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Copyright Institut Pendidikan Neo (iNE D) 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without

prior written permission from Institut Pendidikan Neo (iNED),Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam- to be used for e-pjj students -

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Pusat Kualiti, Sumber Pengajaran & Pembelajaran (PKSPP), Institut Pendidikan Neo (iNED),

Dwelling 6, Intekma Resort & Convention Centre,Universiti Teknologi MARA,

40000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan.Tel: 03-55225353

Institut Pendidikan Neo (iNED) 2013

Formator / GraphicARIF ZULHIMI MOHD ZIN

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,

without prior written permission from Pengarah, Institut Pendidikan Neo (iNED)

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam.

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Phi losophy Of SPORT & GAMES | 1

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2 | CHAPTER O N E

PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT AND GAMESThe philosophy of sport is concerned with the conceptual analysis and interrogation of ideas

and issues of sports and related practices such as coaching, sports journalism and sports

medicine. At its most general level, it is concerned with articulating the nature and purposesof sport. The philosophy of sport is never fixed. Its methods (see below) require of scholars

in the philosophy of sport to develop inherently self-critical thinking, continuously challenging

their own preconceptions and guiding principles both as to the nature and purposes of

philosophy and of sports. The philosophy of sport not only gathers insights from the various

fields of philosophy (noted below) as they open up our appreciation of sports practices and

institutions, but also generates substantive and competing views of sport itself:

Aesthetics (e.g. can aesthetic sports have objective judging?) Epistemology (e.g. what does knowing a technique entail?)

Ethics (e.g. what, if anything, is wrong with gene doping?)

Logic (e.g. are constitutive and regulative rules distinct?)

Metaphysics (e.g. are humans naturally game playing animals?)

Philosophy of education (e.g. can dominant models of skill-learning account for phenomenological insights?)

Philosophy of law (e.g. can children give consent to use performance enhancing drugs?)

Philosophy of mind (e.g. is mental training distinguishable from mere imagination?)

Philosophy of rules (e.g. can constitutive and regulative rules of sport be fully distinguished?)

Philosophy of science (e.g. is it true that only natural sciences of sport deliver the truth?)

Social and political philosophy (e.g. are competitive sports hostage to a capitalist world-view?)

Within these diverse compartments of philosophy, there has been a tendency for one

philosophical tradition to dominate: analytical philosophy. This is not to deny that continental

philosophy has developed a philosophy of sport literature. While the labels themselves are

somewhat misleading, both approaches are traditions of Western philosophy and take no

significant account of Eastern philosophy, which in Japan has spawned a significant volume

of sport philosophical literature. Given that philosophical research is intrinsically related tothe expression of ideas, the idiom of that expression somewhat shapes the boundaries of

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Phi losophy Of SPORT & GAMES | 3

what can be said. In contrast to the idea that the biomedical sciences of sport represent a

universal language housed in technical rationality (the scientific method) philosophers

working in the continental tradition have largely developed research within the fields of

existentialism, hermeneutics and phenomenology. Although the label is itself driven by

geographical considerations (the work emanated from communities of scholars in France,

Germany and elsewhere in continental Europe), one finds philosophers of sport right across

the globe drawing upon those traditions. Similarly, analytical philosophy though the dominant

tradition in Anglo-American philosophy is misleading in the sense that some of its founding

fathers were indeed from continental Europe. The drawing of distinctions to represent our

experience of sports worlds, however, is common to all schools or traditions of sport

philosophical endeavor. Given the dominance of the analytic tradition and the English-

speaking counterparts of it a few more specific words are required in order to make sense

of recent developments in the philosophy of sport. Analytical philosophy emerged as an

essentially conceptual enquiry whose aim was foundational. It is often captured in Lockes

famous remark about philosophical work being akin to an under laborer working in the

garden of knowledge. As a second-order activity, its central aim was to provide secure

foundations for other disciplines by articulating their conceptual geography. Its pre-eminence

was captured by the insistence that conceptual work precedes all proper empirical enquiries.

Its exponents were equipped with the analytical tools of dissecting concepts for constituent

criteria, drawing conceptual distinctions by their logical grammar and seeking fine-grained

differences in their employment. The discipline of philosophy was reduced in some quarters

to the detailing of ordinary linguistic usages and necessary and sufficient conditions in order

to detect the proper meaning of concepts others had to operate with and between. Despite

this new direction there remained a strong sense of continuity here with the ancient past.

Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle too were concerned with marking distinctions,

bringing clarity where before there was puzzlement or, worse, commonsensical

acquiescence. Many philosophers argue now that we are in a period of post-analytical

philosophy.

What this means is not entirely clear. We are living through a period of exciting intellectual

development in the subject which is very much reflected in the Philosophy of Sport. While

the careful attention to conceptual analysis will always be an essential component of the

philosophers toolkit, research -driven analyses of the key concepts of sports, games and

play, have to a clear extent declined. Of much greater prevalence in the contemporary

literature has been the development of substantive axiological issues ranging from social

and political philosophy of sport to the rapidly growing field of ethics of sport.

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4 | CHAPTER O N E

Philosophers have been clear about the need to abandon the aim of neutrality traditionally

found in much analytical philosophy in favors of arguing for substantive positions in relation

to the commodification of sports, their commercialization, and their corruption. The

development of substantive normative positions has proceeded in addition - rather than in

opposition - to the careful articulation of precisely what those concepts logically entail. If

these debates have also raged in the social scientific literatures then it is clear that

academics in this portion of the philosophy of sport have made their own important

contributions, premised on a clear understanding of the potentially diverse

conceptualizations of sport. Similarly, in ethics, philosophers of sport have attempted to

argue for the aptness of different moral philosophical theories to capture sports nature and

the nature of sporting actions therein. In these fields, philosophers have generated new

ideas about the contested nature of sports ethics itself whether as contract, duty/obligation,

utility or virtue. In doing so, they have often connected with the empirical research of other

bodies of knowledge, which would have been unimaginable to the ordinary language

philosophers, who saw themselves as neutrally dissecting the language of others.

The Principle of IndividualityThe Principle of Individuality dictates that the decisions concerning the nature of training

should be made with each individual athlete in mind (Rushall, 1979a). A coach must always

consider that each athlete should be treated independently (Bompa, 1986, 17). Incorrect

forms of training prescription result from all athletes in a team training with the same

schedule and load. Attempts to copy the programs of champions, which is still a common

practice among many coaches, will also result in incorrect loadings of the work of training for

most individuals.

It does not take an astute coach long to realize that athletes within a team or squad are quite

different. They have different performance and fitness attributes, life-styles and nutritional

preferences, and they respond to the physical and social environments of training in their

own unique ways. It is essential that training programs cater to these individual needs and

preferences to optimize performance improvements. The factors that exist in the training

process around which programs are designed are: the quality and abilities of the individual

athlete, age, and the principles of training. This chapter discusses the major factors that

need to be considered when individualizing training prescriptions.

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6 | CHAPTER O N E

will be small and relatively infrequent. Once maximum fitness has been achieved, it requires

much less training to maintain performance than to gain it in the first place. Thus the

response of an athlete will vary depending upon the level of fitness and the training program

content.

There are some athletes with higher sensitivities to the fitness component being trained.

With regard to strength, this becomes very noticeable in males around the time of puberty

when some have increased their secretion of testosterone while others have not. Early

maturers develop muscle size and definition quickly and often dominate strength and power-

oriented sports in a particular age group. No matter how much weight training is completed,

a late maturer has to await the arrival of puberty before significant gains are made. But even

with the advent of puberty, individuals will differ in their response characteristics and

performance levels resulting from programs. Some athletes just cannot become as strong as

others.

A further strength-training factor that produces individual responses is the proportion of fast-

twitch muscle fibers in the muscles. Those athletes with a high proportion profit more from

strength training than do endurance-oriented athletes (those with a high proportion of slow-

twitch muscle fibers). This is because the high degree of tension created in the muscles

during weight training exercises requires the fast-twitch fibers to become involved. After

some time these fibers hypertrophy and, due to their abundance in the muscle, contribute

significantly to increases in its size (Dons, Bollerup, Bonde-Peterson, & Hancke, 1979).

Throughout this text, further features that cause differential responses to training between

and within athletes will be discussed. A person of one age will respond differently from one

of another age, such as in the example of strength training and the maturational factor of

puberty. With regard to training loads, young athletes will break down and recover faster in

training than they will when they become older. The practice of individualizing training

programs requires consideration of the responsiveness to training' factors.

Learning Activities.

Describe the Principle of Individuality based on football game.

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Principle of INDIVIDUAL SPORTS | 7

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8 | CHAPTER T W O

ETHICS OF SPORT Among the different sub-disciplines of philosophy that are worked by philosophers of sport,

in the last decade there is little doubt that the sub- field ethics of sport has seen the most

growth and activity. Typically, some confusion surrounds the precise nature and scope of theconcept sports ethics itself. While it is both difficult and undesirable to police language and

to prescribe usage that dissipates conceptual confusion effectively, it may be helpful to

observe some important distinctions before describing the work of philosophers in the area

of ethics of sport. In the first instance, the words ethics and morality are used

interchangeably in everyday language. Many mainstream philosophers have come to

question the concept morality as a peculiarly Western convention whose ambitions to

universalize guides to right conduct were overly ambitious in scope.

Along with the project of modernity, philosophers were looking to universalize ethics along

the lines that scientists had so powerfully done in discovering natural laws and thereby

mastering the world. A number of traditions of moral thinking emerged which shared certain

features in their development of systems of thought that ought to guide the conduct of

citizens of the globe wherever they existed.

In this modern philosophical vein, then ethics was used to refer to the systematic study of morals; i.e., universal codes or principles of right conduct. The distinction between rules,

guidelines, mores or principles of li ving (morality) that exist in time and space and

systematic reflection upon them (ethics) is still worth observing. The idea that morality

refers to that which all reasonable persons ought to conform requires much more careful

attention. Having suggest ed then, a distinction between morality and ethics, it is worth

noting that the very concept of ethics itself is a hotly contested one.

There are a host of theoretical positions too numerous to list here (but including

contractarianism, emotivism, intuitionism, and rights theory in the West, and a host of

religious-ethical systems such as Confucianism in the east). One common way of capturing

the contested nature of the terrain has been caught up in the terms descriptive ethics and

normative ethics. Ultimately, the distinction cannot survive close logical scrutiny, but it can

be useful in detecting what are at least prima facie differences in the aims of certain

philosophical and social scientific scholars interested in a range of concepts and practices

such as admiration, cheating, deceiving, lying, promising, respecting, virtues and vices and

so on.

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In the sports related literature, most of what is called ethics is simply social science by

another name. It is better, perhaps, to call it social scientific descriptions of ethically

problematic practices, persons or policies. The older label descriptive ethics was designed

to capture precisely such operations. Here researchers seek to describe that portion of the

world that is ethically problematic by the received methods of social science; observation,

ethnography, interview, questionnaire and the like.

The most common examples of ethics in sport that spring up in casual conversations, as

well as the academic literature, are matters of equity (i.e. social justice in terms of unequal

pay for male and female sports stars) and/or of access (for example, with respect to racism

or disabled sportspersons), deviant sub-cultures and practices (for example, so-called

football hooliganism and cheati ng, sexual-abuse/harassment or doping), the prevalence of

sport as a site of child abuse and exploitation, homophobia, and so forth.

There is another conception of ethics which as noted above is quite simply moral

philosophy. Under this conception of ethics, academics are engaged in the systematic

conceptual enquiry of reflective questions regarding how we ought to live our lives. This

entails the analysis of central concepts such as duty, right, harm, pain, pleasure and promise

within (often ignored) theoretical perspectives such as Deontology, Utilitarianism, Virtue

Ethics, and so forth .Each of these moral philosophical traditions aims to systematize

thinking about the nature of ourselves in the contexts of good and right living and conduct.Nevertheless, their nature and scope differs widely. At some points they are coherent and

comparable, at other times, and pressed into particular questions, they throw up radically

divergent norms for conduct.

The distinction between descriptive ethics which was supposed to be an entirely value-free

endeavor, and normative ethics which was supposed to issue in authoritative guidance - is,

unsurprisingly enough, a contentious one. It is conceived of differently according to how one

understands the nature of Ethics itself. Questions such as whether there are moral facts;whether there is a clear distinction between facts and values; how the fact/value relationship

is characterized; whether moral obligations override considerations of virtue and so on, are

not answerable from outside a given theoretical perspective. But there are difficulties with

any attempt to distinguish one programmed that sets out to describe the world, from another

that prescribes a programmed for action; the two are intertwined in complex ways. Most

philosophers working in mainstream ethics and in the ethics of sport have given up the idea

of a neutral, descriptive, ethics (of sports) and pursue normative programmed for which they

attempt to give reasonable support in terms of the clarity and coherence of their developedposition. Nonetheless, the distinction need not be sharp to be important.

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10 | CHAPTER T W O

Ethical Theories in the Ethics of Sport In most writings in the ethics of sport, three families of

theories have been adopted; two modern and one ancient. Modern moral philosophy was

dominated by the universalistic ethics of either consequentialism or deontology. Over the last

twenty years or so (a relatively recent time period in philosophical thought) there has been a

revival of virtue-theoretical work in mainstream ethics and in the ethics of sports. Some

introductory remarks and references to indicative sources in the literature must suffice here.

Deontology (from the Greek word Deon; roughly, duty), is the classical theory of the right

action. Before we act, deontologists (the German philosopher Kant is the key figure here)

argue that we must consider those duties (usually in the form of principles or rights), which

we owe others in our transactions with them. The system of principles is usually thought to

have its foundation in a super-rule (often called the Golden rule enshrined in Christian

thought among others) that one ought always to treat others with respect. To cheat, deceive;

harm or lie to people is to disrespect them. Warren Fraleigh s classic Right Actions in Sport

is a beautiful statement of the deontological ethic in sport. It attempts to cash out a system of

guides to right conduct for participants and coaches engaged in sports. In other cases (see

Lumpkin, Beller and Stoll, 1999) philosophers have simply assumed a deontological

framework and applied it to good effect without necessarily interrogating the theoretical basis

upon which their sports ethics is based.

Of course, philosophically troubling questions such as what is meant by respect?; does

respect always trump other moral values?; does respect entail not harming others even

when they consent to it? and soon still trouble deontological ethicists.

Fraleigh (1984), for example, argues that boxing is immoral since it involves the intentional

harming of another even though they consent to that harm. While deontology (whether as

rights or duties) remains a commonsense ethic for many people, there are others who think

it simply starts from the wrong place.

In apparen t contrast, consequentialism is a teleological theory (from the Greek word telos;

roughly nature/purpose). It is a family of theories of the good, which justify actions according

to their yielding the most favorable and least unfavorable consequences. The dominant

strand of thinking here is utilitarianism which comes in a variety of shapes and sizes but is

based upon the maximizing of utility or good.

In distinguishing good from bad we merely need to add up the potential consequences of

different courses of action and act upon that which maximizes good outcomes.

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There are very few sustained efforts at utilitarian thinking in sports but see Claudio

Tamburrinis (2000) defense of Maradonnas infamous Hand of God incident. He also

attempts to argue, from a utilitarian perspective, for controversial conclusions to the doping

issue (he is in favors of abolishing bans) and gender equity (he is often in favors of non-sex

segregated sports).

Consequentialism and deontology, while taking opposing foundations for the justification of

moral action (in sports, as in life) share certain important conceptual features. In the first

instance they are universal in scope: moral rules apply in all places and times its just that

they have different moral principles (respect and utility). Equally important is the idea (often

ignored in nave discussion of utilitarianism as an ideology) that they enshrine impartiality. In

both theoretical traditions, no one person or group must be favored over another. Everyone

is equally deserving of respect, just as everyone should be counted in the decisions as to

which course of action should be taken (not just whether to commit a strategic foul in terms

of good consequences for my team, but the opposition and the good of the game).

Finally, they share the idea that the moral rules have force: once you understand them you

must act in a manner that brings the conclusion to life in your actions, for to fail to do so

would be irrational not just immoral. But it is difficult to imagine any theory of ethics (or

religion for that matter) which did not make such a claim. The recent revival of virtue theory

has usually taken the form of a resuscitation of Aristotles work. Here ethics is based upon

good character and the good life will be lived by those who are in possession of a range of

virtues such as courage, co-cooperativeness, sympathy, honesty, justice, reliability, and the

absence of vices such as cowardice, egoism, dishonesty.

Russell Goughs (1997) admirable book is a user -friendly application of virtue ethics in

sports. This language has an immediate application in the contexts of sports in theory, but in

practice spitefulness, violence and greed often characterize elite sports. Moreover, we oftenquestion the integrity of certain coaches or officials just as we chastise players who deceive

the officials. This sketch of underlying ethical theory and its application to sports is not

merely suggestive; it is also a rather traditional one. Scholars have more recently been

questioning an exciting array of issues; the use of genetic engineering in sports, the ethics of

sports medicine, the place of adventurous activities in a risk avoiding culture, the role of

sports in sustaining and subverting communities, identities and sexualities; environmental

ethics for sports in a global world; ethical audits of sports organizations and cultures; and

much more.

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12 | CHAPTER T W O


Discuss one famous unethical ethics behavior in Malaysians Sport.

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Securi ty Management in an INDIVIDUAL SPORT AT SCHOOL | 13

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14 | CHAPTER T H R E E

SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN AN INDIVIDUAL SPORT ATSCHOOL.

All schools are expected to have established safety management systems and procedures

that reflect their own policies and programs. Safety advocates for a 5 stage process.

Initial planning and approval

People and programme management

Pre-event planning checkpoint

Running the event

Post-event review and evaluation.

Safety Management System for Activities.

Before you run a sport and recreation event you should check with your school. They will

look at your programed in terms of the following:

Curriculum (learning)

Budget

Safety.

Sample Forms

A comprehensive range of forms related to this 5 stage approach are available in electronic

format and can be customized for your school. The following are the list of forms;

Form 1 : Event Proposal

Form 2 : Approval Form

Form 3 : Venue / Facility Safety Form

Form 4 : Parental Consent and Risk Disclosure Form 5 : Health Profile

Form 6 : Swimming Consent

Form 7 : Student Contract

Form 8 : Summary Information

Form 9 : Staff / Volunteer / Parent Capability Form

Form 10 : Volunteer Helpers

Form 11 : Transport Safety

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Form 12 : RAMS Forms

Form 13 : SAPS Forms

Form 14 : Contracting Checklist

Form 15 : Agreement School / Outside Provider Form 16 : Outside Provider Contract for Services

Form 17 : Event Planning Checklist

Form 18 : Useful Emergency Numbers

Form 19 : Accident / Incident Reporting

Form 20 : Equipment Usage Logs

Form 21 : Programmed Report and Evaluation

Risk Analysis and Management System (RAMS)

Introduction

In reality it is impossible to eliminate all risks associated with sport and that regardless of

steps taken to minimize risk, injuries will occur. Risk management is about ensuring that

those people involved in hosting and/or controlling sporting events take necessary steps to

isolate or minimize risk in sport. Two common systems of risk management are RAMS (risk

analysis and management system) and SAPs (safety action plans). While the examples

provided in this manual are based on RAMS both methods are appropriate.

Safety planning.

It is useful to consider safety planning and risk management from a context perspective. The

following example is related to hosting and conducting softball tournaments or competitions.

It would be useful to complete a RAMs form for Softball as you follow this example.

1. Identify the r isk s

In the first section of the RAMS form identify all the possible injuries and/or accidents

that could occur. These may include cuts and grazes from sliding, concussion from ball

strikes, or broken bones from player collisions. There is also the possibility of a serious

medical condition being experienced at the venue, for example: heat stroke, severe

sunburn or an existing medical condition worsening (heart condition).

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7. Final decis ion on cond uct ing the act iv i ty

Take to completed RAMS plan to your executive and have them sign off the event.

This ensures that the tournament organizers disclose possible risks and manage their

own level of liability as the tournament/event planner.

8. Evaluation

It is important that the RAMs is viewed by al l personnel involved at the start of the

season. The RAMS should be regularly evaluated and that any necessary changes are

made as and when needed. An example of this may mean monitoring and recording all

injuries associated with the event and other similar events and then identifying further

strategies to eliminate any common occurrences.

Injury Prevention

The old adage, prevention is better than cure, is a wise principle for all Sport and Recreation

Coordinators, coaches and managers to adhere to. In order to help prevent injuries occurring

to your athletes, you need to develop an injury prevention plan, and assist your coaches to

implement it. Use the guidelines below.

1. Plan training programmes that are specific to the demands of your sport, and that build

up fitness gradually and then maintain it.

2. Be aware that many major injuries occur when athletes are fatigued, and take this into

account during training and competition.

3. Be aware of any known long-term or short-term medical conditions that your athletes

may have.

4. Follow sound teaching and coaching practices to ensure you teach your athletes the

correct techniques for all activities, and that they perform skills and exercises correctly.

5. Avoid potentially dangerous exercises.

6. Ensure all training activities are appropriate for the athletes ability and stages of

growth and development. Set realistic goals for the athletes, or assist them to do this

for themselves.

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7. Ensure athletes warm up adequately prior to training and competition, and cool down

at the conclusion of each session.

8. Group athletes according to their size, shape, stage of growth and development, and

ability. For junior athletes, modify the rules, equipment, size of the playing area, etc.

9. Ensure that athletes use sports equipment that is safe, and is suited to their ability and

stage of growth and development. Ensure that all equipment is used safely and

correctly.

10. Ensure that athletes wear suitable protective clothing and equipment where

appropriate, and that it is fitted correctly.

11. Be aware of extremes in temperature and humidity during training and competition,

and take appropriate action to prevent temperature related injuries and illnesses where

necessary. Ensure the athletes fluid intake is adequate, both during and after training

and competition.

12. Ensure all athletes adhere to the rules of the game, the principles of Fair Play, and all

safety practices associated with your sport.

13. Ensure injured athletes are rehabilitated completely before they return to training and

competition. If in doubt, consult with their medical specialist. Do not allow any athlete

to participate who is in pain or unwell.

14. Ensure athletes are not overtraining, e.g. incorrect loading or progression of activity,or

simply doing too much. Check for symptoms of overuse injuries, i.e. pain and

inflammation. Pain is a warning sign that something is wrong; do not ignore it!

Sports First Aid Kits

There are many sports first -aid kits on the market, and many Sport and Recreation

Coordinators choose to make up their own kits. The important thing is that all teams are

supplied with an adequate sports kit that contains the essential supplies for their sport. For

example, you can never have too much strapping tape for netballers!

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As a general rule of thumb, a sports first aid kit should contain:

1. Surgical gloves

2. Small towel

3. Compression bandages

4. Adhesive tape

5. Band-aids, plasters

6. Antiseptic solution

7. Eye wash

8. Scissors (not with sharp points)

9. A sling bandage

10. Sterile gauze dressing

11. Strapping tape.


Explain how you will conduct a badminton tournament during your services in school. Starts

from the beginning of the tournament.

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Spor t ARENA | 21

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22 | CHAPTER F O U R

SPORTS ARENA

BADMINTON

1. In troduct ion

Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two

opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court

that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet

so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. Each side

may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. A rally ends once

the shuttlecock has struck the floor, or if a fault has been called by either the umpire or

service judge or, in their absence, the offending player, at any time during the rally.

The shuttlecock (or shuttle) is a feathered (or plastic, mainly in uncompetitive games)

projectile whose unique aerodynamic properties cause it to fly differently than the balls

used in most racquet sports; in particular, the feathers create much higher drag,

causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly than a ball. Shuttlecocks have a

much higher top speed, when compared to other racquet sports. Because shuttlecock

flight is affected by wind, competitive badminton is played indoors. Badminton is also

played outdoors as a casual recreational activity, often as a garden or beach game.

Since 1992, badminton has been an Olympic sport with five events: men's and

women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, in which each pair

consists of a man and a woman. At high levels of play, especially in singles, the sport

demands excellent fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, explosive strength,

speed and precision. It is also a technical sport, requiring good motor coordination and

the development of sophisticated racquet movements.

2. History Badminton is a sport that has been around for hundreds of years in different forms.

While most people are only interested in playing the game, to truly gain an

appreciation for the game, you also need to learn badminton history. This will allow

you to understand all of the details about the game, so that you will begin to love it

even more. Badminton history shows the long history of this sport and it can give you a

new hobby that you will love and enjoy for a long time to come. Badminton history

began long, long ago in Egypt and Ancient Greece. It was actually derived from two

different childs games that were played during these times, battledore and

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Spor t ARENA | 23

shuttlecock. During the 19th century, badminton was played in India under the name,

Poona and British Army Officers brought the game to England. The g ame was played

at a party in 1873 at the Duke of Beauforts country estate in Badminton. The game

began to be called badminton after this point.

From this point, badminton spread all around the world, including to the United States,

China, Canada, New Zealand, and more. The game evolved from the rules that it was

played by in India to what you now play and enjoy. Men solely played the game at first,

but over the years, women began to join the badminton craze and enjoy the game as

well. Championships and tournaments have grown from this start to help make

badminton a very popular game that is competitive and enjoyable. Several

international competitions are played with all different levels of competition, including

the Olympic level. Badminton was added as a Summer Olympics sport in 1992, withthe first competitive Olympic matches

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being held in Barcelona. This helped to bring even more attention and popularity to

the sport on every level, from junior to Olympic levels. Badminton history is long and

varied, but this helps to give it the great popularity that it has today. With its early roots

in a childs game, you can see how it can still be fun for both children and adults. By

learning more about badminton history, you can increase your love for the game and

help to pass this love on to others. Whether you are playing badminton as a hobby or

want to make it your career, by learning badminton history, you can increase your

appreciation and enjoyment of the game.

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3. Equipm ent Needed

RACQUETBadminton racquets are lightweight, with

top quality racquets weighing between 70

and 95 grams (2.4 to 3.3 ounces) not

including grip or strings. They are

composed of many different materials

ranging from carbon fibre composite

(graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel,

which may be augmented by a variety of

materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent

strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and givesexcellent kinetic energy transfer. Before

the adoption of carbon fibre composite,

racquets were made of light metals such

as aluminium. Earlier still, racquets were

made of wood. Cheap racquets are still

often made of metals such as steel, but

wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, because

of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as fullereneand carbon nanotubes are added to rackets giving them greater durability

SHUTTLECOCK A shuttlecock is a high-

drag projectile, with an

open conical shape: the

cone is formed from

sixteen overlapping

feathers embedded into a

rounded cork base. The

cork is covered with thin

leather or synthetic

material.

Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as

feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed witheither natural cork or synthetic foam base, and a plastic skirt.

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for a higher string tension can cause the shuttle to slide off the racquet and

hence make it harder to hit a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that

the optimum tension for power depends on the player: ] the faster and more

accurately a player can swing their racquet, the higher the tension for maximum

power. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical analysis, nor is

there clear evidence in favour of one or the other. The most effective way for a

player to find a good string tension is to experiment.

GRIP The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of his racquet handle

and choose a comfortable surface to hold. A player may build up the handle with

one or several grips before applying the final layer. There are two main types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips . Replacement grips are thicker, and are

often used to increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than

1 mm), and are often used as the final layer. Many players, however, prefer to

use replacement grips as the final layer. Towelling grips are always replacement

grips. Replacement grips have an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have

only a small patch of adhesive at the start of the tape and must be applied under

tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who change grips frequently,

because they may be removed more rapidly without damaging the underlying

material.

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4. Rules and Regulat ions

DOUBLES AND SINGLES:Badminton can be played by two or four players. In a singles, two single players

(two men or two women) play against each other. A doubles consists of two

opposing pairs of players. There are ladies' doubles (two pairs of ladies playing

against each other), men's doubles (two pairs of two men playing against each

other) and mixed doubles (two pairs consisting of one man and one woman

playing against each other). The game therefore has five disciplines: ladies'

singles, ladies' doubles, men's singles, men's doubles, and mixed doubles.

THE COURTIn normal play, the court is 13.40m long and 5.10m (singles) or 6.10m (doubles)

wide. The height of the net is 1.524m over the centre of the court, but 1.55m over

the side lines of the doubles court.

The singles court always covers the full length of the court, from base line to

base line, both in normal play and for the service. Similarly, singles are always

played on the narrow court.

Doubles are always played on the wide court. During a rally, the base line at the

back of the court marks the end of the court. However, a doubles service must

be played into the short service court, marked by the doubles service line 80

centimetres before the base line.

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THE TOSS At the beginning of each match, a toss is made to determine which side serves

first. The winner of the toss can chose whether to make the first service of the

match or whether to return first, thus leaving the first service to the opponent.

The side that lost the toss can then chose on which end of the court he/she/they

want to start.

Alternatively, the side that wins the toss may also choose to select the end of the

curt on which he/she/they want(s) to start. The right to decide who makes the

first service in the match then goes to the side that lost the toss.

THE SETS A badminton match commonly consists of up to three sets. The side that first

reaches 21 points wins a set (exception: when there is no two-point difference -

see below). The side that first wins two sets wins the match. A third set is played

if, after two sets, both sides have won one each.

After each set the sides will change at the ends. A short break of up to 90

seconds can be made between sets and in the middle of each set, when the first

player reaches 11 points. Strictly speaking, the players may not leave the court

during the break, but coaching is allowed.

SCORING A rally is won by one side if it plays the shuttle in such a way that it cannot be

returned by the opponents and hits the ground inside the opponent's court(including on the lines), if the opponent's return does not cross the net or if the

opponent's return hits the ground outside the court boundaries.

Furthermore, a side wins the rally if:

(one of) the opposing player(s) touches the shuttle with the body before it hits the ground (whether inside or outside the court)

(one of) the opposing player(s) touches the net with the racket or the body while the shuttle is in the air

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(one of) the opposing player(s) hits the shuttle before it has crossed the net (i.e. reaching over to the opponent's side of the court)

both players of one side in a doubles touch the shuttle

one player touches the shuttle more than once

a faulty service is played

The basic scoring rules are:

The winner of each rally scores a point, regardless of who is serving. Thismeans that every mistake, even a faulty service, wins the opponent a

point. (Avoidable) mistakes are thus penalised quite heavily.

The player winning a rally scores a point and simultaneously wins (or keeps) the right to serve.

The winning score in each set is 21 points, but to win a set, a side must lead their opponents by two points or more (see below).

A player must lead his/her opponents by a minimum of two points in order to win a set. The closest possible winning score with 21 points is therefore

21-19. If the score reaches 20-20, the set is won by the first player or pair

building up a two point lead or by the first player or pair to score 30 points.

This means that possible winning scores are 22-20, 21-23, 22- 24,, 29 -

27, 30-28 - or 30-29: if score reaches 29-29, the next player to score a

point wins the set with a score of 30-29. This is the only exception when no

margin of two points is needed to win a set.

The winning score for a set is the same in all five disciplines.

Even in a doubles, each side only has one service. As in the singlesdisciplines, the service is played from the left or the right service court,

depending on whether the score of the serving side is odd or even. The

service is always played from the left service court if the serving side's

score is odd or from the right service court if it is even. In doubles, players

of the serving side change service courts with every point they score, but if

a side scores a point without having served, they do not change service

courts.

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SERVING

Every service, in singles and doubles, must be played across the front service line, nearly 2 metres away from the net, and always into the

diagonally opposite service court. Each side has one service (in singles

and in doubles). If the serving side's score is even, the service must be

played from the right service court, if it is odd, from the left service court.

The first service (at 0-0) is always played from the right service court.

If the serving side scores a point, it keeps the service and

starts the next rally with a new

service from the left or right

service court, depending on

whether its score is odd or

even. If the returning side

scores a point, it also wins the

right to serve. This principle

applied to singles as well as to

doubles matches.

In singles, the position of theserving player is easy to

ascertain as it always and only

depends on whether the

serving player's score is odd

(left service court) or even (right

service court).

In doubles, a little more careneeds to be taken as the two

players of a side take it in turns to serve. Again, the service court from

which the service is played depends on whether the score is odd (left) or

even (right). If the side of the serving player scores a point, the player

keeps the right to serve and moves to the other service court for the next

service. This procedure continues until the returning side wins a point. In

this case, they also win the right to serve, but they do not change service

courts at that point. Service courts are only changed by the serving side.

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The rules of tennis have not changed much since the 1890s. Two exceptions are that

from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the

adoption of the tie-break in the 1970s. A recent addition to professional tennis has

been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point challenge

system, which allows a player to challenge the line umpire's call of a point. Players

have unlimited opportunities to challenge provided the challenges made are correct.

However, once three incorrect challenges are made in a set, they cannot challenge

again until the next set. If the set goes to a tie-break, players are given one additional

opportunity to challenge the call. This electronic review, currently called Hawk-Eye, is

available at a limited number of high-level ATP and WTA tournaments.

Tennis is enjoyed by millions of recreational players and is also a hugely popular

worldwide spectator sport, especially the four Grand Slam tournaments also referred to

as the "Majors. The Australian Open played on hard courts, the French Open played

on red clay courts, Wimbledon played on grass courts, and the US Open played also

on hard courts.

2. History

While the modern game of tennis originated in late 19th century England, most

historians believe that the games' ancient origin is from 12th century France, but theball was then struck with the palm of the hand. Louis X of France was a keen player

of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis, and became notable as the first

person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis was unhappy with

playing tennis out of doors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris

"around the end of the 13th century". In due course this design spread across royal

palaces all over Europe. Unfortunately, in June 1316 at Vincennes, Val-de-Marne and

following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine

and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was alsosuspicion of poisoning. Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis X is

history's first tennis player known by name.

It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be

called "tennis", from the Old French term tenez, which can be translated as "hold",

"receive" or "take", an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was

popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the

ball could be hit off the wall. During the 18th century and early 19th century, as realtennis declined, new racquets sports emerged in England.

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3. Equipm ents Needed

RACQUETSThe components of a tennis racquet include a handle, known as the grip,

connected to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of

tightly pulled strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, racquets were

of wood and of standard size, and strings were of animal gut. Laminated wood

construction yielded more strength in racquets used through most of the 20th

century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and

lighter metals such as titanium were introduced. These stronger materials

enabled the production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power.

Meanwhile technology led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of

gut yet with added durability.

Under modern rules of tennis, the racquet must adhere to the following

guidelines:

The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally uniform.

The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches in length and 12.5 inches in width.

The entire racquet must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the racquet.

The racquet must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or advice to the player during the match.

The rules regarding racquets have changed over time, as material and

engineering advances have been made. For example, the maximum length of

the frame had been 32 inches until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches.

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BALLSTennis balls are of hollow rubber

with a felt coating. Traditionally

white, the predominant color was

gradually changed to Optic

Yellow in the latter part of the

20th century to allow for

improved visibility. Tennis balls

must conform to certain criteria

for size, weight, deformation, and

bounce criteria to be approved for

regulation play. The International

Tennis Federation (ITF) defines

the official diameter as 65.41-68.58 mm (2.575-2.700 inches). Balls must weigh

between 56.0 g and 59.4 g (1.975-2.095 ounces).

COURTTennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface, usually grass, clay, a hardcourt of

concrete and/or asphalt and occasionally carpet (indoor). The court is 78

feet (23.77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.23 m) wide for singles matches and 36 ft

(10.97 m) for doubles matches. Additional clear space around the court is

required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the

full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends.

The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet (91.4 cm) high in

the center.

4. Surface

There are five types of court surface used in professional play. Each surface is

different in the speed and height of the bounce of the ball.

The same surface plays faster indoors than outdoors.

CLAY Examples are red clay, used at the French Open, and green clay (an example of

which is Har-Tru and used mainly in the U.S.). Almost all red clay courts aremade not of natural clay but of crushed brick that is packed to make the court.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har-Truhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har-Truhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har-Truhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har-Tru

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The crushed brick is then covered with a topping of other crushed particles. This

type of surface does not absorb water easily and is the most common in Europe

and Latin America. Clay courts normally have a slower paced ball and a fairly

true bounce with more spin.

HARD Examples of hard courts are acrylic, DecoTurf used at the US Open ), asphalt,

and concrete. Hard courts typically have a faster-paced ball with a very true

bounce and it is the predominant surface type used on the professional tour.

GRASS Grass courts usually have a faster-paced ball, and a more erratic bounce. Grass

is used at Wimbledon and until 1974 three of the four Grand Slams (Australian

Open, Wimbledon, US Open) were played on grass. In 2001 Wimbledon

changed the type of grass to make the courts more durable and thus better able

to withstand the wear of the modern game. The new grass causes the ball to

bounce higher and slows it down compared to the previous grass type.

CARPET Any form of removable court covering, including carpeting and artificial turf. The

bounce can be higher or lower than a hard court. Carpet surface has not been

used on the ATP and WTA tour since 2009.

WOOD Popular from the 1880s through the first half of the 20th century, wooden surface

provides a very low bounce and plays very fast. There are no longer any

professional tournaments held on a wooden surface although some

tournaments), are played on a wood-based court with an acrylic layer on to.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecoTurfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecoTurfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecoTurfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecoTurf

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6. Scor ing

GAME A game consists of a sequence of point played with the same player serving. A

game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at

least two points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is

described in a manner peculiar to tennis: scores from zero to three points are

described as "love", "fifteen", "thirty", and "forty" respectively. If at least three

points have been scored by

each player, making the

player's scores equal at

forty apiece, the score is

not called out as "forty-forty", but rather as

"deuce". If at least three

points have been scored by

each side and a player has

one more point than his

opponent, the score of the

game is "advantage" for the

player in the lead. During informal games, "advantage" can also be called "ad in"when the serving player is ahead, or "ad out" when the receiving player is ahead.

The score of a tennis match during play is always read with the serving player's

score first. In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count after each

point. At the end of a game, the chair umpire also announces the winner of the

game and the overall score.

GAME POINT A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the

game needs only one more point to win the game. The terminology is extended

to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships

(championship point). For example, if the player who is serving has a score of

40-love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has

three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match

points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpirein tournament play.

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BREAK POINT A break point occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a chance to win the

game with the next point. Break points are of particular importance

because serving is generally considered advantageous, with the server being

expected to win games in which they are serving. A receiver who has one (score

of 30 40), two (score of 15 40) or three (score of love-40) consecutive chances

to win the game has break point, double break point or triple break point,

respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is

awarded to the receiver, and the receiver is said to have converted their break

point. If the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a failure to

convert. Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as breaking

serve, as the receiver has disrupted, or broken the natural advantage of the

server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point, it is

often referred to as breaking back.

SET A set consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between

games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, aplayer wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more

than the opponent. If one player has won six games and the opponent five, an

additional game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins

the set 7 5. If the trailing player wins the game, a tie break is played. A tie-break,

played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game

and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7 6. Only in the final sets of matches

at the Australian Open , the French Open, Wimbledon, the Olympic Games,

Davis Cup, and Fed Cup are tie-breaks not played. In these cases, sets areplayed indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead. A "love" set means that

the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a 'bagel'. In tournament

play, the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score.

In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the end of the match with the

well-known phrase "Game, set, match" followed by the winning person's or

team's name. The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's

score first, for example "6 2, 4 6, 6 0, 7 5".

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SHOT GRIP A grip is a way of holding the racquet in order to hit shots during a match. The

grip affects the angle of the racquet face when it hits the ball and influences the

pace, spin, and placement of the shot. Players use various grips during play,

including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-

eastern or full eastern. Usually used for backhands.), and Western (semi-

western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips. Most players change

grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice

shots and serves call for a Continental grip.

SERVE

A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a point. The

serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the

apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without touching

the net. The serve may be hit under- or overhand although underhand serving

remains a rarity. If the ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into

the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets two more

additional serves to get it in. If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a

let on the second serve, then they get one more try to get the serve in the box.

Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to

maximize its power and placement. The server may employ different types of

serve including flat serve, topspin serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist)

serve. A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball opposite

the natural spin of the server, the spin direction depending upon right- or left-

handedness. If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, it will curve right from the

hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise.

Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point; however,

advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their serve. A winning serve

that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace".

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OTHER SHOTS A volley is a shot returned to the opponent in mid-air before the ball bounces,

generally performed near the net, and is usually made with a stiff-wristed

punching motion to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court.

The half volley is made by hitting the ball on the rise just after it has bounced,

once again generally in the vicinity of the net. The swinging volley is hit out of the

air as the player approaches the net. It is an offensive shot used to take

preparation time away from the opponent, as it returns the ball into the

opponent's court much faster than a standard volley. From a poor defensive

position on the baseline, the lob can be used as either an offensive or defensive

weapon, hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent's court to either enable

the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by

hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the

other court, however, an opponent near the net may then hit an overhead

smash, a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point. Finally, if an opponent is

deep in his court, a player may suddenly employ an unexpected drop shot, by

softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is unable to run in

fast enough to retrieve it. Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop

shot, causing the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less

forward momentum toward their opponent, or even backwards towards the net,thus making it even more difficult to return.

SQUASH

1. In troduct ion

Squash is a high-speed racquet sport played by two players (or in doubles 4 players

on court at a time) in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. For its fast

pace and requirement of mental agility, it has been described as "jet-propelled chess".

The game was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft

ball used in the game (compared with the fatter ball used in its parent game racquets

or rackets; see below). An effort is underway to qualify squash as an event in the 2020

Olympic Games.

2. History

Squash originated from the ancient game of tennis, also known as le Pauem (the palm

of the hand). Following the invention of a racquet by the Dutch, tennis begat racketswhich was simply an outdoor version of tennis and involved no more than smacking a

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in the vicinity.In typical English fashion, the Harrow boys used a rubber ball (rubber

had just come into use at that time) which squashed against the wall on impact, sawed

off the butt of their racquets, played a slower, easier game in their house yards, and

named it baby racquets or soft racquets or softer. Today, this game is known to

the world as SQUASH.Squash evolved over the years in terms of court width and

length, materials of the court, type of balls, rules of the game, but for eleven years,

squash in Great Britain lived without any official standards. By the time Great Britain

formally codified their squash standards in 1923, squash at the other half of the world,

America, had been played under a different standard for two decades. Over in the

U.S., squash courts were erected in universities, c lubs, and even at home.Its been

more than 140 years. Squash is now played by nearly 17 million people, on nearly

50,000 courts around the world, throughout 185 countries.

The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe. It was

founded in 1924 in New York as Metropolitan Racquets Association, or MSRA.Players

such as F.D. Amr Bey of Egypt dominated the courts in the 1930s. Heather McKay of

Australia dominated the game during the 1960s and 1970s, winning sixteen

consecutive British Open titles between 1962 and 1977. Another Australian, Geoff

Hunt, won a record eight British Open male titles between 1969 and 1981. During the

1980s and 1990s Jahangir Khan of Pakistan won the British Open a record of ten

times and Jansher Khan of Pakistan won the World Open a record of eight times.

No list of squash champions is complete without referencing the legendary Pakistani

Hashim Khan, winner of 7 British Open championships, and his son, Sharif Khan,

winner of 12 North American Open titles. Hashim is considered one of the best

athletes of all times and is the patriarch of a sports dynasty, consisting of himself, his

brother, Azam, nephews Mohibullah and Gul, sons Sharif, Gulmast, Aziz, Liaquat Ali,

and Salim Khan - all of whom are squash champions in their own right. Jansher Khan,although sharing the same legal last name, is not considered part of the "Khan

Dynasty" of squash as he is not related to Hashim Khan.

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3. Play ing Equipm ent

SQUASH RACQUETStandard racquets are governed by the rules of the game. Traditionally they

were made of laminated wood (typically ash), with a small strung area using

natural gut strings. After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost

always made of composite materials or metals (graphite, kevlar, titanium, boron)

with synthetic strings. Modern rackets have maximum dimensions of 686 mm

(27.0 in) long and 215 mm (8.5 in) wide, with a maximum strung area of 500

square centimetres (90 sq in), the permitted maximum mass is 255 grams (9.0

oz), but most have a mass between 110 and 200 grams (4-7 oz.).

A DOUBLE-YELLOW DOT SQUASH BALLSquash balls are between 39.5 and 40.5 mm in

diameter, and have a mass of 23 to

25 grams. They are made with two pieces of

rubber compound, glued together to form a hollow

sphere and buffed to a matte finish. Different balls

are provided for varying temperature and

atmospheric conditions and standards of play:

more experienced players use slow balls that

have less bounce than those used by less experienced players (slower balls tend

to 'die' in court corners, rather than 'standing up' to allow easier shots).

Depending on its specific rubber composition, a squash ball has the property that

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it bounces more at higher temperatures. Squash balls must be hit dozens of

times to warm them up at the beginning of a session; cold squash balls have

very little bounce. Small coloured dots on the ball indicate its dynamic level

(bounciness), and thus the standard of play for which it is suited.

4. Basic ru les and gameplay

THE COURTThe glass show court used at the 2011 US Open Squash Championships hosted

by Drexel University at the Daskalakis Athletic Center. 2 points during the Semi

Final between James Willstrop and Nick Matthew in 2011.

Colour Speed(of Play)

Bounce Player Level

Double yellow Super Fast Very low Experienced

Yellow Fast Low Advanced

No dots / Red Medium Average Intermediate / Recreational

Blue Slow Very high Beginner / Junior

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DIMENSIONS FOR A SINGLES COURTThe squash court is a playing surface surrounded by four walls. The court

surface contains a front line separating the front and back of the court and a half

court line, separating the left and right hand sides of the back portion of the

court, creating three 'boxes' - the front half, the back left quarter and the back

right quarter. Both the back two boxes contain smaller service boxes. All of the

floor-markings on a squash court are only relevant during serves.

There are four walls to a squash court. The front wall, on which three parallel

lines are marked, has the largest playing surface, whilst the back wall, which

typically contains the entrance to the court, has the smallest. The out line runs

along the top of the front wall, descending along the side walls to the back wall.

There are no other markings on the side or back walls. Shots struck above or on

the out line, on any wall, are out. The bottom line of the front wall marks the top

of the 'tin', a half metre-high metal area which if struck means that the ball is out.

In this way the tin can be seen as analogous to the net in other racquet sports

such as tennis. The middle line of the front wall is the service line and is only

relevant during serves.

SERVICEJust before the match, the players spin a racket (usually up or down of logo) to

decide who serves first. This player starts the first rally by electing to serve from

either the left or right service box. For a legal serve, one of the server's feet must

be touching the service box, not touching any part of the service box lines, as the

player strikes the ball. After being struck by the racket, the ball must strike the

front wall above the service line and below the out line and land in the opposite

back quarter court. The receiving player can choose to volley a serve after it has

hit the front wall. If the server wins the point, the two players switch sides for thefollowing point.

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Ability to change the direction of ball at the last instant is also important to unbalance

the opponent. Expert players can anticipate the opponent's shot a few tenths of a

second before the average player, giving them a chance to react sooner.Depending on

the style of play, it is common to refer to squash players as:

Power players: squash players who build up their game based on powerful shots. For example, John White, Grgory Gaultier.

Shot makers: squash players who emphasize shot making. For example,Jonathon Power, Ramy Ashour, Amr Shabana.

Retrievers: squash players who are excellent on court coverage and retrieving shots. For example, Peter Nicol.

Attritional players: squash players who play tight shots and base their games on physical strength. For example, David Palmer, Nick Matthew.

6. In ter ference and Obstruct io n

Interference and obstruction are an

inevitable aspect of this sport, since

two players are confined within a

shared space. Generally, the rules

entitle players to a clear view of the

ball after it has struck the front wall,

direct straight line access to the ball,

room for a reasonable swing and an

unobstructed shot to any part of the

front wall. When interference occurs, a

player may appeal for a "let" and the

referee (or the players themselves if

there is no official) then interprets theextent of the interference.

The referee may elect to allow a let and the players then replay the point, or award a

"stroke" to the appealing player (meaning that he is declared the winner of that point)

depending on the degree of interference, whether the interfering player made an

adequate effort to avoid interfering, and whether the player interfered with was likely to

have hit a winning shot had the interference not occurred. An exception to all of this

occurs when the interfering player is directly in the path of the other player's swing,

effectively preventing the swing, in which case a stroke is always awarded.

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Spor t ARENA | 51

When a player's shot hits their opponent prior to hitting the front wall, interference has

occurred. If the ball was travelling towards the side wall when it hit the opponent, or if

had already hit the side wall and is now travelling directly to the front wall, it is usually

a let. However, it is a stroke to the player who hit the ball if the ball was travelling

straight to the front wall when the ball hit the opponent, without having first hit the side

wall. Generally after a player has been hit by the ball, both players stand still, if the

struck player is standing directly in front of the player who hit the ball he loses the

stroke, if he is not straight in front, a let is played. If it is deemed that the player who is

striking the ball is deliberately trying to hit his opponent, he will lose the stroke. An

exception to all of this occurs when the player hitting the ball has "turned", i.e., let the

ball pass him on one side, but then hit it on the other side as it came off the back wall.

In these cases, the stroke goes to the player who was hit by the ball.

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SPORTS TABLE / INTERNAL | 53

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54 | CHAPTER F I V E

SPORTS TABLE / INTERNAL

CAROM

1. Introduction

Not known much about its origin, Carrom is one such indoor family activity game that

is usually played by 2 to 4 players. It is played as singles match or doubles match. The

doubles match includes 2 players on behalf of a single team against two other players

as opponents representing a different team. The game is played on a plain wood,

bounded with wooden bumpers. The board comes in different sizes for different age

groups to play. Kids could play in a small sized carom board.

2. History

The origins of carrom are obscure

at best. Some say it was the

invention of the Maharajahs of

India, while many in India believe

it may have been introduced by

the British. Some books on

international games include

Burma, Egypt and Ethiopia as

possible sources, all of which

leads us to conclude that, at this

time, no-one knows where carrom

originated.What we do know is

that over the past century or so,

carrom has become the regional

pastime of the Indian subcontinentas well as all other countries

where South Asians have migrated. Players often begin at home with family but carry it

into their adult lives as a social activity or even to work as a break from the office

routine.

Serious carrom tournaments may have begun in Sri Lanka in 1935 but by 1958, both

India and Sri Lanka had formed official federations of carrom clubs, sponsoring

tournaments and awarding prizes. Rankings of statewide teams in India began in 1956

and the first matches between national teams India v. Sri Lanka) occurred in the

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1960s. Regional competitions have also taken place in Pakistan, Afghanistan,

Malaysia, and the Republic of the Maldives.With interest in Eastern culture growing

among young Europeans during the 60s, carrom began appearing in homes and clubs.

By the 1970s, commercial importation from India had begun and tournaments were

being held in Switzerland, Germany and Holland. International competitions were

already underway in Europe by 1980 and today, thousands of serious carrom players

are spreading it's popularity while boards are now being manufactured in Germany,

Switzerland, Holland, and Italy.

The movement to form the International Carrom Federation gained momentum in the

1980s due to energetic promotion by Europeans and Asians alike. The first Carrom

Congress was held in 1988 and their first tournament in 1989 with India, Sri Lanka, the

Maldives, Germany, Switzerland & Holland competing for a silver cup. Probably the

most important event in unifying carrom players around the world has been the

codification of rules for tournament play by the ICF. Previously players from various

countries played by different rules, making international competition impossible. With

the creation of the Laws of Carrom teams from all the carrom-playing countries are

now able to agree on rules and 'International Standard' carrom has been born.

Regulations cover the dimensions of the board and playing pieces as well as every

conceivable procedural question.

3. Acc essor ies in p lay ing carom

Carrom game is parallel to billiards and table shuffleboard. Every country has given

different names for this game as carrum, karom, carum, karum. It is a family game

which is played on plain smooth surface of plywood. Its mainly indoor games and

everybody can play this game irrespective of their age. This game is easy to

understand and play, and an entertainment for all. People had been playing this game

more than thousand hundred years.

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The detail descriptions of the frequently used accessories to play this game are:

CARROM BOARD

The carrom board is the one on which the game is actually played. These are

manufactured and are available in different sizes. The pocket sizes in these

boards are irrespective of the board size. Beginners can usually choose the

boards with larger pockets. The traditional boards will be having the pockets

which are slightly larger than the size of carrom coins.

CARROM COINS

These coins are usually made out of plastic or in wooden material. There are two

colors in it which are the black and white ones. 9 coins in black, 9 in white and a

red coin are the usual counts. The red one is referred as the Carrom queen

because of its importance during the game. It adds three points to the player

when the player pockets the carrom queen followed by pocketing one other

carrom coin. Carrom men or Carrom pieces are the other names by which the

coins are called. 3.02cm and 3.18cm are the minimum and maximum allowed

diameter measurements according to ICF. The mass of each coin should be

between 5 to 5.5g.

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CARROM STRIKERS

The striker should be very smooth and in a perfect rounded shape. This is

usually heavier than the rest of the coins. The diameter of the striker should not

be more than 4.13cm on the whole. It should weigh only 15gms.

CARROM POWDER

This fine-grained powder helps in reducing friction and in smooth action of striker

over the carrom board. It is usually made out of boric acid.

CARROM REPLACEMENT MESH

Replacement Mesh is good to restore corner pockets which give the impressionof being new.

CARROM BOARD COVER

To save your board from any harm like moisture, damage and dust this cover is

require. This is available in all the sizes and makes the board easy to carry.

CARROM SCORE COUNTER

With the help of score counter you can know the score. This helps in avoidingany misunderstanding between players.

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CARROM BOARD STAND

The boards are used to get the perfect balance and sturdy feel during the play.

4. Rules and regulation s

The ICF promulgates International Rules of Carrom (also termed "The Laws of

Carrom") ICF acts as the governing body of carrom. The organisation also ranks

players, sanctions tournaments and presents awards. ICF has many national affiliates

such as the All-India Carrom Federation, Australian Carrom Federation, UK Carrom

Association and United States Carrom Association.

THE TOSSOrder of play is determined by the process of "calling the carrom men" or "the

toss". Before commencing each match, an umpire hides one black and one white

carrom man in his hands. The players must guess which color carrom men are

being held in each hand. The player who guesses correctly wins the toss.

The winner of the toss must either choose to strike first or to change sides (from

white to black) and give up the opening break. No option to pass this decision to

the other player is available. If the player chooses to strike, the loser can change

sides, but if the winner chooses to change sides the loser must strike first. The

player taking the first shot (or break) gets to play white. The opponent plays

black.

SHOOTINGThe aim of the game is to pot (or pocket) one's nine carrom men and the Queen

before your opponent. A successful pot entitles the player to shoot again. This

means that, like pool and snooker, a player may pot all his pieces and cover the

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Queen from the break without his opponent being given the chance to shoot. Any

player pocketing the Queen is required to cover it by immedi

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