Marquis de Sade
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MARQUIS DE SADE N O B L E M A N O F F R E E W I L L A N D E V I L
A D L I G E R D E S F R E I E N ( U N ) W I L L E N S
P L E M I Ć S L O B O D N E ( N E ) VO L J E 2 J U N E 1 7 4 0 – 2 D E C E M B E R 1 8 1 4
Vortrag von Konstanza
Tage der Tantrischen Gruppen, Ližnjan, April 2012
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MARQUIS DE SADE
His Life: sacandals – imprisonments – sentence to
death – political engagements
His Writings: fascinating and repellent
Reception and Key Philosophical Ideas
„satanic” or „divine” de Sade?
Why should we deal with de Sade?
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MARQUIS DE SADE‘S LIFE
Yes, I am a libertine, I admit it freely. I have dreamed of doing
everything that it is possible to dream of in that line. But I have
certainly not done all the things I have dreamt of and never shall.
Libertine I may be, but I am not a criminal, I am not a murderer.
-- The Marquis de Sade
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M ARQU IS DE SADE‘S LIFE
32 years of the 74 of his life spent in prison
Born in Paris, educated Christian, aristrocrat familly
1763 married: 2 sons, 1 daughter
His own familly condemned him
Not until 1940 – Comte Xavier de Sade initiated investigation
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SCANDAL S AND IM P RISONM ENTS I
1763 (23) – several short imprisonments because of sexual
mistreatment of prostitutes
1768 (28) – exiled to his chateau at Lacoste
1768 – first major scandal; case „Rose Keller”
Sade‘s mother in law obtained a lettre de cachet from the king
1772 (32) – sentenced to death in absentia for sodomy and
poisoning – flight to Italy
Imprisoned and ecaped
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SCANDAL S AND IM P RISONM ENTS I I
1776 - returned to Lacoste
1777 – imprisoned in the Chateau de Vincennes
1778 – successfully appealed his death sentence but
remained imprisoned – escaping and being recaptured
1784 – transferred to the Bastille
1786 – transferred to the insane asylum at Charenton
1790 (50) – released and divorced
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IMPRISOMENT
Vincenne
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LA BASTILLE
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SHORT F REEDOM AND P OL ITICS
1790 – 1803: time of „freedom”
Published several books
1790 – until death 1814: relationship with Constance
Quesent
1790 – elected to the National Convention
1793 – removed and imprisoned because critics to
Robespierre
1794 – released after the execution of Robespierre
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I M P R I S O N M E N T S F O R H I S W R I T I N G S
1801 (61) – Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest
1803 – declared insane and transferred to the asylum at
Charenton (Constance lived there with him until his
death)
Staged several plays with inmates as actors
1809 – deprivation of pens and paper (!)
Sexual relationship with Madeleine Leclerc (13)
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NAOPLEON BONAPARTE
Throwing into fire
Marquis des Sades
„Justine”
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PORTRAIT IMAGINAIRE
DU XIXE SIÈCLE
Sade soumis aux
quatre vents des
suggestions
diaboliques
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PSYCHIATRY
Hospital de Charenton
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PORTRAIT IMAGINAIRE
Sade prisonnier
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M ARQU IS DE SADE‘S WR IT INGS
Tagged under many different titles
Gothic novel?
Stunning issues of sexual violence, sadomasochism and
pedophilia
Focus on dark side of human nature: With 120 Days, for
example, Sade wished to present "the most impure tale that has
ever been written since the world exists."
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PROSE ( C H O I C E )
Dialogue between a priest and a dying man (1782 / 1926)
The 120 Days of Sodom or the School of Licentiousness (1785 / 1904)
Justine – Les Infortunes de la vertu (1787 /1930)
Aline and valcour or philosophical roman (1788 / 1791)
Philosophy in the Bedroom (1795)
Juliette or vice Amply Rewarded (1797)
The Crimes of Love (1800)
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OTHERS
Hitoriettes
Essays
Plays
Political pamphlets
Letters and personal notes posthumously published
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JUSTINE O R T H E M I S F O R T U N E S O F V I R T U E
Classic novel, no standard version
Napoleon called Justine "the most abominable book
ever engendered by the most depraved imagination"
Destruction of the book ordered 1815
Offenders: monks, judges, bankers – raping, tortuing
the virtuous Justine, who never gives up in being
virtuous
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BOOK ILLUSTRATION
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BOOK ILLUSTRATION
Justine
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BOOK ILLUSTRATION
Juliette
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THE 120 DAYS OF SODOM O R T H E S C H O O L O F L I B E R T I N I S M
Novel
The work remained unpublished until the 20th century – 1904 by
the Berlin psychiatrist Iwan Bloch: equated it with Krafft-Ebbings
Psychopathia Sexualis (1886)
Due to its topics of sexual violence and extreme cruelty it has
often been banned; 1955 still French authorities wanted to destroy it
Written in the Bastille
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THE 120 DAYS OF SODOM
Offenders: aristocrat, bishop, judge, banker
Victims: daughters of the offenders; 8 boys and girls 12-15
years old; 4 elderly women; 4 studs
Simple passions – complex passions – criminal passions –
murderous passions
The manner in which sexual fetishes are developed;
number of recurring figures
Film adaptations
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ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT
Les 120 Journees de Sodome
12m long
11cm wide
Partially readable only with lupe
Lost in the Bastille...
...and found again in the Bastille
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R E C E P T I O N A N D K E Y P H I L O S O P H I C A L I D E A S
„ S A T A N I C ” O R „ D I V I N E ” D E S A D E ?
Man is governed by his nature
Man can only exhibit and enjoy to the full his true nature
when he is freed from all moral and social restraints
Man's artificial laws dictate what was right and wrong
The crime of the Marquis de Sade was not what he did,
but that he spoke of it publicly.
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P H I L O S O P H I C A L I D E A S I N „ J U S T I N E ”
going against accepted tradition
the subjectivity of virtue and vice
the pursuit of desire and the consequences of it
the evils of absolutism for either the purposes of good or evil
Nature, as being the only true ruler of man
the pursuit of virtue, as well as that of vice, are both for the sake
of pleasure
The will to power is the will to pleasure
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P O L I T I C A L I D E A S I N „ J U S T I N E ”
the hierarchy and inequalities within a class system
the corruption of the church, the justice system and most
major institutions
the respective roles of the sexes
the necessity of reliance upon others (appropriate as De Sade
advocated a form of utopian socialism, at least later in life)
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M O D E R N R E C E P T I O N
Geoffrey Gorer – the first reasoned socialist
Simone de Beauvoir – radical philosophy of freedom; focus on sexuality
as motive force
Guillaume Apollinaire – „the freest spirit that has ever existed”
Pierre Klossowski – precursor of nihilism
Jacques Lacan – „Kant avec Sade”
Camille Paglia – Sade is responding to Rousseau
Feminist reading of Sade
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E R I C H KÖHLER – P R O F E S S O R O F F R E N C H
L I T E R A T U R E
Sade´s occupation with MORALITY
Sade´s negative teodicy = justification of an „evil God“
THEODICY: attempt to resolve the evidential problem of evil by
reconciling God's traditional characteristics of all-loving, all-powerful, and
all-knowing with the occurrence of evil in the world.
Justine – an apothesis of virtue and innocence
If he had written philosophical essays he would not have been
condemned
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The GOD of the religions cannot exist
Contradictory positions:
individual joy is based on the joy of others
the biggest misery of others causes the biggest individual
pleasure
Idee du Mal
To derive „sadism“ from Sade was a mistake
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S TA T E A N D S O C I E T Y
Central problem: the evil
Moralty of the atheists is superior to the religious one´s
Negative utopia: tyranny, despotism, fanatic priests, all
historic defects of mankind united
Positiv utopia for whole Europe: no class-system, no
property, no religion, no prisons, no death-sentence; autarcic
economy, no money – only barter trade; no luxery; equality
of men and women.
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120 Days of Sodom is the Metaphora for the
tortuing and burning of witches through Chatholic
church and the state
1885 still burning of witches in France
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SURREALISM
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JEAN-JACQUES
ROUSSEAU
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W H Y S H O U L D W E D E A L W I T H
D E S A D E ?
The tyrann, the raper, the murderer in each of us
Sade articulated the dark side of humanity and also the
worst fears; he visualised „hell“
You can only transcendend what you know
Absolute evil – and by implication – absolute innocence:
some readers write about the religious experience of reading
de Sade
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TA N T R I C - S P I R I T UA L I N T E R P R E TA T I O N
B Y M A K A J A ( 1 2 0 D a y s o f S o d o m )
Sex-hate - desintegration of the Ego through Pain and Destruction
- (short) feeling of unity through destroying the other being and melting
with the liberating life force
in contrary to:
Love - desintegration of the Ego through Love and Creation
- (long-lasting) feeling of unity through giving oneself to the other being
and melting with the all-pervading life force
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TA N T R I C - S P I R I T UA L I N T E R P R E TA T I O N
B Y M A K A J A ( J u s t i n e )
Demon of ascetizm and demon of hedonizm =
2 faces of destruction and death
Demon of ascetizm: breaking the flow of Holy
Spirit through the physical body – human gets weak
Demon of hedonizm: taking so much as possible
energy and puting out through sexual organ – human
kills oneself