INDEX

A. Riebeck'schen Montanwerke, 371 Ach, Lorenz, 62, 66 Adams, Roger, 88 Adolf Baeyer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der chemischen Literatur, 32 AEG, 77, 105, 238, 370 Agfa (Aktien-Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation), 19,25,26,36,68,69,

79,223,383, 103, 104, 109, 110, 115, 117, 120, 123-145,254,293,305 Agfa Photo GmbH, 133 Agfa Photo Oversees, 140 Agfa Products Inc, 125 Agfa-Ansco, 126, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 308, 309, 311 Aktien-Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation, See Agfa Akzo, 423 Albany Aniline & Chemical Works, 290 Alberts, Leonard, 165 Albright & Wilson, 419 Alien Property Custodian, 286,295,299,300, 304, 311, 320, 327, 328, 330,

332,334,335,337,338,339,341,342,344 alizarin, 418 Allied bombing, 169,207,374,376 Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, 303,314 Allied Chemicals, 420 Allied Control Council, 379,386 Althoff, Friedrich, 63 Aluminum Company of America, 311 American Chemical Society, 330 American Glanzstoff, 312 American LG., 309,311,312,314,317 American LG. Chemical Company, 126, 308 American Magnesium Company, 311 ammonia, 22,24, 25, 32, 76, 79, 93, 99, 102, 105-110, 114-120, 172, 173, 175,

179, 182, 184, 230; 237, 239, 250, 303, 370, 374, 382, 392, 416, 420 Angewandte Chemie, 72,357,358,359,361 Ansco, 125, 133

452 INDEX

Ansco Photo Products Inc., 125 Antipyrine, 297 anti-Semitism, 123-145, 347-366 ArbeitsausschuB, 255 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Chemische Industrie, 349 armistice, 235, 302, 328, 330 Arnold, Thurman, 318 Arora, Ashish, 447 artificial fibers, 38 Aryanization, 10,123-145,348 Asahi Bemberg, 13, 252 Asahi Chemical, 416 aspirin, 11,293, 296, 298, 304, 319 Association for Allocation of German Bituminous Coal Tar Products

(AVS), 160 Association for Crude Oil Production and Refining (REV), 160 Association for Hydrogenation, Synthesis, and Low Temperature Car-

bonization (ARSYN), 160 Association for the Promotion of Chemical Research, 22 Association of German Benzol Producers (ARBO), 160 Association of German Chemists, 20, 23, 28 atomic bomb, 240 Auschwitz, 8, 11,210,211,213,348,350,354, 362, 363, 378 autarky, 8, 9, 127,212, 219, 375, 393, 396 Avertin, 352,355,359,360 Axis, 317

Bachmann, VVerne~ 88 Bacon, Francis, 33 Badische Anilin & Sodafabrik, See BASF Baeyer, Adolf von, 18,32, 61, 64, 72, 87, 170,352 Balfour, James Arthur, 220 Bamberger, Eugen, 18 Bartholdy, Felix Mendelssohn, 123 Bartholdy, Paul Mendelssohn, 123, 127, 128 BASF (Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik), 18,22, 24, 25, 32, 36, 60, 62, 68,

69,76, 78,79,82,92-121,148, ISO, 151,170-174,176,185,221,223, 230, 250, 254, 292, 294, 299, 300, 307, 313, 318, 325, 326, 332, 368, 370, 391, 409, 412, 419

Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, 190 Battle of the Marne, 80,100 Battle of Verdun, 117 Bauer, Max, 80

INDEX 453

Bayer, 22,36,63-69,71,73,78-80,82,86,88,103-106,110,117,120,221, 223-225,229,254,290,291,293,296,298,300,301,304,305,307,308, 316,318,319,325,327,354,357,359,361,363,365,366, 368, 369, 373, 393409,412, 419

Bayer, Friedrich, 65,74 Bayerische Stickstoffwerke AG, 107, 121,370 Bayer-Semesan Company, 308 Beckmann, Ernst, 33 Beer, John J., 7,442 Beitz, Berthold, 12 Bember, J.P., 306 Berghahn, Volker, 448 Bergius process, 370 Bergius, Friedrich, 25,79,147-150,173,174,176,185,189,192,204 Bergwerks-gesellschaft Hibernia AG, 198 Bergwerksgesellschaft Trier GmbH, 167 Berlin Aniline, 300 Bernthsen, August, 107 Biltz, Martin, 132, 137, 139-141 Bincer, Hans, 132,133,141 Bismarck, Otto von, 356 Boehringer Mannheim, 225 Boots, 419 Borkin, Joseph, 443,445 Bosch, Carl, 7, 32, 35, 100, 103, 116, 117, 175, 134, 141, 182, 186,250 Bott, Arthur, 290 Bottinger, Henry, 65,74,86 Brabag (Braunkohlen Benzin AG), 161, 165, 168, 197,200, 202, 205, 208,

372,376,378 Brauer, Eberhard, 98 British Bergius Syndicate, 189 British Drug Beecham, 419 British Dyestuffs Ltd., 232, 235, 239 British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (BIOS), 126, 215 British Oxygen, 419 Broche, Hans, 200, 201 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 88 Briickmann, Heinrich, 150 Brunck, Heinrich von, 60,170 Bueb, Julius, 118 Bullock, John Lloyd, 59 Buna, 10, 11, 37, 188, 350, 372, 375, 382, 383, 393, 399, 402 Bundesrat, 113

454 INDEX

Bunte, Hans, 84 Burroughs Wellcome Ltd, 240 Btitefisch, Heinrich, 169

c.P. Boehringer & Sohn, 62, 66, 306 caffeine, 79 cancer, 70 capacity rationalization, 427 Caro, Heinrich, 18, 62 Caro, Nikodem, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 Carpenter, Walter, 312 cartels, 222,223,244, 251, 296, 302, 310, 315, 318, 419 Carthaginian Peace, 375 Cassella, 79, 104, 107, 293, 300, 307, 326, 368 Cassella Color Company, 293 Cassella, Leopold, 292 cellulose, 39, 127,374,416 Central Dyestuffs and Chemical Company, 298 Chandler, Alfred, 13 chemical engineering, 408,422,424,425 Chemical Foundation, 286, 301, 303, 304, 327, 330, 335, 336, 337, 338, 342,

344,345 Chemical Industry Economic Group, 134 chemical triangle, 367, 371, 404 Chemical Warfare Service, 330 chemical warfare, 7, 24, 80, 229 chemical weapons, 23, 76, 82, 91 Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, 79,223,305, 369 Chemische Fabrik von Heyden, 294 Chemische Gesellschaft, 29 Chemische Reichsanstalt, 73 Chemische Werke Essener Steinkohle AG, 166 Chemnyco, 311 chemotherapy, 68,70,238 chlorophyll, 352 Ciba Geigy, 412 Clarke, Hans Thatcher, 88 cloaking, 289, 309, 315, 317, 321, 447 coal hydrogenation, 148-174,176,209 Cochrane, A., 291 Collier, J.w., 323 Combined Intelligence Office Subcommittee (ClOS), 126,215 combines, 419

Combles, Erich, 166 Comecon, 400, 401 Commercial Law Act, 244

INDEX 455

Community of Interests (Interessengemeinschaft), 69, 250, 252, 254 Compulsory Union of German Lignite Producers, 161 concentration camp inmates, 208, 211, 212 Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, 212 Congress (U.S.), 333-341,346 continuous flow production, 425 Cotton Industry Research Association, 240 Courtaulds, 239, 241, 419 Craig, Lyman c., 88 Crossfields, 228 Curschmann, Fritz, 131 Curti us, Theodor, 64 cyanamide, 106-120 Cyanidgesellschaft mbH, 107

Daicel, 416 Darmstaedter National Bank, 159 Daugherty, Hemy M., 336 DAVV, 114, 121 Degun, See Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Forderung des chemischen

Unterrichts Degussa (Deutsche Gold- und Silberscheideanstalt), 12, 13, 107, 223, 294,

350 denazification, 351,364,384 Department of Justice (U.s.), 336, 338, 344, 345 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 233 Department of State (U.S.), 331-334 Depression, 9,36-38,74,183, 184, 191, 192,243,246,310 Deterding, Hemi, 189,192 Deutsche Ammoniak-Verkaufs-Vereinigung (DAAV), 99 Deutsche Bank, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 Deutsche Celluloid Fabrik AG, 369 Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (DCG), 17,21,23,35,59,62,71,72,83 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur angewandte Chemie, 18 Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Forderung des chemischen Unterrichts

(De gun), 28, 30, 85 Deutsche Solvay Werke AG, 221,368,381, 419 Deutsche-Amerikanische Petroleum AG, 204 Dickson, Ross H., 185_ Diels, Otto, 83, 361

456 INDEX

Dietler-Jaeger, E, 127 Dilthey, Alfred, 66 diversification, 120, 224, 245, 409, 412, 427 Doitsu Senryo, 255 Doitsu Senryo Gomei Kaisha, 254 Domagk, Gerhard, 238 Donath, Ernst, 176 Dow Chemical, 326, 367, 09, 421, 423 Dreibund, 104, 109, 110, 117 Dreiverband, 104, 107 Drug Inc., 308, 314 DSIR, 233 Du Pont, 185,238,299,300,301,303,308,314,315,318,326,327, 344,361,

409,416,424 Du Pont Archives, 286 Duisberg, Carl, 7, 18, 20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 57-89, 103, 105,225,

254,293,304,313,348,355-366 Duisberg, Johann Carl, 63 Duisberg, Walter, 308,359,360,363 Dyestuffs Import Regulation Act, 239 dyestuffs, 7, 17-19,22,25,26,28,35,37,39,65,77,80,104, 107, 112, 120,

218-220, 222-226, 228, 231,232,237,239, 245-247, 250-252, 255-257, 269, 290-292, 294, 296, 297, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306, 314, 315, 325-327, 329-333,416-419,423,441

Dynamit AG, 39,419 Dynamite Nobel AG, 104

East Asian Commission, 254 economic self-sufficiency, 219 economies of scale, 223 economies of scope, 422, 423 Eggert, John, 124,129,132,137, 139-143 Eggert-Ettisch, Margarethe, 141, 143 Ehrlich, Paul, 23, 70 Eichengrun, Arthur, 67 Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Polytechnic Institute), 143,

352 Elderfeld, Robert c., 88, 354 electrochemicals, 20, 296, 306 Elektro-chemischen Werke, 369 Elf-Aquitaine, 367 Emergency Tariff, 298 Emil Fischer Medal, 72

INDEX 457

Emil-Fischer-Gesellschaft zur Farderung chemischer Forschung, 32,36, 39

Endowment Association of German Industry, 31 Engelhorn, Friedrich, 170 Engler, Carl, 24,58,60,86,114 Erdal und Kohleverwertung AG (EVAG), 150,174,176 Ersatzindustrie, 230 Essener Steinkohle, 169 Essener Steinkohlen Bergwerke AG, 166 explosives, 23,24,28,78,92,95,97,98, 104, 106, 116, 117, 172,222,226,

228,230,232,239,296,418-420 Exxon, 421

Falkenhayn, Erich von, 77, 80, 81 Farbenfabrik Wolfen, 369,373,383,384 Farbwerke Meister Lucius und Bruning, 63, 67 Federal Oil Conservation Board, 186 Federal Trade Commission, 300, 335 Feisst, Walter, 165 Ferencz, Benjamin, 349 fertilizers, 58, 76, 79, 96, 102, 106, 120, 121, 172,175,226, 230, 238, 245-

247, 250, 251, 252, 255, 370, 378, 382, 392, 393, 409, 416, 420 fibers, 423 Field Intelligence Agency Technical (FIAT), 126, 215 film, 11, 124, 126, 127, 144, 292, 306, 314, 370, 374, 389, 391, 392, 394 Filmfabrik Wolfen, 123-145,370,383,393 Final Solution, 348 fine chemicals, 417 First World War, See World War I Fischer, Emil, 18,21,24,28,31,32,57-89,93,94,96-98, 100, 101, 103, 108,

110, 111, 114, 121, 141, 151, 227, 230, 361 Fischer, Franz, 24, 99, 148, 151, 152, 153, 165 Fischer, Otto, 62 Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis, 148-171,207-215,378,391 Fischer-Tropsch facilities, 373, 378 fission, 36 Fittig, Rudolf, 64 Flash Gordon, 8 forced laborers, 208,211,212 Ford Motor Company, 308 Ford, Edsel, 308 Four Year Plan, 10,148,162,200,207 Frank-Caro process, 107,112

458 INDEX

Frankenburger, Walter, 133,137 Frankfurt Agreement, 213 free trade, 229, 241 Friedlander, Robert, 150 Friedrich Krupp AG, 166 Friedrich, Otto A., 448

Gajewski, Fritz, 123,128-133, 134-145 Gambardella, Alfonso, 447 Gans, Leo, 23 Gardner, John, 59 Garvan, Francis P., 286, 304, 327, 330, 332, 335, 336, 337 gas warfare, 81, 95 Gaus, Wilhelm, 185 Gelsenberg Benzin AG, 200, 201, 202 General Aniline, 126,311,314 General Aniline and Film, 126, 314, 317 General Aniline Works, 126,309, 312 General Dyestuff Corporation, 307 General Electric, 415, 424 Geneva World Economic Conference, 220 George, David Lloyd, 232 German Bunsen Society, 83 German Chemical Industry Association, 21 German Chemical Society, See Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft German Dyestuff Company, 254 German Patent Law, 224, 226 German Society for Chemical Instruction, 84 German Society for the Promotion of Chemical Education, See Deutsche

Gesselschaft zur F6rderung des chemischen Unterrichts Gesellschaft fur Undes Eismachinen, 294 Gesellschaft fur Mineral6lbau GmbH, 161 Gesellschaft fur Stickstoffdiinger, 107 Gestapo, 129, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145 Geuther, Anton, 64 Gewerkschaft Viktor AG (Klocknerwerke AG), 164,213 Glaxo, 419 globalization, 418 Goldacker, Paul, 129,132,135-137 Goldhagen, Daniel, 8 Goldschmidt, Karl, 150 Goldschmidt, Th., 25, 294 Gomberg, Moses, 88

Goodrich, 424 Gordon, Kenneth, 189,192 Goring, Hermann, 162 Graham, J. Ivan, 193 Grasselli Chemical Company, 7, 301, 305, 306, 307, 308 Grasselli Dyestuff Corporation, 308 Gravity's rainbow, 442, 443 Greif, Wilfrid, 308 Griesheim-Elektron, 23,26, 104-106, 223, 254 Grimm, Hans, 37, 134, 137 Gulf Oil Corporation, 189 Gwinner, Arthur, 111

H. Ahrens, 255 H. Ahrens & Co. Nachf., 254 Haas, Otto, 294

INDEX 459

Haber, Fritz, 24,31,33-35,39,60,73,76,78,81,82,93-96,99-101, 103, 105, 106, 108-111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 149, 230, 250

Haber, Ludwig, 7, 8, 92 Haber-Bosch process, 93, 102, 106, 108, 109, 113, 115, 119, 120,230,235,

250,299 Haberland, Ulrich, 357 Hahn, Otto, 36, 139 Halbach, Ernest K, 313 Harding administration, 301, 337 Harding, Warren, 336 Harnack, Adolf von, 73 Harpener Bergbau AG, 166 Haslam, Robert J., 187 Hayes, Peter, 130, 446, 447 Haynes, Williams, 290 Heidelberger, Michael, 88 Helfferich, Karl, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117 Hendrich, Heinrich, 138 Henkel et Cie, 13, 169, 350 Heraeus, 74 Herrigel, Gary, 442 Herty Option, 332, 333 Herty, Charles H., 331,332,333 Herz, Richard, 133 Hess, Kurt, 39 Heumann, Karl, 170 Heyden Chemical Works, 294, 300

460 INDEX

Himmler, Heinrich, 11,142 Hindenburg program, 96, 118 Hitler, Adolf, 9, 123, 129, 143, 144, 148, 161, 162,200,207,312,347,350,

352,356,364 Hoechst, 18,30, 33, 36, 38, 62, 63, 67, 69, 74, 78, 79, 85, 101, 104, 107, 120,

221.223.229.254,292,293,296-300,304,318,325,332,368,373,409, 412,416,419

Hoerlin, Hermann, 143, 144 Hoesch, Kurt, 61 Hoesch-Benzin GmbH, 167, 169 Hoesch-Kohn-Neussen AG, 167 Hofmann, August Wilhelm von, 17,57-63,71 Hofmann, Fritz, 39 Hofmann-Haus-Gesellschaft 21 Hollweg, Bethmann, 112, 113 Haring, Maria, 176 horizontal integration, 419 H6r1ein, Heinrich, 134, 354-365 Horton, L., 193 Hounshell, David, 446 Howard, Frank, 185 Hudson River Aniline Color Works, 291 Hughes, Thomas Parke, 7, 442 Hutz, Rudolph" 313 Hydrierwerk Politz AG, 203, 204, 208 Hydrierwerk Scholven AG, 197, 198 Hydro Engineering and Chemical Company (HEC), 189 Hydro GmbH, 204 Hydro Patents Company (HP), 189 Hydrogenation Construction and Service Company, 190

I.G. Farben, 7-9,11, 16,25,36,38,88, 120, 158-213 (passim), 237, 238, 239, 243,292,304,306,307,309,311-314,315,318,341-344, 347, 348,350, 354,355,357,358,362,363,370,371,383,384,385,391, 419, 420, 424, 442-445, 448

I.G. Farben in Dissolution, 349 Idemitsu, 416 Ilgner, Max, 9, 255, 308 Imperial Chemical Industries (IC!), 7, 185, 189, 190, 192,238-240,409,

412,416,419,424 Imperial Chemical Institute (Reichsanstalt), 22 indigo, 20,64,170,251,257,418 Industrial Level Plan, 375

Industry and ideology, 7, 11 inflation, 26,33, 175,252

INDEX 461

Interessengemeinschaft, See Community of Interests International Congress for Applied Chemistry (7th), 107 International Hydrogenation Engineering and Chemical Company, 190 International Hydrogenation Patents Company Limited (IHP), 190 Iron and Steel Institute, 240 Iron and Steel Research Council, 240

Jacobs, W.A., 88 James, Harold, 10 Japan Commission, 254 Japan Dyestuff Manufacturing Co., 249 Japan-German Commerce and Navigation Treaty, 257 Japan-Kommission, 254 JASCO (Joint American Study Company), 188,311 Jewish Material Claims Conference, 212 Jews, 13,123-145,208 Johnson, Jeffrey, 12,73,227,446,447 Justus-Liebig-Gesellschaft zur Forderung des chemischen Unterrichts,

32,86

Kahlbaum, 66 Kaiser Wilhelm II, 175 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, 28, 32, 33, 36, 39, 352 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research, 74, 148, 151,214,227 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fiber Chemistry, 37 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Iron Research, 237 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Lignite Research, 39 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry,

81, 95, 172, 230 Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, 22, 227, 236, 238 Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 22,23,30,31, 73, 74, 85, 94, 227, 234, 236 Kaiser Wilhelm Stiftung fur Kriegstechnische Wissenschaft, 24 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, See Kaiser Wilhelm Society Kalle & Co., 20, 79, 104, 107,293, 314, 368 Kanebo, 416 Karlsch, Rainer, 12, 447 keiretsu, 415,416,417 Kekule, August, 61 Kent, Bruce, 328 Kessler, Jean Baptiste August, Jr., 192 King, James G., 193

462 INDEX

Kitazato Institute, 246 Kleine, Johannes, 130, 142 Klemperer, George, 68, 70 Klingenberg, Hugo, 136 Knieriem, August von, 134 Knietsch, Rudolph, 170 Knorr, Ludwig, 62-64 Kobrak, Christopher, 13 Kodak, 88,124-127,137,141, 370, 415, 424 Konsortium fUr Kohlenchemie, 150 Koppel Foundation, 23 Koppel, Leopold, 22 Krauch, Carl, 134,142,173 Kredit Anstalt, 159 Kriegschemikalien AG, 78, 100, 104 Kriegsrohstoffabteilung, 77 Kriegsrohstoffgesellschaften, 230 Kristallnacht, 138, 142 Krupp Treibstoffwerk GmbH, 166, 213 Krupp, Gustav, 85,349 Kudo, Akira, 446 Kuhn, Hermann, 112 Kuhn, Richard, 353, 354, 357, 358 Kuttroff, Adolf, 292, 299, 303, 318

Lautz, August, 130, 136 League of Nations, 346 Lesch, John, 12 Leube, Wilhelm, 63 Leuna Chemical Works of the Soviet Company for Mineral Fertilizers,

213 Leuna, 79, 115-213 (passim), 367, 370-372, 375-378, 381, 382, 389, 390, 392,

393,395,399,401 Leuna-Plan, 367 Levene, Phoebus A. T., 88 Lever Brothers, 228 Levinstein Ltd., 228 Levinstein, Ivan, 229 Liebig, Justus von, 32,57-59 Liebig-Stipendien-Verein, 28, 32, 83 L6hnert, Peter, 447 Luft, Fritz, 132,137, 141 Luminal, 354

Magnesium Development Corporation, 311 malaria drugs, 314 Manchurian Incident, 252 Manhattan Project, 421 Mann, Wilhelm Rudolf, 135 Mark, Herman E, 37 Marsch, Ulrich, 441,446 Martin, Friedrich, 164 Martius, Carl Alexander, 17, 59, 60, 123, 127 Maruzen Oil, 416 Marx, Karl, 407 mass murder, 11 Matheson & Shaw, 300 Matheson, William J., 293 Mathias Stinnes (Ruhrohl AG) Hibernia, 198 Max Planck Gesellschaft, 357 Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 353 May & Baker Co. Ltd., 240 McGowan, Sir Harry, 189 Meitner, Lise, 36 Mendelssohn, Franz von, 85 Mendelssohn, Moses, 123 Mendelssohn, Otto von, 128, 134, 135 Menne, Alexander, 349 Merck & Co., 67, 69, 74, 225, 293, 305, 327, 417 Merck, E., 66, 293, 305, 325 Merck, E.A., 20 Merck, George, 293, 305 Mering, J. von, 66,69 Merton, Richard, 134, 135 methanol, 173, 175, 176, 179, 370, 374, 395

INDEX 463

Metz, Herman, 292,293,297,299,304,312,313,318,332 Meydenbauer, Hans, 110 Meyer, Kurt H., 37, 165 military-industrial complex, 446 Miller, Alfred, 140 Miller, Thomas W., 304 Mineralolbau GmbH, 200, 201, 205 Ministry of Munitions, 232, 233 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 187 Mitchell, Charles E., 308 Mitchell, J. Palmer, 300,301

464 INDEX

Mitsui Kozan Kabushiki Kaisha (Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.), 248,251, 256 Mittasch, Alwin, 100, 170, 172, 173, 182 Mitteldeutsche Treibstoff, 165 Mixed Claims Commission, 340 Moellendorff, Wichard von, 101 Moffett, James A., Jr., 186 Mond Brunner and Company, 228 Mond, L., 74 Monsanto, 421, 423, 424 Montecatin, 423 Montedison-Shell, 412 Montell, 412 Morgenthau,tIenr~ 13 Morris, Peter, 12 Miiller, Admiral von, 111 multinational enterprise, 285, 288, 289, 303, 309, 314, 319,409 mustard gas, 82

National Aniline & Chemical Company (NACC), 300,303,314,326,327 National Physical Laboratory, 240 National Socialism, 17, 18, 123-145,347 Nazi Party (NSDAP), 8,128-132,134-137,144,365,383 Nazi regime, 123, 127,444 Nazi, 148, 154, 158, 159, 197,212,312,444 Nazism, 9,11,348,349,351,364,365,366 Nef, John Ulrich, 87 Nelson, Richard, 220 Nernst, Walter, 24,73,80, 141, 149, 172 Neste Oy, 412 Neuberg, Carl, 85 New Order, 10 Newly Industrializing Economies (NIB), 243,245,252 Niagara Electro Chemical, 294 Nihon Senryo Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha, 248-250,256 Nihon Tokushu Seizo, 252 nitrates, 23, 172,226 nitric acid, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 105, 106, 115, 232, 382 Nitrogen Syndicate (Stickstoffsyndikat), 121 Nobel Prize, 79,98, 100,114,139,348,352,353,358,361 Non-ferrous Metals Research Association, 240 North American Rayon, 312 Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft, 31 Novartis, 412

Novocaine, 293,354 Noyes, William Albert, 87 Nuremberg racial laws, 131, 132, 139-141, 143 Nuremberg trials, 128, 138, 139, 142, 145, 286, 347, 354 nylon, 127

INDEX 465

Oberschlesische Hydrierwerke AG, 206 Oberschlesische Kokswerke und Chemische Fabrik, 294 Oetker, 85 Office of the Alien Property Custodian (OAPC), 286, 317, 320 Ollendorff, Gerhard, 132,137,138,144,145 OMGU, 379 Operation "Ossawakim", 390 Opfermann, E., 39 Oppau, 76,93, 102, 108, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, 170, 173, 177 Oppenheim, Franz, 127 Ostwald process, 78 Ostwald, Walter, 39 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 72,76,98,99, 102, 105, 151 Otto, Wilhelm, 131, 133 Oxo-Gesellschaft, 169 Ozalid Corporation, 314

Palmer, A. Mitchell, 327, 337 Parker, Edwin B., 340 patents, 18,19,26,30,36,60,65,68,69,88,94, 107, 126, 141, 143, 188, 189,

225, 251, 286, 291, 295, 296, 298-302, 304, 305, 309, 325, 327, 335, 338, 339,341-345,389,402,404,420,426,442

path dependence, 408,414 Patterson, Albert M., 333 Patton, Craig, 329 Pechmann, Hans von, 64 Pen-Chlor, 311 penicillin, 238, 393 Perth Amboy Chemical Works, 294 pesticides, 245, 399 Petersberg (Bonn) Agreement, 213 petrochemicals, 314, 368, 399, 416, 417, 424, 425, 426, 427 Pharma LG., 20 pharmaceuticals, 20,25,39,67,74, 120,221,222,225,228,232,238,240,

246-248,254,292,293,297,303-306,319,325,326,329,343,354,382, 393,404,40~409,412,417-419,423

phenacetin, 293

466 INDEX

photochemicals, 20,292,306,311 photographic products, 38, 124, 129, 232, 248, 254, 418, 423 Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 234, 238 Pier, Matthias, 148,170-213 (passim) Piloty, Oscar, 62 Planck, Max, 141 plastic moldings, 314 plastics, 10,39, 129,371, 395, 399-401, 404, 415, 423, 449 Plumpe, Gottfried, 10 poison gases, 354 polymer chemistry, 408,422,423,424 polymers, 37 Potsdam (Babelsberg) Conference, 212, 375 Potsdam Declaration, 375, 391 Pott, Alfred, 200, 201 Poucher, Morris, 299 Preiss, Herman" 290 process technology, 422 protectionism, 246,251 Pummerer, Rudolf, 357, 359 Pure Oil Company (Ohio), 189 Pynchon, Thomas, 442, 443, 445

Rainey, Henry T., 339, 340 Ramm, Eberhard, 110,111 Rath, Walther vom, 86 Rathenau, Walther, 77, 96, 97, 230 rayon, 127,130,226,250,310,312,416 rearmament, 9,420 recession, 426 Reich Citizenship law, 131, 134 Reich Treasury Office, 112, 115, 116 Reichsamt fur Wirtschaftsausbau (Office of Economic Development),

162,168 Reichsstelle fUr Mineral (Office of Mineral Oil), 159 Reichsstelle fUr Rohstoffamt (Office of Raw Materials), 160 Reichsstellen (Reich Offices), 159 Reichstag, 113, 114, 116 Reichswerke Hermann Goring, 205 Reichswirtschaftsministerium (Ministry of Economics), 159 Reisner, Heinrich, 362, 363 Reithinger, Anton, 255 Reparations Commission, 328, 334

INDEX 467

reparations, 175, 324, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 346, 368, 385, 386, 388, 389-391, 396

Research Association, 233,234,237,239,240 Research Council (Forschungsrat), 398 Reusch, Paul, 12 Revised Patent Law, 251 Rheinisch-Westfalische Elektrizitiitswerk AG, 108 Riedemann, Heinrich, 185 Roberts, G.K., 59 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 88 Roebuck, John, 170 Roelen, Otto, 154, 165, 169 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Company, 294, 305 Roessler, Fritz, 12 Rohm & Haas, 294,417 Rohm Putsch, 143 Roland, Alex, 91 Rontgen, Wilhelm, 172 Roosevelt administration, 315 Royal Arsenal, 240 Royal College of Chemistry, 59 Royal Dutch-Shell, 175, 185, 189, 190, 204 Rubber Program, 421 rubber, 423 Ruettgerswerke, 13 Ruhrbenzin AG, 164 Ruhrchemie AG, 148, 153, 154, 161, 164, 168, 169 Ruhrgas AG, 167 Ruhrohl GmbH, 198 RuhrOl AG, 201 Ruhrol GmbH, 201, 213-214 Rumpf, Walter, 176 RumpH, Carl, 64, 65, 290

SAG, See Soviet Stock Companies Saito-Waibel Agreement, 257 Saito, Ryoei, 257 Salinger, Rachel, 136 saltpeter, 76, 77, 78, 79, 96, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 109, 370 "saltpeter pledge," 100, 103 Salvarsan, 293, 297, 299, 325, 343 Sandoz, 412 Sapper, W., 165

468 INDEX

Sauckel, Fritz, 211 Sauerbruch, Ferdinand, 359, 360, 364 Sauter, Erwin, 165 Scale and scope, 13 Schaffgotsch Benzin GmbH, 167 Schamberg, J. Frank, 299 Schaum, Karl, 26 Schering AG, 306 Schering Plough, 417 Schering, 13,68,225,306,310,314,317 Schering-Kahlbaum, 306 Schieber, Walter, 130 Schlieffen Plan, 80 Schmalfeldt, H., 166 Schmid, Walter, 143 Schmidt-Ott, Friedrich, 29, 31, 84 Schmitz, Dietrich A., 312 Schmitz, Hermann, 134, 135, 138,308,313 Schneider, Christian, 134,170,173 Schnitzler, Georg von, 9, 134, 143,312 Scholven, 198,200 Schwarz, Ernst, 126,133,142 Scientific Design, 425 Scientific Engineering Firms (SEFs), 425,426,447 Second World War, See World War II Seebohm, Johanna, 65 Selbmann, Fritz, 392, 398 Settlements of War Claims Act, 306,311 Shagan, Stephen, 445 Shashin Film, 140 Shatwell, H.G., 193 Shaw, Robert, 293 Shell Oil Company, 189 Sherman Antitrust Act, 296 Shirley Institute, 240 Showa Denko, 416 Siemens & Halske, 107,238 Siemens, Carl Friedrich von, 31 Siemens, Werner, 226 Simson, August von, 127 Simson, Ernst von, 134 Skelly Oil Company, 189 slave labor, 348

Slyke, Donald Dexter van, 88 Smith, Alexander, 87 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 310 Soda Fabrik, 292, 368 Sohn, Emil, 99 Solvay, 423

INDEX 469

Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD), 376,378, 385, 390, 392

Soviet Stock Companies (Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaften, or SAG), 384 Soviet Union, 204 Soviet Zone of Occupation, 12,213,367-405 specialization, 407-409,412,417,419,424,425 Spoerer, Mark, 13 Sputnik, 399 SS (Schutz-Staffel), 136, 142, 144,211 Stadlinger, Hermann, 353 Stalin, Josef, 386 Standard Oil (Indiana), 189 Standard Oil (New Jersey), 185, 192, 204, 308, 309, 311, 315, 318 Statoil, 412 Staudinger, Hermann, 37 Steen, Kathryn, 443 Sterling Products, 301,304-306,316 Stinnes, Hugo, 108 Stock, Alfred, 28,33,36 Stokes, Raymond, 12 Stoll, Arthur, 351, 357, 358, 359, 361, 364 Stoltzenberg, Dietrich, 447 Stranges, Anthony, 445 Sudetenlandische Treibstoffewerke AG, 205, 208 sulfa drugs, 314,316 Sumitomo, 416 Supreme Court, 338, 339, 341, 342, 345 synthetic dyes, 170 synthetic fertilizer, 104 synthetic fibers, 10, 125, 126, 129, 144, 240, 370-372, 390, 400, 403, 404, 416 synthetic fuel, 239, 372, 375, 376 synthetic gasoline, 374,421 Synthetic Nitrogen Products, 308 synthetic oil, 255 synthetic rubber, 20,22, 39, 89, 315, 373, 374, 379, 380, 389, 392,421 Szollosi-Janze, Margit, 446

470 INDEX

Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 416 Tammen, Hellmuth, 7 tariffs, 222,223, 233, 244, 246, 291, 293, 297, 326, 328, 417 Teagle, Walter, 186, 308 Technische Hochschulen (TH), 72 Teijin, 416 Temporary National Economic Committee, 318 ter Meer, Fritz, 134, 308 Texas Corporation, 189 Textile Alliance, 333 textiles, 409 Therapeutic Company Ltd., 240 Third Reich, 348,353,364 Thiiringische Zellwolle AG Schwarza, 130 Titan Kogyo, 252 trade barriers., 415 trademarks, 296 Trading-with-the-Enemy Act (TWEA), 299,326,335, 337, 338, 343 Travis, Anthony, 12, 444 Treaty of Berlin, 324 Treaty of Versailles, 172,219,304,324,328,329,334,339 Trinitrotoluol, 232 Tropsch, Hans, 148, 151, 152

u.s. & Transatlantic Service Corporation, 311 U.s. Strategic Bombing Survey, 163 unemployment, 176 Unilever, 419 Union Carbide, 421, 424 Union of German Chemists, 71, 72 Union Rheinische Braunkohlen-Kraftstoff AC, 204 United Alkali, 228 United Drug Company, 298,306 United States Technical Oil Mission (TOM), 215 University of Michigan, 88 Untye Corporation, 311 USA v. The Chemical Foundation, Inc., 336,338,339,343-345

Veit, Richard, 254 Verb and der LaboratoriumsvorsUinde an deutschen Hochshulen, 28 Verein Chemische Reichsanstalt, 22, 32, 83 Verein Deutscher Chemiker (VDC), 17 Verein zur Fbrderung Chemischer Forschung, 22, 32

INDEX 471

Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der chemischen Industrie Deutschlands, 21

Vereinigte Glanzstoff, 13 Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken, 306 Vereinigte Stahlwerke, 237, 238 Veronal, 66, 69 Vertical integration, 419 Vitamins, 316 Volhard, Jacob, 62 Voluntal, 352, 354, 359, 360

Waffen- und Munitionsbeschaffungsamt, 118 Wagner, A., 165 Waibel, Hermann, 254, 257 War Claims Act, 339,340, 341, 342, 344 War Claims Arbiter, 340,342 War Office (Kriegsamt), 118 War Raw Materials Section (Kriegsrohstoffabteilung, KRA), 77, 96, 101,

104, 116, 117. Warburg, Paul M., 308 Wartenberg, Max von, 141 WASAG,7 Wassermann, A. von, 70 Webb-Pomerene Act, 302,310 Weilerter Meer, 104, 223 Weimar, 11, 120, 159 Weinberg, Arthur von, 20, 32, 36, 134 Weinberg, Carl von, 134, 135 Weiss, Thomas, 314 Weiss, William, 304, 308, 316 Wellerter Meer Uerdingen, 368 Wichelhaus, C.H., 59 Wichelhaus, Hermann, 83 Wiesen, Jonathan, 12,444, 447, 448 Wilkins, Mira, 443, 446, 447 Williams, EA., 193 Wills tatter Affair, 348, 351, 366 Willstatter, Richard, 26,34,79,348,351-358,360-366 Wilmanns, Gustav, 125 Wilson, Woodrow, 323, 327, 345 Winkler, Clemens, 170 Winkler, Karl, 176 Winslow Act, 338, 339

472 INDEX

Wintershall AG, 164, 165,203 Winthrop Chemical Company, 305-309,314,315 Wirtschaftliche Forschungsgesellschaft (WIFO, Economic Research

Company), 160 Wirtschaftsgruppe Kraftstoffindustrie (Economic Group for Liquid

Fuels), 160 Wislicenius, Wilhelm, 62, 84 World Petroleum Congress, 192 World War I, 9,16,63,68,76,82,88,91-121,125,137, ISO, 151, 172, 175,

185, 218-220, 227, 229, 238, 239, 241, 243-245, 251, 256, 292, 293, 295, 296, 299, 303, 304, 306,309, 311,312,317,323-326,328, 339, 345, 346, 369, 370,416-421,423, 441, 449

World War II, 38, 79, 82, 87, 154, 197, 203, 204, 207, 211, 215, 216, 239, 289, 315, 316, 367, 370, 416, 417, 421, 424, 425, 442, 443, 447

Yura Seiko, 416

Zeitschrift fUr angewandte Chemie, See Angewandte Chemie Zeneca, 412 Zentralstelle fur wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen GmbH

(Center for Scientific Technical Research), 172 Zyklon B, 8, 13, 348, 350

Chemists and Chemistry

1. M. Morselli: Amedeo Avogadro [1776--1856]. A Scientific Biography. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1624-2

2. EW.J. McCosh: Boussingault [1802-1887]. Chemist and Agriculturist. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1682-X

3. D.A. Stansfield: Thomas Beddoes, MD (1760-1808). Chemists, Physician Demo-crat. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1686-2

4. Pieter Eduard Verkade (1891-1979): A History of the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. Edited by Ee. Alderweire1dt, H.J.T. Bos, L. Maat, P.J. Slootmaekers and B.M. Wepster. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1643-9

5. A. Thackray, J.L. Sturchio, P.T. Carroll and R. Bud: Chemistry in America, 1876-1976. Historical Indicators. 1985

ISBN 90-277-1720-6; Pb 90-277-2662-0 6. G.B. Kauffman (ed.): Frederick Soddy (1877-1956). Early Pioneer in Radiochem-

istry. 1986 ISBN 90-277-1926-8 7. R.B. Seymour and Tai Cheng (eds.): History of Polyolefins. The World's Most

Widely Used Polymers. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2128-9 8. J.T. Stock and M.V. Oma, OSU (eds.): The History and Preservation of Chemical

Instrumentation. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2269-2 9. N.A. Peppas (ed.): One Hundred Years of Chemical Engineering. From Lewis

M. Norton (MIT, 1888) to Present. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0145-8 10. R.B. Seymour (ed.): Pioneers in Polymer Science. 1989

ISBN 0-7923-0300-8 11. H. Benninga: A History of Lactic Acid Making. A Chapter in the History of

Biotechnology. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0625-2 12. R. Mierzecki: The Historical Development of Chemical Concepts. 1991

ISBN 0-7923-0915-4 13. S. Ross: Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. 1991

ISBN 0-7923-1308-9 14. Torbem Bergman (1775) (ed.): Chemical Lectures ofH.T. Scheffer. Translated by

J.A. Schufie. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1760-2 15. e.H. Evans (ed.): Episodes From the History of the Rare Earth Elements. 1996

ISBN 0-7923-4101-5 16. A.S. Travis, H.G. Schroter, E. Homburg and P.J.T. Morris (eds.): Determinants in

the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900-1939. New Technologies, Political Frameworks, Markets and Companies. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4890-7

17. E. Homburg, A.S. Travis and H.G. Schroter (eds.): The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914. Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Professionalization. 1998

ISBN 0-7923-4889-3

18. J.E. Lesch (ed.): The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century. 2000 ISBN 978-90-481-5529-3

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