Performance andPerformance and Operational Experience ...1.2E+19 r ated pot SPS extraction line:...

Performance andPerformance and Operational Experience ofOperational Experience of

the CNGS Facilityy

Edda GSCHWENDTNER, Dario AUTIERO, Karel CORNELIS, Ilias EFTHYMIOPOULOS, Alfredo FERRARI, Alberto GUGLIELMI, Ans PARDONS, Paola SALA Heinz VINCKE, Joerg WENNINGER

(October 20, 2009)

22

Outline

• Introduction• Layout and Main Parameters• Operational Experience and PerformanceOperational Experience and Performance• Summary

FermiLab, 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner, CERN

3

CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction

( )long base-line appearance experiment:

• Produce muon neutrino beam at CERN• Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso, Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink

2 detectors in Gran Sasso:

CERN • OPERA(1.2kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks

Gran Sasso • ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC


4CNGS Facility – Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS: Conventional Neutrino Beams

+ C K+

Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos

p + C (interactions) , K+ (decay in flight)


5

targetmagnetichorns

decay tunnel

hadron absorber

muon detector 1

muon detector 2


6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 22.5 ·1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t/ 500mi.e. 5 years with 4.5·1019 pot/ year

(200 days, nominal intensity)

2.2·1017 pot/day

500m

2.2 10 pot/day ~1017 /day ~1011 /day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti / i OPERA 3600 interactions/year in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detected/year in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 2·1019 pot

CNGS Run 2008: 1.78·1019 pot


Run 2009 today: 2.53·1019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0.028 V= 0.016

Momentum spread p/p 0.07 % +/- 20%Momentum spread p/p 0.07 % / 20%

# extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 10.5500kW

beam power# of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 2.4

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor.: 10 ; vert.: 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 0.5 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor.: 0.05; vert.: 0.03


Expected beam performance: 4.5 x 1019 protons/year on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

g• High Intensity, High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW, 400GeV/c)( , )– Induced radioactivity

• In components, shielding, fluids, etc…– Intervention on equipment ‘impossible’

• Remote handling by overhead crane• Replace broken equipment, no repair• Human intervention only after long ‘cooling time’

– Design of equipment: compromise– Design of equipment: compromise• E.g. horn inner conductor: for neutrino yield: thin tube, for reliability: thick tube

• Intense Short Beam Pulses, Small Beam Spot(up to 3.5x1013 per 10.5 s extraction, < 1 mm spot)– Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods,

thin windows, etc…)

Proton beam: Tuning, Interlocks!


most challenging zone: Target Chamber (target–horn–reflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters


10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility – Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC, 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso, 120m long focusing section

Magnet System:• 73 MBG Dipoles

– 1.7 T nominal field at 400 GeV/c• 20 Quadrupole Magnets

– Nominal gradient 40 T/m• 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentation:• 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

– recuperated from LEP– recuperated from LEP– Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in air– mechanically coupled to target

• 8 Beam profile monitorsp– Optical transition radiation monitors: 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

• 2 Beam current transformers• 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b


– SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line


12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility – Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m2.7m

TBID

43.4m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

– Target table movable horizontally/vertically for alignment

• Multiplicity detector: TBID, ionization chambers

• 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)– Water cooled, pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150/180kA, remote polarity change

possible

• Decay pipe: – 1000m, diameter 2.45m, 1mbar vacuum, 3mm Ti entrance window, 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window.

• Hadron absorber: – Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons


Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

• 2 muon monitor stations: muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine: 1 unit used, 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility – Layout

13 graphite rods, each 10cm long,

Ø = 5mm and/or 4mm

2.7mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built. Assembled in two magazines.


14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility – Layout and Main Parameters

0.35 m

i d t

• 150kA/180kA, pulsed• 7m long, inner conductor 1.8mm thick

7

inner conductor

• Designed for 2·107 pulses• Water cooling to evacuate 26kW• 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design features• Water cooling circuit

– In situ spare, easy switch•

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

– steel pipe– 1mbar

994m long– 994m long– 2.45m diameter, t=18mm,

surrounded by 50cm concrete – entrance window: 3mm Ti


– exit window: 50mm carbon steel, water cooled

16CNGS Facility – Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cm• 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

• 2 x 1 movable monitor

11.25cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsyp• Stainless steel cylinder • Al electrodes, 0.5cm separation• N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab, 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner, CERN CNGS

• Muon Intensity:– Up to 8 107 /cm2/10.5s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance


18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering & Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

2006:10 July-27 Oct

g0.08· 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007:Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak Repair/Improvement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007:

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

0.08· 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008:Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

2008:18 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 1.78· 1019pot

2009


2009:1 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 2.4· 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008: 18 June – 3 November 2008• Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facility• CNGS modifications finished successfully• Beam line equipment working well and stable

1.78·1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment:10100 ti t• 10100 on-time events

• 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009: 28 May – 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009: 2.53·1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment:• >15500 on-time events• >2500 candidate interaction in bricks


20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTE/CNGS

LHC

50.4s supercycle: 7 CNGS, 1 LHC 83% CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycle:North Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83% CNGS duty cycleNorth Area, 3 CNGS, 1LHC,1MD 37.5% CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 200946.8s supercycle:

4xCNGS

46.8s supercycle:North Area, 4 CNGS, 1LHC 51.3% CNGS duty cycle

LHC


SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008: 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

1.6E+19

1.8E+19

Total: 1 78·1019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

1.4E+19Total: 1.78·1019 pot

Nominal: 4.5 1019 pot/yr for 5 years

1E+19

1.2E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line: Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing fault:vacuum leak & magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange, septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD


18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target3.6E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009: 3.22E19

2.8E+193E+19

3.2E+193.4E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot: 2.47E19Current achieved pot: 2.53 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+192.2E+192.4E+192.6E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008: 1.78E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

1.2E+191.4E+191.6E+191.8E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9, SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange, kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD


22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 252 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency: 60.94% Integrated efficiency: 69%


24

Total Protons on Targetg

4.0E+19

4.5E+19

2009

3 0E 19

3.5E+19

2.5E+19

3.0E+19

rated po

t

2008

1.5E+19

2.0E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

1.0E+19

2006 2007

0.0E+00

5.0E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09


May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

• Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

– Good performance, no incidents• No extraction and transfer line losses• Trajectory tolerance: 4mm, last monitors to +/-2mm and +/- 0.5mm (last 2 monitors)

– Largest excursion just exceed 2mm• Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm


26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

g• Excellent position stability; ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire run.• No active position feedback is necessaryp y

– 1-2 small steerings/week only


Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal, pit1 Horizontal, pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

• bl

Vertical, pit2Vertical, pit1


28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors• Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rms• Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target.

– Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40


29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes !– Offset of beam vs target at 0.05mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0:

00

9 0:

28

9 0:

57

9 1:

26

9 1:

55

9 2:

24

9 2:

52

9 3:

21

9 3:

50

9 4:

19

9 4:

48

9 5:

16

9 5:

45

9 6:

14

9 6:

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

10/29

– Offset of target vs horn at 0.1mm level• Target table motorized


Muon Profiles Pit 1• Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92%.Injection losses 6%

Error : rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6%.

x 1010

Protons on target/extraction


31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007: observation: non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile, neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But:

Check:m

uon

dete

c

Timing?Electronics cards?Beam intensity?

orm

aliz

ed m

ch/p

ot/e

xtr) Beam intensity?

…

N (c

pot/extraction

FermiLab, 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner, CERNA. Marsili et al, AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topology:All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable.

2009

pot/e

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances!

sign

al (c

h/p

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy:

Nor

m

pot/extraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value: adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding


wire and shielding.

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (e.g. offset of beam vs target at 50m level)

Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

• Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

– Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)– Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)11.25cm


34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation: Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube!– calculate B components in CNGS reference system– Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5% in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines: simulated flux

ulat

ions

, P. S

al

Points: measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab, 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner, CERN

35

Muon Monitors: Measurements vs. SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

0.35

0.4

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0.012

0.014

pot


Horizontal Profile Pit 2

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

ch/p

ot

0.006

0.008

0.01 ch/p

08

0

0.05

0.1

-157.5 -135 -112.5 -90 -67.5 -45 -22.5 0 22.5 45 67.5 90 112.5 135 157.5 0

0.002

0.004

-157.5 -135 -112.5 -90 -67.5 -45 -22.5 0 22.5 45 67.5 90 112.5 135 157.5cmMeasurements ula

tions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

0.35

0.4


Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0.012

0.014

t


Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

0.2

0.25

0.3

ch/p

ot

simulation

0.006

0.008

0.01 ch/p

o

Sala

et a

l, F

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0

0.002

0.004

P. S

FermiLab, 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner, CERN Excellent agreement!

0-157.5 -135 -112.5 -90 -67.5 -45 -22.5 0 22.5 45 67.5 90 112.5 135 157.5

cm

0-157.5 -135 -112.5 -90 -67.5 -45 -22.5 0 22.5 45 67.5 90 112.5 135 157.5

cm

36

SummarySummary• CNGS commissioned in 2006• Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008• Physics run since 2008– 2008:

1 78 1019 t t t t t l• 1.78 1019 protons on target total

– 2009: • Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target total• Expect 3.2 1019 protons on target total• Today (16 October 2009): 2.53 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results!!


37

• Additional Slides


38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility – Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples: effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm < 3%horn off axis by 6mm < 3%reflector off axis by 30mm < 3%proton beam on target < 3%off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned < 3%by 0.5mrad (beam 360m off)


39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility – Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

– 0.3mm thick– 0.8m inner

diameter– Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)– Ultimate stress:

– @20°C: >900MPa

Entrance window

@– @100°C: >870MPa– @150°C: >850MPa

From calculations:- When ventilation vs. beam is such that temp. at flange = 66°C:Window: Temp

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility – Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle: 37.5%, 54% 37.5%, 43% 37.5%,45%,54%

56%-83%

p


41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS: no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

• During CNGS run 2007:During CNGS run 2007: – Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence).• modifications during shutdown 2007/08:

M f h l i f CNGS l– Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel area– Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGS– Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 h/cm2/yr2008++2006/07

109 h/cm2/yr10 h/cm /yr


p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status: July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states: Flavor states:

Mixing of the three neutrinos: unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks. CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles .

~

m221 = 8 ± 0.3 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 ± 0.17 meV solar and reactor Neutrinosm232 = 2.5 ± 0.5 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 ± 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline


sin2223 > 0.93 23=35.3 degrees compatible with max. mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e, no charge

• Solar Neutrinos:– 6·1014 neutrinos/s/m2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

• Natural radioactivity from earth:Natural radioactivity from earth:– 6·106 neutrinos/s/cm2.

• 40K in our body:– 3.4·108 neutrinos/day

• Cosmic neutrinos:330 neutrinos/cm3– 330 neutrinos/cm3

• CNGS


– Send ~1017 neutrinos/day to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232… governs the to oscillation

Up to now: only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinos:P d t i b t i fl t d t t• Produce muon neutrino beam, measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

• Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detector• Measure muon neutrino flux at far detector• Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K, NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso): long base-line appearance experiment:g pp p

• Produce muon neutrino beam at CERN• Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso, Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso:• OPERA (1.2kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k


~146000 lead-emulsion bricks• ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

Performance andPerformance and Operational Experience ...1.2E+19 r ated pot SPS extraction line:...

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