebuleba aris 150 evrosa da 200 evros Soris, ufaso adgilobrivi erTeulis upiratesoba rCeba `konkurenciis gareSe~.

172. Qualcomm Tavis pasuxSi asabuTebs, rom Tumca komisia valdebulebebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli interpretaciiT, romelic mimarTuli iyo mxolod adgilze gadasaxadebis Semgrovebeli erTeulis dominanturi mdgomareobis SezRudvisken, ufro logikur kompensirebas axdens gasaCivrebuli gadaw-yvetilebis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT, igi efuZneba mcdar samarTlebriv stan-dartebs. es Qualkomm-s dilemis winaSe ayenebs dakavSirebuli gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis mizezebTan: igi an logikur kavSirSia, rodesac dafuZnebu-lia mcdar samarTlebriv standartebze, an swor samarTlebriv standartebs efuZneba, magram aSkarad Seusabamoa.

173. komisiam arsebiTad daicva sakuTari pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, gasaCivre-buli gadawyvetileba saTanado mizezebiTaa gamowveuli da ar modis winaaRm-degobaSi imdenad, ramdenadac asabuTebs, rom GPS kavSiris valdebuleba da gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba SezRudaven Daimler Chrysler-is dominantur pozicias.

2. sasamarTlos aRmoCenebi

174. SeTanxmebis 253-e muxlis mier moTxovnili gancxadeba mizezebze unda iyos sakiTxSi gansaxilveli zomebis Sesabamisi da gamoaaSkaraos mizezebis gasagebi

406

da naTeli forma, ganxorcielebuli im institutis mier, romelmac gaatara es zoma im kuTxiT, rom saSualeba mieca dakavSirebuli pirebisTvis misi gamomwve-vi mizezebis dasadgenad da saSualeba mieca gaerTianebis kompetenturi sasa-marTlosTvis, ganexorcielebina Tavisi uflebamosileba saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT (ixileT saqme C-367/95 P Commission v. Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I-1719, para. 63, da gaerTianebuli saqmeebi T-25/95, T-26/95, T-30/95, T-31/95, T-32/95, T-34/95-idan T-39/95-is CaTvliT, T-42/95-idan T-46/95-is CaTvliT, T-48/95, T-50/95-idan T-65/95-is CaTvliT, T-68/95-idan T-71/95-is CaTvliT, T-87/95, T-88/95, T-103/95 da T-104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v. Commission [2000] ECR II-491, para. 4725). unda moxdes mizezTa gancxadebis mier SeTanxmebis 253-e muxlis moTx-ovnebis dakmayofilebis Sefaseba masTan dakavSirebuli muxlis arsebiT xasi-aTze da im konteqstze dayrdnobiT, romelSic igi miRebuli iyo (ixileT saqme C-22/94 Irish Farmers Association and Others [1997] ECR I-1809, para. 39).

175. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom mtkicebuleba, romlis mixedviT, ar arsebobs an aris mxolod araadekvaturi mizezebis gancxadeba, aris saCivris arsebiTi proceduruli moTxovnilebis darRveva, romelic, rogorc aseTi, gansxvavdeba im saCivrisgan, romlis mixedviTac gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebi arasworia. es ukanaskneli saCivari iyo sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani, rodesac man ganaxorciela am gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi (ixileT saqme T-310/94 Gruber + Weber v. Commission [1998] ECR II-1043, para. 41, da saqme T-311/94 BPB de Eendracht v. Commission [1998] ECR II-1129, para. 66).

176. winamdebare saqmeSi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 69-e punqti avlens komisiis mizezebs gasagebi da naTeli formiT.

177. sxvadasxva punqtSi komisia adgens TiToeuli valdebulebis Sinaarss iseve, rogorc maT zegavlenas gadasaxadebis Semgrovebelsa da/an gadasaxadebis Sem-groveblis mier uzrunvelyofili sagzao moZraobis telematikur momsaxure-bebze. damatebiT, valdebulebebis erTobliobaSi ganxilviT, komisiam daaskvna, rom isini Seesabamebodnen im moTxovnebs, romelTac gadasaxadebis Semgroveb-lis meSveobiT SeeZloT Daimler Chrysler-is mier dominanturi poziciis Seqmnis-gan dacva germaniaSi sagzao moZraobis telematikuri sistemebis bazarze.

178. rogorc gamomdinareobs zemoT moyvanili 119-e paragrafidan, sxvadasxva punqtma saSualeba misca sasamarTlos, gamoeyenebina ganxilvis uflebamosile-ba Qualcomm-is mtkicebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlis safuZvelze daadgina, rom isini kargad dasabuTebuli ar iyo. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, rom komisia Semoifargla kategoriuli gancxadebebiT an is, rom Qualcomm-is mier miTiTebuli winaaRmdegobebi iseTi iyo, rom warmoedgina mizezebis ganacxadi mcdarad. Qualcomm, Tavis pasuxSi, TavisTavad ufro metad eTanxmeba, rom komisiis mizezebi logikuria imdenad, ramdenadac GPS kavSiris valdeb-uleba an gadasaxadebis Segrovebis modulis valdebuleba mimarTulia mxolod gadasaxadebis Segrovebis platfromis dominanturobisken.

179. dasasruls, imdenad, ramdenadac Qualcomm eyrdnoba sasamarTlo msjelobis 197-e da 203-e paragrafebs saqmeSi _ Schneider Electric v. Commission, zemoT, 168-e paragrafSi aRniSnul da gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi komisiis mizezebis bundovnebasa da winaaRmdegobaSi, unda iTqvas, rom es argumentebi miuTiTeben komisiis mizezebis simcdareze gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi. sakiTxi dakav-

407

Sirebulia gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsis SefasebasTan da ara gancxadebebis miz-ezebTan (SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT ixileT zemoT moyvanili 86-e paragrafi).

180. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom saCivari saxelmwifo mizezebis waru-mateblobis Taobaze uaryofil unda iqnes, rogorc dausabuTebeli.

181. yovelive zemoxsenebuli ganxilvis gaTvaliswinebiT, Qualcomm-is saCi-varTan dakavSirebiT ganxilva unda Sewydes.

IX. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufleba

saqmeebi: Establishments Consten SA & Grundig-Verkaufs-Gmbh v. Commission370: evropuli sasamarTlo

46. Consten-is ufleba kontraqtis mixedviT safrangeTSi GINT-is savaWro niSnis eqskluziuri gamomyeneblis mimarT, romelic msgavsi formiT aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sxva qveynebSi, mimarTulia, SesaZlebeli gaxados, meTvaly-ureobis qveS iqonios da garkveuli Seferxebebi Seuqmnas paralelur imports. amdenad, SeTanxmeba, romlis mixedviTac Grundig-ma, rogorc saerTaSoriso reg-istraciis meSveobiT savaWro niSnis mflobelma, uflebamosileba misca Con-sten-s daeregistrirebina is safrangeTSi sakuTari saxeliT, rac mimarTulia konkurenciis SezRudvisaken.

47. miuxedavad imisa, rom Consten, GINT-is savaWro niSnis registraciis meSveo-biT, safrangeTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, miiCneva rogorc am savaWro niSnis uflebis originali mflobeli, faqti mainc rCeba, rom es moxda Grundig-Tan SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, romlis safuZvelzec mas mieca SesaZlebloba, gavlena moexdina registraciaze.

48. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba aris swored is, romelic SeiZleba mox-vdes 81-e muxlis pirveli nawilis moqmedebis farglebSi. akrZalva araefeq-turi iqneba, Tu Consten-s SeeZleba, gaagrZelos savaWro niSnis gamoyeneba, raTa miiRos igive Sedegi, risi miRwevac igegmeboda SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, romelic miCneul iqna ukanonod.

49. xelSekrulebis 30-e, 295-e da 307-e muxlebi, romlebsac eyrdnoboda apli-kanti, ar gamoricxavs gaerTianebis samarTlis gavlenas nacionaluri indus-triuli sakuTrebis uflebis gamoyenebaze.

50. 30-e muxls, romelic zRudavs vaWrobis liberalizaciis wesebis mocu-lobas, romelic Cadebuli iyo xelSekrulebis pirveli karis me-2 TavSi, ar SeuZlia SezRudos 81-e muxlis gamoyenebis farglebi. 295-e muxli sakuTar Tavs zRudavs imis gancxadebisas, rom `xelSekrulebam aranairi gziT ar unda miayenos ziani wevri saxelmwifoebis wesebs, romlebic aregulirebs sakuTre-bis uflebis sistemas~. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis operatiuli nawilis me-3 muxlSi Cadebuli miTiTeba, romelic exeba nacionaluri savaWro niSnis samarTlis mixedviT uflebis gamoyenebisagan Tavis Sekavebas, im mizniT, rom Seuqmnas barierebi paralelur imports, ar axdens gavlenas imave uflebebis

370 Cases 56 and 58 Establishments Consten SA & Grundig-Verkaufs-Gmbh v. Commission [1966] ECR 299, [1966] CMLR 418.

408

gadacemaze, ubralod, zRudavs maT gamoyenebas im aucilebel donemde, rac ar moaxdens 81-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul akrZalvaze. komisiis Zalaufleba, gamosces aseTi miTiTeba, romlis Sesaxebac debuleba Cadebulia evropuli sabWos #17/62 debulebis me-3 muxlSi, harmoniaSia konkurenciis Taobaze gaerTianebis wesebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebTan, romlebsac aqvT dauy-ovnebeli Sedegi da pirdapir savaldebuloa individebisaTvis.

51. wesebis aseTi tipi, misi zemoT aRwerili xasiaTisa da funqciebis gamo, ar iZleva uflebis araswori gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas nebismieri nacionaluri savaWro niSnis samarTlis mixedviT, romelic mimarTulia kartelis Taobaze gaerTianebis samarTlis CamoSlisaken.

52. 307-e muxli, romlis mizanic aris mesame saxelmwifoebis uflebis dacva, ar aris gamoyenebadi am SemTxvevaSi.

saqme Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft v. Metro-SB-Grobmarkte Gmbh371

saqmis fabula: Deutsche Grammophon (DGG) axdenda Tavisi Canawerebis bazarze ganTavsebas safrangeTSi, misi franguli Svilobili kompaniis Polydor-is meSveobiT, `Polidor~-is saxelwodebiT. DGG-s mier Canawerebis garkveuli raodenoba warmodgenili iyo germaniaSic da miewoda Polidor-s parizSi. Polidor-ma aRniSnuli Canawerebi sawarmoebs miawoda mesame qveynebSi. maT isini germaniaSi erT firmas mihyides, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, mihyida Metro-s. Metro-m amis Semdeg isini ganaTavsa germaniaSi da Seamcira DGG-s standartuli fasi misi CanawerebisTvis. DGG-m uCivla Metro-s germanul sasamarTloSi saavtoro uflebis darRvevisaTvis. hamburgis sasamarTlom 234-e muxlis safuZvelze mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos, SekiTxviT, ramdenad arRvevda inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis gamoyeneba gaerTianebis debulebebs, Tavisufal gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebiT.

evropuli sasamarTlo

4. Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht, hamburgis sasamarTlos mier Cawerili faqtebi-dan naTelia, rom, rasac is iTxovs, SeiZleba Semcirdes arsebiT SekiTxvamde, Tu ramdenad axdens daculi nivTebis distribuciis eqskluziuri ufleba, rac gaTvaliswinebulia xmis Caweris mwarmoeblobis Taobaze nacionaluri samar-TliT, gaerTianebis samarTlis normebis darRvevis gareSe erovnul terito-riaze kanonierad Semotanili produqciis ganTavsebas, romelic Semotanilia zemoT aRniSnuli mwarmoeblis mier an misi TanxmobiT gatanilia sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi. sasamarTlos eTxova ganemarta gaerTianebis Sesabamisi debule-bebis mniSvneloba da moculoba, konkretuli miTiTebiT me-10 muxlis meore paragrafze, an 81-e muxlis pirvel nawilze.

5. xelSekrulebis me-10 muxlis meore paragrafis mixedviT, wevrma saxelmwi-foebma Tavi unda Seikavon nebismieri zomisgan, romelmac SeiZleba ziani miay-enos xelSekrulebis miznebis miRwevas. es debuleba gansazRvravs wevri saxelm-wifoebis zogad valdebulebas, romlis realuri mniSvneloba damokidebulia xelSekrulebis TiToeul debulebasTan dakavSirebul individualur saqmeze an saerTo sqemidan gamomdinare wesebze.

371 Case 78/70, Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft v. Metro-SB-Grobmarkte Gmbh [1971] ECR 487, [1971] CMLR 631.

409

6. xelSekrulebis 81-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, es `unda aikrZalos, rogorc SeuTavsebeli saerTo bazarTan: yvela SeTanxmeba sawarmoebs Soris, sawarmoebis asociaciebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da SeTanxmebuli praqtika, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze da romelsac Tavis miznad an Sedegad aqvs saerTo bazarze konkurenciis prevencia, SezRudva an ganadgureba. ~SekiTxvaSi miTiTebuli eqskluziuri uflebis gamoyeneba xvdeba aRniSnuli debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalviT yovel jerze, roca is gamoavlens Tavs rogorc im SeTanxmebis subieqti, saSualeba Tu Sedegi, romelic prevencias ukeTebs sxva saxelmwifodan Tavis teritoriaze kanonierad Setanili produqtis imports, da romelsac Sedegad mohyveba bazris danawileba.

7. Tu uflebis gamoyeneba ar gamoxatavs 81-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli kontraqtisa Tu SeTanxmebuli praqtikis elementebs, gadacemuli SekiTxvis pasuxis gacemis mizniT, kidev ufro farTod unda ganvixiloT gansaxilveli uflebis Sesabamisoba xelSekrulebis sxva debulebebTan, kerZod ki nivTebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebul debulebebTan.

8. am saqmeSi gansaxilveli principebi aris swored is principebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris erTiani bazris SeqmnasTan, romelic moTavsebulia rogorc xelSekrulebis meore nawilSi, rac eZRvneba gaerTiane-bis dafuZnebas nivTebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiT, aseve xelSekrulebis me-3 1-l z muxlSi, romelic sistemis institucias awers imis uzrunvelyofas, rom saerTo bazarze ar moxdes konkurenciis xelyofa.

9. ufro meti, sadac wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaze garkveuli akrZalve-bi Tu SezRudvebi aris Cadebuli 30-e muxlSi, xelSekruleba axdens aSkara miTiTebas maTze, imis warmodgeniT, rom aseTi gadaxvevebi ar unda Seesabam-ebodes `TviTneburi diskriminaciis saSualebas, an wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis farul SezRudvas~.

10. amdenad, aRniSnul debulebebze, gansakuTrebiT 28-e, 30-e, 81-e da 82-e mux-lebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Sefaseba unda moxdes, Tu ramdenad axdens saavtoro uflebasTan dakavSirebuli nacionaluri uflebis gamoyeneba sxva wevri saxelmwifodan produqciis Semotanis SezRudvas.

11. nivTebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebul sxva akrZalvebsa Tu SezRudvebs Soris, 30-e muxli Seexeba industriul da komerciul sa-kuTrebasac. imis varaudis SemTxvevaSi, rom aRniSnuli debulebebi SeiZleba relevanturi iyos saavtoro uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, am muxlidan naTelia, rom Tumca xelSekruleba ar axdens gavlenas wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonm-deblobiT aRiarebuli uflebis arsebobaze industriul da komerciul sa-kuTrebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseTi uflebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mainc moxvdes xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalvis farglebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom is uSvebs akrZalvebsa Tu SezRudvebs produqciis Tavisufal gadaadgilebaze, rac gamarTlebulia industriuli da komerciuli sakuTrebis miznebiT, 30-e muxli mxolod uSvebs aRniSnuli Tavisuflebidan gadaxvevebs da mxolod im doneze, romelzec xdeba maTi gamarTleba iseTi uflebebis dacvis mizniT da Seesabameba aseTi uflebis gansakuTrebul sagans.

410

12. Tu ufleba, romelic dakavSirebulia saavtoro uflebasTan, mimarTulia wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze iseTi produqciis ganTavsebis prevenciisak-en, romelic Semotanilia uflebis mqone piris mier, an misi TanxmobiT sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriidan, im erTaderTi safuZvliT, rom aRniSnul distribu-cia ar ganxorcielebula mis nacionalur teritoriaze, aseTi akrZalva, romel-ic moaxdens nacionaluri bazrebis izolaciis legalizebas, iqneba uaryofiTi damokidebuleba xelSekrulebis arsebiTi miznebis mimarT, rac gulisxmobs na-cionaluri bazrebis gaerTianebas erTian bazrad.

aRniSnuli mizani miRweuli ar iqneba, Tu wevri saxelmwifoebis gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis mixedviT, am saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba, dayon bazari da SemoiRon TviTneburi diskriminacia da faruli akrZalvebi wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze.

13. Sesabamisad, is winaaRmdegobaSi iqneba saerTo bazarze produqciis Tav-isufali gadaadgilebis Taobaze debulebebTan, xmis Caweris mwarmoeblebisaT-vis, raTa maT moaxdinon daculi erTeulebis eqskluziuri distribucia, ris uflebasac mas aZlevs wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba am saxelmwifoSi, sxva wevri saxelmwifos bazarze mis mier an misi TanxmobiT ganTavsebuli produqci-is gayidvis akrZalvis gziT, mxolod im mizeziT, rom aseTi distribucia ar ganxorcielda pirveli saxelmwifos teritoriaze.

saqme Nungesser v. EC Commission372

saqmis fabula: INRA-m, safrangeTis saxelmwifo kvleviTma institutma, gam-oiyvana hibriduli simindis axali jiSis Tesli, rac Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo evropuli soflis meurneobisaTvis. franguli kompania moqmedebda FRAESMA-s meSveobiT da moemzada gaenawilebina INRA-s Teslis nairsaxeoba. man Kurt Eisele-s (SemdgomSi _ Nungesser KG) misca eqskluziuri ufleba, ewarmoebina da Semdeg INRA-s Teslis nairsaxeobis distribucia ganexorcielebina germaniaSi. INRA SeuTanxmda Eisele-s, TviTon ar moexdina Tavisi Teslebis importi germaniaSi da sxvebisTvisac ar mieca amis SesaZlebloba. Eisele daeyrdno germaniaSi arsebul uflebebs, Tavidan aecilebina safrangeTSi sxva wyarodan miRebuli Teslebis paraleluri importi sxva importiorebis mier. erTma importiorma daaregu-lira saqmianoba, magram meorem saCivriT mimarTa komisias.

komisiam daadgina, rom eqskluziuroba da teritoriuli dacvis debulebe-bi xvdeboda 81-e 1-li muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi da ar SeiZleboda maTi gamoricxva. Eisele/ Nungesser-ma gaasaCivra.

evropuli sasamarTlo

41. germanuli kanonmdeblobis sinopsisi aCvenebs, rom bazarze gansaTavsebeli Semowmebuli da mowonebuli Teslebi eqvemdebareba xarisxis kontrols saxelm-wifos mxridan da rom aRniSnuli kontroli vrceldeba sxvadasxva jiSze. rogorc Cans, jiSebis momSenebelTa uflebebi mimarTulia ara imisaken, rom Caanacvlos sakonkurencio xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli kontroli aRniSnuli uflebebis mflobelis mier ganxorcielebuli kontroliT, aramed gaavrcelos uflebis mflobelze dacva, romlis xasiaTic da gavlenac gamom-

372 Case 258/78, Nungesser v. EC Commission [1982] ECR 2015, [1983] 1 CMLR 278.

411

dinareobs kerZo samarTlidan. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, jiSebis momSenebel-Ta samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ar aris rTuli patentisa Tu savaWro niSnis mflobelis uflebasTan SedarebiT, im produqciasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic eqvemdebareba mkacr kontrols sajaro xelisuflebidan. es exeba aseve far-macevtul produqcias. (...)

43. Sesabamisad, ar iqneba swori, Tu miviCnevT, rom jiSebis momSenebelTa ufle-bebi aris komerciuli an industriuli sakuTrebis uflebis saxe, rasac imdenad specifikuri xasiaTi aqvs, rom konkurenciis wesebTan dakavSirebiT moiTxovs sxva komerciuli Tu industriuli uflebebisagan gansxvavebul mopyrobas. es daskvna gavlenas ar axdens, konkurenciis wesebidan gamomdinare, produqciis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebis saWiroebaze, rac jiSebis momSen-ebelTa uflebaa.(...)

48. mizezebis CamonaTvali, romelsac efuZneba gadawyvetileba, Seexeba gare-moebebis or wyebas, im mizniT, rom moxdes gansaxilveli eqskluziuri licen-ziis mimarT 81-e 1-li muxlis gamoyeneba (II, #3). amdenad, moyvanili faqtebis siswore daculia.

49. garemoebebis pirveli wyeba aRwerilia Semdegnairad: `erTi sawarmos licen-zirebiT, rom man gamoiyenos misi momSeneblebis uflebebi konkretul teri-toriaze, licenziis gamcemi Tavad kargavs uflebas da SesaZleblobas, kon-traqtis moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi imave teritoriaze sxva sawarmoebze gasces licenzia (...)~

`sawarmos mier produqciis warmoebis Sewyvetis an maTi ganuTavseblobiT baz-ris im teritoriaze, rac dafarulia kontraqtiT, licenziis gamcemi zustad aseve uuqmebs sakuTar Tavs, iseve rogorc Frasema-s da mis wevrebs, am terito-riaze gansaxilveli produqciis miwodebis SesaZleblobas.~

50. mizezebis ganacxadis nawils pasuxobs gadawyvetilebis pirveli muxli, romelic mis pirvel da meore nawilebSi acxadebs, rom 1965 wlis kontraqtiT gacemuli licenziis eqskluziuri xasiaTi ewinaaRmdegeboda xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-l muxls, vinaidan is awesebda:

valdebulebas INRA-is mimarT an misi meSveobiT warmoSobili uflebebis mi-marT, Tavi SeekavebinaT relevanturi Teslebis warmoebisagan an germaniaSi sxva licenziis mqone pirebis mier gayidvebisagan, da valdebulebas INRA-is mimarT an misi meSveobiT warmoSobili uflebebis mimarT, TviTon SeekavebinaT Tavi relevanturi Teslebis warmoebisagan germaniaSi.51. gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli garemoebebis meore wyeba aRwerilia Semdeg-nairad:

`faqts, rom mesame mxares ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos imave Teslis (kerZod li-cenzirebuli Teslis) importi gaerTianebis sxva qveynebidan germaniaSi, an moax-dinos misi eqsporti germaniidan gaerTianebis sxva qveynebSi, mivyavarT bazris danawilebamde da germanel fermerebs arTmevs uflebas, awarmoon raime saxis realuri molaparakeba, vinaidan Teslis mowodeba xdeba erTi da mxolod erTi momwodeblis mier.~

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52. mizezebis gancxadebis nawili aseve asaxulia gadawyvetilebis pirveli mux-lis `b~ punqtSi. igi Tavis mesame da meoTxe nawilebSi acxadebs 1965 wels gacemuli licenziis kontraqtis eqskluziuri xasiaTis Taobaze, romelic wi-naaRmdegobaSi modioda xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-l muxlTan, imdenad, ramdenadac is adgenda:

INRA-s mimarT arsebuli valdebuleba Tu misgan gamomdinare uflebebi, rom-lebic mesame mxares aridebs Sesabamisi Teslis Setanas, germaniaSi licenziis gamcemis mier gacemuli uflebamosilebis gareSe, am teritoriaze gamoyenebisa da gayidvisaTvis; aseve b-ni Eisele-s mier misi sakontraqto uflebebis bolo-droindeli gamoyeneba: misi jiSebis momSeneblis uflebebis gamoyeneba, rac mimarTulia germaniaSi importis ganxorcielebis an sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi Sesabamisi Teslis eqsportis Tavidan aridebisaken.

53. ganxilul unda iqnes, rom mosazrebebis aRniSnuli ori wyeba dakavSirebulia or samarTlebriv situaciasTan, romlebic aucileblad identuria. pirveli saqme moicavs egreT wodebul eqskluziur licenzias an miwerilobas da licenziis eqskluziuroba dakavSirebulia mxolod sakontraqto urTierTobasTan uflebis mflobelsa da licenziis mqone pirs Soris, romelSic mesakuTre TiTqmis iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, ar gasces sxva licenzia imave teritoriaze da ar imoqmedos rogorc licenziis mqone piris konkurentma am teritoriaze; meore SemTxveva ki moicavs eqskluziur licenziasa da miwerilobas absoluturi teritoriu-li dacviT, romlis safuZvelzec kontraqtSi devs SeTavazeba, am teritoriaze produqciasTan dakavSirebiT srulad aRmoifxvras konkurencia mesame mxaree-bisgan, rogoricaa paraleluri importiorebi Tu sxva teritoriaze moqmedi li-cenziis mqone pirebi.

54. sakiTxi naTelia. am saqmeSi saWiroa Semowmdes, ramdenad axdens licenziis eqskluziuri xasiaTi, vinaidan is aris Ria licenzia, gavlenas konkurenci-is Tavidan acilebaze an mis ganadgurebaze xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis mixedviT.

55. amasTan dakavSirebiT, germaniis federaluri respublikis mTavrobam aqcen-ti gaakeTa, rom sasoflo meurneobis siaxleebis dacva jiSebis momSenebelTa uflebebis meSveobiT Seesabameba aseTi inovaciebis mxardaWeris saSualebas da SezRuduli periodis ganmavlobaSi eqskluziuri uflebis gacema qmedunari-ania, warmoadginos inovaciis Semdgomi mcdelobebis damatebiTi motivi.

aqedan gamomidinare, is adgens, rom yvela eqskluziuri licenziis mTlianad akrZalva, Tundac Ria eqskluziuri licenziisa, gamoiwvevs licenziebTan dakav-SirebiT sawarmoebis interesebis vardnas, rac damRupveli iqneba gaerTianebis farglebSi codnisa da teqnikis gavrcelebisaTvis.

56. eqskluziuri licenzia, romelic axdens gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ar-sebiTi sakiTxis formirebas, moicavs hibriduli simindis Teslis kultivaciasa da marketings, rac ganviTarda INRA-s mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kv-levisa da eqsperimentebis safuZvelze da ucnobi iyo germaneli fermerebisaTvis im droisaTvis, rodesac TanamSromloba INRA-sa da aplikants Soris ukve iRebda garkveul formas. am mizezis gamo SeSfoTeba, rac naCvenebia CarTuli pirebis mier da romelic Seexeba axali teqnologiebis dacvas, gamarTlebulia.

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57. faqtobrivad, hibriduli simindis Teslis licenzirebuli momSenebleb-is uflebis SemTxveva axalganviTarebulia erT wevr saxelmwifoSi. sawarmo, romelic dafuZnebulia sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi, romelic ar iyo darwmunebu-li, rom is ver gauZlebda konkurencias sxva licenziis mflobelebis mxridan misTvis micemul teritoriaze, an uSualod uflebis mflobelis mxridan ar-sebul konkurencias, SeiZleba dafrTxes am produqciis kultivizirebasa da marketingTan dakavSirebul riskTan dakavSirebiT; aseTi Sedegi zianis momtani iqneba axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebisaTvis da aseve daazaralebs konkuren-cias gaerTianebis farglebSi axal produqtsa da msgavs arsebul produqtebs Soris.

58. gansaxilveli produqtis specifikuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarT-lo adgens, rom iseT SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa aRniSnuli, Ria eqskluziuri licenziis gacema, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT licenzia, _ romelic gavlenas ar axdens mesame mxaris mdgomareobaze, rogoricaa paraleluri importi da sxva teritoriaze moqmedi licenziis mqone pirebi, ar aris TavisTavad Seusabamo xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-l muxlTan.

59. amdenad, mesame wardginebis `b~ nawili gamarTlebulia im donemde, romel-sac moicavs licenziis eqskluziuri xasiaTi.

(...)

76. unda davimaxsovroT, rom xelSekrulebis 81-e me-3 muxlis pirobebis mixed-viT, 81-e 1-l muxlSi Cadebuli akrZalvidan gamonaklisi SeiZleba daSvebul iqnes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nebismieri SeTanxmeba sawarmoebs Soris, romelTac wvlili SeaqvT produqciis gaumjobesebasa Tu nivTebis distribuciaSi, an teqnikuri progresis xelisSewyobaSi, romelic ar adgens CarTul sawarmoebze SezRudvas, da romelic ar aris ganuyofeli dasaxuli miznebis miRwevisagan.

77. vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi dgas im TeslebTan mimarTebiT, romlis gamoyenebac ganzraxulia simindis mwarmoebeli fermerebis soliduri raode-nobis mier, rac mniSvnelovani produqtia rogorc adamianebis, ise cxovelebis kvebis industriaSi, absoluturi teritoriuli dacva aSkarad midis imis miR-ma, rac ganuyofelia produqciis gaumjobesebisa, Tu distribuciis, an teqni-kuri progresis xelisSewyobisagan, rogorc es naCvenebia am saqmeSi arsebuli akrZalviT, rac SeTanxmebulia orive mxaris mier INRA-s simindis Teslis ger-maniaSi paralelur importTan dakavSirebul SeTanxmebaSi, Tundac aRniSnuli Teslebi moSenebuli yofiliyo TviTon INRA-s mier da bazarze maTi ganTavseba momxdariyo safrangeTSi.

78. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom licenziis mimRebze absoluturi teri-toriuli dacvis gavrceleba, rogorc amis arseboba dadgenilia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT, Seesabameba arsebiT mizezs gamonaklisis miniWebaze uaris TqmisTvis xelSekrulebis 81-e me-3 muxlis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, aRar aris saWiro, Semowmdes aseTi gamonaklisis miniWebis Taobaze sxva safuZvlebi, rac moyvanilia gadawyvetilebaSi.

saqme Erauw-Jacquery v. La Hesbignonne373:

saqmis fabula: mcenareebis momSenebelTa uflebis mqone pirma maT misca li-

373 Case 27/87, Erauw-Jacquery v. La Hesbignonne [1988] ECR 1919, [1988] 4 CMLR 576.

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cenzia kooperativisaTvis, im pirobiT, rom kooperativs SeeZlo gaemravlebina ZiriTadi Tesli da gaeyida pirveli da meore Taobis Tesli, magram ar SeeZlo gaeyida ZiriTadi Tesli, an moexdina maTi eqsporti. evropulma sasamarTlom gaacnobiera xarisxis kontrolisa da Sesabamisi ZiriTadi Teslis swori ga-dacemis uzrunvelyofa im pirebis mier, romlebsac hqondaT misi gamravlebis ufleba. generalurma advokatma miSom miamsgavsa situacia frenSaizis mimRe-bis mdgomareobas, romelSic frenSaizis mflobelis qmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tavisi know-how-isgan miRebuli privilegiebi aaridos Tavis konkurentebs.

evropuli sasamarTlo

8. pirvel rigSi, erovnuli sasamarTlo miznad isaxavs, gamoarkvios, xvdeba Tu ara debuleba, romelic ZiriTadi Teslis gamravlebis licenziis mqone pirs ukrZalavs am Teslis gayidvas, gadacemas Tu eqsports, xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis moqmedebis farglebSi.

9. komisia da jiSis gamamravlebeli acxadeben, rom debuleba romelic krZa-lavs E2 ZiriTadi Teslis gayidvasa da eqsports, romlis daniSnulebac aris momyvani pirebisaTvis gadacema mxolod gamravlebis mizniT, ar aris winaaRmde-gobrivi xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlisa. aseTi debuleba xvdeba mcenareebis momSenebelTa uflebebis ambiciebSi.

10. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rogorc sasamarTlo acnobierebs Tavis 1982 wlis 8 ivnisis ganaCenSi (saqmeSi _ 258/78 Nungesser v. Commission [1982] ECR 2015), ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis ganviTarebam SeiZleba moicvas mniSvnelo-vani finansuri valdebulebebi. Sesabamisad, pirs, romelmac ganaxorciela mniS-vnelovani Zalisxmeva, gamoeyvana ZiriTadi Teslis nairsaxeobebi, rac SeiZleba iyos mcenareebis momSenebelTa uflebis arsebiTi sakiTxi, neba unda daerTos, daicvas Tavi am Teslis nairsaxeobis araswori gadacemisagan. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, debuleba, romelic ukrZalavs licenziis gamcems ZiriTadi Teslis gayidvasa da eqsports, xvdeba 81-e 1-li muxlis akrZalvebis gareT.

11. aqedan gamomdinare, SekiTxvis pirveli nawilis pasuxi, romelic erovnuli sasamarTlos mier aris gadacemuli, unda iyos Semdegi: SeTanxmebis debuleba, romelic moicavs Teslis gamravlebas da gayidvas, da masTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mxare aris garkveuli mcenareebis moSenebis uflebis mflobeli, an mflobelis warmomadgeneli, romelic ukrZalavs licenziis mflobels ZiriTa-di Teslis gayidvasa da eqsports, SesabamisobaSia xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-l mux-lTan, imdenad, ramdenadac is saWiroa im mizniT, rom momSeneblebma SearCion is momyvanebi, romelTa licenzirebac unda moxdes SemdgomSi.

saqme Coditel SA, Compagnie Generale pour la Diffusion de la television, and Others v. Cine-Vog Films SA and others374:

3. qmedeba, romelmac dasawyisi misca winamdebare warmoebas, mimarTuli iyo zianis anazRaurebisaken, romelic, rogorc Cine-Vog miuTiTebda, man miiRo germaniis televiziiT kinofilm `Le Boucher~ gadacemis retransmisiis Sedegad, romelTan dakavSirebiTac Cine-Vog-s belgiaSi `Les Films La Boetie~-sgan miRebuli hqonda eqskluziuri distribuciis ufleba.

374 Case 262/81, Coditel SA, Compagnie Generale pour la Diffusion de la television, and Others v. Cine-Vog Films SA and others [1982].

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4. saqmidan naTelia, rom `koditelis~ kompaniebi belgiis administraciis mxri-dan miRebuli uflebamosilebis safuZvelze axdenen sakabelo televiziis difuziis momsaxurebas, romelic faravs belgiis nawils. satelevizio kom-pleqtebi, romlebic ekuTvnis abonentebs, kabelis meSveobiT dakavSirebulni arian centralur (...) specialur teqnikur maxasiaTeblebTan, romlebic bel-giur samauwyeblo kompaniebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, iyvnen amorCeulebi, iseve rogorc garkveuli ucxouri samauwyeblo kompaniebi, romelTa gadacemebis miRebac abonenetebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT kerZo antenebis meSveobiT da romelic kidev ufro aumjobesebs abonenetebis mier miRebuli suraTisa da xmis xarisxs.

5. (...) mas Semdeg, rac dadginda, rom 85-e muxli ar iyo gamoyenebadi davis mimarT, evropul sasamarTlos gadaeca ori SekiTxva, romlebmac arsebiTad wamowies problema, Tu ramdenad axdendnen xelSekrulebis 59-e da me-60 mux-lebi miTiTebis SezRudvas, rac Semoifargleboda wevri saxelmwifos teri-toriiT, filmze arsebuli saavtoro uflebis farglebSi, im faqtis gaTval-iswinebiT, rom filmis industriaSi aseTi miTiTebis rigma, misi ekonomikuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba gamoiwvios saerTo bazris danawileba.

6. 18 martiT daTariRebul ganaCenSi sasamarTlom miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetile-ba:`evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis~ xelSekrulebis debulebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia momsaxurebis warmoebasTan, ar acilebs Tavidan wevr saxelm-wifoSi kinematografiul filmSi Sesrulebis uflebis mqone warmomadgenels, Tavis uflebaze dayrdnobiT akrZalos miTiTebuli filmis warmodgena aRniS-nul saxelmwifoSi misi avtorizaciis gareSe, sakabelo gziT gavrcelebis meS-veobiT, Tu aseTi formiT gamotanili filmi aris aRebuli da gadacemuli me-same mxaris mier sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi aRniSnuli uflebis mflobelis Tanx-mobiT.

7. rogorc Cans, statutis mier gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic gawerilia sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebaze, `koditelis~ kompaniebma saapela-cio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gaasaCivres sakasacio sasamarTloSi da amt-kicebdnen, inter alia, rom am ukanasknelma dauSva Secdoma rodesac daadgina, rom xelSekrulebis 85-e muxli ar iyo gamoyenebadi gansaxilveli saqmis mimarT. isini acxadebdnen, rom, erTi mxriv, 36-e muxls ar SeeZlo, SeezRuda 85-e mux-lis gamoyenebis masStabi da, meore mxriv, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saavtoro ufle-ba, rogorc samarTlebrivi statusi, ar xvdeba 85-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebebisa da SeTanxmebuli praqtikis farglebSi, misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba iyos mizani, SeTanxmebis, gadawyvetilebisa Tu SeTanxmebuli praqtikis Sedegi an saSualeba da rom kontraqti, romelic moicavs eqskluziur licenzias an saavtoro uflebis miwerilobas, unda gautoldes SeTanxmebas, gadawyvetile-bas, an SeTanxmebul praqtikas xelSekrulebis 85-e muxlis miznebisaTvis, ara mxolod misi debulebebidan warmoSobili uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gamo, aramed ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi garemoebebis gamo, romelic arsebobs mis garSemo, kerZod, msgavsi SeTanxmebebis arsebobis gamo, rac dadebulia im-ave mxareebs, an, Tundac, mesame mxareebs Soris da aseTi paraleluri SeTanxme-bis kumulaciuri Sedegidan gamomdinare.

8. sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom zemoT aRniSnuli

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wardginebebi warmoSobdnen gaerTianebis samarTlis interpretaciis sakiTxs da Semdegi SekiTxviT mimarTa sasamarTlos:

`rodesac kompania, romelic aris kinematografiuli filmis gamoyenebis uflebis mflobeli, aformebs kontraqts sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze arsebul kompaniasTan da gadascems eqskluziur uflebas, uCvenos filmi am saxelmwifoSi gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, aris Tu ara aRniSnuli kon-traqti pasuxismgebeli, masSi Semavali uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gaTval-iswinebiT Seesabamebodes SeTanxmebas, gadawyvetilebas Tu SeTanxmebul praq-tikas, rac akrZalulia sawarmoebs Soris, xelSekrulebis 85-e muxlis pirveli da meore paragrafebis Sesabamisad, Tu aRniSnuli debulebebi ar gamoiyeneba imis gamo, rom an filmis Cvenebis ufleba aris saavtoro uflebis gansakuTreb-uli sakiTxis nawili da, Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis 36-e muxli iqneba 85-e mux-lis gamoyenebis winaRoba, an imitom, rom warmomadgenlis mier gamoyenebuli ufleba filmis CvenebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac is eyrdnoba, gamomdinare-obs samarTlebrivi statusidan, romelic gamoixateba warmomadgenlis dacvaSi, erga omnes, da romelic ar xvdeba xelSekrulebis 85-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul SeTanxmebis, gadawyvetilebis Tu SeTanxmebuli praqtikis farglebSi?~

9. SekiTxva arsebiTad cdilobs, gamoarkvios kontraqtis mimarTeba, xelSekruleb-is 85-e muxlSi Semaval akrZalvebTan dakavSirebiT, romelSic filmis saav-toro uflebis mflobeli gadascems eqskluziur uflebas, aCvenos filmi wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi. ufro zustad, SekiTxva aseTia: ramdenad SeiZleba aseTi gadacema moxvdes xelSekrulebis 85-e muxlis moqmedebis farglebs gareT, xelSekrulebis 36-e muxlis meSveobiT aRniSnuli uflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis miweriT, an, Tundac, adgi-lobrivi kanonmdeblobiT misTvis daculi statusis miniWebiT.

10. unda aRiniSnos, rom winaswari ganxilvebis gziT 36-e muxli uSvebs akrZalveb-sa Tu SezRudvebs vaWrobaze wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini gamarTlebulia, inter alia, im safuZvliT, rogoricaa industriuli da ko-merciuli sakuTrebis dacva, piroba, romelic faravs literaturul da xe-lovnebasTan dakavSirebul sakuTrebas, maT Soris saavtoro uflebas, romel-Sic ZiriTadi warmoeba dakavSirebulia momsaxurebis Tavisufal moZraobaze damokidebul akrZalvaze an SezRudvaze.

11. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc sasamarTlom daadgina Tavis 1980 wlis 18 martis ganaCenSi (Coditel v. Vine-vong Films, 1980, ECR 881), problemebi, rom-lebic arsebobda filmis prodiuseris uflebebis ganxilvaSi xelSekrulebis moTxovnebTan mimarTebiT, ar aris igive, rac dakavSirebulia literaturisa da xelovnebis muSaobasTan, romlis sajaro ganTavsebac ganuyofelia samuSaos masalebis moZraobisagan, rogorc wignebisa Tu Canawerebis SemTxvevaSi, maSin, roca filmebis mikuTvneba literaturul Tu xelovnebis sferosTan maT xe-lmisawvdoms gaxdis sajaro eqspluataciisaTvis, rac moiazreba momsaxurebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebaSi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs saSualebasa da meTods, rom-liTac is miewodeba sazogadoebas _ iqneba es televizia Tu kinoTeatri.

12. imave ganaCenSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom filmis saavtoro uflebis mflobelisa da misi warmomadgenlis ufleba, moiTxovon anazRaureba filmis nebismieri CvenebisaTvis, aris saavtoro uflebis arsebiTi funqciis nawili.

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13. gansxvaveba, romelic gamomdinareobs 36-e muxlidan, rac arsebobs ufle-baTa interpretaciis sakiTxSi wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi, samsax-iobo da inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi, razec ar SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos xelSekrulebis debulebebma da aseTi uflebis gamoyeneba, romelic unda Seesabamebodes daufarav SezRudvas wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze, aseve gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es ufleba gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis konteqstSi.

14. imdenad, ramdenadac gasagebia, rom moqmedebis garkveulma aspeqtebma, rom-lebSic gamoyenebulia ufleba, SeiZleba daadasturos, rom SeuTavsebelia 59-e da me-60 muxlebTan, Tanabrad gasagebia, rom zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba iyos SeuTavsebeli 85-e muxlTan, romelSic isini gavlenas axdenen SeTanxmebaze, gadawyvetilebasa Tu SeTanxmebul praqtikaze, romelsac Tavis miznad an Sed-egad SeiZleba hqondes saerTo bazarze konkurenciis prevencia, SezRudva Tu ganadgureba.

15. rogorc Cans, ubralo faqti, rom filmis saavtoro uflebis mqone pir-ma gasca erTaderTi licenzia filmis Cvenebis eqskluziuri uflebiT wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze da, Sesabamisad, akrZala garkveuli periodis gan-mavlobaSi misi Cveneba sxvebis mier, ar aris sakmarisi imis dasadgenad da gasa-marTleblad, rom aseTi kontraqti miCneuli unda iqnes rogorc SeTanxmebis, gadawyvetilebis an SeTanxmebuli praqtikis mizani, meTodi an Sedegi, romel-sac krZalavs xelSekruleba.

16. kinematografiuli industriisa da gaerTianebaSi misi bazris maxasiaTeblebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic dakavSirebulia dublirebasa da subtitrebTan gansxvavebuli enis jgufebis sasargeblod, satelevizio mauwyeblobebisaTvis SesaZleblobaTa micemiT da evropaSi kinematografiuli warmoebis dafinanse-bis sistemasTan dakavSirebiT, gamoiyeneba imis saCveneblad, rom eqskluziuri Cveneba/gamofenis licenzia TavisTavad ar axdens konkurenciis prevencias, SezRudvas an ganadgurebas.

17. miuxedavad imisa, rom saavtoro ufleba filmze da misgan gamomdinare ufleba, kerZod filmis Cveneba, TavisTavad ar aris 85-e muxlSi gansazRvruli akrZalvebis sagani, aRniSnuli uflebebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mainc moxvdes aRniSnuli akrZalvebis sferoSi, rodesac arsebobs ekonomikuri Tu samarT-lebrivi garemoebebi, romelTa Sedegic aris filmis distribuciis mniSvnelo-van donemde SezRudva an kinematografiul bazarze konkurenciis ganadgureba, bazris gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

18. vinaidan arc sasamarTlosTvis gadacemuli SekiTxva da arc saqmeze arse-buli masalebi ar gvawvdis aranair informacias aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, erovnulma sasamarTlom unda ganaxorcielos is gamoZieba, romelic gaxdeba saWiro.

19. Sesabamisad, unda ganvacxadoT, rom, sadac saWiroa, sasamarTlos valde-bulebaa, awarmoos aseTi gamoZieba da, kerZod, daadginos: qmnis Tu ara ki-nematografiuli filmis Cvenebis eqskluziuri ufleba barierebs, romlebic aris xelovnuri da gaumarTlebeli kinematografiuli industriis saWiroebe-bisa da pirobebisaTvis; an xom ar aRemateba safasuris gadaxdis SesaZlebloba samarTlian investiciebs da Tanxis amoRebas; an xangrZlivobis eqskluziuro-

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ba, romelic ar aris proporciuli moTxovnebTan; da, saerTo TvalsazrisiT, aris Tu ara uflebis aseTi gamoyeneba am geografiul teritoriaze iseTi formis, rom moaxdinos saerTo bazarze konkurenciis prevencia, SezRudva an ganadgureba.

20. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlosTvis gasacemi pasuxi unda iyos, rom kontraqti, romliTac filmis saavtoro uflebis mflobeli gascems eqskluziur ufle-bas filmis Cvenebaze wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze gansazRvruli vadiT, rogorc aseTi, ar aris xelSekrulebis 85-e muxliT gansazRvruli akrZalvebis subieqti. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi erovnulma sasamarTlom unda Seafasos, aris Tu ara am saqmeSi meTodi, romliTac gamoiyeneba kontraqtiT gaTvaliswineb-uli eqskluziuri ufleba, ekonomikuri Tu samarTlebrivi sferos subieqti, romlis mizani an Sedegi aris filmebis distribuciis prevencia an SezRudva, an kinematografiis bazarze konkurenciis ganadgureba, am bazris specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

am safuZvelze sasamarTlo, misTvis belgiis sakasacio sasamarTlos mier 1981 wlis 3 seqtembris brZanebiT gadacemul SekiTxvaze adgens:

kontraqti, romliTac filmis saavtoro uflebis mflobeli gascems eqsklu-ziur uflebas filmis Cvenebaze wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze gansazRvru-li vadiT, rogorc aseTi, ar aris xelSekrulebis 85-e muxliT gansazRvruli akrZalvebis subieqti. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, erovnulma sasamarTlom unda Seafasos, aris Tu ara am saqmeSi meTodi, romliTac gamoiyeneba kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli eqskluziuri ufleba, ekonomikuri Tu samarTlebrivi sf-eros subieqti, romlis mizani an Sedegi aris filmebis distribuciis prevencia an SezRudva, an kinematografiis bazarze konkurenciis ganadgureba, mocemuli bazris specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

X. sajaro sawarmoebi

saqme Vereniging van Vlaamse Reosbureaus v VZW Social Dienst van de Plaatselijke en Gewestelijke Overheidsdiensten (Belgian Travel Agents)375:

gadawyvetileba belgiis turistul agentebTan mimarTebiT

saqmis fabula: aTwleulebis win turistuli agentebis profkavSiris mier gamocemuli eTikis kodeqsi da vaWrobis sxvadasxva donesTan dakavSirebuli sxva xelSekrulebebi ukrZalavda turistul agentebs bileTebis maTi xelmZ-Rvanelebis mier rekomendebul fasebTan SedarebiT dabal fasad gayidvas. profkavSirebis aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi da gadawyvetilebebi Caanacvla 1966 wels miRebulma kanonmdeblobam. sakamaTo gaxda is, Tu ramdenad modioda winaaRmdegobaSi aRniSnuli kanoni, erTad aRebul, me-10 da 81-e muxlebTan.

sakiTxi daisva Semdegnairad – arRvevda Tu ara 81-e 1-l muxls im turistul agentebTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi, romlebic turoperatorTa agen-tebs warmoadgenen.

375 Case Vereniging van Vlaamse Reosbureaus v VZW Social Dienst van de Plaatselijke en Gewestelijke Overheidsdiensten (Belgian Travel Agents) (311/85) 1 October 1987., [1987] ECR 3801, [1989] 4 CMLR 213, CMR 14, 499.

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10. rogorc sasamarTlom erTgvarovnad aRniSna (ixileT yvelaze bolo gad-awyvetileba, daTariRebuli 1986 wlis 30 apriliT, gaerTianebul saqmeebze: Case 209-idan 213/84-is CaTvliT Ministere Public v. Asjes [1986] ECR 1425), miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebis 81-e da 82-e muxlebi exeba sawarmos moqmedebas da ara wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobebsa da regulaciebs, xelSekruleba akisrebs wevr saxelmwifoebs valdebulebas, ar miiRon an ar ganaxorcielon iseTi zomebi, romlebic efeqturobas daukargavs zemoT aRniSnul normebs. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom msgavsi situacia Seiqmneba, Tu wevrma saxelmwi-fom moiTxova an moiwona 81-e muxlis sawinaaRmdego xelSekrulebebis, gad-awyvetilebebis an SeTanxmebuli praqtikis miReba-danergva, an gaamyara maTi efeqti.

11. saTanado kuTxiT erovnuli sasamarTlosTvis pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa, up-irvelesad, ganisazRvros, aaSkaraveben Tu ara sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenili dokumentebi amgvari xelSekrulebebis, gadawyvetilebebisa Tu SeTanxmebuli praqtikis arsebobas dasmuli sakiTxiT moculi saqmianobis sferoSi, da mxolod amis Semdeg ganisazRvros, belgiuri normebis msgavs normebs SeswevT Tu ara un-ari, gaamyaron amgvari xelSekrulebebis, gadawyvetilebebis an SeTanxmebuli praqtikis efeqti an iqonion aseTi Sedegi.

12. sasamarTlos winaSe warmodgenili dokumentebi gviCvenebs, rom belgiuri normebi struqturis nawilobriv formirebas axdenen sxvadasxva doneze xelSekrulebebis meSveobiT turistuli agentebis davaldebulebiT, daicvan turoperatorebis mier turebisTvis dadgenili fasebi.

13. pirvel rigSi, komisiis mier mowodebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, rac kamaTis sagani ar gamxdara, 1963 wels Belgische Beroepsvereningin voor Reisbureaus (belgiis turistul agentTa kavSiri, Semdgom teqstSi “BBR~) miiRo Tavisi wevrebis eTi-kis kodeqsi. am kodeqsis 22-e muxli, romlis Sinaarsic aisaxa ZiriTad saqmeSi gansaxilveli 1966 wlis 30 ivnisis samefo dekretis 22-e muxlSi, exeboda momx-marebelTa sakomisio mosakreblidan wilis miRebis sakiTxs da maTTvis akrZa-luli fasdaklebebis miniWebas an fasdaklebebs, romlebic komerciul sarge-blobas, rogorc usamarTlo konkurencias, ewinaaRmdegeboda.

14. meore rigSi, isev da isev komisiis mier mowodebuli informaciis mixedviT, 1975 wels BBR-is farglebSi gaformda TanamSromlobis CarCoxelSekruleba turistuli agentebis sabWosa da BBR-isTvis gankuTvnili Carteruli frenis operatorebis jgufs Soris. am xelSekrulebis me-8 b muxli adgens, rom agents SeuZlia, nebismieri formiT ar gadauricxos Tavisi sakomisios nawili mesame pirs da unda daicvas organizatoris mier gayidvisTvis dadgenili fasebi da pirobebi.

15. turoperatorebsa da turistul agentebs Soris gaformebul xelSekrule-basTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom belgiis mTavrobis valdebulebebis standartuli formis xelSekrulebis danarTi zogadi debulebebis pirveli punqtiT adgens TanamSromlobis pirobebs, romlis mixedviTac turoperators `SeuZlia, uari Tqvas [turebis] gayidvaze im agentebisaTvis, romlebic komer-ciuli praqtikis wesebTan Sesabamisobaze uars acxadeben da moqmedeben kanon-mdeblobis suliskveTebis sawinaaRmdegod~. aRniSnuli norma turoperatorebs saSualebas aZlevs, moSalon Tavisi xelSekrulebebi turistul agentebTan,

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romlebic ar icaven maTTvis misadagebuli komerciuli praqtikis wesebs im wesebis CaTvliT, romlebic ukrZalaven sakomisios gayofasa da fasdaklebebis uflebis miniWebas.

16. ufro metic, sakiTxSi asaxuli 1996 wlis 30 ivnisis samefo dekretis 22-e muxlis teqstidan gamomdinare, dasturdeba xelSekrulebebis sistemis ar-seboba, mowodebuli amgvari praqtikis prevenciis mizniT. 22-e me-2 d muxli, romelic `momwodebelTan mimarTebiT~ turistuli agentis valdebulebebs ex-eba, adgens, rom agentma unda `daicvas klientebTan sakomisios wilis miRe-basTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebuli akrZalva~.

17. Sesabamisad, unda davaskvnaT, rom, rogorc sasamarTlos winaSe wardge-nili dokumentebis safuZvelze irkveva, turistuli agentebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs xelSekrulebaTa sistema rogorc TviT turistul agen-tebs Soris, aseve agentebsa da turoperatorebs Soris mowodebuli, daavalde-bulos agentebi, daicvan turoperatorTa mier dadgenili fasebi, da iqonion aRniSnuli efeqti. msgavsi xelSekrulebebis mizani da efeqti turistul agen-tebs Soris konkurenciis SezRudvaa. ase rom vTqvaT, isini turistul agentebs acileben fasebis konkurenciaSi monawileobas sakuTari iniciativiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac uwiladeben miRebuli sa-komisios garkveul nawils TavianT momxmareblebs.

18. damatebiT, amgvarma xelSekrulebebma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze ramdenime gagebiT. pirvel rigSi, erT wevr saxelmwifoSi moqmedma turistulma agentebma SeiZleba gayidon sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi myofi turoperatoris mier organizebuli samogzauro paketi; meore rigSi, am agentebs SeuZliaT, samogzauro paketi mihyidon momxmareb-lebs, mcxovrebT sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi; mesame rigSi, gansaxilvel sakiTxSi dasmuli mogzauroba xSir SemTxvevaSi sxva wevr saxelmwifoebSi ganxorciele-bas exeba.

19. belgiis mTavrobam iuara, rom 81-e 1-li muxli SeiZleba Seexos turopera-torsa da turistul agents Soris urTierTobas, da amtkicebda, rom es aris urTierToba xelmZRvanelsa da agents Soris. Sesabamisad, turistuli agenti aRqmuli unda iqnes rogorc turoperatoris damxmare organo. Tavisi argumen-tebis gasamyareblad belgiis mTavrobam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa im faqts, rom turistuli agentebi ar Sedian saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi klientebTan sakuTari saxeliT, aramed gansaxilvel sakiTxSi dasmuli turis-tuli paketis organizatori turoperatoris saxeliTa da mis sanacvlod.

20. miuxedavad amisa, erovnuli sasamarTlos mier moxseniebuli turistuli agenti miCneul unda iqnes damoukidebel agentad, romelic momsaxurebas uz-runvelyofs sruliad damoukideblad. igi vaWrobs didi raodenobis turop-eratorebis mier organizebuli samogzauro paketebiT, xolo turoperatori vaWrobs Tavisi samogzauro paketebiT didi raodenobis agentebis meSveobiT. belgiis mTavrobis mier warmodgenili gancxadebebis sapirispirod unda aRin-iSnos, rom turistuli agenti ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc damxmare organo, turoperatoris kompaniis Semadgeneli nawili.

21. aRniSnuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinareobs, rom gansaxilvel sakiTxSi war-modgenilis msgavsi xelSekrulebebi Seusabamoa xelSekrulebis 81-e 1 muxl-

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Tan.

22. dasadgeni rCeba, aris Tu ara am konteqstSi ganxiluli, erovnuli sasa-marTlos winaSe gansaxilvelad dasmuli iseTi xasiaTis pirobebi, rom SeZlon turistul agentebsa da turoperatorebs Soris arsebuli xelSekrulebebis efeqtis gaZliereba.

23. pirvel rigSi, 1966 wlis samefo dekretis meSveobiT Cveulebrivi saxelSekrulebo akrZalvebis sakanonmdeblo normebad transformirebiT moxda gansaxilvel sakiTxSi asaxul mxareTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis efeqtis gamyareba imdenad, ramdenadac norma iZens grZelvadian xasiaTs da ar SeiZleba gauqmdes mxareTa mier; meore rigSi, im usamarTlo midgomiT, romlis mixedvi-Tac unda moxdes SeTanxmebuli fasebisa da tarifebis dacva an klientebis sa-komisiodan wilis miRebis akrZalva, samarTliani komerciuli praqtikis sawi-naaRmdegod, igi uflebas aZlevs turistul agentebs, romlebic SesabamisobaSi arian komerciuli praqtikis SeTanxmebul normebTan, awarmoon SezRudvis br-ZanebasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi im turistul agentebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic xelSekrulebis mxares ar warmoadgenen da ar modian SesabamisobaSi am normebTan; mesame rigSi, rogorc xelSekrulebis mxareebTan, aseve mesame pirebTan mimarTebiT, SesaZleblobis arseboba, CamoerTvas turistuli agen-tis samoqmedo licenzia komerciuli praqtikis SeTanxmebuli normebis dacvis mxriv Secdomis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTebs didi efeqtis mqone sanqciis arsebobaze.

24. erovnuli sasamarTlos mier dasmul SekiTxva A-ze pasuxi aseTia: wevri saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi normebi an regulaciebi, romlebic moiTxoven turistuli agentisgan turoperatorebis mier gansazRvruli samogzauro pa-ketis fasebisa da tarifebis dacvas, ukrZalaven maT, miiRon wili TavianT klientebze gayiduli samogzauro paketis sakomisiodan an fasdakleba Ses-Tavazon TavianT klientebs, rac miCneulia samarTliani komerciuli praqti-kis darRvevad, SeuTavsebelia wevri saxelmwifos valdebulebasTan evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis me-10 muxlTan mimarTebiT, da dakavSirebulia me-3 g da 81-e muxlebTan, romelTa mixedviTac amgvari erovnuli normebis mi-zani an efeqti gaamyaros xelSekrulebebis, gadawyvetilebebis an SeTanxmebuli praqtikis efeqtiT, winaaRmdegobaSi modis 81-e muxlTan.saqme Masterfoods Ltd and Valley Ice Cream (Ireland) Ltd v Van Den Bergh Foods Ltd (formerly HB Ice Cream Ltd)376:

komisiam gamoaqveyna braldebebis ganacxadi HB Ice Cream-Tan, irlandiaSi nayinis umsxviles mwarmoebelTan mimarTebiT. HB amaragebda mcire sacalo movaWreebs sanayine macivrebiT, romlebic axorcielebdnen qveyanaSi sacalo nayinis vaWrobis 40%-s im valdebulebis sanacvlod, rom aRniSnul macivrebSi ganTavsebuli iqneboda mxolod HB-is nayini – ̀ macivris eqskluziuri ufleba~. komisiam, 81-e da 82-e muxlebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, ganacxada, rom xdeboda konkurenti mommarageblebis konkurenciis gamoricxva im sacalo vaWrobis obieqtebSi, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod erTi macivris ganTavseba.

HB-m Secvala politika da neba darTo im sacalo movaWreebs, romelTac droebiT sargeblobaSi gadasca macivrebi, dayovnebis gareSe an ijaris fasis 376 Case Masterfoods Ltd and Valley Ice Cream (Ireland) Ltd v Van Den Bergh Foods Ltd (formerly HB Ice Cream Ltd)

[1998] OJ L246/1, [1998] CMLR 530.

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pirobebiT SeeZinaT isini da, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuliT gaewyvitaT maT Soris arsebuli kavSiri. Semdgomi saCivrebis gamoZiebis Sedegad komisiam oficialur JurnalSi gamoaqveyna gancxadeba am kompromisiT dadebiTi Sedegebis miRebis Taobaze. HB-m irlandiis umaRlesi sasamarTlosgan moipova akrZalvis brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmad, Mars-s ezRudeboda sacalo movaWreebis darwmunebis ufleba, ganeTavsebinaT misi nayini HB-is macivrebSi.

Mars-ma, romelsac surda bazarze SeRweva HB-is macivrebSi Tavisi nayinis ganTavsebis meSveobiT, saCivriT mimarTa komisias, da acxadebda, rom mxolod ramdenime sacalo movaWre iyo mzad, gamoeyenebina masTan kavSiris gawyvetis SesaZlebloba. Sesabamisad, komisiam ganaaxla procedurebi saqmeze _ Van den Bergh Foods Ltd [1998] OJ L/246/1 [1998] 5 CMLR 530 da dagmo macivris eqskluziuri ufleba.

aRniSnul periodSi irlandiuri sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Mars-isTvis akrZalvis dadgenaze gansaxilvelad warudgines irlandiis uzenaes sasamarT-lo, romelmac winaswari gansjadoba sTxova evropul sasamarTlos. Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom ganxilva gadado komisiis mier gadawyvetileb-is gamotanamde. am SemTxvevaSi evropuli sasamarTlo ganixilavs ara arsebiT sakiTxebs, aramed dakavebulia proceduruli sakiTxebiT. misi gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, erovnul sasamarTlos ar unda mieRo komisiis gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetileba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Van den Bergh cdilobda, ZalaSi moeyvana arsebuli akrZalva, romelic komisiis gadawyvetilebamde iqna misTvis miniWebuli.

komisiam Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi gaiTvaliswina, rom macivrebiT uzrunvelyo-fam xeli Seuwyo distribucias, vinaidan gadaWra bevri mcire sacalo movaWris mier saTanado danadgaris SesaZenad Tanxis ararsebobis problema. amis miuxe-davad, pirvel etapze arsebuli upiratesoba gasaTvaliswinebelia. bevr sacalo movaWres ar hqonda meore macivris gansaTavsebeli farTi da Tu isini Sevidod-nen alternatiul eqskluziur urTierTobebSi Mars-Tan, maSin unda SeewyvitaT arsebuli momwodeblis produqtiT vaWroba. Mars-Tvis ufro rTuli iyo mcire sacalo movaWreebis darwmuneba Tavisi produqciiT vaWrobis Taobaze, radgan is mxolod erTi saxeobis nayins amzadebda da, Sesabamisad, macivris propor-ciuli Rirebuleba misTvis ufro ZviradRirebuli iqneboda, vidre sxvadasxva saxeobis nayinis mimwodeblisaTvis.

saqme Van den Bergh Foods Ltd (98/531/EC, IV/34.073)377:

saboloo jamSi, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom mxari dauWira komisiis gadawyvetilebas. man frTxilad ganixila 81-e muxlTan mimarTebiT komisiis mier gakeTebuli analizi irlandiaSi erTjeradad Sexveuli Camosasxmeli nayinis Taobaze.

87. dokumentidan Cans, rom Camosasxmeli nayinis realizaciis ganmaxorciele-beli yvelaze mniSvnelovani savaWro obieqtebi, rogorc wesi, patara farTs floben da, Sesabamisad, SezRuduli arian. (...)

377 Case Van den Bergh Foods Ltd (98/531/EC, IV/34.073) 11 March 1998., OJ 1998, L246/1, [1998] 5 CMLR 530, [1998] CEC 2,380; on appeal: Van den Bergh Foods Ltd v Commission (T-65/98), 23 October 2003., [2003] ECR II-4653, [2004] 4 CMLR 14, case under dicision, C-552/03, OJ 2004.

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88. ufro metic, ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom Sesaferisi produqtis baz-risTvis damaxasiaTebelia TiToeuli sacalo movaWrisaTvis, sul mcire, erTi sanayine macivris qona – Tavis sakuTrebaSi myofi an miwodebuli nayinis mwar-moeblis mier – nayinis realizaciaSi qonisa da vizualuri reklamirebis miz-niT. Sesabamisad, gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, rom sacalo movaWrem, romelic yidis produqts dauyovnebeli moxmarebis mizniT, sakonditros, axali da kar-bonatiT gamdidrebuli sasmelebis msgavsad, unda ganasxvavos, erTi mxriv, is momenti, rom nayinis mwarmoebeli sTavazobs mas Tavisi produqciiT vaWrobas arsebuli asortimentis Canacvlebis an damatebis pirobiT da, meore mxriv, is momenti, rom msgavsi SeTavazeba exeba sxva produqciis, rogorebicaa sigareti da Sokoladi, mwarmoeblisgan, romelsac ar sWirdeba sayinule da kmayofil-deba farTiT, Cveulebriv, Taroze. sacalo movaWres sasinjad gankuTvnil pe-riodSi ar SeuZlia, ubralod, iqonios gayidvaSi nayinebis axali asortimentebi sxva produqtebTan erTad, imis dasadgenad, arsebobs Tu ara saTanado moTx-ovna am asortimentze. an, pirvel rigSi, unda miiRos biznesgadawyvetileba, Tu ramdenad gadaaWarbebs damatebiTi mogeba investiciebs, risksa da sxva SesaZlo mosalodnel uaryofiT faqtorebs, asocirebuls sanayine macivris an damate-biTi macivris instalaciasTan, sxva produqtebsa da nayinis brendebze fase-bis dacemisa da Secvlis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom racionaluri sacalo movaWre gamoyofs farTs sanayine macivrisTvis mxolod konkretuli brendis nayinis gasayidad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am brendiT vaWroba ufro momgebiani iqneba, vidre sxva brendebis Camosasxmeli nayinebiTa da gadaudebeli moxmarebis produqtebiT vaWroba.

89. sasamarTlom aRmoaCina, rom garemoebebi, asaxuli zemoT moyvanil 85-e-88-e paragrafebSi, gadasaxadis gareSe nayinis macivriT uzrunvelyofa, HB-is nayinis aSkara popularoba, misi produqciis asortimentis simravle da dadeb-iTi Sedegebi, asocirebuli mis realizaciasTan, Zalian mniSvnelovani sagu-lisxmo faqtorebia sacalo movaWreTa TvalTaxedvaSi, rodesac isini iReben gadawyvetilebas damatebiTi nayinis macivris dayenebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ivaWron meore, SesaZlebelia, naklebfasiani nayinis asortimentiT an ufro metic, moSalon sadistribucio xelSekruleba HB-sTan HB-is sanayine macivris sakuTariT Secvlis an sxva mwarmoeblis macivriT Canacvlebis mizniT, rac yve-la SemTxvevaSi iqneba eqskluzivis pirobis sagani.

90. ufro metic, HB-is dominanturi pozicia ekava Sesabamis bazarze wlebis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac sakamaTo gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli, igi flobda Sesabamisi bazris 89%-s, rogorc moculobiTi, aseve RirebulebiTi Tvalsaz-risiT, da darCenili nawili ganawilebuli iyo ramdenime mcire mimwodebels Soris.

97. mimdinare msjelobidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom gamoavlina: komisiam, moTxovnili samarTlebrivi standartis Sesabamisad, daamtkica, rom Sesabamis bazarze HB-is produqtebis maRali standartisa da im faqtis miuxedavad, rom igi sTavazobs nayinis srul asortiments, romelTa umravlesoba momxmarebelSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs, arsebobs obieqturi da specifikuri mtkice-buleba irlandiaSi sxva mwarmoeblebis nayinze moTxovnis sademonstraciod, romlis mixedviTac isini xelmisawvdomia, Tumca am mwarmoeblebs SedarebiT mcire asortimentis nayini aqvT, kerZod ki, isini Mars-is msgavsi nayinis mwar-

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moeblebi arian, romelTac bazarze ukaviaT sakmaod specifikuri adgili. am mimarTebiT komisiam uCvena, rom sacalo movaWreTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba mzadaa, gasayidad gamoitanos sxvadasxva mwarmoeblis warmoebuli Camosasxmeli nayini erT sanayine macivarSi maTi ganTavsebiT. es ganuxorcielebadia maT mier maSin, rodesac unda ganaTavson sakuTari an sxva mwarmoeblis damatebiTi san-ayine macivari. Sedegad, sasamarTlosTvis miuRebelia HB-is argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, sxva mwarmoeblebis nayinis gayidvaze sacalo movaWreebis mier sur-vilis arqona damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos ara eqskluzivis pirobiT, aramed im faqtiT, rom ar arsebobs Sesabamis bazarze am produqtebis mimarT moTxovna.

98. sasamarTlom aseve gamoavlina, rom komisiam gaiTvaliswina gansaxilveli produqtis specifikuri Taviseburebani, am saqmis ekonomikuri konteqsti, da mar-Tebulad gansazRvra is garemoeba, rom HB-is sadistribucio xelSekrulebebis qseli gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli sanayine macivrebiT uzrunvelyofasTan erTad eqskluzivis pirobis saganicaa da sacalo movaWreebis mimarT mniSvnelo-vani gadarwmunebis efeqti aqvs sakuTari an sxva mwarmoeblis sanayine macivrebis dainstalirebis kuTxiT da, faqtobrivad, moqmedebs rogorc savaWro obieqtebis erToblioba, romelTac mxolod HB-is sanayine macivrebi gaaCniaT, rac Sesabamis bazarze Seadgens savaWro obieqtebis 40%-s. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom HB-is sanayine macivrebis mqone sacalo movaWreebisaTvis Teoriulad SesaZlebelia sxva mwarmoeblebis nayinis gayidvac, praqtikaSi eqskluzivis pirobis efeqti zRudavs sacalo movaWreTa komerciul Tavisuflebas, airCion is produqtebi, romelTa gayidvac maT surT sakuTar savaWro obieqtebSi.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom igive xedva warmoaCina, roca daadastura, rom, yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisias ar dauSvia aSkara Secdoma 81-e 1-li muxlis gamouyeneblobiT.

106. rac Seexeba HB-is arguments, dakavSirebuls am saqmeSi `mizezobrivi we-sis~ gamoyenebasTan, sasamarTlom xazgasmiT unda aRniSnos, rom gaerTianebis konkurenciis samarTalSi amgvari wesis arseboba miuRebelia. xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis ganmarteba, romelic SemoTavazebul iqna HB-is mier, ver iqneba SeTavsebadi 81-e muxliT dadgenili wesebis struqturasTan.

107. xelSekrulebis 81-e muxli Tavis mesame paragrafSi dazustebiT adgens im xelSekrulebebis gamoricxvas, romlebic zRudaven konkurencias zogierTi pi-robis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod ki, rodesac isini savaldebuloa gansaz-Rvruli miznebis misaRwevad da ar aZlevs sawarmoebs konkurenciis aRmofxvris SesaZleblobas gansaxilveli produqtis mniSvnelovan nawilTan mimarTebiT. es mxolod am pirobis specifikur farglebSia SesaZlebeli, konkurenciis Sez-Rudvis momxre da konkurenciis sawinaaRmdego mxareebis SesaZlo SefasebiT (aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT ixileT Hachette v. Commission [1994] ECR II-595, para. 48, da gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: T-374/94, T-375/94, T-384/94 da T-388/94 European Night Services and Others v. Commission [1998] ECR II-3141, para. 136). xelSekruleb-is 81-e me-3 muxli efeqturobis did nawils dakargavda, msgavsi Sefaseba xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis farglebSi rom ganxorcielebuliyo (aRniS-nulTan mimarTebiT ixileT: Case C-235/92 P Montecatini v. Commission [1999] ECR I-4539, para. 133; Case T-14/89 Montepide v. Commission [1992] ECR II-1155, para. 265; Case T-148/89 Trefilunion v. Commission [1995] ECR II-1063, para. 109, da aseve Case T-112/99 M6 and Others v. Commission [2001] ECR II-2459, para.: 72 da 74).

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108. damatebiT, ar SeiZleba udavod vamtkicoT mxolod im faqtis Taobaze dayrdnobiT, rom bazris savaWro obieqtebis 40%-is moculobis floba HB-is xelSekrulebaTa qsels avtomaturad aZlevs konkurenciis prevenciis, Sez-Rudvis an formis Secvlis unars. aRniSnuli, razec HB sasamarTlo ganxilvi-sas apelirebda, gulisxmobs, rom 60%, Sesabamisad Sesaferisi bazris savaWro obieqtebis umravlesoba, dabrkolebas ar ganicdis, eqskluzivis pirobidan gamomdinare.

109. distribuciis xelSekrulebebis amgvari qselis efeqtis Sefasebisas saWiroa im ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, romel-Sic is funqcionirebs da romelSic is SeiZleba kombinirebul iqnes sxvebTan erTad konkurenciaze kumulaciuri efeqtis misaRebad (ixileT: Delimitis, para. 14, da Langnese-Iglo v. Commission, para. 100).

saqme Metro I: Metro v. Commission378:

saqmis fabula: SABA amzadebda televizorebs, radiomimRebebsa da magnitofonebs da yidda maT SerCeviTi sadistribucio sistemis (Sss) meSveobiT. komisiam daadgina, rom misi pirobebis nawili ar arRvevda 81-e 1-l muxls, xolo danarCeni pirobebi gamoricxa. evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada:

19. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom sadavo gadawyvetilebis me-2 muxli iuridi-ul safuZvels moklebulia uflebamosilebis gadametebis gamo, rameTu komi-siam ver SeZlo eRiarebina 81-e muxliT daculi faseulobebi, kerZod ki momx-mareblis interesebidan gamomdinare konkurenciis Tavisufleba, mwarmoeblisa da movaWreTa jgufis Tanmxvedri interesebi, romelTac survili hqondaT, daecvaT savaWro fasebi, romlebic am ukanasknelis mier miCneul iqna damakmay-ofileblad. amas garda, Tu igulisxmeba is, rom akrZalvidan gamoricxva Sei-Zleba nebadarTuli yofiliyo sadistribucio sistemis gamo 81-e me-3 muxlis sawinaaRmdegod, ganmcxadebeli amtkicebs, rom komisiam borotad gamoiyena es normebi konkurenciis SezRudvis sawinaaRmdegod gamonaklisis miniWebisas, rac aucilebeli ar aris obieqtis mier produqciis an distribuciis, teqnikuri an ekonomikuri progresis xelSewyobis gaumjobesebis misaRwevad, rasac mivya-varT konkurenciis aRmofxvrisken TviTmomsaxure sabiTumo movaWreebisagan.

20. evropuli gaerTianebis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis me-3 da 81-e muxlebSi asaxuli moTxovnebi, konkurenciisTvis formis Secvlis dauSveblobis Taobaze, gulisxmobs muSa reJimSi arsebuli konkurenciis arsebobas bazarze, warmoad-gens ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dasacavad da xelSekrulebis miznebis misaRwevad aucilebel konkurenciis dones, kerZod ki, erTiani bazris Seqmnas Sida baz-risaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofiT. am moTxovnis Tanaxmad, konkurenciis xasiaTi da intensiuroba SeiZleba cvalebadi iyos moculobis mixedviT gansazRvrul sakiTxSi dasmuli produqtebiT an momsaxurebiT da Sesabamisi bazris seqtorebis ekonomikuri struqturiT. seqtorSi, romelic moicavs maRali xarisxisa da teqnikurad mowinave grZelvadiani moxmarebis saqonlis warmoebas, sadac didi da saSualo mwarmoeblebis mciredi ricxvi sTavazobs sxvadasxva produqcias, romelic, momxmarebelTa mosazrebiT, iolad Canacvlebadia, bazris struqtura ar uqmnis winaRobas distribuciis arxebis mravalferovnebis arsebobas, misadagebuls sxvadasxva mwarmoeblis Tavisebur

378 Case Metro I: Metro v Commission (26/76), 25 Octoberi 1977, [1977] ECR 1875, [1978] 2 CMLR 1, CMR 8435.

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xasiaTTan da gansxvavebuli kategoriis momxmareblebis moTxovnebTan. am mi-marTebiT komisia marTali iyo, rodesac acxadebda, rom SerCeviTi sadistribu-cio sistemebi sxvebTan erTobliobaSi qmnida konkurenciis mxares, romelic Se-sabamisobaSia 81-e 1-l muxlTan, uzrunvelyofda, rom gadamyidvelebi SerCeu-li arian raodenobrivi xasiaTis obieqturi kriteriumis safuZvelze, romelic dakavSirebulia gadamyidvelisa da misi muSaxelis teqnikur kvalifikaciasa da misi savaWro obieqtis SesabamisobasTan da rom amgvari pirobebi misadagebulia erTgvarovnad yvela potenciur gadamyidvelTan da ar gamoiyeneba diskrimi-naciuli formiT.

21. simarTlea, rom distribuciis amgvar sistemebSi fasebis konkurencias arse-biTi yuradReba ar eniWeba arc rogorc eqskluziur, da arc rogorc WeSmari-tad principul faqtors. es, winamdebare saqmis msgavsad, maSin xdeba, rodesac sadistribucio qselSi SeRwevas is pirobebi sWirdeba, romlebic produqtis sa-Tanado distribuciis moTxovnebs aRemateba. Tumca, marTalia, fasebis konkuren-cia imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom verasodes moxdeba misi aRmofxvra, igi ar aris konkurenciis erTaderTi efeqturi forma an, yvela SemTxvevaSi, absoluturi prioritetis miniWebis safuZveli. 81-e me-3 muxliT komisiisaTvis miniWebuli uflebamosileba gviCvenebs, rom muSa procesSi myofi konkurenciis SenarCu-neba SeiZleba Seeguos sxvadasxva xasiaTis mqone miznebis dacvas da dasaSvebia konkurenciaze gansazRvruli SezRudvebis arseboba, radgan isini aucilebelia am miznebis misaRwevad da maTi Sedegi ar aris konkurenciis aRmofxvra bazris mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis. specialisti sabiTumo da sacalo movaWreebisaTvis gansazRvruli fasis donis SenarCunebis survili, romelic pasuxobs momxmare-blis interesebidan gamomdinare distribuciis arxis gangrZobadi arsebobis SesaZleblobis dacvis survils, distribuciis axal meTodebTan erTobliobaSi dafuZnebuls konkurenciis politikis sxvadasxva tipebze, ayalibebs erT-erT mizans, romelic SeiZleba miRweul iqnes 81-e 1-l muxlSi asaxuli akrZalvisad-mi daqvemdebarebis gareSe, da Tu is miiRweva mTlianad an nawilobriv mainc, moeqceva 81-e me-3 muxlis CarCos farglebSi. aRniSnuli argumenti gamyare-buli iqneba, Tu, damatebiT, amgvari pirobebi uzrunvelyofs gaumjobesebul konkurencias, ramdenadac igi ukavSirdeba sxva faqtorebs da ara fasebs.

saqme Metro II: Metro-SB-Grosmarkte GmbH & Co KG v. Commission:

saqmis fabula: SABA-m kvlav mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT, rodesac mis gamon-aklis uflebas vada gauvida. am drois ganmavlobaSi eleqtronuli saqonlis moxmarebis bazars damatebiTi SerCeviTi sadistribucio sistemebi daemata.

40. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is faqti, rom, Tumca sasamarTlom wina gadawyvetile-baSi aRniSna, `martivi~ SerCevis sadistribucio sistemebs unari SeswevT gan-sazRvron xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-l muxlTan SesabamisobaSi myofi konkurenciis mxareebi, miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, konkurencia SeizRudos an aRmoifx-vras iq, sadac gansazRvruli raodenobis amgvari sistemebis arseboba adgils aRar utovebs distribuciiis sxva formebs, dafuZnebuls konkurenciis poli-tikis sxvadasxva formaze an fasebis struqturis mouqnelobis Sedegebze, rac ar balansdeba erTi da imave brendis produqtebs Soris konkurenciis sxva mxareebiTa da sxvadasxva brends Soris efeqturi konkurenciis arsebobiT.

41. Sedegad, konkretul produqtTan mimarTebiT SerCeviTi sadistribucio sistemebis didi raodenobis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZleva im daskvnis saSuale-

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bas, rom konkurencia SezRudulia an saxecvlilia. arc amgvari sistemebis arse-bobaa gadamwyveti 85-e me-3 muxlis mixedviT gamonaklisi uflebis misaniWeblad an armisaniWeblad, rameTu erTaderTi gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori am mimarTebiT is efeqtia, romelic amgvar sistemebs, faqtobrivad, aqvT sakonkurencio situa-ciaSi. Sesabamisad, feradi televizorebis SerCeviTi sadistribucio qselis moculobis koeficienti, romelsac Metro miuTiTebs, ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc gamonaklisi uflebis miniWebis damcavi faqtori.

42. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom gamonaklisi uflebis miniWebis Sem-deg `martivi~ SerCevis sadistribucio sistemebis raodenobis mateba unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli maSin, rodesac gamonaklisi uflebis miRebaze ganacxadis ganaxleba gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mxolod specialur situaciaSi, romelSic Sesabamisi bazari iseTi mouqneli da struqturirebuli iyo, rom konkurenciis elements, asaxuls `martiv~ sistemebSi, ar SeuZlia SeinarCunos muSa reJimSi myofi konkurencia. Metro-m ver SeZlo eCvenebina, rom amgvari spe-cialuri situacia arsebobs warmodgenil saqmeSi.

46. Sesabamisad, Metro-s moTxovna, dafuZnebuli eleqtronuli saqonlis mox-marebis sistemaSi SefasebiTi sadistribucio sistemis gafarToebaze, ar unda iqnes gaziarebuli.

saqme Corbeau379:

saqmis fabula: belgiis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, fostas werilis minimalur sazRaurad gagzavnis eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs. b-nma Corbeau-m Caidina sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli, roca lieJis teritoriul erTeulSi organizeba gauke-Ta msgavs momsaxurebas safosto momsaxurebaze arsebulTan SedarebiT dabali tarifis dawesebiT. igi pirobas debda, rom gzavnili adresatamde miaRwevda Cabarebidan ara ugvianes momdevno samuSao dRis SuadRisas. werilis gamgza-vns SeeZlo misamarTis Secvla maSinac ki, rodesac werili gagzavnis procesSi imyofeboda. Corbeau Cveulebrivi fostiT agzavnida werilebs ufro Soreul adgilebSi.

Corbeau-s mimarT ganxorcielda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna. man daayena bel-giis kanonmdeblobis evropuli gaerTianebis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis 86-e muxlTan Seusabamobis sakiTxi, rac konkurenciis pirobebs exeboda. evropul sasamarTlos eTxova winamdebare gansjadoba aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.

evropuli sasamarTlo

7. ZiriTad saqmeSi moyvanil faqtebTan mimarTebiT sasamarTlos winaSe das-muli SekiTxva gagebul unda iqnes rogorc erovnuli sasamarTlos dainter-eseba sakiTxiT _ unda iqnes Tu ara ganmartebuli xelSekrulebis 86-e muxli Seusabamod wevri qveynis kanonmdeblobis muxlTan, romelic iseT organos, rogoricaa Regie des Postes, aniWebs fostis Segrovebis, gagzavnisa da miwode-bis eqskluziur uflebas, raTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SiSiT akrZalos aRniSnuli specifikuri momsaxurebis SeTavazeba ekonomikuri opera-toris arsebobiT am saxelmwifos bazarze.

8. kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom Regie des Postes msgavsi organo, romelsac fostis Segrovebis, gagzavnisa da miwodebis 379 Case saqme Corbeau (C-320/91) 19 May 1993., [1993] ECR I-2553, [1995] 4 CMLR 621, [1995] 1 CEC 322.

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eqskluziuri ufleba mieniWa, ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc sawarmo, romelsac wevrma saxelmwifom mianiWa eqskluziuri uflebebi, xelSekrulebis 86-e 1-li muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.

9. Semdgom unda gavixsenoT, sasamarTlom erTgvarovnad daadgina, rom sawarmo, romelsac aqvs savaldebulo monopolia saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilze, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc dominanti, xelSekrulebis 82-e muxlis Se-sabamisad (ixileT gadawyvetilebebi saqmeze _ C-179/90 Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova [1991] ECR 1-5889, para. 14 da saqmeze C-18/88 RTT v GB-Inno-BM [1991] ECR 1-594

10. miuxedavad imisa, rom 82-e muxli Seefardeba mxolod antikonkurentul qmedebas, ganxorcielebuls sawarmos mier sakuTari iniciativiT da ara saxelm-wifos mier miRebuli zomebiT (ixileT zemoT aRniSnuli saqme RTT v. GB-Inno-BM, para. 20) (...).

11. sasamarTlos am mimarTebiT hqonda SesaZlebloba, ganecxadebina, rom Tum-ca wevrma saxelmwifom eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebiT Seqmna dominanturi pozicia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seusabamoa 82-e muxlTan, xelSekruleba ar moiTxovs wevri saxelmwifoebisgan, miiRon an ganaxorcielon zomebi maTi efeqturobis uzrunvelyofis CamosarTmevad (ixileT gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ C-260/89 ERT [1991] ECR 1-2925, para. 35).

12. Sesabamisad, 86-e 1-li muxli uzrunvelyofs, konkurenciasTan dakavSire-buli xelSekrulebis normebidan gamomdinare, ar moxdes aranairi zomebisa Tu RonisZiebebis gatareba im sazogadoebriv sawarmosTan mimarTebiT, romelsac wevrma saxelmwifom mianiWa specialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebi.

13. aRniSnuli pirobebi ganxilul unda iqnes 86-e me-2 muxlTan erTobliobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis gawevaze ndo-baminiWebuli sawarmoebi eqvemdebarebian konkurenciis normebs im donemde, sadamdec am normebis moqmedeba, rogorc iuridiulad, aseve faqtobrivad, winaRobas ar uqmnis maT saqmianobas konkretulad gansazRvruli amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi.

14. Sesabamisad, es bolo normebi wevr saxelmwifoebs uflebas aZlevs, maTi ndobiT aRWurvil sawarmoebs daakisros zogadi ekonomikuri interesis mom-saxurebis gaweva, eqskluziuri uflebebi, romlebic winaRobas Seuqmnian xelSekrulebis normebis ganxorcielebas konkurenciasTan dakavSirebiT im donemde, sadamdec konkurenciis SezRudva an, Tundac, konkurenciis saerTod gamoricxva sxva ekonomikur operatorebTan mimarTebiT aucilebelia eqsklu-ziuri uflebaminiWebuli sawarmoebis mier konkretulad gansazRvruli amo-canebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad.

15. rac Seexeba momsaxurebas mTavar saqmesTan mimarTebiT, udavoa, rom Regie des Postes zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis gawevisTvis aRWurvilia ndobiT da moicavs valdebulebas, Seagrovos, gagzavnos da miawodos fosta momxmarebelTa magivrad dainteresebuli wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze dadgenili tarifebiTa da xarisxis pirobebiT, gansxvavebuli situaciis speci-fikurobisa da TiToeuli operaciis ekonomikuri mogebis xarisxisagan.

16. gansaxilveli sakiTxis arsi isaa, rom konkurenciis SezRudva an Tundac

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konkurenciis saerTod gamoricxva sxva ekonomikur operatorebTan mimarTebiT aucilebelia eqskluziuri uflebis mqone sawarmosaTvis zogadi interesebis amocanis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis misacemad da, ufro konkretulad, ekonomikuri sargeblis misaRebi pirobebis misaRwevad.

17. amgvari Sefasebis sawyisi unda iyos piroba, romlis mixedviTac ndobamini-Webuli sawarmos valdebuleba, ganaxorcielos momsaxureba Tavis winaSe dasmu-li amocanis gansaxorcieleblad ekonomikuri Tanasworobis balansis dacviT, gulisxmobs naklebad Semosavliani seqtorisTvis kompensacias momgebiani seq-toris sawinaaRmdegod da, Sesabamisad, amarTlebs konkurenciis SezRudvas im individualur sawarmoebTan mimarTebiT, romlebiTac ekonomikurad momgebiani seqtorebi dainteresebuli arian.

18. udavoa, rom individualuri sawarmoebisTvis maTi arCevanis seqtorSi eqsk-luziuri uflebebis mqone sawarmosTan konkurenciis warmarTvis uflebis miniWeba miscems maT SesaZleblobas, koncentrireba moaxdinon ekonomikurad momgebian operaciebze da SesTavazon ukeTesi tarifebi imasTan SedarebiT, rasac sTavazobs eqskluziuri uflebis mqone, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu isini, gansxvavebiT am ukanasknelisagan, ar arian damokidebuli ekonomikur mizeze-bze, aanazRauron danakargebi aramomgebian seqtorebSi ufro momgebiani seq-torebis mogebis sawinaaRmdegod.

19. Tumca konkurenciis gamoricxva gaumarTlebelia im mizeziT, rom specifi-kuri momsaxureba gamoyofilia zogadi interesebis momsaxurebisagan, romelic ekonomikuri operatorebis specialur moTxovnebs pasuxobs da romelic exeba iseT aucilebel damatebiT momsaxurebebs, ararsebuls tradiciul safosto momsaxurebaSi, rogorebicaa: gamgzavnis misamarTidan werilis Segroveba, didi siswrafe an miwodebis sandooba an tranzitis periodSi miwodebis misamarTis Secvlis SesaZlebloba. Sesabamisad, es specifikuri momsaxureba TavianTi ar-siTa da SeTavazebuli pirobebiT, rogoricaa geografiuli are, romelzec es momsaxureba vrceldeba, ar uqmnis saSiSroebas eqskluziuri uflebis mqone sawarmos mier ganxorcielebul zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis ekonomikur balanss.

20. erovnuli sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia, eqvemdebareba Tu ara gansjadobas sakiTxSi asaxuli momsaxurebebis SeuTavsebloba manam, sanam isini ar iqnebian am kriteriumebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanili.21. lieJis sasjelaRsrulebis tribunalis mier sasamarTlosadmi dasmuli kiTxvis pasuxia, rom wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis evropuli gaerTianebis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis 86-e muxlTan, rameTu iseT organos, rogoricaa Regie des Postes, aniWebs fostis Segrovebis, gagzavnisa da miwodebis eqskluziur uflebas, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SiSiT aukrZalos saxelmwifos, bazarze arsebul ekonomikur operators SesTavazos specifikuri momsaxureba gansxvavebuli zogadi interesebis momsaxurebisgan, romelic ekonomikuri operatorebis specialur moTxovnebs pasuxobs da exeba iseT aucilebel damatebiT momsaxurebas, ararsebuls tradiciul safosto momsaxurebaSi, rac ar uqmnis saSiSroebas eqskluziuri uflebis mqone sawarmos mier ganxorcielebul zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis ekonomikur balanss. erovnuli sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia, akmayofilebs Tu ara am kriteriumebs ZiriTad saqmeSi mocemuli da SekiTxvaSi

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asaxuli momsaxurebebi.

saqme Stergios Delimitis v Henninger Brau AG380:

saqmis fabula: heninger braum stergios delimitis ludis saxli miaqirava im pirobiT, rom es ukanaskneli kisrulobda valdebulebas, gasayidad gamotanili ludis yvela saxeoba SeeZina heninger brausgan da agreTve, SeeZina gansazRvruli raodenobis ludi, magram mas aseve SeeZlo ludis SeZena nebismieri mwarmoeblisgan, mxolod sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi. xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas dava wamoiWra delimitis davalianebaze ludsaxarSi kompaniis winaSe. gaerTianebis sasamarTlos eTxova, winaswari gansjadoba ganexorcielebina saqmesTan mimarTebiT 81-e 1-li muxlis Sefardebis Taobaze da eqskluziur SeZenaze winaaRmdegobisgan ganTavisuflebaze, dadgenileba 1984/83 (amJamad Canacvlebuli).sasamarTlom daiwyo amgvari xelSekrulebidan orive mxarisTvis sargeblis gam-ovleniT. delimitisma miiRo uZravi qoneba, maSin rodesac sxva msgavs SemTx-vevebSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone baris mflobeli miiRebda Tavisi qonebis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobas an dafinansebas aRniSnulis gansaxor-cieleblad. samagierod, heninger braum miiRo regularuli gasaRebis bazari sakuTari ludisTvis.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba konkurenciis SezRudvaze

13. Tu amgvari xelSekrulebebis obieqti ar aris konkurenciis SezRudva 81-e 1-li muxlis Sesabamisad, ar aris aucilebeli imis dadgena, hqondaT Tu ara maT konkurenciis prevenciis, SezRudvis an damaxinjebis efeqti.

14. sasamarTlom saqmeze _ Case 23/67 Brasserie De Haecht v. Wilkin [1967] ECR 407 gamotanil ganaCenSi daadgina, rom amgvari xelSekrulebebis efeqti unda Se-fasdes im konteqstSi, romelSic isini warmoCndebian da sadac isini Seerwymian sxvebs, raTa hqondeT kumulaciuri efeqti konkurenciaze. gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinareobs, agreTve, rom ramdenime msgavsi xelSekrulebis kumulaciuri efeqti gansazRvravs sxva faqtorebs Soris erT faqtors imis dasadgenad, eqne-ba Tu ara konkurenciis SesaZlo cvlilebas gavlena wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze.

15. Sesabamisad, am saqmeSi saWiroa ludis miwodebis xelSekrulebis efeqtis gaanalizeba msgavsi tipis sxva xelSekrulebebTan erTad, rogorebicaa: erovnu-li konkurentebis SesaZleblobebze an sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgen-lebis ludis moxmarebis bazarze Sesvlis Taobaze an bazarze maTi wilis gaz-rdaze da Sedegad, momxmareblisTvis SeTavazebuli produqtis asortimentis efeqtze msjeloba.

16. amgvari analizis gakeTebisas, pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros Sesabami-si bazari. Sesabamisi bazari winaswarve gansazRvrulia gansaxilvel sakiTxSi mocemuli saqmianobis, ludiT vaWrobis, ekonomikuri arsidan gamomdinare. ludiT vaWroba xorcieldeba sacalo vaWrobis arxebiT, savaWro obieqtebiTa da sasmelis moxmarebiT. momxmareblis gadmosaxedidan amaTgan bolo seqto-ri, romelic ZiriTadad sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebisa da restornebisgan

380 Case Stergios Delimitis v Henninger Brau AG (C-234/89) 28 February 1991w., [1991] ECR 1-935, [1992] 5 CMLR 210, [1992] 2 CEC 530.

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Sedgeba, SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes sacalo vaWrobis seqtorisgan imiT, rom ludiT vaWroba sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi ar aris mxolod produqtis SeZena, magram aseve ukavSirdeba momsaxurebis gawevas, da, amasTan, ludis mox-mareba sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi, Cveulebriv, ar aris damokidebuli ekonomikur gaTvlaze. sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis specifikuroba imiT gamoixateba, rom ludsaxarSi kompaniebi am sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis or-ganizebas ukeTeben specialur sadistribucio sistemas, romelic moiTxovs specialuri aparaturis instalacias da am seqtorisTvis dadgenili fasebi, rogorc wesi, sacalo Rirebulebaze maRalia.

17. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, am saqmeSi Sesabamisi bazari is aris, romelic ludis savaWro obieqtebSi distribuciasa da sasmelis moxmarebas moicavs. es aR-moCena ganpirobebuli ar aris im faqtiT, rom xdeba ori sadistribucio qselis urTierTgadafarva, ramdenadac sacalo vaWroba saSualebas aZlevs axal konkur-entebs, cnobili gaxadon Tavisi brendebi da gamoiyenon Tavisi reputacia savaWro obieqtebiTa da sasmelebis moxmarebiT dadgenil bazarze SesaRwevad.

18. meore rigSi, Sesabamisi bazari gamoyofilia geografiuli Tvalsaz-risiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom ludis miwodebis xelSekrulebaTa umetesoba kv-lavac erovnul doneze formdeba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom gaerTianebis konkurenciis wesebis gamoyenebisas angariSi unda gaewios savaWro obieqtebsa da sasmelis moxmarebaSi ludis distribuciis erovnul bazars.

19. imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT, Tu ramdenad qmnis dabrkolebas zemoT gansaz-Rvrul bazarze SeRwevaSi ludis miwodebis ramdenime xelSekrulebis arse-boba, saWiroa damatebiT SevamowmoT am xelSekrulebebis arsi da moculoba, mTlianobaSi yvela msgavsi xelSekrulebis CaTvliT, romlebic akavSirebs didi raodenobis savaWro obieqtebs ramdenime erovnul mwarmoebelTan (ixileT gad-awyvetileba saqmeze _ Case 43/69 Bilger v. Jehle [1970] ECR127). bazarze SesaRw-evad am xelSekrulebebis qselebis efeqti gansakuTrebulad damokidebulia erovnul mwarmoeblebTan sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebTan dakavSirebuli savaWro obieqtebis raodenobaze, romlebic ise myarad ar arian dakavSireb-ulni iseT sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, rogorebicaa: nakisri valdebulebebis xan-grZlivoba, im ludis odenoba, romelsac es valdebulebebi ukavSirdeba, da proporcia am raodenobebsa da im raodenobebs Soris, romlebic realizebul iqna Tavisufali distributorebis mier.

20. msgavsi xelSekrulebebis paketis arseboba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mas mniS-vnelovani efeqti aqvs bazarze SeRwevis SesaZleblobebze, ar aris sakmarisi im aR-moCenis mxardasaWerad, rom Sesabamisi bazari SeuRwevadia, ramdenadac es mxolod erTi faqtoria sxvebs Soris, romelic im ekonomikur da samarTlebriv konteqsts ganekuTvneba, romelSic xelSekruleba unda Sefasdes (ixileT zemoT moyvanili saqme _ Case 23/67 Brasserie De Haecht). sxva faqtorebi, romlebic mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, pirvel rigSi, aris is, romelic exeba bazarze SeRwevis Ses-aZleblobebs.

21. aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT aucilebelia SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad aris ax-ali konkurentisTvis xelSekrulebebis paketis garRvevis konkretuli Sesa-Zleblobebi bazarze ukve damkvidrebuli ludsaxarSi kompaniis SeZeniT misi savaWro obieqtebis CaTvliT, an am xelSekrulebebis paketis gverdis avla

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axali sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis gaxsniT. am mizniT saWiroa kompanie-bis SeZenisa da savaWro obieqtebis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb iuridiuli normebisa da xelSekrulebebis, agreTve sadistribucio sistemis ekonomikuri saqmiano-bisaTvis saWiro savaWro obieqtebis minimaluri raodenobis ganxilva. mwarmoe-blebTan kavSiris armqone ludis sabiTumo movaWreebis arseboba, romlebic bazris aqtiuri moTamaSeebi arian, aris faqtori, romelsac SeuZlia, xeli Seu-wyos axali mwarmoeblis bazarze damkvidrebas mxolod mas Semdeg, rac igi SeZlebs sabiTumo movaWreTa qselis gamoyenebas sakuTari warmoebis ludis distribuciisaTvis.

22. meore rigSi, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is pirobebi, romlis mixed-viTac konkurentebi moqmedeben Sesabamis bazarze. am mimarTebiT aucilebelia vicodeT ara marto bazarze warmodgenil mwarmoebelTa raodenoba da sidide, aramed am bazris datvirTulobis xarisxi da momxmareblis erTguleba arsebul brendebTan mimarTebiT, rameTu, rogorc wesi, ufro rTulia gadatvirTul bazarze SeRweva, romelSic momxmareblebi loialuri arian mcire raodeno-bis didi mwarmoeblebisadmi, vidre ganviTarebad bazarze, sadac patara mwar-moeblebis didi raodenoba moqmedebs Zlieri brendebis saxelebis gareSe. sa-calo vaWrobaSi ludis realizaciis tendencia gvaZlevs saWiro informacias moTxovnis dinamikasa da, Sedegad, ludis bazris, rogorc mTlianis gadat-virTulobis xarisxis gansazRvraze. am tendenciis analizi ufro sainteresoa brendis mimarT erTgulebis Sefasebisas. axali dasaxelebis brendebis saxiT ludiT vaWrobis myarma zrdam SeiZleba mianiWos am dasaxelebis brendebis me-sakuTreebs mniSvnelovani reputacia, romelic SeiZleba gamoiyenon sazoga-doebrivi dawesebulebebis bazarze SesaRwevad.

23. Tu Sesabamis bazarze moqmedi yvela msgavsi xelSekrulebis Semowmeba da sxva faqtorebi, dakavSirebuli ekonomikur da samarTlebriv konteqstTan, romelTan mimarTebiTac xelSekruleba unda Sefasdes, gviCvenebs, rom am xelSekrulebebs ara aqvs kumulaciuri efeqti bazarze axali erovnuli da ucxoeli konkurentebis SeRwevisaTvis dabrkolebis Sesaqmnelad. individu-aluri xelSekrulebebi, romlebic erTobliobaSi xelSekrulebaTa pakets war-moadgenen, xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxlis Sesabamisad, ver iqoniebs zegavle-nas konkurenciis SezRudvis mizniT. isini ar eqvemdebareba muxlis pirobebSi asaxul akrZalvebs.

24. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu, meore mxriv, amgvari Semowmeba gamoaaSkaravebs, rom rTuli iqneba Sesabamis bazarze SeRweva, aucilebeli iqneba im moculobis Se-faseba, romliTac kiTxvaSi moyvanili ludsaxarSi kompaniis mier gaformebulma xelSekrulebebma wvlili Seitana kumulaciur efeqtSi, rac warmoiSva bazarze arsebuli msgavsi xelSekrulebebis erTobliobiT. konkurenciaze moqmedi gaer-Tianebis wesebis mixedviT, bazris daxurvis amgvari efeqtis pasuxismgebloba damaxasiaTebelia ludsaxarSi kompaniebisaTvis, romelTac mniSvnelovani wvli-li SeaqvT bazris funqcionirebaSi. ludis miwodebis xelSekrulebebi, gaforme-buli im ludsaxarSi kompaniebis mier, romelTa wvlili kumulaciur efeqtSi umniSvneloa, ar eqvemdebareba 81-e 1-li muxliT dawesebul akrZalvebs.

25. ludsaxarSi kompaniebis mier gaformebuli ludis miwodebis xelSekrule-baTa wvlilis moculobis zemoT aRniSnul daxurul kumulaciur efeqtTan mimarTebiT Sefasebis mizniT saWiroa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes xelSekrulebis

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mxareTa poziciebi bazarze. es pozicia ar ganisazRvreba mxolod ludsaxarSi kompaniis an nebismieri jgufiT, romelsac is SeiZleba ekuTvnodes mflobe-lobaSi arsebuli bazris wiliT, aramed mxedvelobaSia misaRebi masTan an mis jgufTan dakavSirebuli savaWro obieqtebis raodenoba, dakavSirebuli Sesa-bamis bazarze gamovlenili savaWro obieqtebisa da sasmelis moxmarebis saerTo raodenobasTan.

26. ludsaxarSi kompaniis mier gaformebuli individualuri xelSekrulebebis wvlili bazris daxurvaSi aseve damokidebulia maT vadaze. Tu vadis xangr-Zlivoba aSkarad aRemateba Sesabamis bazarze gaformebuli ludis miwodebis xelSekrulebebis saSualo vadas, individualuri kontraqti eqvemdebareba 81-e 1-li muxliT dadgenil akrZalvebs. ludsaxarS kompanias bazris SedarebiT mcire wiliT, romelic aerTianebs Tavis savaWro obieqtebs wlebis ganmavloba-Si, SeuZlia Seitanos iseTive mniSvnelovani wvlili bazris daxurvaSi, rogor-ic bazarze SedarebiT Zlieri poziciis mqone ludsaxarS kompanias, romelic sistematiurad ganitvirTeba savaWro obieqtebisgan mokle intervalebiT.

27. pasuxi dasmul pirvel sam SekiTxvaze aseTia: ludis miwodebis xelSekrule-ba ikrZaleba evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 81-e 1-li muxliT, Tu sax-ezea ori kumulaciuri piroba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, gamomdinare xelSekruleb-is ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi konteqstidan konkurentebisTvis, romelTac SeuZliaT Sevidnen bazarze Tavisi wilis gazrdis mizniT, rTulia erovnul bazarze SeRweva savaWro da sasmelis moxmarebis obieqtebSi distribuciis miz-niT. faqtia, rom sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli xelSekruleba erT-erTia im msgavsi xelSekrulebebisa, romelTac kumulaciuri efeqti aqvT konkurenciaze da am bazarze adgens mxolod erT faqtors sxva faqtorebs Soris imis Sesafaseblad _ aSkarad rTulia Tu ara bazarze SeRweva. meore SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvaSi asaxul-ma xelSekrulebam mniSvnelovani wvlili unda Seitanos daxurvis efeqtSi, rac gamowveulia am xelSekrulebebis erTobliobiT Tavis ekonomikur da samarT-lebriv konteqstSi. individualuri xelSekrulebis wvlilis sidide damokide-bulia Sesabamis bazarze xelSekrulebis mxareTa poziciasa da xelSekrulebis vadaze.

saqme 13/77, NV GB-INNO-BM v. ATAB381:

saqmis fabula: sasamarTlos SekiTxviT mimarTa belgiis sakasacio sasamarTlom gaerTianebis samarTlis belgiur kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis dasadgenad Tambaqos imaze nakleb fasad gayidvis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre Tambaqos mwarmoeblebis an importiorebis mier iyo dadgenili.

evropuli sasamarTlo

28. pirvel rigSi, sayuradReboa, rom SeTanxmebiT gamiznuli erTiani bazris Se-qmna ar moicavs regulirebis romelime nacionalur sistemas, romelic pirda-pir Tu arapirdapir, fizikurad Tu potenciurad xels SeuSlis vaWrobas gaer-Tianebis farglebSi.

29. meore rigSi, me-3 1-li g muxliT gansazRvruli zogadi miznebi dakonkrete-bulia SeTanxmebis ramdenime normaSi konkurenciis wesebTan dakavSirebiT, 82-e muxlis CaTvliT, romlis Tanaxmadac, erTi an ramdenime sawarmos mier domi-

381 Case 13/77, NV GB-INNO-BM v. ATAB [1977] ECR 2115.

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nanturi poziciis borotad gamoyeneba akrZalulia rogorc Seusabamo saerTo bazarTan, vinaidan SeuZlia, zegavlena moaxdinos wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaze.

30. SeTanxmebis me-10 muxlis meore paragrafi adgens, rom wevrma saxelmwi-foebma Tavi unda Seikavon nebismieri zomis miRebaze, romelTac SeuZliaT, saSiSroeba Seuqmnan SeTanxmebis miznebis miRwevas.

31. Sesabamisad, marTalia is, rom 82-e muxli pirdapir sawarmoebs exeba, isic WeSmaritebaa, rom SeTanxmeba avaldebulebs wevr saxelmwifoebs, ar miiRon an ar ganaxorcielon raime qmedeba, romelmac SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos am norme-bis efeqturobas.

32. 86-e muxli adgens, rom sajaro sawarmoebTan da im sawarmoebTan mimarTe-biT, romelTac wevri saxelmwifo aniWebs specialur an eqskluziur uflebebs, wevr saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba, ganaxorcielos an gaataros, inter alia, im wesebis sawinaaRmdego zomebi, romlebic mocemulia 81-e-89-e muxlebSi.

33. msgavsad, wevrma saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba ar gaataron zomebi, romlebic kerZo sawarmoebs aZlevs saSualebas, Tavi daaRwion SeTanxmebis 81-e-89-e mux-lebiT dakisrebul zewolas.

34. yvela SemTxvevaSi, 82-e muxli krZalavs erTi an ramdenime sawarmos mier dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyenebas, imis miuxedavad, Tu es mxardaW-erilia nacionaluri kanonmdeblobis normebiT.

35. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nacionalur zomebi, romelTac aqvT dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyenebis xelSewyobis efeqti, riTac SeuZliaT, zegav-lena moaxdinon wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaze, zogadad, SeuTavsebeli iqneba 28-e da 29-e muxlebTan, romlebic krZalaven raodenobriv akrZalvebs importsa da eqsportze da yvela zomas, romelTac msgavsi efeqti eqneba.

saqme Hofner v. Macroton382:

saqmis fabula: dava wamoiWra germaniis sasamarTloSi (Oberlandsgericht Munchen) kompaniasa da mis mier daqiravebuli kadrebis SerCevis konsultantebs Soris, romelTac gayidvebis direqtori unda SeerCiaT. xelfasebTan dakavSirebiT davisas kompaniam ganacxada, rom xelSekruleba mxareTa Soris Zaladakarguli iyo, radgan daarRvia dasaqmebis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb germaniis kanoni, the Arbeits-forderungsgesetz (the AFG). AFG asaCivrebda dasaqmebis federaluri ofisis (Bundes-anstalt) eqskluziur uflebas momavali muSakebisa da damsaqmeblebis erTmaneTTan dakontaqtebasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, garkveuli moculobiT Bundesanstalt-ma neba darTo damoukidebeli kadrebis SerCevis konsultantebis arsebobasa da saqmianobas da gamoaSkaravda, rom Bundesanstalt-s TviTon ar SeeZ-lo aRmasrulebeli kadrebis mozidvis moTxovnis dakmayofileba. germaniis sasa-marTlos mier dasmuli SekiTxva exeboda sakiTxs, iyo Tu ara borotad gamoyen-ebuli dominanturi pozicia da eqskluziuri uflebebis arsebobiT dairRva Tu ara 86-e 1-li muxli. sasamarTlom, pirvel rigSi, daadgina, rom Bundesanstalt iyo 82-e da 86-e muxlebs daqvemdebarebuli sawarmo. aRniSnulis Semdeg sasamarTlom ganixila SeTanxmebis darRvevis sakiTxi.

382 Case C-41/90, Hofner v. Macroton [1991] ECR-I-1979, [1993] CMLR 306.

435

evropuli sasamarTlo

24. unda aRiniSnos, rom sajaro dasaqmebis saagento, romelic wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT aRWurvilia zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebiT, iseTis, rogoric ganixileba me-3 muxliT, rCeba konkurenciis wesebis subieqtad SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, garda im SemTxvevisa da im donemde, rodesac naCvenebia, rom igi Seusabamoa misi valdebulebebisgan gaTavisuflebasTan (ixileT gadawyvetileba saqmeze Sacchi (...)).

25. rac Seexeba maneras, romliTac sajaro dasaqmebis saagento sargeblobs dasaqme-bis uzrunvelyofis eqskluziuri uflebiT, igi axorcielebs sawarmosTvis aRmas-rulebeli kadrebis mozidvas kadrebis mozidvis kerZo sakonsultacio kompaniebis meSveobiT da, Sesabamisad, unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sefardebas ar SeuZlia, xeli SeuSalos saagentosTvis dadgenili calkeuli funqciebis ganx-orcielebas, radganac am ukanasknels aSkarad ar ZaluZs bazris am nawilSi arse-buli moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba da, faqtobrivad, saSualebas aZlevs aRniSnul kompaniebs, ganaxorcielon mis eqskluziur uflebebSi SeWra.

26. simarTlea, rom 82-e muxli exeba sawarmoebs da 86-e me-2 muxliT dadgenili limitebis farglebSi SeiZleba Seefardos sajaro sawarmoebs an eqskluziuri uflebebiT aRWurvil sawarmoebs, an specifikur uflebebs, Tumca faqti faqtad rCeba, rom SeTanxmeba iTxovs, wevri saxelmwifoebisgan ar miiRon an ar gaataron RonisZiebebi, romelTac SeiZleba am normebis efeqturoba gaaneitralon (ixi-leT gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ 13/77 Inno (...) para.: 31 da 32). 86-e 1-li muxli, faqtobrivad, adgens, rom wevrma saxelmwifoebma sajaro sawarmoebTan da spe-cialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebminiWebul sawarmoebTan mimarTebiT ar unda ganaxorcielon an ar gaataron nebismieri saxis RonisZieba, romlebic ewinaaRm-degeba SeTanxmebaSi asaxul wesebs, kerZod ki 81-e-89-e muxlebiT gadmocemul normebs.

27. Sesabamisad, wevri saxelmwifos mier miRebuli nebismieri zoma, romelic ax-orcielebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil normebs da romliTac iqmneba situacia, sadac sajaro dasaqmebis saagentos ar SeuZlia, Tavidan aicilos 82-e muxlis dar-Rveva, Seusabamoa SeTanxmebis wesebTan.

28. pirvel rigSi, unda gvaxsovdes, rom kanonierad miniWebuli monopoliis mqone sawarmo ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc dominanturi poziciis mflobeli, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Tanaxmad (ixileT gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ 311/84 CBEM, [1985] CR 3261) da wevri saxelmwifos teritoria, romelzec es monopo-lia vrceldeba, SeiZleba iyos saerTo bazris mniSvnelovani nawili (ixileT gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ C-322/81 Michelin (...), para. 28).

29. meore rigSi, ubralo faqti imisa, rom 86-e 1-li muxlis Sinaarsidan gamom-dinare eqskluziuri uflebis miniWebiT amgvari dominanturi poziciis Seqm-na arc iseT winaaRmdegobaSia SeTanxmebis 81-e muxlTan (ixileT saqme 311/84 CBEM, zemoT aRniSnuli, para. 17). wevri saxelmwifo am or normaSi asaxul akrZalvas arRvevs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansaxilvel sawarmos, imis gamo, rom, ubralod, iyenebs misTvis miniWebul eqskluziur uflebebs, ar SeuZlia, Tavidan aicilos sakuTari dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyeneba.

436

30. 82-e b muxlis Tanaxmad, dominanturi poziciis amgvari borotad gamoyeneba konkretulad SeiZleba moicavdes momsaxurebis normebis limitirebas, raTa avnos maT, vinc aRniSnulisgan Semosavlis miRebas cdilobs.

31. wevri saxelmwifo qmnis situacias, romelSic momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa limitirebulia, rodesac sawarmo, romelsac igi aniWebs eqskluziur ufle-bas, farTovdeba aRmasrulebeli kadrebis mozidvis saqmianobiT, aSkarad ar aris im poziciaSi, rom daakmayofilos bazarze amgvar saqmianobaze arsebuli moTxovna da rodesac efeqti, romelic axlavs amgvar saqmianobas, warmoebuls kerZo kompaniebis mier, SeuZlebels xdis momsaxurebis gawevas kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili normebis ganxorcielebis gamo, romlis Tanaxmadac, amgvari saqmi-anoba akrZalulia da aRniSnuli akrZalvis ugulebelyofa am sakiTxTan dakav-Sirebul xelSekrulebebs Zaladakargulad aqcevs.

32. mesame rigSi, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT im garemoebaze, rom, SeTanxme-bis 82-e da 86-e 1-li muxlebis Tanaxmad, wver saxelmwifoze dakisrebuli mova-leobebi mas avaldebulebs, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansaxilveli saagentos borotad gamoyenebiT qmedebas Zalian realurad SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze, es imas ar niSnavs, rom xsenebulma boro-tad gamoyenebulma qmedebam marTlac moaxdinos zegavlena amgvar vaWrobaze. sakmarisia dadgindes, rom qmedebas SeuZlia moaxdinos amgvari efeqti (ixileT saqme 322/81, Michelin, zemoT aRniSnuli, para. 104).

33. wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze amgvari potenciuri efeqti konkre-tulad iq warmoiSoba, sadac kerZo kompaniebis mier ganxorcielebuli aRmas-rulebeli kadrebis mozidva SeiZleba gafarTovdes da gavrceldes sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebsa Tu teritoriebze.

34. mimdinare ganxilvis gaTvaliswinebiT, meoTxe kiTxvis sapasuxod unda aRin-iSnos, rom sajaro dasaqmebis saagento, CarTuli dasaqmebis garigebis sakiTx-ebSi, eqvemdebareba SeTanxmebis 82-e muxliT dadgenil akrZalvas, rameTu am normebis Sefardeba ar uSlis xels mis mier misTvis miniWebuli funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi. wevri saxelmwifo, romelic dasaqmebis saagentos aniWebs eqskluziur uflebas aRniSnuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaze, arRvevs SeT-anxmebis 86-e 1-l muxls, radganac qmnis situacias, romelSic saagentos ar SeuZlia, Tavi aaridos SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis darRvevas. konkretulad, es is saqmea, romelSic Semdegi pirobebia uzrunvelyofili:

- eqskluziuri ufleba farTovdeba aRmasrulebeli kadrebis mozidvis saqmianobiT;

- sajaro dasaqmebis saagentos aSkarad ar ZaluZs, daakmayofilos bazarze amgvar saqmianobasTan arsebuli moTxovna;

- arsebuli saqmianoba, warmoebuli kerZo kompaniebis mier, SeuZlebels xdis momsaxurebis gawevas kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili normebis ganx-orcielebis gamo, romlis Tanaxmadac amgvari saqmianoba akrZalulia da aRniSnuli akrZalvis ugulebelyofa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul xelSekrulebebs Zaladakargulad aqcevs;

- gansaxilveli saqmianoba SeiZleba gafarTovdes da gavrceldes sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebsa Tu teritoriebze.

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saqme France v. Commission (Telecommunications Equipment)383:

evropuli sasamarTlo

23. rac Seexeba gancxadebas, rom komisia SeiWra SeTanxmebis 83-e da 95-e mux-lebiT sabWosTvis miniWebul uflebebSi, aRniSnuli normebis Sedareba unda moxdes 86-e muxlTan, maTi sagnisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT.

24. 95-e muxli exeba wevr saxelmwifoebSi kanonmdeblobiT, wesebiT an adminis-traciuli praqtikiT dadgenili zomebis miRebas muxlis normebTan Sesabamiso-baSi moyvanis mizniT, romlis obieqtic Sida bazris Seqmna da funqcionirebaa. 83-e muxlis mizania nebismieri saTanado wesebis an direqtivebis miReba, raTa efeqturoba mieces 81-e da 82-e muxlebSi asaxul principebs, rac konkurenciis wesebia yvela sawarmosTan mimarTebiT. rac Seexeba 86-e muxls, igi gulisx-mobs wevri saxelmwifoebis mier iseTi zomebis miRebas, romlebic ukavSirdeba sawarmoebs, romlebTanac am muxlis normebSi aRniSnuli aqvT specifikuri kav-Siri. 86-e muxli mxolod amgvar zomebTan mimarTebiT akisrebs komisias ze-damxedvelobis valdebulebas, romelic, sadac saWiroa, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes wevri saxelmwifoebis misamarTiT, direqtivebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gziT.

25. Sesabamisad, unda ganisazRvros, rom komisiisaTvis 86-e me-3 muxliT miniWe-buli uflebamosileba gansxvavebuli da ufro specifikuria, vidre sabWosTvis 95-e an 83-e muxlebiT delegirebuli uflebamosilebebi.

26. aseve aRniSvnas saWiroebs is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlom gaerTianebul saqmeebze 188-idan 190/80-is CaTvliT (France, Italy and United Kingdom v. Commis-sion... para. 14) daadgina: imis SesaZlebloba, rom normebis Semcveli wesebi, romlebic SeiWrnen 86-e muxlis specifikur sferoSi, SeiZleba ganisazRvros sabWos mier SeTanxmebis sxva muxlebiT miniWebuli zogadi uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, xels ar uSlis uflebamosilebis gamoyenebas, romelic dadgenili aqvs komisias 86-e muxliT.

27. gancxadeba kanonSi komisiis uflebamosilebis ararsebobis Taobaze ar unda iqnes gaziarebuli.

saqme AOK bundesverband and Others v. Ichtyol-Gesellschaft Cordes and Others384:

saqmis fabula: germaniaSi kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul janmrTelobis dazRvevas uzrunvelyofs daavadebaTa fondebi (Krankenkassen). mosamsaxureTa umravlesobas moeTxoveba, iyos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli janmrTelobis dazRvevis sistemis monawile, erT-erT am fondSi gawevrianebisa da savaldebulo Senatanebis gziT. Senatanebis odenobis daTvla xdeba mosamsaxuris xelfasis Sesabamisad da ara sqesis, asakis, janmrTelobis riskisa Tu sxva garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mosamsaxureTa dazRveva faravs rogorc mosamsaxureebs, aseve maTi ojaxis umuSevar wevrebsac. mosamsaxureebs, romelTa Semosavalic aRemateba gansazRvrul dones, ar moeTxovebaT, SeuerTdnen aRniSnul fondebs da mosamsaxureTa zogierTi jgufi (kerZod, samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebi) ki miekuTvneba kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul calke sqemas; meore mxriv, 383 Case C-202/88, France v. Commission (Telecommunications Equipment) [1991] ECR I-1223, [1992] 5 CMLR 552.384 Case C-264/01, 306/01 and 355/01, AOK bundesverband and Others v. Ichtyol-Gesellschaft Cordes and Others [2004]

4 CMLR 1261.

438

TviTdasaqmebul da sxva kategoriis pirebs ufleba aqvT, survilis mixedviT SeuerTdnen aRniSnul fondebs. fondebi organizebulia asociaciaTa farglebSi regionulad da seqtorulad. davis sagani am saqmeSi gaxda daavadebaTa fondebis mier wamlis gadasaxadze maqsimaluri zRvaris dadgena. germaniis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, eqimTa federaluri komiteti da daavadebaTa fondebi gansazRvravs wamlebis jgufebs, romlebisTvisac Tanxis maqsimaluri zRvari unda ganisazRvros da adgens maTze maqsimalur zRvars. pacientebma sakuTari xarjebi unda gaiRon, Tu maT mier arCeuli wamlebis fasebi aRemateba gansazRvruli Tanxis odenobas da ar SeuZliaT damatebiTi anazRaurebis miReba daavadebaTa fondebidan. farmacevtulma kompaniebma germaniis sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad waradgines wamlis fasebze sakiTxi maqsimaluri sazRvris dadgenis Taobaze. erT-erTi sakiTxi imasac Seexeboda, Tu ramdenad Seesabameboda sakiTxi 81-e muxls. aRniSnulis gansaxilvelad saWiro iyo imis dadgena, funqcionirebdnen Tu ara daavadebis fondebi, rogorc `sawarmoebi~. generalurma advokatma iakobsma (2003 wlis 22 maisis sityva) gadawyvita, rom daavadebis fondebi `sawarmoebis~ saxiT funqcionireben. misi msjelobis Tanaxmad, Tumca isini solidarobis safuZvelze operirebdnen, maT saqmianobaSi arsebobda konkurenciis elementi. misi azriT mniSvnelovania, rom fondebi gansazRvravs mosamsaxureTa Senatanebis odenobebs, rom fondebs SeuZliaT Seejibron imis mixedviT, Tu ra Semosavali miiRes da isini konkurenciaSi arian im pirTa biznesTan, romlebTan mimarTebiTac wevroba savaldebulo ar yofila.

evropuli sasamarTlo

46. konkurenciis samarTalSi sawarmos koncefcia moicavs nebismier subieqts, CarTuls ekonomikur saqmianobaSi, miuxedavad misi iuridiuli statusisa Tu dafinansebis wyarosi (saqme C-41/90 Hofner and Elser [1991] ECR I-1979 para. 21, da saqme C-218/00 Cisal [2002] ECR I-691 para. 22).

47. socialuri usafrTxoebis sferosTan mimarTebiT sasamarTlom daadgina, rom savaldebulo janmrTelobis dazRvevisa da moxucebulTa dazRvevis sqe-mebis marTvis uflebiT aRWurvili konkretuli uwyebebi orientirebuli arian eqskluziur socialur mizanze da emijnebian ekonomikur saqmianobas. sasamarT-lom aRmoaCina, rom msgavsi midgomaa daavadebaTa fondebTan mimarTebiTac, romlebic kanoniT gansazRvrul farglebSi moqmedeben da ver axdenen gavlenas Senatanebis odenobebze, iyeneben Tavis aqtivebsa da adgenen sargeblis dones. erovnul solidarobaze dafuZnebuli saqmianoba sruliad aramomgebiania da gadaxdili sargebeli aris kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli, romelsac aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs SenatanebTan (gaerTianebuli saqmeebi: C-159/91 da C-160/91 Poucet and Pistre [1993] ECR I-637 para.: 15-18).

49. meore mxriv, sxva uwyebebi, romlebic marTaven kanonmdeblobiT gansaz-Rvrul socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemebs da aqvT zogierTi iseTi Tviseba, rogoric asaxulia winamdebare saqmis 47-e paragrafSi, kerZod ki aramomgebi-ani da socialuri xasiaTis saqmianobaSi monawileoba, rac saxelmwifos mier dadgenili wesebis sagania, da moicavs solidarul moTxovnebs, moazrebul unda iqnen ekonomikur saqmianobaSi CarTul sawarmoebad (ixileT saqme C-244/94 Federation francaise des societes d’assurance and Others [1995] ECR I-4013, para. 22, da

439

saqme C-67/96 Albany [1999] ECR I-5751, para.; 84-87).

50. Sesabamisad, Federacion francaise des societes d’assurances and Others, me-17 para-grafSi, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sakiTxSi dasmuli organo, romelic ax-orcielebs moxucebis damatebiT sadazRvevo sqemas, CarTulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi, radgan konkurenciaSi imyofeba sicocxlis damzRvev kompaniebTan da dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia gaakeTos arCevani imis mixedviT, Tu romeli uzrunvelyofs ukeTes investirebas. saqmis _ Albany _ 81-e da 84-e paragrafeb-Si, romlebic exeba savaldebulo wevrobis sistemaze dafuZnebul damatebiT sapensio fonds da romelic iyenebs solidarobis meqanizms sargeblis donisa da Senatanebis odenobis gansazRvris mizniT, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, Tqmu-lis miuxedavad, fondma TviTon gansazRvra Senatanebis odenoba da sargebeli, da moqmedebda kapitalizaciis principis mixedviT. aRniSnulidan sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom amgvari fondi CarTulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi da imyofeba sxva sadazRvevo kompaniebTan konkurenciaSi.

51. germaniis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul janmrTelobis dazRvevis sqemaSi daavadebasTan brZolis fondebi, msgavsad zemoT aRniSnuli uwyebebisa, saqmeSi _ Poucet and Pristre _ CarTuli arian socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis marT-vaSi. am kuTxiT isini asruleben eqskluziur socialur funqcias, romelic dafuZnebulia nacionaluri solidarobis principze da sruliad aramomgebiani xasiaTisaa.

52. kerZod, unda aRiniSnos, rom, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, daavadebasTan br-Zolis fondebi valdebulia SesTavazos TavianT wevrebs arsobrivad identuri savaldebulo sargebeli, romelic damokidebuli ar aris Senatanebis Tanxis odenobaze. Sesabamisad, fondebs ara aqvT SesaZlebloba, gavlena moaxdinon am sargebelze.

53. Tavis brZanebebze dayrdnobisas Bundesgerichtshof aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT acxadebs, rom daavadebasTan brZolis fondebi gaerTianebulia erTgvari sol-idarobis principiT (“Solidargemeinschaft~), rac maT Soris xarjebisa da riskebis dabalansebis saSualebas iZleva. SGB V 265-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, dabalanse-ba gamowveulia zegavleniT, rogorc daavadebasTan brZolis fondze, romlis mier janmrTelobisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi yvelaze dabalia, ise maTze, vinc azRvevs ZviradRirebul riskebs da am riskebTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi yvelaze maRalia.

54. Sesabamisad, daavadebaTa fondebi konkurenciaSi ar arian erTmaneTTan an kerZo institutebTan, radgan maT miecemaT samedicino momsaxurebasTan an samedicino produqtTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli saval-debulo sargebeli, rac maTi ZiriTadi funqciaa.

55. aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinareobs, rom daavadebasTan brZolis fondebi saqmeebSi _ Poucet and Pistre da Cisal _ asaxuli uwyebebis msgavsia da maTi saqmianoba Tavisi bunebiT miCneul unda iqnes rogorc araekonomikuri xasiaTis.

56. Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba daavadebasTan brZolis fondebisTvis Se-natanis nebadarTuli odenobis dadgenisas da wevrebis mozidvis mizniT erT-maneTs Soris garkveul konkurenciaSi Cabma ar Seesabameba kiTxvaSi dasmuli

440

sakiTxis analizs. rogorc sasamarTlosTvis calke wardgenili dakvirvebebi, kanonmdebelma warmoadgina konkurenciis elementi SenatanebTan dakavSirebiT im mizniT, rom stimuli mieca daavadebasTan brZolis fondebisTvis emoqmedaT realuri marTvis principis Sesabamisad, rac yvelaze efeqturi da naklebad xarjiania, germaniis socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis sworad marTvis miz-niT. aRniSnuli miznebis miuxedavad, daavadebis fondebis saqmianobis buneba aranairad ar icvleba.

57. gamomdinare iqidan, rom daavadebasTan brZolis fondebis msgavs uwyebebs ar gaaCniaT ekonomikuri xasiaTi, es uwyebebi ar arian SeTanxmebis 81-e da 82-e mux-lebiT gansazRvruli sawarmoebi.

58. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, arsebobs albaToba, rom maTi, eqskluziurad social-uri bunebis funqciis miuxedavad, germaniis socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis marTvis farglebSi daavadebasTan brZolis fondebi da erTeulebi, romlebic maT warmoadgenen, kerZod ki fondis asociaciebi, CarTuli arian saqmianobaSi, romelTac aqvT ara socialuri, aramed ekonomikuri xasiaTi. am SemTxvevaSi gad-awyvetilebebi, romlebsac isini iReben, savaraudod, aRqmuli unda iqnes rogorc sawarmoebis an sawarmoTa asociaciebis gadawyvetilebebi.

59. Sesabamisad, unda moxdes imis ganxilva, fondis asociaciebis mier Tanxis maqsimaluri zRvris gansazRvra aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli daavadebasTan br-Zolis fondebis eqskluziur socialur bunebasTan, an Tu xvdeba am CarCoebis gareT da aqvs ekonomikuri xasiaTis aqtivoba.

60. farmacevtuli kompaniebis wardginebis Tanaxmad, fondis asociaciebi sawar-moTa asociaciebis ekonomikuri xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebs iReben, maSin rode-sac isini gansazRvraven Tanxis maqsimalur zRvars.

61. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenili dokumentebidan naTelia, rom, rodesac fondis asociaciebi gansazRvraven Tanxis maqsimalur zRvars, isini, ubralod, asruleben maTze SGB V 35-e paragrafiT dakisrebul valdebulebas, im mizniT, rom uzrunvelyon germaniis socialuri usafrTx-oebis sistemis gangrZobadi funqcionireba. es paragrafi agreTve detalurad adgens Tanxebis gansazRvris proceduras da akonkretebs, rom fondis asocia-ciebma unda daicvan garkveuli moTxovnebi, rogorc xarisxis, aseve mogebis TvalsazrisiT. SGB V aseve adgens, rom, Tu fondis asociaciebi ver gansaz-Rvraven Tanxis maqsimalur zRvars, kompetenturma ministrma unda miiRos gad-awyvetileba aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

62. Sesabamisad, mxolod Tanxis maqsimaluri odenobis zusti done ar aris na-karnaxevi kanonmdeblobiT, Tumca gadawyvetileba miiReba fondis asociaciaTa mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili kriteriumebis mixedviT. damatebiT, maSin, rodesac fondis asociaciebs am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT diskreciuli uflebam-osileba aqvT, es uflebamosileba ukavSirdeba daavadebasTan brZolis fon-debis mier gadaxdili Tanxis maqsimums samedicino produqtTan mimarTebiT, romelic iseTi sferoa, sadac es ukanaskneli ar imyofeba konkurenciaSi.

63. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tanxis maqsimaluri zRvris gansazRvrisas fon-dis asociaciebs ar amoZravebT specifikuri interesi, romelic gamijnuli iqneba daavadebaTa fondebis eqskluziuri socialuri miznisgan. aRniSnulis

441

sawinaaRmdegod, amgvari gansazRvrebis ganxorcielebisas fondis asociaciebi kisruloben valdebulebas, romelic srulyofilad dakavSirebulia daavadeba-Ta fondis saqmianobasTan germaniis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili janmrTelobis dazRvevis sistemis farglebSi.

64. Sesabamisad, aRniSvnas saWiroebs is garemoeba, rom Tanxis maqsimaluri zRvris gansazRvrisas fondis asociaciebi, ubralod, axdenen germaniis so-cialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis marTvas, romelic maTze dakisrebulia kanon-mdeblobiT. isini ar moqmedeben rogorc ekonomikur saqmianobaSi CarTuli sawarmoebi.

saqme Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi Anonimi Etaira (ERT) v. Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis (DEP)385:

saqmis fabula: salonikis regionulma sasamarTlom 234-e muxlTan dakavSire-biT SekiTxvebiT mimarTa sasamarTlos, romelic saberZneTis radiosa da tele-viziis sawarmos (ERT) pozicias exeboda, romelsac saberZneTis mTavrobam eqsk-luziuri uflebebi mianiWa saberZneTSi programebis teletranslirebasa da ganmeorebiT CvenebebTan dakavSirebiT. saberZneTis sasamarTlo ukrZalavda nebismier pirs, ewarmoebina saqmianoba, romelzec ERT-is hqonda eqskluziuri ufleba, ERT-is Tanxmobis gareSe. salonikis merma da municipalurma kompa-nia DEP-ma Seqmnes satelevizio arxi da daiwyes telegadacemebis mauwyeblo-ba. ERT-m sasamarTlo akrZalvaze ufleba moipova da yadaRa daadebina axali satelevizio arxis teqnikur aRWurvilobas.

evropuli sasamarTlo

10. saqmeSi _ C-155/73 Sacchi (...), para. 14, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom araferi icavs SeTanxmebaSi wevr saxelmwifoebs, sazogadoebriv interesTan dakavSire-buli araekonomikuri xasiaTis ganxilvis mizniT, radio- da televiziis mauw-yeblobebis konkurenciis sferodan gayvanisgan erTi an meti sawarmosaTvis am funqciebis ganxorcielebis eqskluziuri uflebis miniWebiT.

11. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li da me-2 muxlidan gamomdin-areobs, rom im formam, ra formiTac monopolia organizebulia an gamoiyen-eba, SeiZleba daarRvios SeTanxmebis normebi, kerZod ki is normebi, romlebic saqonlis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas, momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis Tavisufle-basa da konkurenciis wesebs ukavSirdeba.

12. Sesabamisad, nacionaluri sasamarTlosTvis gacemuli pasuxi aseTi unda iyos: gaerTianebis samarTali xels ar uSlis sazogadoebriv interesebTan dakavSirebuli araekonomikuri xasiaTis satelevizio monopoliis uflebis miniWebas. Tumca im formam, ra formiTac monopolia organizebulia an gamoi-yeneba, ar unda daarRvios SeTanxmebis normebi, kerZod ki normebi, romlebic saqonlis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas, momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis Tavisufle-basa da konkurenciis wesebs ukavSirdeba.(...)

27. rogorc winamdebare SeniSvna, unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis 39-e 1-li g muxli ukavSirdeba gaerTianebis mxolod erT mizans, romelsac SeTanxmebis 385 Case C-260/89, Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi Anonimi Etaira (ERT) v. Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis (DEP) [1991]

ECR I-2925, [1994] 4 CMLR 540.

442

sxvadasxva normiT, kerZod ki 81-e, 82-e da 86-e muxlebiT, romlebic konkuren-cias exeba, gansakuTrebuli gansazRvreba aqvs micemuli.

28. sawarmos damoukidebeli saqmianoba ganxilul unda iqnes sawarmoebTan Sefardebuli SeTanxmebis normebis farglebSi, rogorebicaa, konkretulad: 81-e, 82-e da 86-e me-2 muxlebi.

29. rac Seexeba 81-e muxls, aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tavisi pirobebis mixedviT, igi Seesabameba ̀ sawarmoTa Soris~ xelSekrulebebs. sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi araferi miuTiTebs sawarmoTa Soris raime xelSekrulebis arsebobaze. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs am normaze msjelobis saWiroeba.

30. 82-e muxli acxadebs, rom saerTo bazarze an mis romelime mniSvnelovan nawilze dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyeneba akrZalulia rogorc Seu-sabamo saerTo bazrisTvis, vinaidan mas SeuZlia, zegavlena moaxdinos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze.

31. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom sawarmo, romel-sac kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli monopolia aqvs, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc dominanturi poziciis mqone SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare (ixileT sasamarTlos ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-311/84 CBEM v. CLT and IBP (...), para. 16) da rom wevri saxelmwifos teritoria, romelzec vrceldeba monopolia, SeiZleba iyos saerTo bazris mniSvnelovani nawili (ixileT sasa-marTlos ganaCeni saqmeze _ C-322/81 Michelin v. Commission (...), para. 28).

32. Tumca 82-e muxli, rogorc aseTi, ar krZalavs monopoliebs, miuxedavad amisa, igi krZalavs am monopoliis borotad gamoyenebas. am mizniT, 82-e muxli akeTebs borotad gamoyenebis praqtikis magaliTebis CamonaTvals.

33. am kuTxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, swar-moebi, romelTac dakisrebuli aqvT zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxure-bis gaweva, aris konkurenciis wesebis sagani im donemde, rom ar Cans am wesebis Sefardebis Seusabamoba maT mier warmoebul konkretul funqciebTan (kerZod, ixileT sasamarTlo ganxilva saqmeze _ Sacchi, zemoT aRniSnuli, para. 15).

34. Sesabamisad, nacionaluri sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia, sawarmos amgvari praqtika ramdenad Seesabameba 82-e muxls, da Semowmeba amgvari praqtikisa, Tuki is winaaRmdegobaSia aRniSnul normasTan, gamarTlebuli iqneba im konk-retuli saqmianobis tvirTvis saWiroebiT, romlis ganxorcielebac daekisra sawarmos.

35. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos mier gatarebul zomebs, kerZod ki eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom maSin, rodesac 81-e da 82-e muxlebi uSualod mxolod sawarmoebs exeba, miuxedavad amisa, SeTanxmeba moTxovnas uy-enebs wevr saxelmwifoebs, ar miiRon an gaataron zomebi, romelTac SeuZliaT daarRvion aRniSnuli normebis efeqturoba (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-13/77 INNO v. ATAB (...), para.: 31 da 32).

36. Sesabamisad, 86-e 1-li muxli adgens, rom im sawarmoebTan mimarTebiT, romelTac wevrma saxelmwifoebma mianiWes specialuri an eqskluziuri ufle-bebi, wevrma saxelmwifoebma arc unda ganaxorcielon da arc unda gaataron raime iseTi zoma, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba SeTanxmebaSi asaxul wesebs.

443

37. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxli krZalavs im sawarmosTvis ganmeorebiTi satelevizio mauwyeblobis eqsk-luziuri uflebis miniWebas, romelsac pirdapiri telemauwyeblobis eqsklu-ziuri ufleba aqvs, sadac es uflebebi qmnian situacias, romelSic sawarmo mimarTulia, daarRvios SeTanxmebis 82-e muxli, diskriminaciuli telemauwye-blobis politikis gamo, romelic patronaJs uwevs sakuTar programebs.

38. Sesabamisad, nacionalur sasamarTlos pasuxad unda gaeces, rom SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxli krZalavs pirdapiri da ganmeorebiTi satelevizio mauwyeblobis eqskluziuri uflebis miniWebas erTi sawarmosaTvis, sadac es uflebebi qmnian situacias, romelSic sawarmo mimarTulia, daarRvios SeTanxmebis 82-e muxli, diskriminaciuli telemauwyeblobis politikis gamo, romelic patronaJs uw-evs sakuTar programebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac 82-e muxlis Sefardeba xels uSlis misTvis miniWebuli konkretuli amocanebis ganxorcielebas.

saqme Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova v. Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA386

saqmis fabula: italiuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Merci-s miniWebuli hqonda genuis portSi saqonlis datvirTvis, gadmotvirTvisa da aRniSnul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva moqmedebebis warmoebis eqskluziuri ufleba navmisadgomze momuSave kompaniis meSveobiT. Siderurgica-s gemis datvirTva dagvianda, rac, ZiriTadad, gamowveuli iyo navsadgomze momuSave kompaniis muSaTa gaficviT. eqskluziuri ufleba ar aZlevda saSualebas xomaldis ekipaJs, TviTon ganexorcielebina gemis datvirTva. Siderurgica-m moiTxova misTvis miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba da Merci-isTvis gadaxdili Tanxis ukan dabruneba, radganac acxadebda, rom usamarTlo iyo sazRauris gaweva im servisisaTvis, romelic miiRo, an romelic saerTod ar miuRia. genuis tribunali daefuZna 234-e muxls, da kiTxviT mimarTa, inter alia, evropul sasamarTlos: ugulebelyofda Tu ara italiur normebs 86-e 1-li muxli 82-e muxlTan erTobliobaSi. sasamarTlom me-14 paragrafSi daadastura, rom saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilze kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli monopoliis mqone sawarmo miCneul unda iqnes dominanturi poziciis mqoned, 82-e muxlis Tanaxmad.

evropuli sasamarTlo

16. Semdeg sakiTxad unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxlis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad, eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebiT dominanturi poziciis Seqmnis martivi faqti arc ise Seusabamo ar aris 82-e muxlTan.

17. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, sasamarTlos aqvs safuZveli, ganacxados am mi-marTebiT, rom wevri saxelmwifo aRniSnul or normaSi asaxul akrZalvebs ar-Rvevs, Tu gansaxilveli sawarmo, misTvis miniWebuli eqskluziuri uflebis gamoyenebiT, Tavidan ver aicilebs dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyenebas (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-41/90 Hofner, aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 29), an rodesac amgvari uflebebi mimarTulia, Seqmnan iseTi situacia, romel-Sic sawarmo mowodebulia, Caidinos Tavisi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-260/89, ERT, aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 37).

386 Case C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova v. Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA [1991] ECR I-5889, [1994] 4 CMLR 422.

444

18. SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis meore punqtis a, b da c qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, dom-inanturi poziciis amgvari borotad gamoyeneba gamoixateba arasamarTliani Sesyidvis fasebis an sxva arasamarTliani vaWrobis pirobebis im pirebze dak-isrebiT, romlebic gansaxilvel momsaxurebas iTxoven, teqnikuri ganviTarebis SezRudvaSi, momxmarebelTa sazianod, an sxva savaWro partniorebTan tolfasi tranzaqciis arasaTanado pirobebis gamoyenebaSi.

19. am gagebiT, nacionaluri sasamarTlos mier aRwerili da evropuli sasa-marTlos winaSe ganxiluli garemoebidan Cans, rom sawarmoebi, romlebic sargebloben erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesebiT miniWebuli eqsk-luziuri uflebebiT, rogorc Sedegi, mimarTuli arian, moiTxovon: armoTxov-nili momsaxurebisTvis sazRauris miReba, araproporciuli fasebis dakisreba, Tanamedrove teqnologiis moTxovnaze uaris gacxadeba, romelic operaciebis Rirebulebis gazrdasa da saqmianobisTvis saWiro drois gagrZelebas moicavs, an Rirebulebis fasis dakleba konkretuli momxmareblebisTvis da imavdrou-lad aRniSnulis kompensireba sxva momxmareblebTan mimarTebiT fasebis gaz-rdis gziT.

20. am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda davadginoT, rom wevri saxelm-wifo qmnis SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis sawinaaRmdego situacias maSin, rodesac igi iRebs iseT normebs, rogoric nacionaluri sasamarTlos winaSe iyo ganxi-luli da romelTac SeuZliaT, zegavlena moaxdinon wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaze imgvarad, rogorc es aisaxa ZiriTad sarCelSi, romelic winamdebare sasamarTlo msjelobis me-15 paragrafSi moyvanil faqtorebs, port genuaSi mimosvlis mniSvnelobas exeboda.

saqme Societe Civile Agricole du Centre d’Insemination de la Crespelle v. Cooperative d’Elevage et d’Insemination Artificielle du Departement de la Myaenne387:

saqmis fabula: safrangeTis kanonmdeblobam saqonlis ganayofierebis zogierT centrs mianiWa eqskluziuri ufleba ganayofierebis momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofaze garkveuli geografiuli arealis farglebSi. sadavo gaxda centrebis mier gaweuli momsaxurebisTvis dadgenili didi safasuri.

evropuli sasamarTlo

15. imdenad, ramdenadac gansaxilveli sakiTxi ukavSirdeba SeTanxmebis saTanado normebs, me-10 muxli moiTxovs wevri saxelmwifoebisagan, keTilsindisierad ga-naxorcielon gaerTianebis winaSe nakisri valdebulebebi. Tumca sasamarTlom Tanmimdevrulad daadgina, rom es normebi damoukideblad ar Seefardeba, rode-sac gansaxilveli situacia eqceva SeTanxmebis specifikuri normebis gamgebloba-Si, msgavsad imisa, rogorc winamdebare saqmeSia (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba gaerTianebul saqmeebSi: C-78/90-idan C-83-90-is CaTvliT Compagnie Commerciale de l’Ouest and Others [1992] ECR I-1847, para. 19). Sesabamisad, sakiTxi ganxilul unda iqnes SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-l da 82-e muxlebTan mimarTebiT.

16. SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxli uzrunvelyofs, rom sajaro sawarmoebisa da im sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac wevrma saxelmwifoebma mianiWes specialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebi, wevr saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon an

387 Case C-323/93, Societe Civile Agricole du Centre d’Insemination de la Crespelle v. Cooperative d’Elevage et d’Insemination Artificielle du Departement de la Myaenne [1994] ECR I-5077.

445

gaataron raime saxis zomebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian SeTanxmebaSi asaxul normebs, kerZod ki im wesebs, romlebic mocemulia me-12 muxlsa da 81-idan 89-is CaTvliT muxlebSi,

17. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ganayofierebis centrebis saqmianobis avtorizaciis aucileblobisa da TiToeul centris mier eqskluziuri uflebebis uzrun-velyofis gamo, moemsaxuros gansazRvrul sferos, nacionalurma kanonmde-blobam mianiWa am centrebs eqskluziuri uflebebi. am sawarmoebis sasarge-blod, aRniSnulis dadgeniT, monopoliaTa momijnave seriebi teritoriulad SeizRuda, Tumca erToblivad moicves wevri saxelmwifos mTeli teritoria, ris gamoc nacionalurma kanonmdeblobam Seqmna saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilSi SeTanxmebis 82-e muxls daqvemdebarebuli dominanturi pozicia.

18. SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, eqskluziuri ufleb-is miniWebiT dominanturi poziciis ubralod Seqmna, rogorc aseTi, ar aris winaaRmdegobaSi SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlTan. wevri saxelmwifo arRvevs am or normaSi asaxul akrZalvebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misTvis miniWebuli eqsk-luziuri uflebis ubralod gamoyenebisas gansaxilvel sawarmos ar SeuZlia, Tavidan aicilos Tavisi dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyeneba (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-41/90 Hofner and Else (...), aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 29, da SedarebiT axali saqme _ C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova (...), para. 17).

19. winamdebare saqmeSi gacxadebuli borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedeba gamoixateba ganayofierebis centrebis mier gadametebuli safasuris gadaxdevinebiT.

20. gansaxilveli sakiTxis arsia, aris Tu ara amgvari praqtika, romelic adgens dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyenebas, nacionaluri kanonmdeblobis pirdapiri produqti. am kuTxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom kanoni, ubralod, aZlevs uflebas ganayofierebis centrebs, moiTxovos mesaqonleebisgan, romlebic centrebisgan iTxoven sxva produqciis spermiT uzrunvelyofas, gadaixadon damatebiTi safasuri, gamowveuli aRniSnuli moTxovniT.

21. Tumca ganayofierebis centrebis funqcia aRniSnuli safasuris daangariSe-baa, amgvari norma ar aZlevs centrebs, araproporciuli safasuris moTxovnis saSualebas da, Sesabamisad, sakuTari dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyen-ebis SesaZleblobas.

22. Sesabamisad, SekiTxvis am nawilis pasuxia, rom SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li da 82-e muxlebi dabrkolebas ar uqmnian wevr saxelmwifos, mianiWon saqonlis ganay-ofierebis centrebs konkretuli eqskluziuri uflebebi gansazRvruli are-alis farglebSi.

saqme RTT v. GB-INNO-BM SA388:

saqmis fabula: belgiis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, RTT-is monopolia ekava saja-ro satelefono sistemis dafuZnebasa da funqcionirebas. kanoni aseve adgenda, rom mxolod RTT-is mier miwodebuli an mis mier aRiarebuli aRWurviloba unda yofiliyo CarTuli mis qselSi. GB-INNO Tavis maRaziebSi yidda telefonebs, romlebic RTT-is mier ar iyo aRiarebuli. RTT-m komerciul sasamarTlos mi-388 Case C-18/88, RTT v. GB-INNO-BM SA [1991] ECR I-5973.

446

marTa sarCeliT, romliTac moiTxovda, GB-INNO-s ar gaeyida telefonebi my-idvelis informirebis gareSe, rom aRniSnuli telefonebi RTT-is mier aRiare-buli ar iyo. komerciulma sasamarTlom, inter alia, SekiTxviT mimarTa evropul sasamarTlos imis Taobaze, izRudeboda Tu ara gansazRvruli standartebis dakmayofilebis Semowmebis uflebamosilebis miniWebiT, da SeTanxmebis me-3 1-li g, 82-e da 86-e muxlebiT, wevri saxelmwifos kompania telefonis aRWurvi-lobis standartis damdgenTa da ekonomikuri operatorebis mier, maSin rode-sac igi konkurencias uwevda bazarze myof sxva operatorebs terminalebis sferoSi.

evropuli sasamarTlo

15. belgiis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, RTT flobs sajaro satelekomunikacio qselis dafuZnebasa da funqcionirebaze monopolias. ufro metic, mxolod RTT-is mier miwodebuli an mis mier aRiarebuli aRWurviloba SeiZleboda CarTuli yofiliyo mis qselSi. Sesabamisad, RTT-is aqvs: uflebamosileba qsel-Si satelefono aRWurvilobis CarTvis uflebis miniWebisa an am uflebis Cam-orTmevis SesaZlebloba, aRniSnul aRWurvilobasTan mimarTebiT im teqnikuri standartebis dadgenis uflebamosileba, romlebsac es aRWurviloba unda ak-mayofilebdes, da masTan SeTanxmebis gareSe warmoebuli produqciis Sesabam-isobis Semowmebis uflebamosileba mis mier dadgenil specifikaciebTan.

16. gaerTianebis ganviTarebis arsebul etapze es monopolia, romelic mowode-bulia, sajaro satelefono qseli xelmisawvdomi gaxados momxmareblisTvis, SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare zogadi ekonomikuri in-teresis momsaxurebaa.

17. sasamarTlom upirobod daadgina, rom samarTlebrivi kuTxiT monopoliamini-Webuli sawarmo SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba miC-neul iqnes dominanturi poziciis mflobelad da rom wevri saxelmwifos teri-toria, romelzec es monopolia vrceldeba, SeiZleba saerTo bazris mniSvnelo-vani nawili iyos (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-41/90 Hofne (...), para. 28 da saqmeze _ C-260/89 ERT (...), para. 31).

18. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom yovelgvari obieqturi saWiroebis gareSe, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, dominanturi poziciis boro-tad gamoyeneba mimarTulia iqiTken, sadac konkretul bazarze dominanturi poziciis mqone sawarmo TavisTvis itovebs damatebiT saqmianobas, romelic Sei-Zleba ganxorcieldes sxva sawarmos mier, rogorc misi saqmianobis Semadgeneli nawili momijnave, magram gancalkevebul bazarze, amgvari sawarmosgan yovelg-vari konkurenciis aRmofxvris SesaZleblobiT.

19. Sesabamisad, is faqti, rom bazarze qselis dafuZnebisa da funqcionirebis mo-nopoliis mqone sawarmo, yovelgvari obieqturi saWiroebis miuxedavad, TavisT-vis itovebs momijnave, magram gancalkevebul bazars, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi bazars importirebis, marketingis, dakavSirebis, Semowmebisa da aRWurvilobis movlisTvis aRniSnul qselSi CarTvis mizniT, da, Sesabamisad, auqmebs yovelgvar konkurencias sxva sawarmoebis mxridan, aris SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis darRveva.

20. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxli Seefardeba mxolod sa-kuTari iniciativiT sawarmoebis mier warmoebul antikonkurenciul qcevas

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(ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-202/88 France v. Commission ‘Telecom-munications terminals’(...)) da ara saxelmwifos mier miRebul zomebs. rac Seex-eba saxelmwifos mier miRebul zomebs, maT Seefardeba SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxli. aRniSnuli normis Tanaxmad, wevrma saxelmwifoebma miRebuli kanonebiT, normebiT an administraciuli zomebiT ar unda Caayenon sajaro sawarmoebi da is sawarmoebi, romelTac maT mianiWes specialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebi, iseT pirobebSi, romelTa gamoc aRniSnul sawarmoebs ar SeeZlebaT imoqmedon sakuTari SexedulebiT ise, rom ar daarRvion SeTanxmebis 82 muxli.

21. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, iq, sadac sajaro sawarmos an im sawarmos, romel-sac saxelmwifom mianiWa specialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebi, dominanturi poziciis gafarToeba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifos mier miRebuli zomiT. amg-vari zoma SeTanxmebis 86-e muxlis darRvevaa 82-e muxlTan erTobliobaSi.

22. satelefono aRWurvilobis bazarze konkurenciis gamoricxva an SezRudva ar SeiZleba dasabuTdes zogadi ekonomikuri interesis sazogadoebis momsax-urebis funqciiT SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare. termina-lebis gamoSveba da gayidva, kerZod ki telefonebis gayidva, nebismier sawarmos unda SeeZlos. imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom aRWurviloba pasuxobs momxmarebel-Ta usafrTxoebis Cveulebriv moTxovnebs, maT usafrTxoebas, vinc operirebs qselSi da sajaro telekomunikaciebis qselis dacvas nebismieri saxis daziane-bisgan, sakmarisia, daadgino specifikaciebi, romlebic unda daakmayofilos aRniSnulma aRWurvilobam da daadginos procedura tipis damtkicebis mizniT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos, ramdenad Seesabamebian am specifikaciebs.

23. RTT-is mixedviT, SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxlis darRveva mxolod maSin aRiniSneba, Tu wevrma saxelmwifom gaamarTla dominanturi poziciis boro-tad gamoyeneba, romelic RTT-m faqtobrivad TviTon ganaxorciela, magaliTad, diskriminaciuli kuTxiT tipis damtkicebisTvis normebis Sefardeba. Tumca igi iziarebs im faqts, rom brZaneba miTiTebaze ar niSnavs raime saxis mdgo-mareobis borotad gamoyenebas faqtobrivad, da rom im normebis diskriminaci-uli Sefardebis ubralo SesaZlebloba, radgan RTT gansazRvrulia, rogorc nebarTvis gamcemi organo da konkurenciaSi im sawarmoebTan, romlebic ganacx-ads akeTeben nebarTvis misaRebad, TavisTavad ar SeiZleba niSnavdes borotad gamoyenebiT qmedebas, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis mixedviT.

24. aRniSnuli argumenti ver iqneba miRebuli. amasTan mimarTebiT aSkarad unda aRiniSnos, rom satelefono aRWurvilobis bazarze satelefono qselis daarsebisa da operirebis monopoliis gafarToeba, yovelgvari obieqturi das-abuTebis gareSe, rogorc aseTi, akrZalulia SeTanxmebis 82-e muxliT an 86-e 1-li muxliT 82-e muxlTan erTobliobaSi. es gafarToeba Sedegia saxelmwifos mier miRebuli zomisa. iseve, rogorc konkurencia ar SeiZleba aRmoifxvras amgvari saxiT, aseve dauSvebelia misi formis Secvlac.

25. damaxinjebuli konkurenciis sistema, rogorc gansazRvrulia SeTanxmeba-Si, garantirebuli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZleblobebis Tanas-woroba daculia sxvadasxva ekonomikur operators Soris. sawarmos, romelic terminalis aRWurvilobiT vaWrobs, Tu andes amgvari aRWurvilobis speci-fikaciebis SemuSaveba, maTi ganacxadebis ganxilva da nebarTvis gacema, tol-fasia im uflebis miniWebisa, rom man survilis mixedviT gansazRvros, romeli

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terminalis aRWurviloba SeiZleba CaerTos sajaro qselSi da, Sesabamisad, am sawarmos Tavis konkurentebTan mimarTebiT aSkarad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ay-enebs (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-202/88, para. 51).

26. aRniSnul garemoebebSi efeqtiani konkurenciis SenarCuneba da gamWvirvalo-bis garantireba moiTxovs, rom specifikaciebis SemuSaveba, maTi ganacxadebis ganxilva da nebarTvis gacema xorcieldebodes sajaro an kerZo sawarmoebisgan damoukidebeli organos mier, romelic SesTavazebs saqonlis an momsaxure-bis konkurencias satelekomunikacio seqtorSi (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-202/88, para. 52).

27. ufro metic, gansaxilvel sakiTxTan mimarTebiT moqmedi nacionaluri wese-bis ganmsazRvrelma normebma ZiriTad saqmianobaSi SeiZleba zegavlena iqonios sxva wevri saxelmwifoebidan satelefono aRWurvilobis importze da, Sesa-bamisad, SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.

28. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, nacionaluri sasamarTlos pasuxad, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis me-3 1-li g, 86-e da 82-e muxlebi zRu-daven wevr saxelmwifos. sajaro telekomunikaciis qselis operirebis ganmx-orcielebeli sawarmos uflebaa, daadginos satelefono aRWurvilobis stan-dartebi da Seamowmos, ramdenad pasuxobs ekonomikuri operatorebi miTiTe-bul standartebs im pirobebSi, rodesac igi aRniSnuli aRWurvilobis bazarze TviTonve imyofeba konkurenciaSi am operatorebTan.

saqmeebi Deutsche Post AG v. Gesellschaft fur Zahlungssysteme mbH (GZS) and Citicorp Kartenservice GmbH389:

saqmis fabula: 1989 wlis universaluri safosto konvenciis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian, gadaugzavnon da miiRon saerTaSoriso safosto misamarTebi maTi qveynis rezidenti pirebisagan, romlebic maT miewodaT sxva xelSemkvreli mxareebis safosto momsaxurebis ganmaxorcielebeli uwyebebis mier. konvencia gansazRvravs werilis miRebisTvis dadgenil sazRaurs mimRebi saxelmwifosTvis (saboloo daniSnulebis punqtis gadasaxadebi). konvencia aseve adgens, inter alia, rom sadac gamgzavnis, romelic A qveynis rezidentia, mizeziT werili, gagzavnili adresatisTvis A qveyanaSi, didi raodenobiT gaigzavneba B qveyanaSi, A qveyanas ufleba aqvs, daakisros Tavisi saerTo Sida Rirebuleba gzavnilebisTvis an daubrunos igi Tavis pirvel wyaros (25-e muxli). germaniaSi moqmedi sxvadasxva plastikuri baraTis kompaniebi germaniis gareT mdebare centrebs eleqtronulad uricxavdnen monacemebs TavianTi momxmareblebis qviTrebisaTvis, rom maT daemzadebinaT germaneli momxmareblebis qviTrebi da fostiT gamoegzavnaT ukan, germaniaSi. erTi aseTi SemTxveva dasrulda qviTrebis gagzavniT daniaSi, sadac saerTaSoriso gzavnilebis safasuri ufro dabalia, vidre germaniaSi. Deutsche Post-s daekisra mxolod saboloo daniSnulebis punqtis gadasaxadis gadaxda. man moiTxova mTliani Sida Rirebulebis gadaxda. sakredito kompaniebma uari ganacxades gadaxdaze. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, warmoebul sasamarTlo ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT, germaniis sasamarTloebma SekiTxviT mimarTes evropul sasamarTlos imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeboda Deutsche 389 Case C-147-148/97, Deutsche Post AG v. Gesellschaft fur Zahlungssysteme mbH (GZS) and Citicorp Kartenservice

GmbH [2000] ECR I-825, [2000] 4 CMLR 838.

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Post-is mier Tavisi uflebebis ganxorcieleba universaluri safosto konvenciis 25-e muxls, Sesabamisad daekisrebina Sida safosto Rirebuleba maTTvis SeTanxmebis 86-e da 82-e muxlebs (da 49-e muxls, romelic aseve Seesabameboda am situacias, gamomdinare iqidan, rom es situacia moicavda momsaxurebis gawevis Tavisuflebasac).

evropuli sasamarTlo

36. (...) pirveli sami SekiTxva ise unda iqnes gagebuli, rom nacionaluri sasa-marTlo arsebiTad kiTxulobs, xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba SeTanxmebis 86-e muxls, ganxiluls 82-e da 49-e muxlebTan erTobliobaSi, universaluri safosto kon-venciis 25-e me-3 muxlis mier miniWebuli uflebis gamoyeneba Deutsche Post-is mier, daawesos gadasaxadi, im SemTxvevebSi, romlebic miTiTebulia 25-e 1-l muxlsa da 25-e me-2 muxlis meore winadadebaSi, Sida fostaze didi odenobiT sagnebze gagzavnili sxva wevri saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentosT-vis, gansxvavebiT im wevri saxelmwifosgan, romelsac es saagento ekuTvnis.

37. am kiTxvis perifrazs rom vupasuxoT, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom iseTi organo, rogoricaa Deutsche Post, romelsac werilebis Segrovebis, gad-azidvisa da adgilze mitanis eqskluziuri ufleba mieniWa, miCneul unda iqnes sawarmod, romelsac gansaxilvelma wevrma saxelmwifom mianiWa eqskluziuri uflebebi, SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare (ixileT sasa-marTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-320/91 Corbeau (...), para. 8).

38. agreTve, sasamarTlo praqtikam gansazRvra, rom saerTo bazris mniSvnelo-van nawilze kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli monopoliis mqone sawarmo SeiZleba miCneul iqnes dominanturi poziciis mflobelad SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis sa-fuZvelze (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeebze: C-179/990 Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova v. Siderurgica Gabrielli (...), para. 14; C-18/88 RTT v. GB-Inno-BM (...), para. 17; da Corbeau (...), aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 8).

39. sasamarTlos hqonda safuZveli, ganecxadebina aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT, rom, Tumca ubralo faqtia, wevrma saxelmwifom Seqmna dominanturi pozicia eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebiT, rac ar modis winaaRmdegobaSi 82-e mux-lTan, SeTanxmeba moiTxovs wevri saxelmwifoebisgan ar miiRon, arc gataron raime saxis zomebi, romelTac SeuZliaT daukargon efeqtianoba am normebs (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeebze C-260/89 ERT [1991] ECR I-2925, para. 35; da Corbeau (...), aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 11).

40. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxli adgens, rom wevri saxelmwifos mier specialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebminiWebuli sawarmos SemTxvevaSi, konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli SeTanxmebis normebs ar unda ewinaaRmdege-bodes raime saxis zomebi, ganxorcielebuli an gatarebuli maT mier (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ Corbeau (...), para. 12).

41. aRniSnuli normebi ganxilul unda iqnes 86-e me-2 muxlTan erTobliobaSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs, rom sawarmoebi, romelTac miniWebuli aqvT zoga-di ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis gawevis ufleba, SeTanxmebis normebSi eqcevian imdenad, ramdenadac am normebis Sefardeba ar uSlis xels arc sa-marTlebrivad da arc faqtobrivad maTze dakisrebuli konkretuli amocanebis

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Sesrulebas.

42. dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom konvencia funqcionirebs werilis fostis bazris safuZvelze, sadac universaluri safosto kavSiris monawile sxvadasx-va saxelmwifos safosto momsaxureba ar aris erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi.

43. aRniSnuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, konvencia mowodebulia, daadgi-nos normebi imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos reziden-tisTvis gagzavnili saerTaSoriso gzavnili da gadacemuli sxva xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentos mier, gadagzavnili da adgilze mitanilia. universaluri safosto konvenciis erT-erTi fundamenturi prin-cipia asaxuli 1-l muxlSi, xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos safosto administraciis valdebuleba, romelsac egzavneba saerTaSoriso gzavnili Tavis teritoriaze myofi rezidentisTvis gadagzavnisa da adgilze mitanis mizniT, romlisTvisac unda gamoiyenos yvelaze swrafi safosto momsaxurebis saSualebebi. aRniS-nulTan mimarTebiT, saxelmwifom, romelmac aRiara universaluri safosto kavSiris konvencia, aris erTeuli safosto teritoria, romelSic saerTaSori-so gzavnilis tranzitis Tavisufleba faqtobrivad garantirebulia.

44. wevri saxelmwifoebis safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebisTvis konvencii-seuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlidan gamomdinareobs.

45. winamdebare saqmeSi germaniis kanonmdebloba amgvari momsaxurebis gawevis uflebas aniWebs Deutsche Post-s.

46. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo winamdebare saqmis sasamarTlo msjelobis me-5 para-grafSi, Tavdapirvelad safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebi iRebdnen saerTa-Soriso gzavnilebs Sesabamisi anazRaurebis miRebis gareSe. Tumca, rodesac cnobili gaxda, rom or wevr saxelmwifos Soris safosto mimosvlis nakadi ar abalansebda erTmaneTs, ise, rom sxvadasxva xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebi iZulebuli iyvnen, mieRoT saerTaSoriso gzavnilebis didi odenoba, rac did gansxvavebas asaxavda, specialuri normebi dadginda aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, romelTagan erT-erTi universaluri sa-fosto konvenciis 25-e muxli iyo.

47. universaluri safosto konvenciis 25-e me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebma SeiZleba dabegron safosto gzavnilebi Sida safasuris mixedviT, kerZod im SemTxvevebSi, romlebic exeba 25-e 1-l da 25-e me-2 muxlebs.

48. Deutsche Post-isTvis saerTaSoriso gzavnilebze, Sidas msgavsad, momsaxure-bis gawevis uflebis miniWeba qmnis situacias, romelSic man SeiZleba safosto momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa sazianod borotad gamoiyenos Tavisi dominan-turi pozicia, gamomdinare misTvis miniWebuli eqskluziuri uflebidan, gad-aagzavnos da adgilze miitanos es gzavnilebi saTanado adresatebisTvis.

49. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, Semowmdes is moculoba, romelzec amgvari uflebis gamoyeneba saWiroa, raTa amgvari saxis saagentos mieces saSuale-ba, ganaxorcielos zogad interesTan dakavSirebuli dakisrebuli amocanebi, gamomdinare universaluri safosto konvenciis valdebulebebisgan, kerZod ki, imoqmedos ekonomikurad misaReb pirobebSi.

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50. Tu iseTi organo, rogoric Deutsche Post-ia, valdebuli iqneba, gadaagzav-nos da adgilze miitanos germaniis rezident adresatTan germaniis rezidenti gamgzavnisgan sxva wevri saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis gamoyenebiT gag-zavnili didi odenobis gzavnilebi, am valdebulebis Sesrulebidan gamomdin-are, yvela xarjis anazRaurebis gareSe, ekonomikurad dabalansebul pirobebSi zogadi interesis amgvari funqciis ganxorcieleba sarisko iqneba.

51. wevri saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebs erTdroulad ar Seu-ZliaT gaswion zogadi ekonomikuri momsaxurebis ganxorcielebiT gamowveuli xarjebi, dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso gzavnilebis gadagzavnasa da adgilze mi-tanasTan, rac maTi pasuxismgeblobaa universaluri safosto konvenciis Tanax-mad, da Semosavlis dakargvasTan gamowveuli im faqtiT, rom gzavnilebis didi odenobebi aRar igzavneba wevri saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentoe-bis meSveobiT, romelSic adresatebi rezidentebi arian, magram gagzavna sxva wevri saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebis meSveobiT xdeba.

52. amgvar situaciaSi gaziarebuli unda iqnes mtkicebuleba, romliTac, mo-qmedebis mizezebidan gamomdinare, universaluri safosto konvenciis mier Deutsche Post-isTvis mindobili zogadi interesis funqciaa, ekonomikurad da-balansebul pirobebSi ganxilul iqnes sazRvrispira fosta, rogorc Sida fos-ta, da, Sesabamisad, moxdes Sida safosto gzavnilebis dabegvra.(...)

54. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxli adasturebs, rom gansaxilveli wevri saxelmwifoebis safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebs Soris SeTanxmebis ararsebobis pirobebSi daadginos: saboloo daniSnulebis punqtis gadasaxa-debi Semomavali sazRvrispira fostis gagzavnisa da adgilze mitanis arsebul RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, wevri saxelmwifos mier Tavisi safosto momsax-urebis saagentoebisTvis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli uflebis miniWeba Sida safosto gzavnilebis dabegvris Taobaze, romelSic am saxelmwifos rezidenti gamgzavnebi agzavnian, an qmnian pirobebs didi odenobiT gzavnilis gasagzavnad sxva wevri saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebis meSveobiT maTi pirvel wevr saxelmwifoSi sabolood gagzavnis mizniT.(...)

56. meore mxriv, gamomdinare iqidan, rom sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebis mier gadaxdili saboloo punqtis daniSnulebis ga-dasaxadebiT kompensirdeba gadagzavnisa da adgilze mitanis xarjebis nawili, aucilebeli ar aris iseTi organosTvis, rogoric Deutsche Post-ia, konvenciidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis Sesruleba, kerZod ki, safosto momsaxureba dai-begros sruli Sida safasuriT am momsaxurebis saagentoebis mier didi odeno-bis gzavnilebis gagzavnisTvis.

57. unda gvaxsovdes, rom iseT organos, rogoric Deutsche Post-ia, romelsac kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli monopolia aqvs saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilze, miCneul unda iqnes dominanti poziciis mqoned, SeTanxmebis 82-e mux-lis safuZvelze.

58. Sesabamisad, amgvari organos mier Sida safosto momsaxurebaze sruli anaz-Raurebis moTxovnis ufleba, sadac didi odenobis gzavnilebis gadagzavnasa da adgilze mitanasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, ganxorcielebuli ara im wevri

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saxelmwifos safosto momsaxurebis saagentoebis mier, aramed saxelmwifosi, romelSic orive, gamgzavnic da mimRebic, misi rezidentia, ar kompensirdeba aRniSnuli momsaxurebis saagentoebis mier gadaxdili saboloo daniSnulebis punqtis gadasaxadebiT, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes dominanturi poziciis boro-tad gamoyenebad, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.

59. amgvari uflebis gamoyenebisgan rom moxdes iseTi organos prevencia, rogoricaa Deutsche Post, rac miniWebuli aqvs universaluri safosto konvenci-is 25-e me-3 muxliT, daubrunos gzavnili pirvelwyaros, gamgzavns sxva arCevani ar rCeba, Tu ara, gadaixados Sida safosto momsaxurebis sruli odenoba.

60. rogorc sasamarTlom ganacxada, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamom-dinare, dominanti poziciis mqone sawarmos magier gayidvaze uaris TqmasTan dakavSirebiT, amgvari moqmedeba SeuTavsebeli iqneba SeTanxmebis me-3 1-li mux-liT dadgenil miznebTan. ... rogorc aRwerilia 82-e muxliT, kerZod ki misi meore punqtis b da c qvepunqtebiT (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ 27/76 United Brands v. Commission [1978] ECR 207, para. 183).

saqme Ambulanz Glockner v. Landkreis Sudwestpfalz390:

saqmis fabula: sazogadoebrivi saswrafo daxmarebis momsaxurebis uzrunvely-ofa germaniaSi xorcieldeba kanonmdeblobiT, romelic am sasamarTlo saqmeSi moixsenieba rogorc “RettDG 1991~. aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs `saswrafo daxmarebis transportsa~ da `pacientis transports~ (arasaswrafo daxmarebis). rainland-pfalcis mxareSi saswrafo daxmarebis transportze uflebamosileba mieniWa or samedicino daxmarebis organizacias, romlebic imavdroulad arasaswrafo daxmarebis momsaxurebasac eweodnen. Tumca maSin, rodesac Ambulanz Glockner-ma uflebamosilebis ganaxlebisTvis mi-marTa Sesabamis saxelmwifo uwyebas, orma samedicino daxmarebis organizaciam es gaaprotesta _ asabuTebdnen, rom arasaswrafo daxmarebis bazarze arsebul konkurencias SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos maT SesaZleblobaze, uzrunvelyon saswrafo daxmarebis gaweva. aRniSnulis safuZvelze kompetenturma saxelm-wifo uwyebam uari uTxra Ambulanz Glockner-s uflebamosilebis ganaxlebaze.

evropuli sasamarTlo

39. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom specialuri an eqskluziuri ufle-bebis miniWebiT ubralo dominanturi poziciis Seqmna SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxlidan gamomdinare, TavisTavad ar ewinaaRmdegeba SeTanxmebis 82-e muxls. wevri saxelmwifo daarRvevs aRniSnul or normas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansaxilveli sawarmo misTvis miniWebuli specialuri an eqskluziuri ufle-bebis ganxorcielebiT mimarTulia, borotad gamoiyenos dominanturi pozicia an, sadac amgvari uflebebi qmnian iseT situacias, romelic am sawarmos ubi-Zgebs, Caidinos borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedeba (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ Pavlov, aRniSnuli zemoT, 127-e paragrafi).

40. sasamarTlo praqtika adgens, rom, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlidan gamomdinare, borotad gamoyenebiTia qmedeba iq, sadac yovelgvari obieqturi saWiroebis ga-reSe sawarmo, romelsac dominanti pozicia ukavia konkretul bazarze, TavisTvis itovebs damatebiT saqmianobas, romelic SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuli yofil-

390 Case C-475/99, Ambulanz Glockner v. Landkreis Sudwestpfalz [2001] ECR I-8089, [2002] 4 CMLR 726.

453

iyo sxva sawarmos mier momijnave, magram gancalkevebuli, bazridan, am sawarmo-sTan yovelgvari konkurenciis aRmofxvris SesaZleblobiT (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-18/88 GB-INNO-BM [1991] ECR I-5941, para. 18). iq, sadac sawarmos, romelsac saxelmwifom mianiWa specialuri an eqskluziuri uflebebi, dominanturi poziciis gafarToeba ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos mier gatare-buli zomiT, amgvari zoma SeTanxmebis 90-e muxlis darRvevaa 86-e muxlTan er-TobliobaSi (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-18/88 GB-INNO-BM , para. 21 da saqmeze C-203/96 Dusseldorp and Others [1998] ECR I-4075, para. 61).

41. winamdebare saqmeSi Ambulanz Glockner-is mier wamoyenebuli argumenti aSkar-ad metyvelebs imaze, rom igi gamoaZeves pacientTa transportis bazridan, rogorc Sedegi `RettDG 1991~-is me-18 me-3 paragrafis Sefardebisa, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT saSualebas aZlevs sajaro uwyebebTan kavSirSi moqmed samedi-cino daxmarebis organizaciebs, SeuzRudon bazarze Sesvla.

42. komisia aseve asaCivrebs, rom saswrafo daxmarebis bazarze mqone domi-nanturi poziciis gafarToeba dakavSirebul, magram gancalkevebul, pacient-Ta transportis bazarze, aris federaluri da ara rainland-pfalcis mxaris kanonmdeblobis cvlilebis Sedegi, romelic aregulirebs am ukanaskneli tipis transportTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, kerZod ki, `RettDG 1991~-is me-18 me-3 paragrafis miReba. misi mtkicebiT, konkurenciis amgvari SezRudva adgens SeT-anxmebis 86-e muxlis darRvevas 82-e muxlTan erTobliobaSi.

43. vinaidan zemoT aRniSnuli argumentebi iqna ganxiluli, unda davadgi-noT, rom `RettDG 1991~-is me-18 me-3 paragrafis aRsrulebiT, romlis Sinaar-sic gulisxmobs samedicino daxmarebis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebis winaswar konsultaciebs nebismier ganacxadTan mimarTebiT, dakavSirebuls damoukidebeli operatoris ganacxadTan arasaswrafo daxmarebis pacientTa transportirebis momsaxurebisaTvis nebarTvis miRebaze, rainland-pfalcis mxaris kanonmdebelma im organizaciebs, romelTac ukve hqondaT eqskluziuri ufleba saswrafo daxmarebis bazarze, mianiWa privilegiebi amgvari eqskluzi-uri uflebiT pacientTa transportis bazarze sargeblobasTan dakavSirebiT. `RettDG 1991~-is me-18 me-3 paragrafis moqmedebas aqvs bazrebis SezRudvis efeq-ti... momxmarebelTa sazianod, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdin-are, rameTu damatebiTi satransporto saqmianobis ufleba mianiWa aRniSnul samedicino momsaxurebis organizaciebs, maSin, rodesac es funqcia SeeZlo et-virTa damoukidebel operators.

saqme Commission v. Netherlands (Re Electricity Imports391):

evropuli sasamarTlo

52. (...) SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare pirobebis Ses-rulebis gamo, aucilebeli ar aris, rom zogadi ekonomikuri interesis mom-saxurebis ganxorcielebisaTvis ndobaminiWebuli sawarmos finansuri balansi an ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianoba dartymis qveS aRmoCndes. aSkaraa, rom sakiTxSi dasmuli uflebebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sawarmosTvis SeuZle-beli iqneba masze dakisrebuli konkretuli funqciebis ganxorcieleba, rom-lebic gansazRvrulia im valdebulebebisa da iZulebis miTiTebiT, romlis subieqtic is aris.391 Case 157/94, Commission v. Netherlands (Re Electricity Imports) [1997] ECR I-5699.

454

53. ufro metic, Corbeau-s saqmeze sasamarTlo msjelobidan gamomdinareobs (...), rom SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Sefardebis pirobebi Sesrulebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu im uflebebis SenarCuneba aucilebelia maTi mflobelisTvis zogadi ekonomikuri interesis funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mini-Webuli aqvs mas ekonomikurad misaRebi pirobebiT.(...)

58. Tumca simarTlea is faqti, rom wevri saxelmwifos, romelic efuZneba SeT-anxmebis 86-e me-2 muxls, valdebulebaa, moaxdinos normis mier dadgenili pi-robebis Sesrulebis demonstrireba. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, mtkicebuleb-is tvirTi ar SeiZleba iyos iseTi farTo, rom mosTxovos wevr saxelmwifos, romelic detalurad adgens mizezebs, romlisTvisac, SeTanxmebuli zomebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, sawarmosTvis mis mier miniWebuli zogadi ekonomikuri interesis funqciis ekonomikurad misaRebi pirobebiT ganxorcieleba, Tavisi SexedulebiT, riskis matarebeli iqneba, ufro Sors wavides da daamtkicos, rom arcerTi potenciuri zoma, romelic ganmartebiT iqneba hipoTezuri, ver miscems uflebas, imave pirobebiT moxdes maTi funqciebis ganxorcieleba.

saqme Gemeente Almelo and Others v. Energiebedrijf Ijsselmij NV392:

evropuli sasamarTlo

46. SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxli adgens, rom zogadi ekonomikuri interesis mom-saxurebis ganxorcielebis uflebiT aRWurvili sawarmo SesaZloa gamoiricxos SeTanxmebaSi asaxuli konkurenciis normebis Sefardebisgan imdenad, ramdena-dac es saWiroa konkurenciaze SezRudvebis dasakisreblad, an, Tundac, mTeli konkurenciis aRmosafxvrelad, sxva ekonomikuri operatorebisgan, rom uz-runvelyofili iyos maTTvis miniWebuli konkretuli funqciebis ganxorciele-ba (ixileT sasamarTlo msjeloba saqmeze _ C-320/91 Corbeau (...), para. 14).

47. rac Seexeba SekiTxvas _ IJM-is msgavs sawarmos mieniWa Tu ara zogadi in-teresis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba, unda gaviTvaliswin-oT, rom mas sajaro samarTlis mier regulirebuli araeqskluziuri koncesiis safuZvelze mieca funqcia, uzrunveleyo nacionaluri teritoriis nawilSi eleqtroenergiis miwodeba.

48. amgvarma sawarmom unda uzrunvelyos, rom im teritoriis farglebSi, romelzec mas mieniWa koncesia, yvela momxmarebels, iqneba es distributo-ri Tu saboloo mimRebi, uwyvetad miawvdis eleqtroenergias nebismier dros moTxovnili nebismieri saWiroebis dasakmayofileblad, dadgenili tarifebiTa da im pirobebiT, romlebic SeiZleba ar gansxvavdebodes ekonomiurobiT im obieqtur kriteriumebTan mimarTebiT, romelic yvela momxmarebels Seesabam-eba.

49. sxva ekonomikur operatorebTan konkurenciis SezRudva daiSveba im SemTx-vevaSi, Tu gamoCndeba amis saWiroeba, raTa saSualeba misces amgvari zogadi in-teresis funqciiT aRWurvil sawarmos, ganaxorcielos igi. amasTan mimarTebiT mniSvnelovania, mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli is ekonomikuri pirobebi, romel-Sic sawarmo funqcionirebs, kerZod ki xarjebi, romelic man unda gaswios da kanonmdebloba, kerZod, romelic garemos dacvas exeba.

392 Case C-393/92, Gemeente Almelo and Others v. Energiebedrijf Ijsselmij NV [1994] ECR I-1477.

455

50. nacionaluri sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia, aucilebelia Tu ara eqskluziuri SeZenis uflebis ganmsazRvreli norma, romelic adgilobriv distributorebs ukrZalavs eleqtroenergiis importirebas, imisTvis, rom mieces ufleba re-gionalur distributors, ganaxorcielos Tavisi zogadi interesis funqcia.

saqme Air Inter v. Commission393:

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

138. aRniSnuli muxlebis gamoyeneba unda gamoiricxos imdenad, ramdenadac maT `xeli SeuSales~ ganmcxadeblisTvis miniWebuli funqciebis ganxorcielebas. gamomdinare iqidan, rom piroba unda ganimartos mkacrad, amgvari moqmede-ba ar iyo dasabuTebuli rogorc, ubralod, damabrkolebeli an damatebiTi sirTuleebis Semqmneli. damatebiT, ganmcxadebels unda Seeqmna raime saxis xelSemSleli garemoebebi masze dakisrebuli funqciis gansaxorcieleblad (aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT ixileT saqme _ 155/73, Sacchi (...)).

139. aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT ganmcxadebeli, ubralod, acxadebs, rom Sida sahaero transportis organizacia dafuZnebuli iyo jvaredini subsidiebis sistemaze momgebian da aramomgebian marSrutebs Soris da is orli-marselisa da orli-tuluzis marSrutebisaTvis miniWebul eqskluziurobas amarTlebda misi valdebulebiT, Seesrulebina aramomgebiani marSrutebi regularulad da aramomgebiani tarifebiT im mizniT, rom xeli Seewyo regionuli ganviTarebi-saTvis. igi ar asaxelebs SesaZlo danakargis aRmniSvnel cifrs Tu sxva sahaero gadamzidavebi sargebloben uflebiT, konkurencia gauwion mas kiTxvaSi das-mul or sahaero marSrutTan mimarTebiT. igi arc imas uCvenebs, rom Semosavlis danakargi imdenad didi iqneba, iZulebuli gaxdeba, TviTneburad datovos mis qselSi Semavali konkretuli sahaero marSrutebi.

140. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Sida sahaero qselis sistema, Sida jvaredin sub-sidiur sistemasTan erTobliobaSi, romelsac ganmcxadebeli eyrdnoba Tavisi saqmis sasargeblod, ar aris maTi mizani, aramed Sedegia safrangeTis saxelm-wifo uwyebebis mier gakeTebuli arCevanisa, safrangeTis regionebis ganviTare-bis mizniT. ganmcxadebelma ar gaasaCivra da am dromde ar daadgina, rom 240/98 regulaciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sedegad aRar iyo saTanado alternatiuli sistema, romelsac SeeZleboda regionuli ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa, kerZod ki wamgebiani sahaero marSrutebis dafinansebis gagrZelebis uzrunvelyofa (ixi-leT agreTve sasamarTlos prezidentis brZaneba saqmeSi _ C-174/94 R, France v. E.C.Commission (...)).

141. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ganmcxadebelma ar aCvena, rom SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetileba samarTlebrivad an faqtobrivad xels SeuSlida misTvis miniWe-buli konkretuli funqciis ganxorcielebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom gancxadeba SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis darRvevis Taobaze ver iqneba gaziare-buli.

saqme Corsica Ferries France SA v. Gruppo Antichi Ormeggiatori del Poro di Genovo Coop. and Others394:

393 Case T-260/94, Air Inter v. Commission [1997] ECR II-997, [1997] 5 CMLR 851394 Case C-266/96, Corsica Ferries France SA v. Gruppo Antichi Ormeggiatori del Poro di Genovo Coop. and Others

[1998] ECR I-3949, [1998] 5 CMLR 402.

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saqmis fabula: italiis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis gemebs moeTxovebodaT, esargeblaT adgilobriv navsayudelSi gadamyvani kompaniebis momsaxurebiT, romelsac yvela portSi eqskluziuri nebarTva hqonda. Corcisa Ferries-ma sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos da amtkicebda, rom navsayudelSi gadamyvani kompaniebi Genoa da La Spezia borotad iyenebdnen dominantur pozicias, roca sanaosno kompaniebs uzRudavdnen gemis navsayudelSi gadasayvanad sakuTari personalis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, agreTve, momsaxurebis Rirebulebis safasuri gacilebiT aRemateboda realurad ganxorcielebul momsaxurebas, da awesebda tarifebs, romlebic portidan portSi icvleboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavsi momsaxurebis gawevas exeboda. italiis sasamarTlom, inter alia, SekiTxviT mimarTa evrokavSiris sasamarTlos imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad krZalavda SeTanxmeba nacionalur normebs, romlebic gemebis navsayudelSi gadasayvan kompaniebs amgvari moqmedebis uflebas aZlevda.

evropuli sasamarTlo

36. nacionaluri sasamarTlo kiTxulobs, aqvs Tu ara adgili dominanturi poziciis borotad gamoyenebas navsayudelSi gadamyvani kompaniebis _ Genoa da La Spezia - mxridan, saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilze im eqskluziuri ufle-bebis miniWebis wyalobiT, romelic maT uboZes italiis sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma.

37. am saqmeSi borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedebis arsebobis sami aspeqti arsebobs. aRniSnuli unda arsebobdes adgilobrivi, navsayudelSi gadamyvani, kompanie-bisTvis miniWebul eqskluziur uflebebSi, romlebic zRudaven sanaosno kom-paniebis mier gemis navsayudelSi gadasayvanad sakuTari personalis gamoyen-ebis SesaZleblobas; agreTve, momsaxurebis Rirebulebis safasuris sidideSi, romelic aRemateba realurad ganxorcielebul momsaxurebas; da iseTi tarife-bis dawesebaSi, romelic portidan portSi icvleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom ms-gavsi momsaxurebis gawevas exeba.

38. rac Seexeba gansaxilveli bazris gansazRvras, miTiTebis wesidan gamomdin-areobs, rom igi moicavs mesame pirebis magier gemebis navsayudelSi gadamyvani kompaniebis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebas, rac konteinerebis _ Genoa da La Spe-zia _ portebSi gadazidvas exeba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, inter alia, Tu sazRvao mi-mosvlis rogori datvirTulobaa am portebSi da ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT Sida gaerTianebis vaWrobaze, aRniSnuli bazrebi miCneul unda iqnen saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawilad (ixileT: saqme _ C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova (...) da saqme C-163/96, Raso and Others (...)).

39. imdenad, ramdenadac eqskluziuri uflebebis arseboba aris ganxilvis sa-gani, kanoniT gansazRvrulia, rom saerTo bazris mniSvnelovan nawilze kanon-mdeblobiT miniWebuli monopoliis mqone sawarmo SeiZleba miCneul iqnes dom-inanturi poziciis mqoned, SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare (ixileT: saqme C-41/90, Hofner and Elser v. Macrotron (...), saqme C-260/89, ERT v. DEP (...), saqme C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova (...) da saqme C-163/96, Raso and Others (...)).

40. Semdgom, unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tumca SeTanxmebis 86-e 1-li muxlis Sinaar-sidan gamomdinare, eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebis gziT ubralo dominan-

457

turi poziciis Seqmna TavisTavad ar ewinaaRmdegeba 82-e muxls, wevri saxelm-wifo daarRvevs aRniSnul or normaSi asaxul akrZalvebs, Tu gansaxilveli sawarmo, ubralod, misTvis miniWebuli eqskluziuri uflebebis ganxorcieleb-is gamo, iZulebulia, borotad gamoiyenos dominanturi pozicia an Tu aseTi uflebebi mowodebulia, Seqmnas iseTi situacia, romelSic sawarmo iZulebu-lia, Caidinos amgvari borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedebebi (ixileT: saqme C-41/90, Hofner and Elser v. Macrotron (...), saqme C-260/89, ERT v. DEP (...), saqme C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova (...), saqme C-323/93, Centre d’Insemination de la Crespelle (...), da saqme C-163/96, Raso and Others(...)).

41. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom wevr saxelmwifos SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis darRvevis gareSe SeuZlia mianiWos eqskluziuri uflebebi sakuTar portebSi gemis navsayudelSi gadayvanis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebiT adgi-lobriv navsayudelSi gadamyvan kompaniebs, uzrunvelyofs ra am kompaniebs, ar gamoiyenon borotad TavianTi dominanturi pozicia an ar iyvnen mizanmi-marTuli, ganaxorcielon amgvari borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedeba.

42. zemoT xsenebuli borotad gamoyenebiTi qmedebis arsebobis uarsayofad Genoa-sa da La Spezia-s navsayudelSi gadasayvanma kompaniebma miTiTeba SeTanx-mebis 86-e me-2 muxlze gaakeTes, romelic adgens, rom zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebaze uflebaminiWebuli sawarmo eqvemde-bareba SeTanxmebaSi asaxul konkurenciis ganmsazRvrel normebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi Sefardeba xels ar uSlis maTze dakisrebuli konkretuli amocanebis samarTlebrivad Tu faqtobrivad ganxorcielebas. SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxli damatebiT gansazRvravs, imisTvis, rom moxdes misi Sefardeba, vaWrobis ganviTarebaze zegavlena ar unda iqnes iyos im donemde, rom igi ewi-naaRmdegebodes gaerTianebis interesebs.

43. isini icavdnen pozicias, rom dadgenili tarifebi savaldebuloa univer-saluri gemebis navsayudelSi gadayvanis momsaxurebis SesanarCuneblad. erTi mxriv, tarifebi Seicavdnen komponents, romelic ukavSirdeboda damatebiT gadasaxads navsayudelSi gadayvanis universaluri momsaxurebis uzrunvelsay-ofad; meore mxriv, tarifebs Soris gansxvaveba portidan portSi, romelic, warmodgenili dokumentis Tanaxmad, imis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegia, rom, rode-sac tarifebis gaangariSeba xdeba, neitraluri faqtorebi gamoxataven adgilo-brivi garemoebebis zegavlenas, romelic mowodebulia, gansazRvros is gare-moeba, rom uzrunvelyofili momsaxurebebi ekvivalenturi ar aris, gamarTle-bulia momsaxurebis xasiaTiTa da universaluri dafarvis uzrunvelyofis saWiroebiT.

44. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ganxilul unda iqnes, SeTanxmebis normebidan, kerZod ki SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxliT gansazRvruli wesebisgan, gadaxveva SeiZleba Seefardos am saqmes. am mizniT, unda ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad iqneba navsayudelSi gadayvanis momsaxureba miCneuli zogadi ekonomikuri in-teresis momsaxurebad, aRniSnuli normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, da Tu es asea, pirvel rigSi, misTvis dadgenili konkretuli amocanebis ganxorcieleba ramdenad iqneba miRweuli mxolod im momsaxurebebis xarjze, romlis safasu-ric metia, vidre realuri Rirebuleba da romlisTvisac tarifi icvleba erTi portidan meoreSi, da, meore rigSi, vaWrobis ganviTareba ramdenad ar aris zegavlenis qveS moqceuli im donemde, ra donemdec igi winaaRmdegobaSi mova

458

gaerTianebis interesebTan (aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi ixileT saqme C-157/94, E.C. Commission v. Netherlands (...)).

45. ZiriTad warmoebaSi arsebuli saqmis masalebidan cxadia, rom gemebis navs-ayudelSi gadayvanis saqmianoba zogadekonomikuri interesia, romelsac aqvs specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi, dakavSirebuli sxva ekonomikur saqmianobebTan, romelTac SeswevT unari, moaqcion igi SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis kompe-tenciis farglebSi. gemebis navsayudelSi gadamyvani kompaniebi valdebuli ar-ian, uzrunvelyon navsayudelSi gadayvanis universaluri momsaxurebiT nebis-mieri momxmarebeli nebismier dros, raTa daculi iyos usafrTxoeba portis wylebSi. yvela SemTxvevaSi, italias saTanadod hqonda miCneuli, rom sazoga-doebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli iyo, adgilobrivi kom-paniebisTvis mieniWebina eqskluziuri ufleba gemebis navsayudelSi gadayvanis universaluri momsaxurebisaTvis.

46. aRniSnuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, SeTanxmebis 82-e da 86-e 1-l mux-lebTan Seusabamo ar aris momsaxurebis safasurSi gemebis navsayudelSi ga-dayvanis universaluri momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro Rirebulebis Setana imdenad, ramdenadac igi pasuxobs momsaxurebis specifikuri xasiaTiT gamowveul damatebiT xarjebs, aseve, momsaxurebisaTvis gansxvavebuli tarife-bis dadgena TiToeuli portis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

47. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, mas Semdeg, rac gemebis navsayudelSi gad-amyvan kompaniebs wevri saxelmwifosgan mieniWaT SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis gawevis ufleba, da sxva pirobebi SeTanxmebis normebis Sefardebis Tavidan asacile-blad, romlebic am normaSia mocemuli, damakmayofilebelia da iseTi kanonmde-bloba, rogoric ganxilvis sagania, ar aris SeTanxmebis 82-e muxlis damrRvevi, ganxilul 86-e 1-l muxlTan erTobliobaSi.

saqme Albany International BV v. Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie395:

evropuli sasamarTlo

102. mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom, pirvel rigSi, SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, sawarmoebi, romelTac miniWebuli aqvT zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis ufleba, daqvemdebarebuli arian konkurenciis ganmsazRvrel normebze imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari normebis Sefardeba xels ar uSlis maTze dakisrebuli konkretuli amocanebis rogorc samarTlebrivad, aseve faqtobrivad ganxorcielebas.

103. garkveuli viTarebis arsebobisas SeTanxmebis zogadi normebis gverdis av-lis SesaZleblobis micemisas, SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxli cdilobs, daaregu-liros wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebi konkretuli sawarmos gamoyenebiT, ker-Zod ki sazogadoebriv sferoSi, rogorc gaerTianebis interesis gamomxatveli politikis ekonomikuri an fiskaluri instrumenti, uzrunvelyos konkurenciis normebTan Tanxvedra da saerTo bazris erTianobis dacva (ixileT saqme C-202/88 France v. Commission (...), para. 12, da saqme C-157/94 Commission v. Netherlands (...), para. 39).

395 Case C-67/96, Albany International BV v. Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie [1999] ECR I-5751, [2000] 4 CMLR 446.

459

104. wevri saxelmwifoebis interesis gaTvaliswinebiT dadgenilia, rom maT ar SeiZleba xeli SeeSaloT, rodesac ganisazRvreba maT mier zogadi ekonomikuri interesis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis uflebis miniWeba konkretuli sawar-mosTvis, im miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba maT nacionalur politikas an miaRwion maT davaldebulebisa da iZulebis mcdelobiT, romleb-sac isini akisreben amgvar sawarmoebs (ixileT saqme C-157/94 Commission v. Nether-lands (...), aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 40).

105. saqmis ZiriTad warmoebaSi gansaxilvelia damatebiTi sapensio sqema, rogorc niderlandebis sapensio sistemis farglebSi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri fun-qciis ganmaxorcielebeli, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili pensiebis limitirebuli odenobis gamo, romelic gamoiangariSeba kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli mini-maluri xelfasis odenobis safuZvelze.

106. damatebiT, socialuri funqciebis mniSvneloba, dakavSirebuli damatebiT pensiebTan, axlo warsulSi aRiarebul iqna gaerTianebis kanonmdebeli organos mier 1998 wlis 29 ivniss evrokavSiris sabWos direqtivis 98/49/EC miRebiT, romelic exeba gaerTianebis farglebSi moZravi dasaqmebuli da TviTdasaqme-buli pirebis damatebiT sapensio uflebebs (OJ 1998 L 209, gv. 46).

107. Semdeg unda aRiniSnos, rom saWiro ar aris, SeTanxmebis 86-e me-2 muxlis gamoyenebis pirobebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, zogadi ekonomikuri in-teresis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis funqciiT aRWurvili sawarmos finansuri balansi an ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianoba xelyofil iqnes. aSkaraa, rom gan-saxilveli uflebebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba, sawarmosTvis dakisrebuli specifikuri amocanebis ganxorcieleba, gansazRvruli valdeb-ulebebis miTiTebiTa da iZulebiT, romlis saganic isaa (ixileT saqme C-157/94 Commission v. Netherlands (...), aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 52), an am uflebebis SenarCu-neba aucilebelia maTi mflobelebisaTvis zogadi ekonomikuri interesis fun-qciis ganxorcielebis saSualebis misacemad, romelic masze dakisrebul iqna ekonomikurad misaRebi pirobebis kvalobaze (ixileT saqme C-320/91 Corbeau [1993] ECR I-2533, para. 14-16, da saqme C-157/94 Commission v. Netherlands (...), aRniSnuli zemoT, para. 53).

108. Tu fondis eqskluziuri ufleba am seqtorSi yvela muSakisTvis damatebiTi sapensio sqemis marTvis Taobaze gauqmebuli iqneba, sicocxlisa da janmrTelo-bisaTvis saxifaTo saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli kargi janmrTelobis mqone axalgazrdebiT dakompleqtebuli sawarmoebi daiwyeben ufro ukeTesi sadaz-Rvevo pirobebis moZiebas kerZo damzRvevebisgan. `kargi~ riskebis progresuli gasvla datovebs seqtorul sapensio fonds `cudi~ riskebis wilis zrdis pa-suxismgeblobiT, rac xels Seuwyobs pensiebis gazrdas muSakebisTvis, kerZod ki maTTvis, vinc dasaqmebulia patara da saSualo sididis sawarmoebSi da arian staJiani muSakebi, romlebic sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisTvis saxifaTo saqmiT arian dakavebuli. fondi maT veRar SesTavazebs misaRebi odenobis pensiebs.

109. amgvari situacia, kerZod, iseT SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba, rodesac saqmis ZiriTad ganxilvaSi fondis mier eqskluziurad marTuli damatebiTi sapensio sqema gamoaaSkaravebs solidarobis maRal dones, rac konkretulad im faqtis Sedegia, rom Senatanebi realurad ar asaxaven risks, iqidan gamomdinare, rom procedura gulisxmobs: yvela muSakis miRebis valdebulebas winaswari samedi-

460

cino Semowmebis gavlis gareSe, sapensio uflebebis zrdis gagrZelebas Sena-tanebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebis miuxedavad da samuSaos Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, muSakis gakotrebis gamo fondis mier Senatanebis davalianebis gaTavisuflebas da pensiebis Tanxebis indeqsacias maTi Rireb-ulebis SesanarCuneblad.

110. amgvari zewola, romelic warmoaCens fondis mier gaweul momsaxurebas, naklebad konkurentunarians sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier gaweul momsaxure-basTan SedarebiT, amarTlebs fondis eqskluziur uflebas, marTos damatebiTi sapensio sqema.

111. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom fondisTvis miniWebuli eqskluziuri uflebis CamorTmeva SeuZlebels gaxdis misTvis zogadi ekonomikuri interesis funqciis ganxorcielebas, romelic mas ganesazRvra ekonomikurad misaRebi pi-robebiT da xelyofs mis finansur mdgradobas.(...)

123. Sesabamisad, mesame kiTxvis pasuxia, rom SeTanxmebis 82-e da 86-e muxlebi winaRobas ar uqmnian sajaro moxeleebs, mianiWon sapensio fonds eqskluziuri ufleba, am seqtorSi marTos damatebiTi sapensio sqema.

XI. gaerTianebuli sawarmo

saqme AEI/Reyrolle Parsons re Vacuum Interrupters396:

saqmis fabula: gaerTianebuli samefos ori kompania, AEI da Reyrolle Parsons, erToblivad flobdnen subsidiur kompanias, Vacuum Interrupters Ltd, raTa ganeviTarebinaT, gamoecaT da gaeyidaT vakuumis Semwyveti produqcia, romelic CamontaJebuli unda yofiliyo avtomatur gamomrTvelSi CamrTveli meqanizmis mowyobilobaSi. orive kompania aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kvlevebs atarebda am produqtze, magram misi awyoba da funqcionireba rTuli aRmoCnda da bazarze misi gatanis SesaZlebloba ar Seiqmna. xelSekruleba uzrunvelyofda kompaniebs, SeeCerebinaT damoukidebeli muSaoba vakuumis Semwyvetze. rogorc komisiam ganacxada (para. 10), `TiToeulma kompaniam aRmoaCina, rom ganviTarebisTvis gaweuli xarjebi moculobiTi iyo da aRiares, rom, Tu vakuumis Semwyveti komerciuli gamoyenebisTvis iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi fasiT, romelic mas konkurentunarians gaxdida CamrTveli meqanizmis tradiciul formebTan, TanamSromlobisa da resursebis gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba aucilebeli iqneboda, radganac individualuri kompaniebis mier gaweuli didi danaxarjebi Semcirdeboda~.

komisia

15. 1970 wlis 25 marts, SeTanxmebis xelmoweramde, arc Associated Electrical Indus-tries Ltd da arc Reyrolle Parsons Ltd ar awarmoebdnen vakuumis Semwyvetebs. miuxe-davad amisa, maTi gamocdileba da SesaZlebloba, mZime eleqtronul teqnikaSi ewarmoebinaT nawilebi maTi R&D-is muSaobis sifarTovisa da xarisxis mixed-viT, romelTagan zogierTi koncentrirebuli iyo vakuumis Semwyvetis mi-marTulebiT, maTi unar-Cvevebi zogadad eleqtronuli teqnikis warmoebis sferoSi da saqmianobis bunebrivi zrda maT pirapir konkurentebad aqcevda

396 Commission Dicission AEI/Reyrolle Parsons re Vacuum Interrupters [1977] OJ L48/32, [1977] 1 CMLR D67.

461

Sesaferisi produqciis bazarze. Sesabamisad, isini unda ganxiluli yofil-iyvnen rogorc potenciuri konkurentebi da 1970 wlis 25 marts gaformda xelSekruleba, rogorc xelSekruleba potenciurad konkurent mwarmoeblebs Soris.

16. SeTanxmebis mizani da sagani konkurenciis SezRudvaa saerTo bazris farg-lebSi. saerTo bazris sferoSi ar aris warmodgenili eleqtronuli saqonlis nawilebis arcerTi mwarmoebeli, romelic amzadebs da yidis vakuumis Semw-yvetebs. rodesac ori kompania, romelTagan TiToeuli potenciuri mwarmoebe-lia da romlebic saerTo bazris farglebSi aerTianeben TavianT saqmianobebs kvlevis, ganviTarebis, warmoebisa da gayidvis sferoSi erToblivi warmoebis dafuZnebiT, romelic dakavSirebulia am erT produqtTan im pirobebSi, rom sakuTar Tavs arTmeven SesaZleblobas, ganaviTaron da gayidon es produqti erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad da erTmaneTTan konkurenciiT, konkurencia iz-Rudeba.

Tumca erToblivi sawarmos sqemas aqvs aSkara upiratesobebi da komisiam gamor-icxa isini SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxlis moqmedebis arealidan:

22. (...)

(1) vakuumis Semwyvetebis xelmisawvdomoba saSualebas aZlevs CamrTveli meqanizmis mwarmoeblebs, Seqmnan, ganaviTaron da awarmoon eleqtroav-tomatiuri gamomrTvelebi, romelTac teqnikuri upiratesoba aqvT arse-bul sahaero da siTxis mowyobilobebze.

(2) SeTanxmeba adgens normebs finansuri wyarosa da teqnikuri mxardaWeri-saTvis, romelic aucilebelia vakuumis Semwyvetebis srulyofili war-moebisTvis R&D-isTvis SesaZleblobis misacemad.

(3) swored vakuumis Semwyvetebis damontaJebiT iReben mogebas avtomaturi gamomrTvelebiT mosargebleebi.

(4) xelSekruleba iZleva vakuumis tipis Semwyvetis SemuSavebis, warmoebisa da momxmareblebze evropul kavSirSi gayidvis SesaZleblobas konkuren-ciul garemoSi im analogebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic xelmisawvdomi iqneba evropuli kavSiris qveynebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan da iaponiidan ganxorcielebuli importis safuZvelze, rodesac vakuumis Semwyvetebis bazari Seiqmneba evropuli kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi.

(5) teqnikuri da finansuri mcdeloba moTxovnili vakuumis Semwyvetisa, rogorc komerciulad sicocxlisunariani produqtis vargisianobis vadis mixedviT sawarmoeblad ver iqneba miRweuli, Tu orive mxare mx-olod sakuTar resursebze iqneba damokidebuli.

saqme Optical Fibres397:

saqmis fabula: saqme exeboda sam erTobliv sawarmos, Seqmnils amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kompania Corning Glass Works-s, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, gaerTianebul samefos BICC-s (50/50-ze ulimito partnioroba), germanul Siemens-sa (erToblivi sawarmo kompania 50/50 mflobelobaSi) da frangul COFOCO-s (erToblivi sawarmo kompania 40/60-ze mflobelobaSi) mier. erToblivi sawarmoebi dafuZnda optikuri mavTulisa da optikuri kabelis

397 Commission dicission Optical Fibres [1986] OJ L236/30.

462

SemuSavebis, warmoebisa da gayidvisTvis evropis telekomunikaciebis bazarze. Corning-s gamocdileba hqonda optikuri mavTulisa, da ara kabelis, warmoebaSi, maSin, rodesac evropel partniorebs ar hqondaT optikuri mavTulis warmoebis gamocdileba. ar arsebobda raime, rac zRudavda konkurencias Corning-sa da sxva partniorebs Soris da yvela maTgani Tavisufali iyo, ewarmoebina damoukidebeli kvlevebi da optikuri mavTuli da SeemuSavebina, miuxedavad imisa, rom realobaSi ar arsebobda evropuli kompaniebisTvis amis keTebis SesaZlebloba.

komisia

46. individualuri erToblivi sawarmos xelSekrulebebi, rogorc aseTi, ar zRudavs konkurencias Corning-sa da mis partniorebs Soris. rodesac xelSekrulebebi daido, mxareebi ar iyvnen arc moqmedi da arc potenciuri konkurentebi optikuri mavTulis an optikuri kabelebis bazarze. optikuri mavTulisa da optikuri kabelis warmoeba gansxvavebuli saqmianobebia. Corning-s ar hqonda optikuri kabelis warmoebis sferoSi gamocdileba, maSin, rodesac mis partniorebs ar gaaCndaT gamocdileba minis warmoebaSi, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida, maT konkurencias Corning-Tan. mxareTa gasaTvaliswinebeli finansuri wyaroebis miuxedavad, Corning-is Sesvla optikuri kabelebis bazarze, an Corn-ing-is partniorebis mier optikuri mavTulis bazarze gamotana ar iyo maTi bi-znessaqmianobebis bunebrivi da mizanmimarTulad winaswar gasaTvaliswinebeli gafarToeba. Corning-sa da mis partniorebs Soris TanamSromloba ufro damate-biTi xasiaTisaa, romelic ar iwvevs konkurenciis SezRudvas an gauqmebas Tana-mSromlobaSi myofi partniorebis doneze. ufro metic, xelSekrulebebi xels ar uSlis mesame mxareTa mier bazarze Sesvlas, an ara aqvT sxva raime saxis winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli antikonkurentuli gavlena maT saqmianobebze. Tav-dapirveli xelSekrulebis teqstSi Setanili rigi cvlilebebisa adasturebs, rom konkurencia SenarCunebulia da mesame pirebi ar ganicdian diskriminacias an bazris danawevrebas. damatebiT, am gadawyvetilebaze TandarTuli pirobe-bisa da valdebulebebis ZaliT, konkurencia daculia da komisia gaagrZelebs momavalSi situaciis ganviTarebaze Tvalyuris devnebas.

47. konkurenciis arc SezRudva da arc gauqmeba ar yofila mxareebsa da er-Tobliv sawarmoebs Soris. xelSekrulebebi uzrunvelyofen, rom mxareebi Tav-isufalni arian optikuri mavTulis damoukidebel R&D-Si monawileobis mis-aRebad. ufro metic, individualuri erToblivi sawarmos xelSekrulebebi ar Seicavs valdebulebebs, romlebic scildeba imas, rac aRniSnuli iqneba ara-konkurentebs Soris ubralo licenzirebis xelSekrulebebSi. Sesabamisad, mxa-reebi Tavisufali arian optikuri mavTulis damoukidebel R&D-SiDmonawile-obis misaRebad, miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikaSi isini damokidebuli arian Corning-is mier teqnologiis gadacemis gangrZobadobaze. damatebiT, erTobliv sawarmoebs ar akisriaT valdebuleba, mianiWon eqskluziuri licenzia Corning-is inovaciebis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebiT.

48. am saqmeSi konkurenciis principuli SezRudvebi da gauqmeba ufro realu-ria, aRmoCenil iqnes erTobliv sawarmoebs Soris urTierTobebSi. erTobliv sawarmoebs arsebiTad imave biznesis warmoeba akisriaT, kerZod ki optikuri mavTulis damzadeba da gasaReba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, es erToblivi sawarmoebi pirdapirkonkurentuli kompaniebi arian. erTobliobaSi aRebuli

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xelSekrulebebi iwvevs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli erToblivi sawarmoebis qselis Seqmnas, romelTac saerTo teqnologiuri provaideri hyavT oligop-oliur bazarze. Corning msoflioSi optikuri mavTulebis erT-erTi mTavari mwarmoebeli da distributoria. misi partniorebi arian optikuri kabelebis mwarmoeblebi, romlebic sakuTar qveynebSi bazris did nawils floben. Sesabam-isad, erToblivi sawarmoebi aerTianebs kompaniebs, romelTac Zlieri pozicie-bi aqvT optikuri mavTulisa da optikuri kabelis bazrebze. Tumca erToblivi sawarmoebi Tavisufalni arian, ganaxorcielon aqtiuri da pasiuri gayidvebi erTmaneTis teritoriaze. mxolod pasiuri gayidvebis ufleba aqvT maT im ter-itoriebze, sadac Corning-s miniWebuli aqvs eqskluziuri licenzia. Corning-s aqvs sakuTari interesebi, erToblivi sawarmoebis, subsidiuri kompaniebis an licenziantebis meSveobiT, evropuli kavSiris ramdenime wevr saxelmwifoSi. misi finansuri Senatani da mTavari teqnikuri da finansuri personalis war-momadgenloba erTobliv sawarmoebSi, romelTa warmatebac damokidebulia Corning-is teqnologiis swraf xelmisawvdomobaze, uzrunvelyofs, rom Corning imyofeba poziciaSi, gavlena moaxdinos da koordinireba gauwios erToblivi sawarmoebis saqmianobas.

saqme P&O/Stena Line398:

komisia

39. erToblivi sawarmos formireba konkurenciis SezRudvaa, SeTanxmebis 81-e 1-li muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, radgan mxareebi moqmedi konkurentebi iyvnen Sesabamis bazarze, romelzec erToblivi sawarmo funqcionirebs.

40. konkurenciis amgvari SezRudva SesamCnevia. mxareebs aqvT bazris maRali kombinirebuli wili (im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT kombinirebul bazris wilze _ Short Sea-ze fasebi daeca Eurotunnel-is bazarze Sesvlis gamo). erToblivi sawar-mo srulfasovnad funqcionirebadi erToblivi sawarmoa, romelic moqmedebs tvirTebis gadazidvis imave bazarze, romelzec operireben misi ̀ mSobeli~ kom-paniebi da imave momijnave samgzavro gadazidvebis bazarze, romelzec agreTve operireben misi damfuZnebeli kompaniebi.

41. erToblivi sawarmos formireba gavlenas axdens wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze, rameTu aniWebs mxareebs mniSvnelobas Short Sea-s turistul bazarsa da Anglo/Continental-is tvirTebis gadazidvebis bazarze; (...)

61. SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxlis pirveli da meore pirobebi iTxovs efeqtianobisa da sxva sargeblis, rac SeiZleba mosalodneli iyos mxareTa cal-calke gadazidvebis saqmianobaTa gaerTianebiT Short Sea-ze, da misi gavrcelebis Sefasebas, romelzec es efeqtianoba sargebels moutans momxmareblebs.

62. erToblivi sawarmos Seqmna sapirispiro sargebelsac moitans, kerZod ki erToblivi sawarmos mier SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis sixSiris mateba, gangr-Zobadi datvirTva, da xarjebis dazogva miaxloebiT (...) milioni girvanqa ster-lingi. saerTo dadebiTi sargebeli warmoiSoba maSinac ki, rodesac erToblivi sawarmo miiRebs gadawyvetilebas niuheven/dippes marSrutis ganxorcielebis Sewyvetaze.

7.2 samarTliani wilis saSualebis micema momxmareblebisTvis SedegiT miRe-398 Commission Dicission P&O/Stena Line [1999] OJ L163/61, [1995] 5 CMLR 682.

464

buli sargeblisgan

63. momxmareblebi unda elodnen sargebels gaumjobesebuli momsaxurebis six-Sirisa da gangrZobadi datvirTvisgan, aseve, safasuris dazogvisgan im mimarTe-biT, rom erTobliv sawarmos efeqturi konkurencia daupirispirdeba.

7.3 aranairi akrZalvebi, romlebic savaldebulo ar aris

64. SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxlis mesame piroba moiTxovs imis ganxilvas, Tu ramdenad naklebad SemzRudavi alternativebia xelmisawvdomi SemoTavazebul erTobliv sawarmosTan mimarTebiT sargeblis misaRwevad.

65. komisia ganixilavs P&O-sa da Stena-s Soris TanamSromlobis SezRudul formebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad; erToblivi ganrigis SemuSaveba, daSoreba an Serwyma, naklebaddasajerebels erToblivi sawarmos mier sargeblis miRwe-vis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, TanamSromlobis nebismieri forma, garda erTobli-vi sawarmosi, ver uzrunvelyofs danazogs administrirebasa da marketingSi, romelic miaxloebiT (...) milioni girvanqa sterlingis danaxarjis dazogvis mniSvnelovani wilia ((...) milioni girvanqa sterlingi).

66. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, P&O da Stena valdebulebas iReben, pirdapir an iribad ar CaerTon sazRvao gadazidvis momsaxurebis gawevaSi inglisis sana-piros nebismier portSi, romelic mdebareobs niuhevensa da harviCs Soris (ni-uhevenis CaTvliT da harviCis gamoklebiT) an evropuli kontinentis sanapiro lentze dippesa da zeebruges Soris (dippes CaTvliT da zeebriuges gamok-lebiT). erToblivi sawarmos saqmianobebi limitirebulia sazRvao gadazidve-bis uzrunvelyofiT dover/kalaisis, dover/zeebriugesa da niuheven/dippes marSrutebiT. aRniSnuli SezRudvebi miCneuli unda iyos rogorc aucilebeli erToblivi sawarmos SeqmnisaTvis.

7.4 konkurenciis aRmofxvris dauSvebloba gansaxilveli produqtebis mniS-vnelovani nawilis gaTvaliswinebiT

67. SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxlis meoTxe piroba moiTxovs imis Sefasebas, unda elodes Tu ara Short Sea turistul mgzavrTa bazarze erToblivi sawarmos efeqturi konkurenciis dapirispirebas.

68. `seriozuli eWvebis werilSi~ komisiam ganacxada Tavisi SeSfoTebebis Ses-axeb, romelTa Tanaxmad, erToblivi sawarmos Seqmnam SeiZleba gamoiwvios konkurenciaSi myofi ori kompaniis erToblivi sawarmosa da Eurotunnel-is Sesaf-erisi paraleluri moqmedebis monopolisturi bazris struqtura.(...)

127. komisiis azriT, bazris maxasiaTeblebi iseTia, rom unda velodeT er-Tobliv sawarmosa da Eurotunnel-is erTmaneTTan konkurencias, vidre parale-lurad moqmedebas fasebis asawevad. upirveles yovlisa, marTalia, ufro kon-centrirebuli bazris struqtura iqmneba erToblivi sawarmos dafuZnebiT, Eurotunnel-isa da erToblivi sawarmos mier bazris msgavsi didi wilis flobiT, mimdinare wlebSi sabazro wilebi ar xasiaTdebodnen stabilurobiT; meore mxriv, Eurotunnel da erToblivi sawarmo naklebad dasajerebelia, aRmoCndnen SesaZleblobaTa SezRudvis saSiSroebis winaSe da maT aqvT gansxvavebuli Ri-rebulebis struqtura; mesame mxriv, sxva sazRvao gadamzidavebs, 1999 wlamde

465

mainc, SeuZliaT gauwion konkurencia. Sesabamisad, erToblivi sawarmo unda elodes Short Sea-s turistul mgzavrTa bazarze efeqtur konkurenciasTan Se-jaxebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, komisia miiCnevs, rom SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxlis meoTxe moTxovna Sesrulebulia.

128. bazris mdgomareobas arsebiTad Secvlis 1999 wlis Sua periodSi gadasaxa-debisgan gaTavisuflebis xelSekrulebaTa gauqmeba. gadasaxadebisgan Tavisu-fali vaWrobis mogebis danakargebis efeqtianoba araerTgvarovania. savarau-doa, rom bileTebis fasebi gaZvirdeba (...) da zogierTma operatorma ganacxada, rom fasebi gaizrdeba, savaraudod, 30-40%-iT (...), Tumca fasebis gaZvireba Seamcirebs turistebis raodenobas da operatorebs eqnebaT Zlieri stimuli, SezRudon fasebis zrda xarjebis SemcirebiTa da Semosavlis alternatiuli wyaroebis ganviTarebiT.

129. gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebebis gauqmebam SeiZle-ba dartyma miayenos Eurotunnel-sa da erTobliv sawarmos Soris konkurencias erTi an ramdenime mimarTulebiT. pirvel rigSi, Eurotunnel-ma SeiZleba aRmoa-Cinos, rom misi Le Shuttle momsaxurebis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia, Tu arxebs Soris mogzaurobis moTxovna unda gazrdiliyo imaze metad, vidre es dagegmi-li iyo da, miuxedavad SesaZlo fasebis matebisa, gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli mogebis dakargvis gamo; meore, gamomdinare iqidan, rom operatorebi warumateblebi arian gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufali vaWrobis CanacvlebaSi mogebis wyaroebis ganviTarebis meSveobiT, maT naklebi stimu-li eqnebaT datvirTvis faqtorebis gasazrdelad, raTa Sesabamisad gazardon mogeba; mesame, imis gamo, rom sxva sazRvao gadamzidav operatorebs 1999 wlis Semdeg SeeZlebaT efeqtiani konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa erTobliv sawarmosa da Eurotunnel-Tan mimarTebiT, bundovania.

130. Sesabamisad, komisia am saqmeSi saTanadod miiCnevs, SezRudos gadasaxadebi-sgan gaTavisuflebis vada sam wlamde, xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebis dRidan, 1998 wlis 10 martidan. komisias SesaZlebloba miecema, Seafasos erToblivi sawarmos gavlena Short Sea-s turistul bazarze 2000 wlis zafxulis sezonis Semdeg, ra droisTvisac dagegmilia, rom cnobili gaxdes sabazro pirobebze gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebis xelSekrulebebis sruli efeqtianoba maTi vadis amowurvisTvis.

saqmeebi Metropole Television SA (M6) and others v. Commission399:

saqmis fabula: gansaxilveli normebi exeboda fasiani televiziisTvis evroviziis xelmisawvdomobis uflebebis miniWebas. normebi uzrunvelyofdnen `qvelicenzirebis sqemas~, rac iZleoda evroviziis xelmisawvdomobis uflebebis miniWebas ZiriTad sportul RonisZiebebze mesame mxarisaTvis, romlebic EBU-s wevrebis konkurentebs warmoadgendnen. komisiam gaaTavisufla EBU-s normebi erToblivad SeZenili sportuli televiziis uflebebis Tanasargeblobisgan im motiviT, rom qvelicenzirebis sqema uzrunvelyofda konkurentebis xelmisawvdomobas da, Sesabamisad, Tavidan icilebda konkurenciis aRmofxvras bazarze. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxlis moTxovna dakmayofilebuli iyo. Metropole-m gaasaCivra, rom es ase ar iyo. komisia ar gaCerebula bazris

399 Cases T-185/00, T-216/00, T-299/00 and T-300/00, Metropole Television SA (M6) and others v. Commission [2002] ECR II-3805, [2003] 4 CMLR 707.

466

zust gansazRvraze, magram ganacxada, rom Tundac yvelaze viwro SesaZlo ganmartebiTac ki (specialur RonisZiebaze, magaliTad, rogorebicaa: fexburTSi msoflios Cempionati an zafxulis olimpiuri TamaSebi, uflebebis SeZena), konkurencia ar aRmofxvrila. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gaiziara, rom komisiis mtkicebuleba, bazari unda Sedgebodes mxolod mniSvnelovani sportuli RonisZiebebisgan, ar axdens zegavlenas imis analizze, Tu SeTanxmebis 81-e me-3 muxli ramdenad iqna Sesrulebuli. Semdeg igi daubrunda imis ganxilvas, am analizis gakeTebisas komisiam xom ar dauSva Sefasebisas aSkara Secdoma.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo

63. rac Seexeba evroviziis sistemis efeqtianobas konkurenciaze, SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetileba gviCvenebs (para.: 71-idan 80-is CaTvliT), rom xdeba ori tipis SezRudva: pirvel rigSi, sportul RonisZiebebze satelevizio uflebebis erToblivi Sesyidva, maT wilobrioba da signalebis urTierTgacvla zRudavs an aRmofxvris konkurencias EBU-s wevrebs Soris, romlebic konkurentebi arian rogorc zeda dinebis bazarze, uflebebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT, aseve – qveda dinebis bazarze, sportuli RonisZiebebis satelevizio mauwyeblobasTan mimarTebiT. damatebiT, es sistema iwvevs konkurenciis SezRudvebs, rac mesame pirebs ukavSirdeba, rameTu is uflebebi, rogorc dadgenilia SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetilebis 75-e paragrafSi, zogadad eqskluziuri safuZvliTaa gayiduli, da, Sesabamisad, EBU-s arawevrebs xeli ar unda miuwvdebodeT maTze.

64. maSin, roca simarTlea is faqti, rom RonisZiebisTvis satelevizio telemauwyeblobis uflebebis SeZena TavisTavad ar aris konkurenciis SezRudva, raTa daeqvemdebaros SeTanxmebis 81-e 1-l muxls da gamarTlebuli iyos gansaxilveli produqtisa da bazris konkretuli maxasiaTeblebiT. am uflebebis gamoyenebam specialur samarTlebriv da ekonomikur konteqstSi, amis miuxedavad, SeiZleba warmoSvas amgvari SezRudva (analogiis mizniT, ixileT saqme 262/81 Coditel v. Cine-Vog Films [1982] ECR 3382, para.: 15-idan 17-is CaTvliT).

65. aRniSnul konteqstSi komisia acxadebs SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetilebis 45-e paragrafSi, rom mTavar sportul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT eqskluziuri satelevizio uflebebis SeZenas Zlieri zegavlena aqvs qveda dinebis satelevizio bazrebze, romlebSic xdeba sportuli RonisZiebebis mauwyebloba.

66. damatebiT, saqmeSi arsebuli dokumentebisa da mxareTa argumentebis analizidan Cans, rom iseTi mTavari saerTaSoriso sportuli RonisZiebebis translirebis uflebis SeZena, rogoricaa olimpiuri TamaSebi an fexburTSi msoflios Cempionati, ver iqneba warumatebeli, didi ziani miayenos bazars sponsorobasa da reklamirebaSi, rac im satelevizio arxebis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa, romlebic telemauwyebloben ufaso eTeriT maTi programebis mier farTo auditoriis mizidvis gamo.

67. ufro metia, rogorc SIC-ma aRniSna, is efeqtebi, romlebic zRudavs konkurencias mesame pirebisTvis, rogorc Sedegi evroviziis sistemis gamorCeulobisa, pirvel rigSi, EBU-sa da misi wevrebis vertikaluri integraciis doniT, romlebic arian aramxolod uflebebis Semsyidvelebi, aramed aseve, satelevizio operatorebic, romlebic mauwyebloben SeZenili

467

uflebebiT, da, meore rigSi, EBU-s geografiuli gafarToebiT, romlis wevrebic telemauwyeblobas axorcieleben evropuli kavSiris yvela qveyanaSi. rogorc Sedegi, rodesac EBU-m SeiZina telemauwyeblobis uflebebi saerTaSoriso sportuli RonisZiebebis translirebisaTvis, am RonisZiebis xelmisawvdomoba avtomaturad gamoiricxa yvela arawevri operatorisaTvis. sapirispiro konteqstSi situacia gansxvavebuli Cans, rodesac telemauwyeblobis uflebebi sportul RonisZiebebze SeZenilia im saagentos mier, romelic yidulobs am uflebebs maTi gadayidvis mizniT, an rodesac isini SeZenilia mediajgufis mier, romelsac operatorebi mxolod zogierT wevr saxelmwifoSi hyavs, radgan am jgufs miznad eqneba, Sevides molaparakebebSi sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis operatorebTan am uflebebis gayidvis mizniT. am SemTxvevaSi, uflebebis eqskluziuri SeZenis miuxedavad, sxva operatorebs jer kidev aqvT SesaZlebloba, moilaparakon maT SeZenaze maTi Sesaferisi bazrebisTvis.

68. zemoaRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorebicaa bazris struqtura, EBU-s pozicia bazarze konkretul saerTaSoriso sportul RonisZiebebTan mimarTebiT da EBU-sa da mis wevrTa vertikaluri integraciis done, arsebobs mizezi imis gansasazRvravad, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebels xdis evroviziis sistemaze mesame mxaris xelmisawvdomobis sqema konkurenciaze SezRudvebis urTierTdabalansebas, rac zians ayenebs mesame mxaris warmomadgenlebs da, Sesabamisad, konkurenciidan maTi garicxvis Tavidan acilebas.(...)

73. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, Tundac amis saWiroeba dasabuTdes im mizezebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba sportuli RonisZiebebis eqskluziuri telemauwyeblobis uflebebsa da maTi ekonomikuri Rirebulebis uzrunvelyofas (ixileT para. 60, zemoT), EBU-s wevrebis mier TavisTvis EBU-s mier SeZenili programebis pirdapir eTerSi telemauwyeblobis darezervebas, arcerTi am mizezTagani ar amarTlebs maT SesaZleblobas, ganavrcon es ufleba yvela konkurenciaze, romlebic imave RonisZiebis Semadgeneli nawilia, maSinac ki, rodesac isini ar ganizraxaven, ganaxorcielon yvela am konkurenciis telemauwyebloba pirdapir eTerSi.(...)

83. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosTvis wardgenili yvela informacia mimarTulia iqiTken, rom gviCvenos, imis sawinaaRmdegod, rac komisiam gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSi daaskvna, qvelicenziis sqema ar uzrunvelyofs EBU-s wevrebis konkurentebs, uflebebis saTanado xelmisawvdomobiT gadascen sportuli RonisZiebebi, warmoebuli am ukanasknelis mier SeZenaSi monawileobis gamo. ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, sqemis ganxorcielebis normebSi an meTodSi araferi aZlevs EBU-s wevrebis konkurentebs qvelicenziis miRebis SesaZleblobas evroviziis gamouyenebeli uflebebis pirdapir eTerSi mauwyeblobisTvis. sinamdvileSi sqema martivad iZleva nebarTvas qvelicenziebis SeZenaze, imisaTvis, rom konkurentebs eqstremalurad SemzRudvel pirobebSi miawodos siaxleebi.

468

evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebisa da evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis muxlebis Sesabamisobis tabula

evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekruleba

maastrixtis xelSekruleba amsterdamis xelSekruleba lisabonis xelSekrulebaTavi I Tavi I Tavi Imuxli a muxli 1 muxli 1 muxli 2muxli b muxli 2 muxli 3muxli g muxli 3 gauqmebulia (1) muxli 4 muxli 5 (2)muxli d muxli 4 gauqmebulia (3)muxli e muxli 5 gauqmebulia (4)muxli v muxli 6 muxli 6muxli v.1 muxli 7 muxli 7 muxli 8Tavi II Tavi II Tavi IImuxli z muxli 8 gaqmebulia (5) muxli 9 muxli 10 (6) muxli 11 muxli 12Tavi III Tavi III Tavi IIImuxli T muxli 9 gauqmebulia (7) muxli 13 muxli 14 (8)

1 arsebiTad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-7 da evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrule-bis me-13 muxlis pirveli da 21-e muxlis me-3 abzacis meore qvepunqti.

2 cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxls.3 arsebiTad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-15 muxls.4 arsebiTad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-13 muxls. 5 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-8 muxli lisabonis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlamde

(SemdomSi evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekruleba) Seicavda evrogaerTianebis da-arsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb normebs. am muxlSi arsebuli cvlilebebi Setanil iqna evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi da me-8 muxli gauqmda. am nomriT moxda axali debulebis danomvra.

6 me-4 abzaci arsebiTad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 191-e muxls.7 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli SeTanxmebis me-9 muxli Seicavda qvanaxSirisa da foladis

evropuli gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb normebs. es ukanask-neli 2002 wlis 23 ivlisidan aRar moqmedebs. me-9 muxli gauqmda da am nomriT axali debuleba dainomra.

8 - pirveli da me-2 abzacebi ZiriTadad cvlian evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 189-e muxls.- pirveli da me-3 abzacebi ZiriTadad cvlian evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrule-bis 190-e muxlis 1-3 abzacebs.-pirveli abzaci ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 192-e muxlis pirvel abzacs.- me-4 abzaci ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 197-e mu-xlis pirvel abzacs.

469

muxli 15 (9) muxli 16 (10) muxli 17 (11) muxli 18 muxli 19 (12)Tavi IV Tavi IV Tavi IVmuxli I muxli 10 gauqmebulia (13) muxli 20 (14) Tavi V Tavi V Tavi V muxli 21 muxli 22 muxli 23muxli i.1 muxli 11 muxli 24muxli i.2 muxli 12 muxli 25muxli i.3 muxli 13 muxli 26 muxli 27muxli i.4 muxli 14 muxli 28muxli i.5 muxli 15 muxli 29muxli i.12 muxli 22 (Secvlilia) muxli 30 muxli i.13 muxli 23 (Secvlilia) muxli 31 muxli i.6 muxli 16 muxli 32muxli i.7 muxli 17 (Secvlilia) muxli 42 muxli i.8 muxli 18 muxli 33muxli i.9 muxli 19 muxli 34muxli i.10 muxli 20 muxli 35muxli i.11 muxli 21 muxli 36muxli i.14 muxli 24 muxli 37muxli i.15 muxli 25 muxli 38 muxli 39muxli m muxli 47 (Secvlilia) muxli 40muxli i.16 muxli 26 gauqmebulia9 arsebiTad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis me-4 muxls.10 - pirveli abzaci arsebiTad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 202-e mu-

xlis pirvel da meore winadadebas.- me-2 da me-9 abzacebi arsebiTad cvlian evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 203-e muxls.- me-4 da me-5 abzacebi arsebiTad cvlian evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 205-e muxlis me-2 da me-4 abzacebs.

11 - pirveli abzaci ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 211-e muxls.- me-3 da me-7 abzacebi ZiriTadad cvlian evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 214-e muxls.- me-6 abzaci ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 217-e mu-xlis pirvel, me-3 da me-4 abzacebs.

12 - ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 220-e muxls.- me-2 abzacis pirveli qvepunqti ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xel-Sekrulebis 221-e muxlis pirvel abzacs.

13 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis me-10 muxli Seicavda evropuli atomu-ri gaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis cvlilebebis Sesaxeb debulebebs. am muxlSi arsebuli cvlilebebi evroatomis xelSekrulebas daemata da me-10 muxli gauqmda. am nomriT sxva debuleba dainomra.

14 cvlis aseve evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-11 da me-11a muxlebs.

470

muxli i.17 muxli 27 gauqmebulia muxlebi 27a-27e (15) muxli 20muxli i.18 muxli 28 muxli 41muxli i.7 muxli 17 (Secvlilia) muxli 42 muxli 43 muxli 44 muxli 45 muxli 46Tavi VI gauqmebulia (16)muxli k.1 muxli 29 (17)muxli k.2 muxli 30 (18)muxli k.3 muxli 31 (19)muxli k.4 muxli 32 (20)muxli k.5 muxli 33 (21)muxli k.6 muxli 34 gauqmebuliamuxli k.7 muxli 35 gauqmebuliamuxli k.8 muxli 36 (22)muxli k.9 muxli 37 gauqmebuliamuxli k.10 muxli 38 gauqmebuliamuxli k.11 muxli 39 gauqmebuliamuxli k.12 muxli 40, 40a, 40b (23) muxli 20muxli k.13 muxli 41 gauqmebuliamuxli k.14 muxli 42 gauqmebuliaTavi VII Tavi VII (24)muxli k.15 muxli 43, 43a, 43b muxli 20muxli k.16 muxli 44, 44a, 44 muxli 20muxli k.17 muxli 45 muxli 20Tavi VIII Tavi VIII Tavi VImuxli l muxli 46 gauqmebulia muxli 47muxli m muxli 47 (Secvlilia) muxli 40muxli n muxli 48 muxli 48muxli o muxli 49 muxli 49

15 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 27a-27e muxlebi gaZlierebuli TanamS-romlobis Sesaxeb Seicvala aseve evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 326-e da 334-e muxlebiT.

16 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis VI Tavis debulebebi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze policiuri da iuridiuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb icvleba evrokavSiris funqcioni-rebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mesame nawilis, V Tavis, pirveli, me-4 da me-5 karis debulebebiT.

17 icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 67-e muxliT.18 icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 87-e da 88-e muxlebiT.19 icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 82-2, 83-e da 85-e muxlebiT.20 icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 89-e muxliT.21 icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 72-e muxliT.22 icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 71-e muxliT.23 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 40-40b muxlebi gaZlierebuli TanamS-

romlobis Sesaxeb icvleba aseve evrokaSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 326-334 muxlebiT.

24 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 43-45 muxlebi da VII Tavi gaZlierebuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb icvleba aseve evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 326-334 muxlebiT.

Tavi VI

471

muxli 50 muxli 51 muxli 52muxli p muxli 50 gauqmebuliamuxli J muxli 51 muxli 53muxli r muxli 52 muxli 54muxli s muxli 53 muxli 55

evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba

evropis ekonomikuri amsterdamis xelSekruleba lisabonis xelSekruleba gaerTianebis xelSekruleba

nawili pirveli nawili pirveli nawili pirvelimuxli 1 muxli 1 gauqmebulia muxli 1muxli 2 muxli 2 gauqmebulia (25) kari I muxli 2 muxli 3 muxli 4 muxli 5 muxli 6 kari II muxli 7muxli 3 muxli 3, abz. 1 gauqmebulia (26)muxli 3 muxli 3, abz. 2 muxli 8muxli 3a muxli 4 (Secvlilia) muxli 119muxli 3b muxli 5 (Secvlilia) (27) muxli 9 muxli 10muxli 3g muxli 6 muxli 11muxli 129a muxli 153, abz. 2 (Secvlilia) muxli 12 muxli 13 (28)muxli 4 muxli 7 gauqmebulia (29)muxli 4a muxli 8 gauqmebulia (30)muxli 4b muxli 9 gauqmebuliamuxli 5 muxli 10 gauqmebulia (31)muxli 5a muxli 11 (Secvlilia) (32) muxlebi 326-334

25 ZiriTadad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-3 muxli.26 ZiriTadad cvlis evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 3-6 muxlebi.27 Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 muxliT.28 gadmotanilia cxovelTa keTildReobis Sesaxeb protokolis mTavari nawili. 29 ZiriTadad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-13 muxli.30 ZiriTadad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-13 muxli da evrokavSiris funqcioni-

rebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 282-e muxlis pirveli abzaci.31 ZiriTadad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-4 muxlis me-3 abzaci.32 aseve icvleba evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-20 muxliT.

472

muxli 11a muxlebi 326-334muxli 6 muxli 12 (Secvlilia) muxli 18muxli 6a muxli 13 (Secvlilia) muxli 19muxli 7a muxli 14 (Secvlilia) muxli 26muxli 7g muxli 15 (Secvlilia) muxli 27muxli 7d muxli 16 muxli 14muxli 191a muxli 255 (Secvlilia) muxli 15muxli 213b muxli 286 (Secvlilia) muxli 16 muxli 17

nawili meore nawili meoremuxli 6 muxli 12 (Secvlilia) muxli 18muxli 6a muxli 13 (Secvlilia) muxli 19muxli 8 muxli 17 muxli 20muxli 8a muxli 18 muxli 21muxli 8b muxli 19 muxli 22muxli 8g muxli 20 muxli 23muxli 8d muxli 21 muxli 24muxli 8e muxli 22 muxli 25 nawili mesame nawili mesame kari Imuxli 7aª muxli 14 (Secvlilia) muxli 26 muxli 7g muxli 15 (Secvlilia) muxli 27 kari I kari IImuxli 9 muxli 23 muxli 28muxli 10 muxli 24 muxli 29 kari 1 Tavi 1 muxli 12 muxli 25 muxli 30muxli 28 muxli 26 muxli 31muxli 29 muxli 27 muxli 32 Tavi 2muxli 116 muxli 135 (Secvlilia) muxli 33 Tavi 3muxli 30 muxli 28 muxli 34muxli 34 muxli 29 muxli 35muxli 36 muxli 30 muxli 36muxli 37 muxli 31 muxli 37 Tavi IIImuxli 38 muxli 32 muxli 38muxli 39 muxli 33 muxli 39muxli 40 muxli 34 muxli 40muxli 41 muxli 35 muxli 41muxli 42 muxli 36 muxli 42muxli 43 muxli 37 muxli 43muxli 46 muxli 38 muxli 44 kari IV Tavi 1 Tavi 1muxli 48 muxli 39 muxli 45muxli 49 muxli 40 muxli 46

473

muxli 50 muxli 41 muxli 47muxli 51 muxli 42 muxli 48 Tavi 2 Tavi 2 muxli 52 muxli 43 muxli 49muxli 54 muxli 44 muxli 50muxli 55 muxli 45 muxli 51muxli 56 muxli 46 muxli 52muxli 57 muxli 47 muxli 53muxli 58 muxli 48 muxli 54muxli 221 muxli 294 (Secvlilia) muxli 55 Tavi 3 Tavi 3muxli 59 muxli 49 muxli 56muxli 60 muxli 50 muxli 57muxli 61 muxli 51 muxli 58muxli 63 muxli 52 muxli 59muxli 64 muxli 53 muxli 60muxli 65 muxli 54 muxli 61muxli 66 muxli 55 muxli 62 Tavi 4 Tavi 4muxli 73b muxli 56 muxli 63muxli 73g muxli 57 muxli 64muxli 73d muxli 58 muxli 65muxli 73v muxli 59 muxli 66muxli 73z muxli 60 (Secvlilia) muxli 75 kari IV kari V Tavi 1muxli 73i muxli 61 muxli 67 (33) muxli 68 muxli 69 muxli 70 muxli 71 (34)muxli 73m muxli 64 abz.1 (Secvlilia) muxli 72 (35) muxli 73muxli 73o muxli 66 (Secvlilia) muxli 74ºmuxli 73z muxli 60 (Secvlilia) muxli 75 muxli 76 Tavi 2muxli 73k muxli 62 muxli 77muxli 73l muxli 63, 1 da 2 punqtebi, muxli 64, abz. 2 (36) muxli 78muxli 73l muxli 63, 3 da 4 punqtebi muxli 79 muxli 80muxli 73m muxli 64, abz. 1(Secvlilia) muxli 7233 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 29-e muxls.34 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 36-e muxls.35 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 33-e muxls. 36 evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 63-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi icvle-

ba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 78-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 abzacebiT, xolo 64-e muxlis me-2 abzaci icvleba evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 78-e muxlis me-3 abzaciT.

474

Tavi 3muxli 73n muxli 65 muxli 81muxli 73º muxli 66 muxli 74muxli 73p muxli 67 gauqmebuliamuxli 73J muxli 68 gauqmebuliamuxli 73r muxli 69 gauqmebulia Tavi 4 muxli 82 (37) muxli 83 (37) muxli 84 muxli 85 (37) muxli 86 Tavi 5 muxli 87 (38) muxli 88 (38) muxli 89 (39) kari V kari VImuxli 74 muxli 70 muxli 90muxli 75 muxli 71 muxli 91muxli 76 muxli 72 muxli 92muxli 77 muxli 73 muxli 93muxli 78 muxli 74 muxli 94muxli 79 muxli 75 muxli 95muxli 80 muxli 76 muxli 96muxli 81 muxli 77 muxli 97muxli 82 muxli 78 muxli 98muxli 83 muxli 79 muxli 99muxli 84 muxli 80 muxli 100 kari VI kari VII Tavi 1 Tavi 1 qveTavi 1 qveTavi 1muxli 85 muxli 81 muxli 101muxli 86 muxli 82 muxli 102muxli 87 muxli 83 muxli 103muxli 88 muxli 84 muxli 104muxli 89 muxli 85 muxli 105muxli 90 muxli 86 muxli 106 qveTavi 2 qveTavi 2muxli 92 muxli 87 muxli 107muxli 93 muxli 88 muxli 108muxli 94 muxli 89 muxli109 Tavi 2 Tavi 2muxli 95 muxli 90 muxli 110muxli 96 muxli 91 muxli 111muxli 98 muxli 92 muxli 11237 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 31-e muxls.38 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 30-e muxls. 39 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 32-e muxls.

475

muxli 99 muxli 93 muxli 113 Tavi 3 Tavi 3muxli 100ª muxli 95 (Secvlilia) muxli 114muxli 100 muxli 94 (Secvlilia) muxli 115muxli 101 muxli 96 muxli 116muxli 102 muxli 97 muxli 117 muxli 118 kari VII kari VIIImuxli 3a muxli 4 (Secvlilia) muxli 119

Tavi 1 Tavi 1muxli 102a muxli 98 muxli 120muxli 103 muxli 99 muxli 121muxli 103a muxli 100 muxli 122muxli 104 muxli 101 muxli 123muxli 104a muxli 102 muxli 124muxli 104b muxli 103 muxli 125muxli 104g muxli 104 muxli 126 Tavi 2 Tavi 2muxli 105 muxli 105 muxli 127muxli 105a muxli 106 muxli 128muxli 106 muxli 107 muxli 129muxli 107 muxli 108 muxli 130muxli 108 muxli 109 muxli 131muxli 108a muxli 110 muxli 132muxli 109 muxli 111, abz. 1-3 da 5 (Secvlilia) muxli 219muxli 109 muxli 111, abz. 4 (Secvlilia) muxli 138 muxli 133 Tavi 3 Tavi 3muxli 109a muxli 112 (Secvlilia) muxli 283muxli 109b muxli 113 (Secvlilia) muxli 284muxli 109g muxli 114 muxli 134muxli 109d muxli 115 muxli 135 Tavi 4 muxli 136 muxli 137 muxli 111, abz. 4 (Secvlilia) muxli 138 Tavi 4 Tavi 5muxli 109e muxli 116 gauqmebulia muxli 139muxli 109v muxli 117, abz. 1, 2 me-6 win., 3-9 gauqmebuliamuxli 109k muxli 121 abz. 1 (Secvlilia) muxli 140(40)muxli 109l muxli 122 abz. 2 win.2 (Secvlilia) muxli 140muxli 109m muxli 123 abz. 5 (Secvlilia) muxli 140muxli 109z muxli 118 gauqmebuliamuxli 109m muxli 123 abz. 3 (Secvlilia) muxli 141(41)40 - 140-e muxlis pirveli abzaci imeorebs 121-e muxlis Sinaarss.

- 140-e muxlis me-2 abzaci imeorebs 122-e muxlis me-2 abzacis me-2 winadadebas.41 - 141-e muxlis pirveli abzaci imeorebs 123-e muxlis me-3 abzacis Sinaarss.

- 141-e muxlis me-2 abzaci imeorebs 117-e muxlis pirvel xuT winadadebas.

476

muxli 109v muxli 117 abz. 2 (Secvlilia) muxli 141muxli 109n muxli 124 abz. 1 (Secvlilia) muxli 142muxli 109T muxli 119 muxli 143muxli 109i muxli 120 muxli 144muxli 109k muxli 121 abz. 1 (Secvlilia) muxli 140 abz.1muxli 109k muxli 121, abz. 2-4 gauqmebuliamuxli 109l muxli 122 abz. 1-6 gauqmebuliamuxli 109l muxli 122 abz. 2 win. 2 (Secvlilia) muxli 140 abz. 2

qvepunq.1muxli 109m muxli 123 abz. 1, 2 da 4 gauqmebuliamuxli 109m muxli 123 abz. 3 (Secvlilia) muxli 141 abz.1muxli 109m muxli 123 abz. 5 (Secvlilia) muxli 140 abz.3muxli 109n muxli 124 abz. 1 (Secvlilia) muxli 142muxli 109n muxli 124 abz. 2 gauqmebulia kari VIII kari IXmuxli 109o muxli 125 muxli 145muxli 109p muxli 126 muxli 146muxli 109J muxli 127 muxli 147muxli 109r muxli 128 muxli 148muxli 109s muxli 129 muxli 149muxli 109t muxli 130 muxli 150 kari IX mexuTe nawili kari IImuxli 110 muxli 131 (Secvlilia) muxli 206muxli 112 muxli 132 (Secvlilia)muxli 113 muxli 133 (Secvlilia) muxli 207muxli 115 muxli 134 gauqmebulia kari X mesame nawili kari II,

Tavi 2muxli 116 muxli 135 (Secvlilia) muxli 33 kari XI kari Xmuxli 117 muxli 136 muxli 151 muxli 152muxli 118 muxli 137 muxli 153muxli 118a muxli 138 muxli 154muxli 118b muxli 139 muxli 155muxli 118g muxli 140 muxli 156muxli 119 muxli 141 muxli 157muxli 119a muxli 142 muxli 158muxli 120 muxli 143 muxli 159muxli 121 muxli 144 muxli 160muxli 122 muxli 145 muxli 161 Tavi 2 kari XImuxli 123 muxli 146 muxli 162muxli 124 muxli 147 muxli 163muxli 125 muxli 148 muxli 164 Tavi 3 kari XIImuxli 126 muxli 149 muxli 165

477

muxli 127 muxli 150 muxli 166 kari XII kari XIIImuxli 128 muxli 151 muxli 167 kari XIII kari XIVmuxli 129 muxli 152 muxli 168 kari XIV kari XVmuxli 129a muxli 153, abz. 1, 3, 4 da 5 muxli 169muxli 129a muxli 153 abz. 2 (Secvlilia) muxli 12 kari XV kari XVImuxli 129b muxli 154 muxli 170muxli 129g muxli 155 muxli 171muxli 129d muxli 156 muxli 172 kari XVI kari XVIImuxli 130a muxli 158 muxli 174muxli 130b muxli 159 muxli 175muxli 130g muxli 160 muxli 176muxli 130d muxli 161 muxli 177muxli 130e muxli 162 muxli 178 kari XVIII kari XIXmuxli 130v muxli 163 muxli 179muxli 130z muxli 164 muxli 180muxli 130T muxli 165 muxli 181muxli 130i muxli 166 muxli 182muxli 130k muxli 167 muxli 183muxli 130l muxli 168 muxli 184muxli 130m muxli 169 muxli 185muxli 130n muxli 170 muxli 186muxli 130o muxli 171 muxli 187muxli 130p muxli 172 muxli 188 muxli 189muxli 130J muxli 173 muxli 190 kari XIX kari XXmuxli 130s muxli 174 muxli 191muxli 130t muxli 175 muxli 192muxli 130u muxli 176 muxli 193 kari XXI muxli 194 kari XXII muxli 195 kari XXIII muxli 196 kari XXIV muxli 197 kari XX mexuTe nawili

kari III Tavi 1muxli 130f muxli 177 (Secvlilia) muxli 208muxli 130q muxli 178 gauqmebulia (42)42 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 208-e muxlis pirve-

li abzacis me-2 qvepunqtis me-2 winadadebiT.

478

muxli 130R muxli 179 (Secvlilia) muxli 209muxli 130y muxli 180 (Secvlilia) muxli 210muxli 130S muxli 181 (Secvlilia) muxli 211

kari XXI meoTxe nawili

muxli 181a (Secvlilia) muxli 212 meoTxe nawili meoTxe nawilimuxli 131 muxli 182 muxli 198muxli 132 muxli 183 muxli 199muxli 133 muxli 184 muxli 200muxli 134 muxli 185 muxli 201muxli 135 muxli 186 muxli 202muxli 136 muxli 187 muxli 203muxli 136a muxli 188 muxli 204 mexuTe nawili kari I muxli 205 mesame nawili kari IX kari IImuxli 110 muxli 131 (Secvlilia) muxli 206muxli 113 muxli 133 (Secvlilia) muxli 207 kari III Tavi Imuxli 130f muxli 177 (Secvlilia) muxli 208 (43)muxli 130R muxli 179 (Secvlilia) muxli 209muxli 130y muxli 180 (Secvlilia) muxli 210muxli 130S muxli 181 (Secvlilia) muxli 211 Tavi 2 muxli 181a (Secvlilia) muxli 212 muxli 213 Tavi 3 muxli 214 kari IVmuxli 228a muxli 301 (Secvlilia) muxli 215 kari V muxli 216muxli 238 muxli 310 (Secvlilia) muxli 217muxli 228 muxli 300 (Secvlilia) muxli 218muxli 5a muxli 11 abz. 1-3 da 5 (Secvlilia) muxli 219 kari VImuxli 229-231 muxli 302-304 (Secvlilia) muxli 220 muxli 221 kari VII muxli 222 mexuTe nawili meeqvse nawili kari I kari I

43 pirveli abzacis me-2 qvepunqtis me-2 winadadeba ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 178-e muxls.

kari III Tavi 2

479

Tavi 2 Tavi 1 qveTavi 1 qveTavi 1muxli 137 muxli 189 gauqmebulia (44)muxli 138 muxli 190 abz. 1-3 gauqmebulia (45)muxli 138 muxli 190 abz. 4-5 muxli 223muxli 138a muxli 191 abz. 1 gauqmebulia (46)muxli 138a muxli 191 abz. 2 muxli 224muxli 138b muxli 192 abz. 1 gauqmebulia (47)muxli 138b muxli 192 abz. 2 muxli 225muxli 138g muxli 193 muxli 226muxli 138d muxli 194 muxli 227muxli 138e muxli 195 muxli 228muxli 139 muxli 196 muxli 229muxli 140 muxli 197 abz. 1 gauqmebulia (48)muxli 140 muxli 197 abz. 2, 3 da 4 muxli 230muxli 141 muxli 198 muxli 231muxli 142 muxli 199 muxli 232muxli 143 muxli 200 muxli 233muxli 144 muxli 201 muxli 234 qveTavi 2 muxli 235 muxli 236 qveTavi 2 qveeTavi 3muxli 145 muxli 202 gauqmebulia (49)muxli 146 muxli 203 gauqmebulia (50)muxli 147 muxli 204 muxli 237muxli 148 muxli 205 abz. 2, 4 gauqmebulia (51)muxli 148 muxli 205 abz. 1 da 3 muxli 238muxli 150 muxli 206 muxli 239muxli 151 muxli 207 muxli 240muxli 152 muxli 208 muxli 241muxli 153 muxli 209 muxli 242muxli 154 muxli 210 muxli 243 qveTavi 3 qveTavi 4muxli 155 muxli 211 gauqmebulia (52) muxli 244muxli 156 muxli 212 (Secvlilia) muxli 249 abz.2muxli 157 muxli 213 muxli 245muxli 158 muxli 214 gauqmebulia (53)44 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-14 muxlis pirveli da me-2 abza-

cebiT.45 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-14 muxlis 1-3 abzacebiT.46 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-11 muxlis me-4 abzaciT.47 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-14 muxlis pirveli abzaciT.48 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-14 muxlis me-4 abzaciT.49 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-16 muxlis pirveli abzaciTa da

evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 290-e da 291-e muxlebiT.50 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-16 muxlis me-2 da me-9 muxlebiT.51 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-16 muxlis me-4 da me-5 abzacebiT.52 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-17 muxlis pirveli abzaciT.53 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-17 muxlis me-3 da me-7 abzacebiT.

480

muxli 159 muxli 215 muxli 246muxli 160 muxli 216 muxli 247muxli 161 muxli 217 abz 1, 2 da 3 gauqmebulia (54

muxli 161 muxli 217 abz. 2 muxli 248muxli 162 muxli 218 abz. 1 gauqmebulia (55)muxli 162 muxli 218 abz. 2 muxli 249muxli 163 muxli 219 muxli 250 qveTavi 4 qveTavi 5muxli 164 muxli 220 gauqmebulia (56)muxli 165 muxli 221 abz. 1 gauqmebulia (57)muxli 165 muxli 221 abz. 2 da 3 muxli 251muxli 166 muxli 222 muxli 252muxli 167 muxli 223 muxli 253muxli 168 muxli 224 (58) muxli 254 muxli 255muxli 168a muxli 225 muxli 256 muxli 225a muxli 257muxli 169 muxli 226 muxli 258muxli 170 muxli 227 muxli 259muxli 171 muxli 228 muxli 260muxli 172 muxli 229 muxli 261 muxli 229a muxli 262muxli 173 muxli 230 muxli 263muxli 174 muxli 231 muxli 264muxli 175 muxli 232 muxli 265muxli 176 muxli 233 muxli 266muxli 177 muxli 234 muxli 267muxli 178 muxli 235 muxli 268 muxli 269muxli 179 muxli 236 muxli 270muxli 180 muxli 237 muxli 271muxli 181 muxli 238 muxli 272muxli 182 muxli 239 muxli 273muxli 183 muxli 240 muxli 274 muxli 275 muxli 276muxli 184 muxli 241 muxli 277muxli 185 muxli 242 muxli 278muxli 186 muxli 243 muxli 279muxli 187 muxli 244 muxli 280muxli 188 muxli 245 muxli 281 qveTavi 654 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-17 muxli me-6 abzaciT.55 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 295-e muxliT.56 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-19 muxliT.57 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-19 muxli me-2 abzacis pirveli

qvepunqti.58 pirveli abzacis pirveli winadadebas ZiriTadad cvlis evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-

19 muxlis me-2 abzacis meore qvepunqti.

481

muxli 282muxli 109a muxli 112 muxli 283muxli 109b muxli 113 (Secvlilia) muxli 184 qveTavi 5 qveTavi 7muxli 188a muxli 246 muxli 285muxli 188b muxli 247 muxli 286muxli 188g muxli 248 muxli 287 Tavi 2 Tavi 2 qveTavi 1muxli 189 muxli 249 muxli 288 muxli 289 muxli 290 (59) muxli 291 (59) muxli 292 qveTavi 2muxli 189a muxli 250 muxli 293muxli 189b muxli 251 muxli 294muxli 189g muxli 252 gauqmebulia muxli 295muxli 190 muxli 253 muxli 296muxli 191 muxli 254 muxli 297 muxli 298muxli 191a muxli 255 (Secvlilia) muxli 15muxli 192 muxli 256 muxli 299 Tavi 3 muxli 300 Tavi 3 qveTavi 1muxli 193 muxli 257 gauqmebulia (60)muxli 194 muxli 258, abz. 1, 2 da 4 muxli 301muxli 194 muxli 258 abz. 3 gauqmebulia (61)muxli 195 muxli 259 muxli 302muxli 196 muxli 260 muxli 303muxli 197 muxli 261 gauqmebulia muxli 198 muxli 262 muxli 304 Tavi 4 qveTavi 2muxli 198a muxli 263, abz.1 da 5 gauqmebulia (62)muxli 198a muxli 263 abz. 2-4 muxli 305muxli 198b muxli 264 muxli 306muxli 198g muxli 265 muxli 307 Tavi 5 Tavi 4muxli 198d muxli 266 muxli 30859 ZiriTadad cvlis evrogaerTianebis daarsebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 202-e muxlis mesame wina-

dadebas.60 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 300-e muxlis me-2

abzaciT.61 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-300 muxlis me-4

abzaciT.62 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-300 muxlis me-3

da me-4 abzacebiT.

482

muxli 198e muxli 267 muxli 309 kari II kari IImuxli 199 muxli 268 muxli 310 Tavi 1muxli 201 muxli 269 muxli 311muxli 201a muxli 270 gauqmebulia (63) Tavi 2 muxli 312 Tavi 3muxli 203 muxli 272 abz. 1 (Secvlilia) muxli 313muxli 202 muxli 27 (Secvlilia) muxli 316muxli 203 muxli 272 abz. 1 (Secvlilia) muxli 313muxli 203 muxli 272 abz. 2-10 muxli 314muxli 204 muxli 273 muxli 315muxli 202 muxli 271 (Secvlilia) muxli 316 Tavi 4muxli 205 muxli 274 muxli 317muxli 205a muxli 275 muxli 318muxli 206 muxli 276 muxli 319 Tavi 5muxli 207 muxli 277 muxli 320muxli 208 muxli 278 muxli 321muxli 209 muxli 279 muxli 322 muxli 323 muxli 324 Tavi 6muxli 209a muxli 280 muxli 325 kari IIImuxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 326 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 327 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 328 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 329 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 330 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 331 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 332 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 333 (64)muxli 5a muxli 11 da 11a (Secvlilia) muxli 334 (64) meeqvse nawili meSvide nawilimuxli 210 muxli 281 gauqmebulia (65)muxli 211 muxli 282 muxli 335muxli 212 muxli 283 muxli 336muxli 213 muxli 284 muxli 337muxli 213a muxli 285 muxli 338

63 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 310-e muxlis me-4 abzaciT.

64 cvlis aseve evrokavSiris Sesaxeb aqamde arsebuli xelSekrulebis 27a-27e, 40-40b da 43-45-e mu-xlebs.

65 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 47-e muxliT.

483

muxli 213b muxli 286 (Secvlilia) muxli 16muxli 214 muxli 287 muxli 339muxli 215 muxli 288 muxli 340muxli 216 muxli 289 muxli 341muxli 217 muxli 290 muxli 342muxli 218 muxli 291 muxli 343muxli 219 muxli 292 muxli 344muxli 220 muxli 293 gauqmebuliamuxli 221 muxli 294 (Secvlilia) muxli 55muxli 222 muxli 295 muxli 345muxli 223 muxli 296 muxli 346muxli 224 muxli 297 muxli 347muxli 225 muxli 298 muxli 348muxli 227 muxli 299 abz. 1 gauqmebulia (66)muxli 227 muxli 299 abz.2 qvep. 2-4 muxli 349 muxli 277 muxli 299 abz.2 qvep.1, abz.3-6 (Secvlilia) muxli 355muxli 228 muxli 300 (Secvlilia) muxli 218muxli 228a muxli 301 (Secvlilia) muxli 215muxli 229 muxli 302 (Secvlilia) muxli 220muxli 230 muxli 303 (Secvlilia) muxli 220muxli 231 muxli 304 (Secvlilia) muxli 220muxli 232 muxli 305 gauqmebuliamuxli 233 muxli 306 muxli 350muxli 234 muxli 307 muxli 351muxli 235 muxli 308 muxli 352 muxli 353muxli 236 muxli 309 muxli 354 muxli 238 muxli 310 (Secvlilia) muxli 217muxli 239 muxli 311 gauqmebulia (67)muxli 227 muxli 299 abz.2 qvep. 1 abz. 3-6 (Secvlilia) muxli 356muxli 240 muxli 312 muxli 356 daskvniTi debulebebimuxli 247 muxli 313 muxli 357 muxli 358muxli 248 muxli 314 gauqmebulia (68)

66 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 52-e muxliT.67 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 51-e muxliT.68 ZiriTadad Secvlilia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 55-e muxliT.

484

evrokavSiris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis sarCevia1. Accession by the Community to the European Convention for

the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; Opinion 2/94; Opinion of the Court of 28 March 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-01759.

----------------------------- 12

2. Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA; Case 106/77; Judgment of the Court of 9 March 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 00629

----------------------------- 23

3. Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v Ariete SpA.; Case 811/79; Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 10 July 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 02545.

----------------------------- 24

4. Acciaierie San Michele SpA (in liquidation) v High Authority ofthe ECSC. - Case 9-65; Order of the Court of 22 June 1965; European Court reports English special edition Page 00027.

----------------------------- 35

5. A. Foster and others v British Gas plc; Case C-188/89; Judgment of the Court of 12 July 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-03313.

----------------------------- 53

6. Andrea Francovich and Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic; Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90; Judgment of the Court of 19 November 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-05357.

----------------------------- 66

7. Arbeiterwohlfahrt der Stadt Berlin e.V. v Monika Bötel; Case C-360/90; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 4 June 1992; European Court reports 1992 Page I-03589.

----------------------------- 98

8. ASBL Vereniging van Vlaamse Reisbureaus v ASBL Sociale Dienst van de Plaatselijke en Gewestelijke Overheidsdiensten; Case 311/85; Judgment of the Court of 1 October 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 03801.

-----------------------------165,418

9. Association des Centres distributeurs Édouard Leclerc and others v SARL “Au blé vert” and others; Case 229/83; Judgment of the Court of 10 January 1985; European Court reports 1985 Page 00001.

----------------------------- 181

10. Augustin Oyowe and Amadou Traore v Commission of the European Communities; Case C-100/88; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 13 December 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 04285.

----------------------------- 158

11. Alexander Dory and Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Case C-186/01; Judgment of the Court of 11 March 2003;

----------------------------- 114

B12. Barber; Case C-109/91; Judgment of the Court of 6 October

1993; European Court reports 1993 Page I-04879----------------------------- 116

13. Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland and The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte: Factortame Ltd and others; Joined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93; Judgment of the Court of 5 March 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-01029.

----------------------------- 69

14. B.N.O. Walrave and L.J.N. Koch v Association Union cycliste internationale, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie and Federación Española Ciclismo; Case 36-74; Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1974; European Court reports 1974 Page 01405

----------------------------- 85

485

15. Belinda Jane Coote v Granada Hospitality Ltd.; Case C-185/97; Judgment of the Court of 22 September 1998;European Court reports 1998 Page I-05199

----------------------------- 110

16. Bilka - Kaufhaus GmbH v Karin Weber von Hartz; Case 170/84; Judgment of the Court of 13 May 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 01607

----------------------------- 127

17. Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematographic and Theatre Union (BECTU) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL TIZZANO delivered on 8 February 2001; Case C-173/99

----------------------------- 140

18. Bernard Connolly v Commission of the European Com muni-ties, Case C-274/99 P. Judgment of the Court of 6 March 2001

----------------------------- 154

19. Brother International GmbH v Hauptzollamt Gießen; Case C-26/88; Judgment of the Court of 13 December 1989;European Court reports 1989 Page 04253

----------------------------- 168

20. Bond van Adverteerders and others v The Netherlands State; Case 352/85; Judgment of the Court of 26 April 1988; European Court reports 1988 Page 02085.

----------------------------- 234

C21. Commission of the European Communities v Council of the

European Communities; Case C-300/89; Judgment of the Court of 11 June 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-02867

----------------------------- 4

22. Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities; Case 45/86; Judgment of the Court of 26 March 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 01493

----------------------------- 15

23. Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities.; European Agreement on Road Transport; Case 22-70; Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1971; European Court reports 1971 Page 00263.

----------------------------- 16,82

24. Chafiq Ayadi v Council of the European Union; Case T 253/02; Judgment of the Court of 12 July 2006

----------------------------- 20

25. Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany; Case C-61/94; Judgment of the Court of 10 September 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-03989

----------------------------- 39

26. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands; Case 72/85; Judgment of the Court of 20 March 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 01219

----------------------------- 45

27. Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Sea fisheries; Case 61/77; Judgment of the Court of 16 February 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 00417

----------------------------- 45,92

28. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 363/85; Judgment of the Court of 9 April 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 01733

----------------------------- 46

29. Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany; Case 29/84; Judgment of the Court of 23 May 1985; European Court reports 1985 Page 0166

----------------------------- 47

30. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 300/81; Judgment of the Court of 1 March 1983; European Court reports 1983 Page 00449

----------------------------- 47

31. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium; Case 239/85; Judgment of the Court of 2 December 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 03645

----------------------------- 47

486

32. Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany, Case C-361/88; Judgment of the Court of 30 May 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-02567

----------------------------- 47

33. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Forest reproductive material; Case 79-72; Judgment of the Court of 21 June 1973; European Court reports 1973 Page 00667

----------------------------- 48

34. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 52-75; Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1976; European Court reports 1976 Page 00277

----------------------------- 48

35. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands; Metrology; Case 95/77; Judgment of the Court of 11 April 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 00863

----------------------------- 49

36. Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV; Case 80/86; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 8 October 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 03969

----------------------------- 49

37. Criminal proceedings against Tullio Ratti; Case 148/78; Judgment of the Court of 5 April 1979; European Court reports 1979 Page 01629

----------------------------- 52

38. Compagnie des forges de Châtillon, Commentry & Neuves-Maisons v High Authority of the ECSC; Case 54-65; Judgment of the Court of 16 June 1966; European Court reports English special edition Page 00185

----------------------------- 71

39. Calpak SpA and Società Emiliana of the European Communities; Lavorazione Frutta SpA v Commission; Joined cases 789 and 790/79; Judgment of the Court of 17 June 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 01949

----------------------------- 75

40. Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities; Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1971; European Agreement on Road Transport; Case 22-70; European Court reports 1971 Page 00263

----------------------------- 16,82

41. Criminal proceedings against Gianfranco Perfili; C-177/94; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 1 February 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-00161

----------------------------- 84

42. Criminal proceedings against Vincent Auer; Case 136/78; Judgment of the Court of 7 February 1979; European Court reports 1979 Page 00437

----------------------------- 85

43. Criminal proceedings against Horst Otto Bickel and Ulrich Franz; Case C-274/96, Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1998, European Court reports 1998 Page I-07637

----------------------------- 87

44. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case C-388/01; Judgment of the Court of 16 January 2003

----------------------------- 91

45. Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Sea fisheries; Case 61/77; Judgment of the Court of 16 February 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 00417.

----------------------------- 45,92

46. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium; Case C-2/90; Judgment of the Court of 9 July 1992; European Court reports 1992 Page I-04431

----------------------------- 166

47. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 24-68; Judgment of the Court of 1 July 1969; European Court reports 1969 Page 00193

-----------------------------171,174

487

48. Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium; Joined cases 2/62 and 3/62; Judgment of the Court of 14 December 1962; European Court reports English special edition Page 00425

----------------------------- 171

49. Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Case 249/81; Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 04005

----------------------------- 176

50. Commission of the European Communities v French Republic; Case C-265/95; Judgment of the Court of 9 December 1997; European Court reports 1997 Page I-06959

----------------------------- 179

51. Commission of the European Communities v the Federal Republic of Germany; Case 12-74; Judgment of the Court of 20 February 1975; European Court reports 1975 Page 00181

----------------------------- 180

52. Criminal proceedings against Jan van de Haar and Kaveka de Meern BV; Joined cases 177 and 178/82; Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 5 April 1984; European Court reports 1984 Page 01797

----------------------------- 180

53. Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard; Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91; Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1993; European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097

----------------------------- 184

54. Conegate Limited v HM Customs & Excise; Case 121/85; Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 11 March 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 01007

----------------------------- 186

55. Campus Oil Limited and others v Minister for Industry and Energy and others; Case 72/83; Judgment of the Court of 10 July 1984; European Court reports 1984 Page 02727

----------------------------- 187

56. Commission of the European Communities v Ireland; Case 113/80; Judgment of the Court of 17 June 1981; European Court reports 1981 Page 01625

----------------------------- 194

57. Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany; Case 178/84; Judgment of the Court of 12 March 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 01227

----------------------------- 195

58. Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen; Case C-212/97; Judgment of the Court of 9 March 1999; European Court reports 1999 Page I-01459

----------------------------- 220

59. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Spain; Case C-114/97; Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 29 October 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-06717

----------------------------- 226

60. Caisse nationale d’assurance vieillesse des travailleurs salariés (CNAVTS) v Evelyne Thibault. Case C-136/95; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 30 April 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-02011

----------------------------- 109

61. Coloroll Pension Trustees Ltd v James Richard Russell, Daniel Mangham, Gerald Robert Parker, Robert Sharp, Joan Fuller, Judith Ann Broughton and Coloroll Group plc.; Case C-200/91; Judgment of the Court of 28 September 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page I-04389

----------------------------- 129

62. Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany, Case 249/86. Judgment of the Court of 18 May 1989

----------------------------- 159

63. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic; Case 7-68. Judgment of the Court of 10 December 1968

----------------------------- 164

488

64. Carmelo Angelo Bonsignore v Oberstadtdirektor der Stadt Köln; Case 67-74; Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1975; European Court reports 1975 Page 00297.

----------------------------- 214

D65. Donato Casagrande v Landeshauptstadt München; Preliminary

ruling requested by the Verwaltungsgericht München – Germany; Case 9-74; Judgment of the Court of 3 July 1974; European Court reports 1974 Page 00773

----------------------------- 211,12

66. Deutz und Geldermann, Sektkellerei Breisach (Baden) GmbH v Council of the European Communities; Case 26/86; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 24 February 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 00941

----------------------------- 79

67. Douglas Harvey Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group; Case C-262/88; Judgment of the Court of 17 May 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-01889

----------------------------- 98,116

68. Derrick Guy Edmund Hurd v Kenneth Jones (Her Majesty’s Inspector of Taxes); Case 44/84; Judgment of the Court of 15 January 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 00029

----------------------------- 132

69. Dieter Krombach and André Bamberski, Case C-7/98. Judgment of the Court of 28 March 2000

----------------------------- 160

70. D.M. Levin v Staatssecret aris van Justitie; Case 53/81; Judgment of the Court of 23 March 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 01035.

----------------------------- 198

71. Dieter Kraus v Land Baden-Württemberg; Case C-19/92; Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1993; European Court reports 1993 Page I-01663.

----------------------------- 226

E72. European Parliament v Council of the European Communities;

Radioactive contamination of foodstuffs; Case C-70/88; Judgment of the Court of 4 October 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04529

----------------------------- 11

73. Erich Dillenkofer, Christian Erdmann, Hans-Jürgen Schulte, Anke Heuer, Werner, Ursula and Trosten Knor v Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Joined cases C-178/94, C-179/94, C-188/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94; Judgment of the Court of 8 October 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-04845

----------------------------- 68

74. Elisabeth Johanna Pacifica Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong Volwassenen (VJV-Centrum) Plus; Case C-177/88; Judgment of the Court of 8 November 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-03941

----------------------------- 107

75. Eckhard Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen; Case C-450/93; Judgment of the Court of 17 October 1995; European Court reports 1995 Page I-03051

----------------------------- 124

76. Elestina Esselina Christina Morson v State of the Netherlands and Head of the Plaatselijke Politie within the meaning of the Vreemdelingenwet; Sweradjie Jhanjan v State of the Netherlands; Joined cases 35 and 36/82; Judgment of the Court of 27 October 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 03723

----------------------------- 131

77. Erich Stauder v City of Ulm – Sozialamt; Case 29-69. Judgment of the Court of 12 November 1969

----------------------------- 136

78. Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge and Republik Österreich; Case C-112/00. Judgment of the Court of 12 June 2003

----------------------------- 190

489

79. Emir Gül v Regierungspräsident Düsseldorf; Case 131/85; Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 7 May 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 01573

----------------------------- 210

80. Erich Ciola v Land Vorarlberg; Case C-224/97; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 29 April 1999; European Court reports 1999 Page I-02517.

----------------------------- 236

F81. Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L.; Case 6/64; European Court reports;

Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964; English special edition Page 00585

----------------------------- 2

82. Federal Republic of Germany, v European Parliament; In Case C-376/98, Judgment of the Court of 5 October 2000

----------------------------- 14

83. Firma Molkerei-Zentrale Westfalen/Lippe GmbH v Haupt-zolla mt Paderborn; Case 28-67; Judgment of the Court of 3 April 1968; European Court reports English special edition Page 00143

----------------------------- 24

84. Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein; Case 9-70; Judgment of the Court of 6 October 1970; European Court reports 1970 Page 00825

----------------------------- 27,80

85. Fernando Roberto Giménez Zaera v Institut Nacional de la Seguridad Social and Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social; Case 126/86; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 29 September 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 03697

----------------------------- 32

86. Fratelli Variola S.p.A. v Amministrazione italiana delle Finan-ze; Case 34-73; Judgment of the Court of 10 October 1973; European Court reports 1973 Page 00981

----------------------------- 43

87. Fratelli Zerbone Snc v Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato; Case 94/77; Judgment of the Court of 31 January 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 00099

----------------------------- 45

88. Fratelli Costanzo SpA v Comune di Milano; Case 103/88; Judgment of the Court of 22 June 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 01839

----------------------------- 46

89. Felicitas Rickmers-Linie KG & Co. v Finanzamt für Verkehrste-uern, Hambourg; Case 270/81; Judgment of the Court (Third Cha m ber) of 15 July 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 02771

----------------------------- 52

90. Fédération nationale de la boucherie en gros et du commerce en gros des viandes and others v Council of the European Economic Communityl; Case 19/62 to 22/62; Judgment of the Court of 14 December 1962; European Court reports English special edition Page 00491

----------------------------- 75

91. Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein; Case 9-70; Judgment of the Court of 6 October 1970; European Court reports 1970 Page 00825

----------------------------- 80,27

92. Françoise Gravier v City of Liège; Case 293/83; Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1985; European Court reports 1985 Page 00593

----------------------------- 86

93. Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union; Case C-280/93; Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page I-04973

----------------------------- 144

94. Finanzamt Köln-Altstadt v Roland Schumacker; Case C-279/93; Judgment of the Court of 14 February 1995; European Court reports 1995 Page I-00225

----------------------------- 204

490

95. F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren/Ondernemingen buitenland; Case C-18/95; Judgment of the Court of 26 January 1999; European Court reports 1999 Page I-00345

----------------------------- 204

g96. Gaston Schul Douane Expediteur BV v Inspecteur der

Invoerrechten en Accijnzen, Roosendaal; Case 15/81; Judgment of the Court of 5 May 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 01409

----------------------------- 2

97. Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena; 98. Case 149/77; Judgment of the Court of 15 June 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 01365

----------------------------- 96

98. Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena; Case 43-75; Judgment of the Court of 8 April 1976; European Court reports 1976 Page 00455

----------------------------- 96

99. Gabrielle Defrenne v Belgian State; Case 80-70; Judgment of the Court of 25 May 1971; European Court reports 1971 Page 00445

----------------------------- 101

100. Gisela Rummler v Dato-Druck GmbH; Case 237/85; Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 1 July 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 02101

----------------------------- 104

101. Gerardus Cornelis Ten Oever v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds voor het Glazenwassers- en Schoonmaakbedrijf; Case C-262/88

----------------------------- 116,98

102. Giuseppe Sacchi; Case 155-73; Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1974;European Court reports 1974 Page 00409

-----------------------------164,232

103. Granaria BV v Hoofdproduktschap voor Akkerbouwprodukten; Case 101/78; Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1979; European Court reports 1979 Page 00623

----------------------------- 5

104. Gebroeders van Es Douane Agenten BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen; Case C-143/93; Judgment of the Court of 13 February 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-00431.

----------------------------- 6

h105. Hoechst AG v Commission of the European Communitie;

Joined cases 46/87 and 227/88; Judgment of the Court of 21 September 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 02859

----------------------------- 5

106. Hermann Schräder HS Kraftfutter GmbH & Co. KG v Hauptzollamt Gronau; Case 265/87; Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 02237

----------------------------- 6,141

107. Helga Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; Case C-184/89; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 7 February 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-00297

----------------------------- 99

108. Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark, acting on behalf of Berit Høj Pedersen v Fællesforeningen for Danmarks Brugsforeninger and Dansk Tandlægeforening and Kristelig Funktionær-Organisation v Dansk Handel & Service; Case C-66/96; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 19 November 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-07327

-----------------------------100,119

109. Hermann Schräder HS Kraftfutter GmbH & Co. KG v Hauptzollamt Gronau; Case 265/87. Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1989

----------------------------- 6,141

491

110. Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Oberelbe v Firma Paul G. Bollmann; Case 40-69; Judgment of the Court of 18 February 1970; European Court reports 1970 Page 00069

----------------------------- 44

111. Hellmut Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; Case C-409/95; Judgment of the Court of 11 November 1997; European Court reports 1997 Page I-06363.

----------------------------- 124

I112. Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und

Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel; Case 11-70; Judgment of the Court of 17 December 1970; European Court reports 1970 Page 01125

----------------------------- 3,137

113. Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v Région wallonne; Case C-129/96; Judgment of the Court of 18 December 1997; European Court reports 1997 Page I-07411

----------------------------- 48

114. Institut national d’assurance maladie-invalidité and Union nationale des fédérations mutualistes neutres v Antonio Viola; Case 26/78; Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1978

----------------------------- 38

115. Igor Simutenkov v Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Real Federación Española de Fútbol; Case C 265/03; Judgment of the Court of 12. April 2005

----------------------------- 40

116. International Business Machines Corporation v Commission of the European Communities; Case 60/81; Judgment of the Court of 11 November 1981; European Court reports 1981 Page 02639

----------------------------- 71

117. Ian William Cowan v Trésor public; Case 186/87; Judgment of the Court of 2 February 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 00195

----------------------------- 84

118. Italian Republic v Commission of the European Economic Community; Case 13-63; Judgment of the Court of 17 July 1963; European Court reports English special edition Page 00165

----------------------------- 93

119. Ingrid Rinner-Kühn v FWW Spezial-Gebäudereinigung GmbH & Co. KG; Case 171/88; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 13 July 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 02743

----------------------------- 121

120. Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg; Case C-340/89; Judgment of the Court of 7 May 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-02357

----------------------------- 229

121. Ireland v Commission of the European Communities; Case 325/85; Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1987; European Court reports 1987 Page 05041

----------------------------- 6

J122. J.P. Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd; Case

96/80; Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1981; European Court reports 1981 Page 00911

----------------------------- 103

123. J. Knoors v Staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken; Case 115/78; Judgment of the Court of 7 February 1979; European Court reports 1979 Page 00399

----------------------------- 132

124. J. Nold, Kohlen- und Baustoffgroßhandlung v Commission of the European Communities, Case 4-73. Judgment of the Court of 14 May 1974

----------------------------- 137

492

125. Joseph Henri Thomas Blesgen v Belgian State; Case 75/81; Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 01211

----------------------------- 182

126. Jean Reyners v Belgian State; Case 2-74; Judgment of the Court of 21 June 1974; European Court reports 1974 Page 00631

----------------------------- 224

127. Jean Thieffry v Conseil de l’ordre des avocats à la cour de Paris; Case 71-76; Judgment of the Court of 28 April 1977; European Court reports 1977 Page 00765

----------------------------- 227

k128. Koninklijke Scholten Honig NV v Council and Commission

of the European Communities; Case 101/76; Judgment of the Court of 5 May 1977; European Court reports 1977 Page 00797

----------------------------- 79

129. Kathleen Hill and Ann Stapleton v The Revenue Commissioners and Department of Finance; Case C-243/95; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 17 June 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-03739

----------------------------- 97,129

130. Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V. v Johanna Lewark; Case C-457/93; Judgment of the Court of 6 February 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-00243

----------------------------- 123

131. Kathleen Hill and Ann Stapleton v The Revenue Commissioners and Department of Finance; Case C-243/95; Judgment of the Court of 17 June 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-03739

----------------------------- 129,97

l132. Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz; Case 44/79; Judgment

of the Court of 13 December 1979; European Court reports 1979 Page 03727

----------------------------- 136,6

133. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen v Kari Uecker and Vera Jacquet v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; Joined cases C-64/96 and C-65/96; Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 5 June 1997; European Court reports 1997 Page I-03171

----------------------------- 132

m134. Meroni & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, SpA v High Authority of

the European Coal and Steel Community; Case 9-56; Judgment of the Court of 13 June 1958; European Court reports; English special edition Page 00133

----------------------------- 10

135. Microsoft Corp.,v Commission of the European Communities; Case T-201/04; Judgment of the Court of 17 September 2007

----------------------------- 40

136. Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA.; Case C-106/89; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 13 November 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-04135

----------------------------- 46

137. M. H. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching); Case 152/84; Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 00723

----------------------------- 53

138. Mund & Fester v Hatrex Internationaal Transport; Case C-398/92; Judgment of the Court of 10 February 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page I-00467

----------------------------- 91

139. Mary Murphy and others v An Bord Telecom Eireann; Case 157/86; Judgment of the Court of 4 February 1988; European Court reports 1988 Page 00673

-----------------------------104,106

493

140. Macarthys Ltd v Wendy Smith; Case 129/79; Judgment of the Court of 27 March 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 01275

----------------------------- 105

141. M. A. De Weerd, née Roks, and others v Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Gezondheid, Geestelijke en Maatschappelijke Belangen and others; Case C-343/92; Judgment of the Court of 24 February 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page I-00571

----------------------------- 116

142. Maria Kowalska v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; Case C-33/89; Judgment of the Court of 27 June 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-02591

----------------------------- 129

143. max.mobil Telekommunikation Service GmbH, established in Vienna (Austria) v Commission of the European Communities, Case T-54/99. Judgment of the Court of 29 January 2002

----------------------------- 139

144. Metronome Musik GmbH v Music Point Hokamp GmbH, Case C-200/96. Judgment of the Court of 28 April 1998

----------------------------- 150

145. Merci convenzionali porto di Genova SpA v Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA; Case C-179/90; Judgment of the Court of 10 December 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-05889

-----------------------------443,198

146. María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern; Case C-85/96; Judgment of the Court of 12 May 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-02691

----------------------------- 205

147. Maria Chiara Spotti v Freistaat Bayern; Case C-272/92; Judgment of the Court of 20 October 1993; European Court reports 1993 Page I-05185

----------------------------- 215

148. Manfred Säger v Dennemeyer & Co. Ltd.; Case C-76/90; Judgment of the Court of 25 July 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04221

----------------------------- 235

n149. NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend

& Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration; Case 26-62; Judgment of the Court of 5 February 1963; European Court reports English special edition Page 00001

----------------------------- 2,21

150. Nicolas Decker v Caisse de maladie des employés privés; Case C-120/95; Judgment of the Court of 28 April 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page I-01831

----------------------------- 13

o151. Opinion delivered pursuant to the second subparagraph of

Article 228 (1) of the Treaty; Draft agreement between the Community, on the one hand, and the countries of the European Free Trade Association, on the other, relating to the creation of the European Economic Area; Opinion 1/91; Opinion of the Court of 14 December 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-06079

----------------------------- 1

152. Orsolina Leonesio v Ministero dell’agricoltura e foreste; Case 93-71; Judgment of the Court of 17 May 1972; European Court reports 1972 Page 00287.

----------------------------- 44

153. Parti écologiste “Les Verts” v European Parliament; Case 294/83; Judgment of the Court of 23 April 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 01339

----------------------------- 5,38

154. Peter Kaefer and Andréa Procacci v French State; Joined cases C-100/89 and C-101/89; Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-04647

----------------------------- 29

494

155. Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl; Case C-91/92; Judgment of the Court of 14 July 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page I-03325

----------------------------- 55

156. Phil Collins v Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Patricia Im- und Export Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH and Leif Emanuel Kraul v EMI Electrola GmbH; Joined cases C-92/92 and C-326/92; Judgment of the Court of 20 October 1993

----------------------------- 83

157. Pietro Pinna v Caisse d’allocations familiales de la Savoie; Case 41/84; Judgment of the Court of 15 January 1986; European Court reports 1986 Page 00001

----------------------------- 202

158. Pilar Allué and Carmel Mary Coonan v Università degli studi di Venezia; Case 33/88; Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 30 May 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 01591

----------------------------- 203

159. Procureur du Roi v Benoît and Gustave Dassonville; Case 8-74; Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1974; European Court reports 1974 Page 00837.

----------------------------- 175

q160. R. & V. Haegeman v Belgian State; Case 181-73; Judgment of

the Court of 30 April 1974; European Court reports 1974 Page 00449

----------------------------- 39

161. René Hochstrass v Court of Justice of the European Communities; Case 147/79; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 16 October 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 03005

----------------------------- 94

162. Roquette Frères SA v Directeur général de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes, Third party: Commission of the European Communities, C-94/00. Judgment of the Court of 22 October 2002

----------------------------- 153

163. Regina v Ernest George Thompson, Brian Albert Johnson and Colin Alex Norman Woodiwiss; Case 7/78; Judgment of the Court of 23 November 1978; European Court reports 1978 Page 02247

----------------------------- 165

164. Riccardo Tasca; Case 65-75; Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1976; European Court reports 1976 Page 00291

----------------------------- 181

165. Régina v Pierre Bouchereau; Case 30-77; Judgment of the Court of 27 October 1977; European Court reports 1977 Page 0199

----------------------------- 185

166. Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein; Case 120/78; Judgment of the Court of 20 February 1979; European Court reports 1979 Page 00649

----------------------------- 188

167. Roman Angonese and Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA; Case C-281/98. Judgment of the Court of 6 June 2000

----------------------------- 212

168. Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano; Case C-55/94; Judgment of the Court of 30 November 1995; European Court reports 1995 Page I-04165

-----------------------------217,241

169. Reisebüro Broede v Gerd Sandker; Case C-3/95; Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 12 December 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-06511

----------------------------- 213

170. Rush Portuguesa LdA v Office national d’immigration; Case C-113/89; Judgment of the Court of 27 March 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-01417

----------------------------- 232

495

s171. SA Roquette Frères v Council of the European Communities;

Case 138/79; Judgment of the Court of 29 October 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 03333

----------------------------- 4

172. Svenska Journalistförbundet v Council of the European Union; Case T-174/95; Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber, extended composition) of 17 June 1998; European Court reports 1998 Page II-02289

----------------------------- 7

173. SA Roquette Frères v Council of the European Communities; Isoglucose; Case 110/81; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 30 September 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 03159

----------------------------- 10

174. Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; Case 14/83; Judgment of the Court of 10 April 1984; European Court reports 1984 Page 01891

----------------------------- 51

175. Société nouvelle des usines de Pontlieue - Aciéries du Temple (S.N.U.P.A.T.) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Joined cases 32/58 and 33/58; Judgment of the Court of 17 July 1959; European Court reports English special edition Page 00127

----------------------------- 70

176. Sucrimex SA and Westzucker GmbH v Commission of the European Communities; Case 133/79; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 27 March 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 01299

----------------------------- 70,73

177. Société anonyme Usines Emile Henricot and others v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Joined cases 23, 24 and 52-63; Judgment of the Court of 5 December 1963; European Court reports English special edition Page 00217

----------------------------- 70

178. Société nouvelle des usines de Pontlieue - Aciéries du Temple (S.N.U.P.A.T.) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community; Joined cases 42 and 49/59; Judgment of the Court of 22 March 1961; European Court reports English special edition Page 00053

----------------------------- 71

179. Société Anonyme à Participation Ouvrière Compagnie Nationale Air France v Commission of the European Communities; Case T-3/93; Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) of 24 March 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page II-00121

----------------------------- 72

180. Sucrimex SA and Westzucker GmbH v Commission of the European Communities; Case 133/79; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 27 March 1980; European Court reports 1980 Page 01299

----------------------------- 73,70

181. Salvatore Grimaldi v Fonds des maladies professionnelles; Case C-322/88; Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 13 December 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 04407

----------------------------- 80

182. Steven Malcolm Brown v The Secretary of State for Scotland; Case 197/86, Judgment of the Court of 21 June 1988, European Court reports 1988 Page 03205

----------------------------- 86

183. Susan Jane Worringham and Margaret Humphreys v Lloyds Bank Limited; Case 69/80; Judgment of the Court of 11 March 1981; European Court reports 1981 Page 00767

----------------------------- 97

496

184. Silke-Karin Mahlburg and Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; Case C-207/98. Judgment of the Court of 3 February 2000

----------------------------- 108

185. Susanna Brunnhofer and Bank der österreichischen Postsparkasse AG. Judgment of the Court of 26 June 2001 In Case C-381/99

----------------------------- 126

186. SMW Winzersekt GmbH v Land Rheinland-Pfalz; Case C-306/93; Judgment of the Court of 13 December 1994; European Court reports 1994 Page I-05555

----------------------------- 149

187. SpA Ferriera Valsabbia and others v Commission of the European Communities, Concrete reinforcement bars, Joined cases 154, 205, 206, 226 to 228, 263 and 264/78, 39, 31, 83 and 85/79. Judgment of the Court of 18 March 1980

----------------------------- 151

188. Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v Commissariaat voor de Media; Case C-288/89; Judgment of the Court of 25 July 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04007

----------------------------- 237

189. Sirena S.r.l. v Eda S.r.l. and others, Case 40-70. Judgment of the Court of 18 February 1971,

----------------------------- 163

t190. The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd

v Stephen Grogan and others; Case C-159/90; Judgment of the Court of 4 October 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-04685

----------------------------- 157

191. Tradax Graanhandel BV v Commission of the European Communities; Cif prices for cereals; Case 64/82; Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 15 March 1984; European Court reports 1984 Page 01359

----------------------------- 10

192. The Queen and Secretary of State for Health, ex parte: British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd and Imperial Tobacco Ltd; In Case C-491/01. Judgment of the Court of 10 December 2002

----------------------------- 15

193. The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte: Factortame Ltd and others; Case C-213/89; Judgment of the Court of 19 June 1990; European Court reports 1990 Page I-02433

----------------------------- 37

194. Teresa and Silvana Petroni v Office national des pensions pour travailleurs salariés (ONPTS), Bruxelles.; Case 24-75; Judgment of the Court of 21 October 1975; European Court reports 1975 Page 01149

----------------------------- 38

195. The Queen v H. M. Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc.; Case C-392/93; Judgment of the Court of 26 March 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-01631

----------------------------- 67

196. Tanja Kreil and Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Case C-285/98. Judgment of the Court of 11 January 2000

----------------------------- 111

197. The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal et Surinder Singh, ex parte Secretary of State for Home Department; Case C-370/90; Judgment of the Court of 7 July 1992; European Court reports 1992 Page I-04265

----------------------------- 133

198. The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations and others and Federation of Highlands and Islands Fishermen and others; Case C-44/94; Judgment of the Court of 17 October 1995; European Court reports 1995 Page I-03115

----------------------------- 148

497

199. Terrapin (Overseas) Ltd. v Terranova Industrie CA Kapferer & Co, Case 119-75. Judgment of the Court of 22 June 1976

----------------------------- 163

200. Torfaen Borough Council v B & Q plc; Case C-145/88; Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 23 November 1989; European Court reports 1989 Page 03851

----------------------------- 183

201. The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Gustaff Desiderius Antonissen; Case C-292/89; Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-00745

----------------------------- 200

202. The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and others; Case C-221/89; Judgment of the Court of 25 July 1991; European Court reports 1991 Page I-03905

----------------------------- 216

203. The Queen v H. M. Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc; Case 81/87; Judgment of the Court of 27 September 1988; European Court reports 1988 Page 05483.

----------------------------- 218

u204. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v

Council of the European Union; Case C-84/94; Judgment of the Court of 12 November 1996; European Court reports 1996 Page I-05755

----------------------------- 18

205. Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Münster-Innenstadt; Case 8/81; Judgment of the Court of 19 January 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 00053.

----------------------------- 53

206. Unilever Italia SpA and Central Food SpA.; Case C-443/98; Judgment of the Court of 26 September 2000

----------------------------- 64

207. Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club liégeois SA v Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des associations européennes de football (UEFA) v Jean-Marc Bosman; Case C-415/93. Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1995

----------------------------- 152

208. Überseering BV and Nordic Construction Company Baumanagement GmbH (NCC); Judgment of the Court of 5 November 2002; Case C-208/00.

----------------------------- 221

v209. Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen v Inspecteur der

Invoerrechten en Accijnzen; Case 51-76; Judgment of the Court of 1 February 1977; European Court reports 1977 Page 00113

----------------------------- 52

210. Volker Steen v Deutsche Bundespost. Case C-332/90; Judgment of the Court of 28 January 1992; European Court reports 1992PageI-00341

----------------------------- 131

211. Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Case C-368/95. Judgment of the Court of 26 June 1997

----------------------------- 153

212. Vivien Prais v Council of the European Communities, Case 130-75. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 27 October 1976, Volker Steen v Deutsche Bundespost. Case C-332/90; Judgment of the Court of 28 January 1992; European Court reports 1992 Page I-00341

----------------------------- 159

213. Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Case C-368/95. Judgment of the Court of 26 June 1997

----------------------------- 153

498

214. Vivien Prais v Council of the European Communities, Case 130-75. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 27 October 1976

----------------------------- 159

w215. W. Beus GmbH & Co. v Hauptzollamt München; Case 5-67;

Judgment of the Court of 13 March 1968; European Court reports English special edition Page 00083

----------------------------- 9

216. Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA; Case 261/81; Judgment of the Court of 10 November 1982; European Court reports 1982 Page 03961.

----------------------------- 194

X217. X v Commission of the European Communities; Case C-404/92

P. Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1994;----------------------------- 153

Y218. Yvonne van Duyn v Home Office; Public policy; Case 41-74;

Judgment of the Court of 4 December 1974; European Court reports 1974 Page 01337

----------------------------- 51,213

Z219. Zuckerfabrik Süderdithmarschen AG v Hauptzollamt Itzehoe

and Zuckerfabrik Soest GmbH v Hauptzollamt Paderborn, Joined cases C-143/88 and C-92/89. Judgment of the Court of 21 February 1991

----------------------------- 152