Council
entire translation
suggestions.
through.
some expressions
change any of the
who
turn
He
asked
period of
prosperity which
that
the
fact that
he was
major
development of
dynamics
of
theory which is
deliberately chosen to
substituted for
definition of
average
characteristics
application
in
specific
detailed
indi-
little can
a
just
as
clearly
on
the
a
region
and
capable of
Obviously it was
this
special
field—
bring
them
over and above
ciple
much
my
American
the Dominion
Mines
(Washington)
my
fiancee,
who
facilitated
the
adding more
more
complicated
German
We
a
worked out
which in the first
Occasionally
of
service
to
those
States
the supply.—
a
lengthy
article,
able
boundaries,
the
establishment
of
new
economics
sides,
to
August I.osch
b. The
b. Practical Execution
248
f.
255
g.
Conclusion
262
18.
10. Comparison of rent
complete
16.
Size
of
b)
agri-
culture
64
17.
by
86
function
of
soil
quality
and
distance
88
20-22.
Derivation
the product
landscape
125
29.
Theoretical
of
341
function
of
distance
and cement, Cedar
421
at the center
pair
man's shirt. United
from
New
York,
with
the United States,
488
States and
Canada, 1929-37
North and
South in
dependence upon
for
two
crops
39
7.
283
planning
347
by cities,
final
cause
of
things.
We
know
immaterial
where
our
presentation
of this
of the correct
location would therefore
a
science
that
does
but
give
 ?
^
1.
Ueber
die
but one,
of a producer,
of
of neighboring
not,
general theory
chosen its
problem
was
first
that is
their
activities.
(aa)
Effects
on
com-
peting
goods
to its
a
For they
than
all
that
With
the
general
locations
and
that
profits
and
consumers
of
the
same
goods,
and
between
would be
the
same.
Nor
is
it
altered
if
a
center
of
in
turn
an
essential
factor
behavior, and
their complementarity.
It was
geographically.
But
depend
partly
on
Chicago
area
suitable for
circle
and
then
redistributed
vary
sales areas
would be
different
forms
of
goods.
The
latter
are
already
given
buyers and
as
where
district
about
two
thirds
of
the
agricultural
location
theory)
utility
simply
take
the
without further thought
practical difficulty
dubious will
occupants
hold
for
poets, scientists
and preachers,
prostitutes
and
i6
eliminate
money
cost
and
money
receipts.
As
receipts
torn between
he
promised
to
emigrate.
a
4.
formerly
only when the number
consumption together
tied together in
one knot. The
of
equilibrium
in
mediate
Fig.
2.
to
and
from
a
tures are
for
until
production
Of
these
highest
order
the
advantage over the mechanical model that, like it, they can be
used
be
used
infinitesimal deviations from
possibility of
to
a
favored
point
on
the highest rate for
, so that
if, orien-
production
goods: The
ment
over
systems (location of
I refer
lies in
site of production
point of
total
differences may be
minimum
point
could
geometrical
solution.
the
theory
of
industrial
p.
314,
but
in
in
physical
return
empirical
calculation
even
when
nothing
but
freight
empirical
calculation
sites alone.
to
are
present
of
production,
production
receipts alone,
component.
greatest profit coincides
of
a one-sided orientation
production
local wage
differences may
 isostants,
review
of
Palander's
never be
individual
firm
were
doomed
to
failure.
statistics of
points
that
should
by
all
which
point
to
place.
most cost
factors price
workers
may
be
willing
to
attractive
place
where
they
and
(b)
presumption
that
demand, whose
extent often determines the height of the costs and always decides whether they
can be
all,
that the
favored points
industries.
If
(technical restrictions, cost
(technical restrictions, cost
;
scientific
solution.
Even
Lehmann-Lenoir,
who
eligible locations?' Here
considering
de la
choice
of
location.
taken
(1)
conditions alone
conditions can
^eliminate it
imposed
by
on
the
other
on every other factor
sources
predominates
except
where
loss is
the
whatever
set
up
indicate
a
location.
by
pro-
follow from
location in
determined
the
of
part. In many other cases,
on
location, though
of
for instance,
that results in
this spot and
mines will actually be
prices
on
over
half
are said
coal mining is
inevitable result
namely,
where
a
cheaper
the distance OD,
decreases
weight.
For
example,
per
unit
distant market.
3. If
from
a
large
power
station
erected
in
a
stations, and
if the
costs that
light on
these
yields
crops
^.
center
of
than II is
the
physical
yield
£1
per
unit
town,
together
agricultural
laborer
saves
transport
be
reasons
just
cited,
to a
inhabitants
to
towns,
not
explain
a
real
difference
town and
11. The
freight is
proportional
nii
-A2.
Hence
sometimes
said,
also,
in fact
necessary but
form. If in
perhaps only hides
of oil crops)
compression
also.
This
diminution
in
commodity
in
the yield
different
forms
handling is equivalent
(Die
fundamentale
Standortlehre
sie
wirk-
mills)
may
have
a
wholly
rational
from their markets. He errs,
however, in
overlooked until then. Adam
a
smaller
the Causes
associated
therewith
checks,
than III.
that it
the
result,
price
butter
from
rising,
to
exclude
the
domestic
production
ring
then
the
situation
Canadian
exports
to
the
United
States
increase
a
comparison
of
both
proved their spatial limitation.
a
breeding
on
poor
soil)
new situations, and
all.
Again,
the
production
quantity
supply curve
K (production
agricultural
area
be
 
extensively dis-
hectare
crops.
the
cultivation
of
corn
8e.
la
and
in
Thiinen
case
(continuous
line)
the
boundary
necessarily
be shortsighted
be
lasting
after
innovators,
FJ,
and
die-hards,
EB')
compared
with
the
former
condition;
broken
line
shows
the
rent
that
(from
Figure
8e) .
All
rent (hatched area in
farmers
(between
E)
the
rural
may
necessary order, but
plants
an
section with the price axis. Since the
enlargement of one sector
approximately
the
transitional
(Fig.
10)
the corresponding
rent for
to
that
for
potatoes.
possible
restriction on the production
the market and the
with
Kt^
/,
two
thirds,
of
quality
2,
uniformly
question of
progressively
criteria
for
individual
crops.
Even
innumerable combinations
from
the
be discussed in Chapter 8.
Joint
use of the land
example,
cannot
distribution
be
grown
wherever
a
production
system
favorable
than
any
that
excludes
the
cultivation
difficult.
no
longer
in
the number of
industrial,
the
former
by
many
agri-
procedure
for
deciding
on
an
agricultural
location,
just
for the
hand,
suitable
location
of
their
retiring heirs remains
becomes
part
free divisibility,
farmers
free
increases
besides
area
fixed
curve.
In
short,
we
owners increase and the income of the actual operator decreases.
The
general now
this
of
the
farm.
The
latter,
a
reached
the costs per hectare more
than
the
i.
increase
of
location
between security and
economics.
success of these
privileged
monopiolies
competition
and
spot,
and
when
they
are
necessary,
does
not
arise
on
every
natural
of one
at
some
locations
to
production:
a
and
copper
smelting.)
j8.
Agglomeration
of
Similar
Enterprises
1.
advantages
the
3. INTERNAL
available.
That
this
or
will
it
be
broken
entrepreneur's
time
(indirect
efficiency)
within
less; second,
enlarged.
The
our
demand
curve.^
the standpoint
the
economically
most
desirable
the
first
will
jump
over
him,
and
the
two
will
dance
around
one
another
until
profit (of
third
improbability
cit.,
and
producers are
other
moved nearer
librium exists
equidistant.
However,
even
independent
necessary to
the
demand.
alleviates not these
effects on
economy: Structural
with when
such
a
soil,
as
List
adaptation
to
new
situations.
to
(cc) Advantages
cities
and
for example,
in the
case of
large cities
that
deter-
mine,
indiscriminately.
other.^^
of
more
or
of the
amount
to
of number and
well, but
historical site can
manufacturers,
and
to
pay
town
indus-
But the
on
fore, in
the
town
in
relatively
whole
19.
More
exactly,
20. For
a short
basin
named
of
northern
France
and
to
a
does
to
turn upon
explained
satisfactorily
in
the
advantageous
not been shipped
of population for
branches
cotton
can
by comparison can it be
proved
establishment
raised
fields
to
cotton,
assuming
less familiar
cotton growing,
of
production
would
suggest
application
be
depend on this crowding.*'
belt has several such centers (and the competition of towns
tends
to
maximize
not confronted
for
example,
around
the cotton belt,
soil
everywhere
a
region
from
already been
so thoroughly
7.
Hence
is
rise
of
industrialization.
8. Other
from
a
additional advantages of
all, of these sources
large towns
agricultural
North American
industrial belt
popu-
lation
up
to
ancient
Greek
colonization
appears
According
to
Gillman
men
with
special
gifts,
since
agricultural,
the
more
do
the
same
demonstration
industrial
of course,
and the
the factors operating in
in things
1.
Alfred
effect
strata
according
to
whether,
like
agriculture
Predohl
distribution
locations.
But
as
in
rich
countries
or
explanation
consumption.
fundamental impor-
the world founded
he
of
decline:
the
conditions
of
this
equilibrium.
of interfering
valid
for
independent
producers
and
6. If all
P
profits
must
disappear
(Condi-
tion
3)
small
as
possible
(Condi-
tion
4)
, for
ducers will still
larger than
a
place
develop because his market is
too small.
of income
efforts, which
the
payment
happens
to
belong
to
him,
(in
place
The
on the
on the shape of costs within the firm.
Both
are
a
when
the
demand
demand curve
tangency. Equation
first sight
small
is
as
large
as
and conversely,
area,
independently
of
magnitude
whereas under
possible
the shape of the
Thus
but
production
center
may
me
repre-
sented
by
the
coordinates
(x,
y)
and
as
a
linger
be
in
equilibrium.
industrial
entrepreneur.
As
long
as
an
more demand for
of account,
consumption.
obtain two
industrial
goods.
light
and
air.
That
it
farther beyond
the real
18.
Another
important
to
spend
to
be
establishing that
be
easily
with
the
inevitably
have
weaknesses,
a path into
freely falling
general formula
demand, the
have
already
no doubt
have
been
said
longitude and 40 and 50 degrees
North
latitude
would
have
to
rise.
In
other
falling
that
prices
had
fallen
every-
where
in
Germany
the then Polish
(pp.
302
ff.)
and
even
large cities. Factual inquiries
in many respects,
shipping
and
live
similarly,
so
that
the
demand
21)
kilometers.
To
reduce
by
Tintner
This
differs
differences in
curve,
surplus
profits
some of
demand curves of
maximization
of
independent
enterprises
that
underlies
the
however, if an area is larger than necessary for n
producers, but not
course,
is
exploited
to
the
full.
Then
comes
a
for both.
unit of area is
demand curve.
the
best
baker.
entrepreneur,
because
more possibilities of
freight
costs
fall.
about the
hexagonal area
assumed that the
this
a
parallel
line
curve must
con-
ceivable
forms
distance
p,
the
volume
hexagon of
demand of the
curtailed
at
average
for
the
area
is obviously
regular hexagon. The honey-
a
market
the
true honeycomb, but for not quite the same reasons. With the
true
honeycomb
best were
in one case
the wax, in
of
a
region
with
a
concomitant
maximum
a
over the square
in
many
with
the
 
a
regular
hand,
p
of simplicity
If
literature,
though
by
W.
Christaller
left
without
regular
the relation of these
advantageous;
without
a
remainder.
that are
naturally
high yields, or because the number of trips is larger (as
with cattle,
these cannot be
needing
a
for
villages
as
the effects of recent developments
by
any
means
flourishes
and the
typical
orientations
27)
to
10
smallest
13a. August Losch
law
by
means
of
which
kindly
supplied the following general method of finding the number of settlements
corresponding
of
to be
diminution
demand falls
prevailing.
This
demand
first
by the
be adapted to the
cases, no
and trade has
many reasons.
sites would
increase, and
long to be
it
is
18.
Consequently
with
to
any
the
factory
is
decisive
in
the
small
side occupation, or
rule that goods
with
a
continuous
distribution,
unfailingly recognized
by its
area as
the chemical
forms
all
known
example, even with
area has
greater
inconsiderable
fall
in
demand
with
same commodity classes,
be derived laboriously
dis-
1.
sur-
for the
branches
which
are
too
near.
the
choice
provided the separation into
Figure
27
the middle
and lower
sectors of
the first quadrant are mirror images of one another in respect
to possible
and
a
choice
at
least
when
ideal
The
of
which
The
lines:
The
number
of
centers
twice
or
more
that
along
the
centers
is
approximately
one
and
a
half
times
the
in
traffic
density
can easily
be seen.
The centers bear the numbers of their
region.
Fig.
become
more
expensive
with
lateral)
exist in
practice.^^ In
everywhere.
by
profit
it is
local prices around
price funnels
about single
geog-
raphers,
would
Strictly
speaking,
15.
These
smaller regions, which,
 
number under the
time
is
gained
by
large markets
regard
areas
appear,
has
determined.
of supply are
of
market regions.
deutschen
Ostgebieten,
Raumforschung
the
fact,
with
secondly,
that the market regions of the places in question are cut up
as
boundaries
Christaller's
tion
Whenever
although
Christaller
example of
in the
fit so perfectly
without
knowledge
of
his.
17.
Thiinen
thus
so that
the regions
abandoning
without
cause
the
boundaries.
Hatched:
there;
secondly,
the
difference
be
transgressed;
if
p
lies
between
L/3
and
L/2,
place,
independent
enterprises,
be
buyer
example,
the
creation
the
delivered
price.
respect to
freight
cost
of no
price and
neighboring town.
all.
As
as
consequence
the
individual
market
under
the
neighboring
place,
price, the
elasticity in
the
c.
of the fixed need
increasing demand
cyclical
decline
in
demand,
especially
the
geographical
elasticity
prices
more elastic
in the local price
(bb)
A Comparisoji. A comparison of the
demand
at
to
n
times
the
except with
is
smaller,
and
factory
price
that
is
be
interpreted
also
as
follows:
With
o. b.
are
by
coincidence
respect
to
change in the local price. Proof for F: In calcu-
lating
Ci
and
£2
the
denominator
is
the
same
{QU
the
same
absolute
amount.
urban
base
reduces the size of the area
considerably, and it is precisely the boun-
dary
individual
will
be
smaller
neces-
rigorous proof
offered
O^T
as an
p
A.
13.
From
factory
price
further
influence
here on.
fall.
greater
than r, an increasingly large part of the possible demand
will not
it
is
of
by O^ to
O^H; that
absolutely,
that
the
elasticity
rapidly
than
that
of
A.
Finally,
the
elasticity
of
demand
of the total
profitable
factory
15.
See
Losch,
(See
relation between e and t.
What are the
€2(^1
average shape, e
demand curve
makes it
pp.
96-98.
17.
42 as follows: If
constant, then
e
instances in which
p'
distance
i.
Bo
The marginal
condition; the other
true
profit
maximum.
differences that
has been
and n
have the meaning given above, and b/a and b are the para-
meters of the particular
linear
given
by
J.
Robinson,
op.
cit.,
p.
183.
be
so-called traffic
^-
if R
is the
radius of
assumed
here
still another reason
factory is
agricultural rents. However, the farmer
gets
there-
profit of the industrialist
If areas are
prices,
differentiated
irrespective
of
through
A^
the
rectangular
we
draw
through
Ao
the
to the right
between
y
of
(asymptotes
x
is given
among others
the demand
when
the
demand
a straight line.
represents
variable
costs
that
the
buyer
must
make
is
quantitatively
cross-hauling
that
is not
its many forms
freight
from
the
all producers compete at the same price for every buyer
(quality
at from factory
agreements,
the
absorbable
freight
be
fixed
at
a
percentage
competitor; and,
pay, in
factory
(so-called
freight
advantage:
see,
for
example,
Moller,
Weltwirtschaftliches
Archiv,
1943,
p.
91,
Fig.
1)
area
that
with
less
are
of
opposite case.
as
the
freight
plays
no
by the price,
and the
the uniform
enterprise
would
no
longer
cover
expedient
of
spatial
price
(V),
and
(X)
area
and
the
greater,
therefore,
most favorable price
that
is
small
matically identical
a
larger
area.
With
a
decisive.
There
once more
to my
revenue
curves
latter, the area
It
is
enough
that
by
cutting
into
thus
47. W.
with the
the
average
the
only
just
covered
by
the
the
costs
Following
his
boundary
costs
with them.
Each gropes his
prices
at
the
boundary
for
all
monotonically
with
shifting
choice
market
area.
Nowhere
their
price policy
by
to
cheaper
competitors,
and
a
particularized
demand
(since
delivered
the
isoda-
pane
geographically
leveled
by
rate
schedules
not
develops
to
average
located and in which in the transport system is
already
subjected
to
it
must
differ
differ
In so far as prices are lowest in the metropolis,
the
which
likewise
61.
A.
Predohl
the
 
he cannot
entirely
to
itself.*^^
if
all
its
buyers
lived
old
differences
give
way
in different
Sensible
though
when
inefficient
68.
can
furnish
the
clay
and
which
therefore
can
at
the
expense
ways:
{a)
by
displacement
outward
partly
to
old
and
partly
maximizes
the
as
well
freight
rates.
by the white
because the same
a
way
surplus
must
connecting these
distance. If
it lies
shipping distance (which
ton,
a
rich
ore
pays
less
freight
per
different freight
sales
area
proportional
to
of
fact
the
establishment
protection of isolation
working
together:
first,
improvements
in
point characterized
right—both of
that
have
revolutionized
locations
during
free of
stratum
most
severely,
has
subject in
in
respect
to
Chicago:
of
transportation
in
so
far
as
human
endeavor
(indus-
try)
from one
size
equal
it decreases
from east
north.103
If
interruptions
of
the
sort
regions
bought from nearby
than do smaller
enough to
the thinly
factory price as
curtailed,
the same
demand, DE,
the
It
follows
thinly settled region
somewhat
are
communication;
there would not be an
adequate
market
in
a
exploitation
of
small one, B,
a
large
plant.
Statistics
in
Wash-
ington,
D.
C,
the market,
everywhere.
fiir
Verkehrswissenschaft,
XII
[1934];
and
C.
E.
Lively,
industries
to
formerly
inaccessible
labor. (See
raihoads
in
that
the
number
with
ordinary
highways
starting
to be
attitude of a
the shortest
this
in
my
review
of
Palander
in
almost
all
situations,
we
are
wanderers
between
them.
freights
refraction is
AE in Figure
50 coincides with
over broad streams. The
will
a
bridge
man?
Plant
At
two
practical
alter-
be
1941],
p.
659.)
lecting
places
of
the
railway
stations.
A
larger
supply
area
surrounds
them,
nomically
or
from
B
to
source
two
and
partly
over-
quality
from
border
by a
small
they lie.
twofold.
First,
or
another
over-
lap
(Fig.
52.)
c.
HUMAN
DIFFERENCES
§1.
head
distributed
Will the
to
is
The well qualified extend their sales areas until at the
boundaries,
be,
sales
ablest will
the
others.^
127.
Hellpach, Geopsyche
(5th ed.,
imposing
uniformity
America's
wealth.
makes the
so, the
They
will
neither
Such
place
of
new
in
whole,
to
accept
For
well
'thirties
especially
natural
raw
materials
was
instance.
at the price of specialization
also tends to
understood
see
W.
Sombart,
Der
Bourgeois
(Munich,
1913),
pp.
170-193,
266-281);
see clearly that
of Ferdinand
von Steinbei'
(see above,
this was
political
boun-
economic
boundaries
will
extend
regions.
§1,
140.
whole,
important exception
checked.
frontiers
of
the
tinctured
with
as
powerful
of administrative
districts and
ment
of economic
magnanimous.
5.
of
individual
market
areas
are
as
customs
exemptions;
and
diverse
privileges
granted
to
trade—
balance
of
power
and
differentiation
landscapes
have
exactly
the
a
tendency
to
reduce
at the boundary.
in
when neces-
states is
connected with
commanding
economic
trade
routes
to
the
Orient
were
lies
much
more
than
about
60
much
narrower
limits
for
productive
is
the
adjustment
of
politics
fewer
therefore
its
bridges.
other factors.
may be more
means
would
lie
side
of
the
border
if
the
uneconomical
shape,
will
extend
into
con-
select
that
side
of
the
border where
the empty space is larger; or, if t is not much smaller,
where higher tariffs com-
163. E. H.
boundary beyond which
that on
also the
are
may
under
necessary shipping distance
more
Similarly
natural boundary
zones. Even
inhabitants
capita
income
taken
together,
is
lower.
The
for
tariff
policies.
develops into
things
possible
extent
and the
stay of
capital imports.
capital in accordance with political alliances; and this has been
widely
practiced
even
ment
in
for
domestic
how greatly national
the
to
another,
since
at frontiers.
179.
The
method
question of
the greatest
com-
petition
by
by
costs
are
insignifi-
cant
falls
to
density and buying
there
remains
only
in place
fashionable
Leather Industries (Cambridge,
p,
176.
3.
According
to German law, payment has to be made at the domicile
of the buyer
of buyer
from Rome.^-^
narrow ring.
sociology compare: the sphere
Community
[1933],
p.
185.
area
metropolis
in
which
areas
that
reach
far
beyond
own
economic
landscape.
only
the
following
town
of
Cripple
miles, but
the
average
one
third
more
S.
Moulton,
which gives rise
world's great
east. (See
dissimilar parts
market areas
for the
Had
only
obstacles
forces
been
emphasized
and
fostered
at
the
accurately
stated,
in
its
possible
 
of anarchy? There is a chaos that arises from doubt
and
despair,
a
parasite
us of the
is
is
combination
of
different
orders-
tensions
sphere is simply
neither
dominating
nor
broader
context
of mass
mobility
and
divisibility.
A
historical
treatment
would
have
to
take
developmental
stages
into
account
world
trade
today
all
place
that
he
likes
best.
precise
experi-
certain
of
that
we have no
utility has
we
conceal it. The
of the
a
basic
construct
as
serve
the
interests
of
choice
likes
best
among
those
available
to
him.
In
so
far
as
even
two
persons
would
be
60 10
100 100
III 90
only to
heretofore.-
Althous;h
1.
several products we
they must
enter international
additional
principle
of
which are exported.
comparative
advantage
com-
the
remainder.^
pair of countries.
order
of
comparative
advantage
of
interchange need
not extend
comparative
advantage
over
(line
2)
only
erroneous changes introduced
elementary
knowl-
edge
of
payments.
With
a
the direction
countries—
two
products;
two
countries—
many products):
unique line
expressed in this way also: The principle of comparative cost
is
valid
between
what
direction, and with what probability. Other
countries
and
the
rate
of
exchange
so
interfere
is fixed by the
efficiency
remains
constant.
I
have
of the domestic
of demand
wage demands,
one
latter
is
tfie excfiange
but
only
the
rational
this
native
upon the
does
not
depend
When engaged
in several
§1.
an occupa-
whether
change
nearest
is greater
in D.
phrase
which is more
elsewhere
(81
the
piece
wage
^I, who
least
efficient
skillful
worker
may
earned more until
that the most efficient worker
will leave an occupation
because in the future
most unwilling
productivity series
to say, they
do this work
of
the
advantageous
unemployed.
Only
wage
schedules
make
marginal
workers
economically
schedules
in which
true only
when wages
that
output
equal any
answer step
differentials
economically
unjustifiable.
This
view
other matters
against. They
magnet.
These
the
be
greatest.
In
are
functions
so
a way that
can be
subject to an
time.
For
real wages
but our
total utility.
as this can
dwelling in
the same
locality would his public utility be
greater
than goods. Goods
concerned.
dealing with
be
compared
between
the greater
utility. But
the more
criterion
differences
are
a
location
by
reason his
upon what is
locations
^°
a
worker,
especially
as
that
are
not
not wholly
precisely
what
a
when
loss
remaining lots
or
the
general.
Thus
our
g.,
of its
charac-
teristics
are
1939];
E.
the
total
utility
disposed of is
especially
the
revenues
of
are ready
gets
it.
highest
bidder
land did
though
another in space, local variations
in the price
of land cannot
regular hexagon.
the
influence
of an entrepreneur on the choice of a locality for an
enterprise
is
under pure
But
need
no
longer
he
equal.
The
be
determined
against
neighboring
competition.^^
all
in quality
other
localities.
On
the
whether
it
by
persons.*
The
comparative
cost
can
hardly
believes
to
is this:
Every country
be applied
widely separated,
in England.
as though the problem
some
 
that
together
constitute
a
that
is
just
brilliant
bluff.
In the first place, it is not true of peoples
as a whole;
example,
it
impossible to estim te the cost of an article that
is not
produced in
 
 
tively
best
endowed.
This
separation
stroke.
50.
We
go
outside
the
production, on
the exact
a
very
determining
c,
price
of
4,
to
industry
Table 13 shows that
Nevertheless industry b
sites I
Cost of Land on
whose
on
resources,
for
uncondi-
by
or
less
attracted
to
this
leading
concentration
impossible
to a much
logical
distribu-
population
too
in
often below
even today,
of no great significance.
east, though
advantage.
of dense
to
the
must
be
the
agricultural
same plane
further
near
Duluth
(ore;
coal
from
this
belt,
especially
among other things, a
55)
region.
greatest
profit
62.
The
more
the
and
one another.
65. I
have disproved
of comparative cost:
founded,
This
assumes
that
production
costs
(5)
an
entrepreneurial
wage
industry
however,
forward under
ful-
filled
only
under
exceptional
circumstances.
68.
work an especially rich vein. The main problem of this
individual
does
as
to
smaller
or
difference. But because man
is
scope
will
from
tendency
to
allow some degree
be
attributed
self
largely
of labor,
funnels
make
up
the
market
gradient.
(2)
to sketch what
to
explain
to show the mechanism
national
trade.
2.
The
most
important
results
of
in the volume
of
employment
of the
conditions.
Suppose
the
demand
new
fundamental
ideas,
whereas
my
theory
is
presented
more
phere
of
prosperity:
He
with
distance.
be
able
level
of
the
worse off than
(in
Fig.
56,
for
to
B'lG'z)
need
not
who
spend
more
money
for
other
origin.
Each
consecutive
temporal
been
at
con-
food
25
per
cent)
was
60
per
who are not
 
the
imports
price change
rest
are
producers
of
D,
of
bread;
F,
example,
the
com-
offer them
reduced
these
con-
ditions:
that
the
profits no
divides. In
they flatten out
very
great
to buy
his shoes
has
passed him.^-^
But now
the cloud
hangs over
dealt with
a producer not only the series
of price drops
illustrated; from him
less purchasing
customers
equalizes Z's
words, these
D,
for
instance)
is
somewhere.
together.
the
less changed.
transfer
that
neighboring
landscapes,
is recalled
that the
through
logic
at
all
in
the
substitution
of
more
obvious
where
must
modern monetary system
money generally
in
international,
bank
deposits
also
in
domestic
trade)
could
be
created
that
would
to
pay
out
gold.
Suppose
unilateral
as
around
shift in purchasing
another.
Even
has already been described. This levelling
off
slightly higher
of
that
the
physically
diminished
gold
old-fashioned
gold
difficulties of
happened. With fixed
be
earlier, to
exchange
rates
does
F.
W.
Meyer
{Der
Ausgleich
size
must
be
appropriate
to
the
gravity
a
and to
some extent
small
gold
cover
require
the largest
coverage
high reserve
frontier, because
frontier
it
note
move-
creditor whose
exchange
rates.
If
the
debtor
to the latter
But
with
different
constructions
of
shipments, most
of the
final analysis. A
local
money
circulates
compared
with
those
our
preceding
example,
reduce
the
foreign
international trade, which regarded
tionably it
in
the
by
of influence
wave of
barter
terms
the loss of purchasing
occurs,
therefore,
save
the
Reichsbank,
lower, than in case A. As a consequence it takes
longer for
for the
less. Nevertheless,
bank credits
credits
as
the
shifts in purchasing
the German
exchange
secondary
effects
of
shifts
in
the
price
purchasing
power
transfer
thereby
avoided
but
the
effects
of
with
short intervals
the waves
influx
of
for
their
own
consumption,
like
that
in
paid.
creditor
country
had
risen
at
the
foregoing
a
change
in
the
discount
market
operations.
Moreover,
case
of
large
sums
the
success
of
the
preliminary
transfer
the payee.
The debtor
makes a
higher
forth above,
and he
increased
demand
makes
the
change
in
purchasing
power
of
their
loss
or
gain
elastically
Paris and Stuttgart
force
the
advance
than
he
gains
and
from ring
advance
to
gains, which decrease
that is,
lose
to
Frenchmen,
that
away
from
theory
remains
to
be
power without
this
reaction by
sure, yet
shown
by
the
least, the former
were
price
at
New
in
the
case
of
failure
depressed
hit earlier
grower
used, but
most strongly first at the
seat of the
1929
48.
See
to
20
lowered
prices,
repaying
industries
Berlin area does
exchange
rate
that
repayment
of
a
that
within
what
started
a depreciation
transfer
theory
with
yet
waves
of
purchasing
ebb
in
purchasing
small
ebb, hower,
obviously
immaterial
in price
destruction
for who would desire payment in a
currency
that
holds,
and
currencies,
therefore,
with
I, too, agreed with the first
group on
according to
equalization is
domestic transfers
 
moves,
but
it
predominantly
within
the
region
of
fall in
only around
Berlin. And
predominantly within
be regarded as
moves backward and
de-
creased
purchasing
only
to
the
lost
until
If all conditions
of
Berlin
and
Paris,
carried
^°
to
Z.
not
are propagated.
 
as
imports
become
more
expensive,
around B^.
50
and 70 in
Native
Canadians
moved
to
demand
all
general
by
what
to
migrate
for
them
from
the
curve
is
displaced
so
that
the
earn
(10,000
marks)
income to
the same
national
rise
of
one
national income
trade and
geographically
compared)
sure,
rates, wages
would become
may be
to
series,
whole are very
high they can
feel
that
wage
by
thinly settled. Improvements in
easing of international migration
agglomeration of popu-
has been said
of secondary importance. The purpose of transfer is to bear
the
that
The solution of the
cost
seems
indefensible.
And
the
more we guide
functioning
emphasized
could
not
be
built
individual; on
his freedom
spatial
organization
On the
other hand,
not many
problem
compensated, and
goods
is
actually
made
impossible.
preventing
these effects are felt very much less in the protected
country it may
bear
essence
of
fluctuations
are
still
influ-
to
result
be
considered
gold cover
in the other.
gold
with
an
influx,
than
would
correspond
to
are
the
distribute
rate
occur
simultaneously.
(bb)
Paper
Currency
offers
scope for the
their reserve
of
in the
creditor country.
See A.
be
accelerated
or
moderated
partial
repute, instead
government
of
results in
constantly new
to freely
so with exchange
trade.
The
tariffs,
a
temporary
advantage,
to
economic
development:
also
pursue
political
aims:
to
dealing with
market condition. But
•y.
despite
interesting
differences
goods, or
credit, even
the results
respects alike,
Losch,
landscape by
economic
landscapes. A
of
the
disintegration
for
any
people
and
landscapes
who, prevented
politically
prosperous
occur in
what
vital
one;
best of
of each when
are several goods, physical
is
relevant.
In
or tedium
of work.
from
goods as well
stream
in
barometric
pressure,
say,
are
the first
central
bureau
to
furnish
particulars
on
especially
location may not
from
be
not
are
closely
connected
with
an
outcome
Swabian
[1853];
and
J.
Haring,
Ent-
wicklung
und
Aiifgaben
change
in
location
through
There is
Der
Wettbewerb
to
be
replaced
by
complete
instead, to
groping
of
not comparable
with anything
no matter
be
in
such
sound
is based on this
consumer's goods,
in the manner
indicated, that will
first,
by
fuller
utilization
of
much
harmful,
inferior,
and
help, of
prevail,
but
rather
the
possibility
wide stretches of
possessions
to
country
and
consequently
only
one
single
was
England
as
long
Europe there re-
the constant
offshoots,
more the
by day
wholly
delayed.*- It is
it increased the purchasing power for her goods, and at
most
merely
the
exports:
to
the
European exports
when countries outside
do
all
roads
factor is
great
markets)
cannot
be
taken
than on its edge.
spot. Industry
other
within the
sterling area.
(A. Losch,
its wealth
not by
forcing preferential
treatment from
disadvantages
at
all)
. These
specializing
they
can
produce
For the following train of thought it suffices
to consider
should change
she specialized
in car
she can now exchange
thousands
the
ideal
result
of
the
free
but we
know the
a
first
the
to
which
free
forces
operate
favorably.
But
there
The
the variables, whereas
raised
of forces
would bring
though
perhaps
ignoring
all.®^
surprisingly near
because of
of
a
free
economic
mechanism
(§2)
absence
of
frictional
difficulties
these
results
represent
unreasonable
for
out
example, in the competition for water by
households, agriculture, power
by those who venture,
have also included
space
pattern
of
a
free
economy,
a
farm)
traffic past
relation of
agglomeration and
by the
reorganization
modification
for
through
highways,
were
war
tralization; the
Scott Report
 
insoluble
even
by
science
itself,
the
practical
 
shapes
space
blends
the
even have
to say
and
by
other
possibilities
which
temporarily
increase
the
efficiency
imitation,
but
reconsidered;
the
more
so
because
force
generally
demands
subsidies.
But
be
capable
of
independent
existence;
some
day
their
creations
must
is
an
example
cleared to
this
In addition there
platforms
four
miles.
on
accessibility
of
water
points,
of
of
Staple
Pro-
was essentially limited
I
do
not
understand
clearly
to
what
it
determined
in com-
parison with
mere self-regulation.
stage
of
way
to
permanent
little that
same
same reasons, less migration
public
installa-
rent out
economy
be
provided
workers
who had
of lost
the
products
of
American
mass
We
have
found
the functioning, and
the results of
the economy
which it
system
is
fit the
elaboration
in details, under-
standing of the model as a whole is lost, and the
period comes to
important
achievement
by
immediately
is not useless
does not
it is so
shown than
comprehensive
against
which
even
a
As the
away from the system and philosophy set them free and
itself began to
specialize in logic
remained who
is
held.
If
it
an
explanation
that
not
its results. Its
taken
laws
of
the
existing
structures
is, whether
No Comparison
determined whether
suffered
too
long.
^
As
was
important
to
assemble
as
Staaten, 1S62-1900 [Berlin,
mistake, however,
to be
the locations of the
introduced
Figure
62,
an
enlargement
locations, including those
Holmes
by the American
the Portland process.
points.
our own
of
Chicago,
Iowa
able,
to
maps
important
to
establish
the
general
significance
If
consumption
was
more
Economic
from
 
probably
also
immediately apparent
even
in
case
49
states
[counting
county.
Expendi-
tures
a
 
is made
short sales
distribution of products.
industries that
correspond
their spatial
their
loca-
or,
of the
1929 was
by
which
Illinois,
do indeed
contain a
products. Yet this is
especially large number
gravity
they supply
situated,
this
from
this
region
are
of
the
must not
and Canada
toward
the
the fact that,
lation
 
high
in
it is
recalled that
tariffs
or
never-
theless
deci-
sive,
all only
the
site
for one investigator
between reality and the
production
popu-
lation
in
5.^^
Hence,
uniform
and
the
density of
 
land-
to West on the
one hand, and from
States,
1930;
Canada,
1931).
east
central
part
a dry
a
farming
population
derived here
unmistakable. Theoretically,
hectare. In
important crops
literature, of what
transport
orientation
distribution
has
been
industry
of
presenting
the
subject
and
refer
to
decades there have
and
southern
England,
many
old
enterprises
dispersed.
groups
in New
finished product remained
building
costs
and
cotton states
cent in
of
Belgium
to
newly
opened
to but
three times
advantage
of
Predohl.-^
good
maps
see
Wirtschaft
und
Statistik,
1942,
p.
306.
^^
danger
to
the
southeast
northwest
Europe
throughout
large scale,^®
nearest
Wales
competed
in
in
Scandinavia
to
the
after the general
export
that
they
produce
possible.
auf
(Leipzig,
1942)
schnapps.
Thus
intensive produc-
tion of
.
least
less
common,
customs
duties.
This
was
even mentions
a case
which
is
so
unfavorable
made them decide
to go to
rule
in
Canada
enjoy
tariff
preferences
is not
is relatively small.
in
pursuits,
whereas
the
the
Canadian-American
border
on
the
been
abroad
from
in
case
of
need
is
of the United
trade of
trade
along
Canadian
Americans.
Conversely,
regard
operate
everywhere,
but
only
true of the
-*
u
U
G
e
bo
6h
PS
3
s
w
S
curves
21)
distances separating
towns. This
is still
from
Chicago,
the
average
distance
is
of
conditions
there.
Variations
in
the Black
as close
whether measured psycho-
the
neighboring
million
dollars
just
of
1931)
, iv
or
v.
4.
W.
Department
of
Commerce,
dry-goods trade, where freight is supposed to play a sub-
ordinate rolel Problems
8. Freight costs are more apt to be disregarded: {a)
the lower
the average
expenses 6.2
possible
business
policy
to
canvass
outlying
36
8
9
4
this, B
within the
particular zone.
miles
ton,
1933)
$100,000
and
$300,000.)
6.
Source:
and
Varnishes
(Washington,
1932),
p.
32.
taken
from
the
the
economic
wholesale
hard-
ware
(and from
radii
was
imposed
to
increase
private
profits,
at all in
the choice of
declined
to
export
merely
centers
are
der
europaischen
to be
nature of insurance
Europas
(Leipzig,
1942)
; maps,
p.
207.
17.
would
be
borne
Germany
of supply
supply
France
Department
of
[1936],
351-358.)
another
Allix
of
specialists
are
drawn
from
a
East
of the
thrown on
the
direct investigation
It
is
not
enough
of
customers
enterprises.
as cotton
is to
surprising,
therefore,
cost
of
shipping
by
low
Commerce,
given class
sizes had
Varnishes,
p.
18.
4.
in the
is
the
more
does
one
buy
centers,
whence
it
follows
with the
1936],
No.
7,
often does
one purchase
outside it.
choice, the
and
especially
from
only in the
portion
to
^^
that the
values
for
town
2.
N
and
no
one
will
deny:
actual value
between 1.5
the market
a short
to
^4.
A
B
distance
from
that
city.
Columns
3
most distant
into
less in
deposits
(p.
107)
Department
of
Commerce,
businesses
resulting
from
almost
Denver, is two
through
Kansas
shorter
long-distance
haul
to
St.
Louis
miles from
War,
the
of
market
areas.
On
both
the
East
Argentina
is
to the
would
provide
an
important
natural
advantage
freight
rates—
West, are
hitherto men-
tioned have
when
were
sent
out
building lumber and
hand,
the
explained.
The
farmer
who
takes
purchases at
the same
Fig.
76.
wheat
superiority) .
supplies more than
provides even
approximately as
regions
are
grouped
in
a
They absorb
to
which
Germany,
too,
the apparent
than two thirds of the
Canadian,
one
half
areas or even
the boundaries of the
the
rigid,
47.
Not
every
port
is
shown.
Most
Saskatchewan
and
higher than that from
could
be
together.
separated,
since
almost
all
wheat
follows
the Great
moment. A
areas together
permits
recognition
behind
of
goods
at
their
from the
countries.
freights has not
two
the
country
in
question
of
other
European
reasons
that
the
political
interests
Indo-China.
ments per region
105 462
1,
2
to the
as
follows:
Example
ize-
Theoretical
Distance,
Type
of
class
Miles
Place
1
2.5^
4.4
Village
2
a
size-class,
save
for
the
two
exceptions
mentioned.
could
eliminate
of the theoretically
7. On
Colorado
same
function
according
to
population,
this
classification,
were required
provide a
perfectly clear
theoretical
value
of
economiques
[Paris,
1931])
who
added
to
a
2L
number of
population is
new
country
are
town is
smaller, for the 8th
of
Berlin
grouping
in
column
3
can
be
necessary.
the same structure
32
(p.
127).
by
Christaller
become
clearer
strictly speaking, rather
unnecessary,
but
for
instance,
Figures
30
and
31
(p.
125)
show,
81 per cent
be twelve according
run out
or near
it
to
be
always
for
those
to
be
towns,
depending
on
the
order:
order
was:
^^
agglom-
erations
apart toward
by
of
those who have business
metropolis
and
of
neighborhoods
with
from
6,000
the fruit of its
Keyser,
ed.,
Deutsches
the
reason
why
Marshes, and most
remains
a
compromise
to be laid
at a
businesses
are
concentrated
at
the
settlement
Fig.
shape
Washington, for
administration
as
well.
But
center.
Hence
devised,
and
Cauchon
(Journal
of
Town
Planning
Institute
of
Canada,
February,
1926,
p.
12)
or tangentially
of Bischofswerder
artisans.
that
had
remained
high
railway
by
the
the
choice
to much
can have
dike
only
at
special
to an
detailed investigation
(see
map,
Fig.
84)
area, and many
side,
is made
to soften
contrary
H. v.
structure
from a great
daily from the country.
the
way
to
work.
employ-
is
exactly
the
same
[Leipzig,
1901],
II,
105-107)
varies
considerably,
and
radii
of
some
45
distance.
The
same
thing
is
true
it
elsewhere
in
full
detail.^
of
agricultural
entered on
problem of
interpolation,
but
approach
nearer
to
the
truth
the
larger
the
number
of
points
given.
Moreover,
the
pattern
Kansas:
for
for the low
1936.
(For
source
see
Table
38,
column
h.)
Fig.
93.
fixed
politically,
with
be
sensible.
Even
in
the
throughout the
were
on
of
 
interest
the
large
published so far that
from the
(about
branch
offices,^^
to
the influence
Bulletin
[Washington,
on
not
because, although interest on
of interest with dis-
Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation.
(New
class are west
of
the
The yield
of
a
few
cities,
all
east
Nevertheless, the
per
cent;
Philadelphia,
3.33
per
cent;
York.
highways, only
New York
at
3|
per
cent.
With
the
in the far Northwest, had
to
pay
as
high
taken from Moody)
interest was
differential
between
repaid
cent.
(Moody,
op.
cit.,
pp.
647,
2050,
2275,
2464,
2559)
We have maintained
all
from
New
York.
are
at a
higher price?
must now
work of
 
(aa) The supply
of local capit3l
lending
are
higher.
agriculture pre-
formation through
to return
place, the banks have
excess
reserve.
higher
in
remain
an
open
question
whether
or
to
the
agricultural,-^
and
finally,
also,
increased
interest
is
at one local
more
is the village bank with the baker around the corner.
Hence any
banks: In so far
entirely,
to
bring
about
a
credits
proved
be
more
only
of
international
capital
their
own
countries;
the
city
28.
or through
stage
of
for the
market interest.
This is
not
Reserve Banks
, by
discount
rate
of
New
York
is
2
per
cent
banks
without
having
to
fear
that
interested
Nor was
the Reserve
cycle
policy,
partly
the
since
payment
by
check
do not exert very
the
up-
to
have
grown
are
not
suited
to
Federal
Reserve
Board
low
interest
(except
with
a
substantial
regional
may often
distance
spirits.
Third,
interest
be
shown
only
in
frag-
in
Coal
Industry
under
of
isotims,
prices
in
constitute a
compact whole,
Mas-
querade
of
Monopoly
[New
York,
1931],
p.
295)
general
view
of
States
(Fig.
96)
of
transportation,
which
from
the
market,*^
namely
the great surplus
a
variable.
Zapoleon's
(which in
which
seems
to
start
ciple; partly
finally,
small
surplus
region.
But
however
in all details. Thus
Statistics;
that very
a
producer
affects
the
areas
supply
the
principal
about
the
same
time,*^
a
contested
the
Ohio
River,
and
the
northeast
coast.
port (New
(270
miles)
by
$37
are
well
known
to
be
numerous,
However,
endeavored
parable
quality,
the
established
in
be
logically
explained;
that
would be
expected from
a knowledge
be
by retailers.^
For retail
and even
it
was
obtained
15
center. New
York. Similarly,
the great
difference between
the price
($9.00)
to
which
(C.
Boehm,
at the center of
from
the
fewer; and
easily
or
clear.
and Detroit
New Orleans,
a
two
varieties
data
of
the
Dominion
in 1929
80 per
cent of
City
and
Philadelphia.
Prices
increased
definitely
around
this
center,
at
(about
$1.55)
: Boston,
Scranton,
Pittsburgh,
(according
British
Columbia
imports
of
fall, not
1927])
that
altered.
Even
compared
in
space
aggregate
in
he can
decide for
Detroit.^^
As
being
products.
where
meaning
for
small, contrasted with the fact that for Germany the Institut
fiir Konjunkturforschung found,
was not
expenditure
price
differences
whether
it
to be
In 1938 the
of
which
the
same
aggregate
a
basis;
for
example.
and, earlier,
911
pounds,
living standards:
the aggre-
prices,
but
also
Every
concept of utility
though drinking
even with
equal prices,
small
American
increase
in
yet
purposes
the
author
Second Report,
the
main
traffic
of currency
by
devaluation,
in the United States,
the Canadian
connection
with
die
Lebenshaltung,
109 112 122
1920
208
1921
1922
1923
160
1924
151
130
1925
172
1927
171
192
173 164 171 155
169 157 161
165 173 152
1932
110
81
1934
125
101
125
130
130 113 116 121 109
128 103 118 170 172 107 146
125 117
127
117
139 115
120 127 114 139 103 126 173 179 109 152 131 117
Basis:
70
V
67
127
V
107
85
A
94
their
peaks in the seaports between the end of 1920 and the
middle
until
the
beginning
geographic situation.
of
deposits
caused by
the
area
concerned:
to
an
exporting
the
average
nished
by
southern
interruption
levels
and
Statistics
percentages
of
dutiable
imports.
was
caused,
in
addition
to
the
relaxing
locations
than
the
from
the
North
to
the
cheaper
only
9.1
per
cent.
Incomes
Hill,
1930],
p.
25.)
surprising that
its
great
cent; in eight other
regu-
1.54 1.84 1.99
South and
of
reserves and
the tariff
I do not
cause of
12.
we have seen,
even if the point
is reached where a
circumstances,
a
last
resort.
Europe.
conditions that
nature this
Bohemia,
258,
456
Bolivia,
423T.
Border
wasteland,
205
439n.,
461,
481n.,
497
Electrification,
379
El
Paso,
423T.
Entrepreneur,
257,
375n.;
65n.
values
454;
location for
historic
forces,
scattered settlement,
115n.; optimum
209;
effects
of
a
spatial
movement
Stamp,
218n.
Thompson, Donald,
Wiedenfeld, K., 194n.,