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Seife herstellen

Wikibooks.org

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2. Januar 2013

On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects werelicensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is givenin the list of gures on page15. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projectsand the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document hasto be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. Thelist of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page13. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL areincluded in chapter Licenses on page19, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed underone or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the gures are givenin the list of gures on page15. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX sourcecode is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt ) in this PDF le. To extract the source from the PDFle, we recommend the use of http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selectingSaveAttachment . After extracting it from the PDF le you have to rename it tosource.7z . To uncompressthe resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/ . The LATEX source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk Hünniger, which is freely available under an open sourcelicense fromhttp://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf . Thisdistribution also contains a congured version of thepdflatex compiler with all necessary packages andfonts needed to compile the LATEX source included in this PDF le.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

0.1 Zusammenfassung des Projekts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Einleitung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 Chemische Grundlagen zu Seifen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 Praxis: Warnhinweise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 Praxis: Arbeitsmittel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 Praxis: Zutaten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 Praxis: Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung: Grundrezept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 Praxis: Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten (Kräuter, Öle etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.9 Rezeptesammlung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

0.10 Literatur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.11 Weblinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1 Autoren 13

Abbildungsverzeichnis 15

2 Licenses 192.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.2 GNU Free Documentation License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.3 GNU Lesser General Public License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Kategorie: Buch1

Dieses Buch steht im Regal Anleitungen2.

Es ist eine PDF-Version3 dieses Buches vorhanden.

Kategorie:Buch mit PDF-Version4

1 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Kategorie%3A%20Buch3 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/%3ADatei%3ASeife_herstellen.pdf4 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Kategorie%3ABuch%20mit%20PDF-Version

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

0.1 Zusammenfassung des Projekts

• Zielgruppe: Leute, die selbst mal Seifen herstellen wollen• Projektumfang: Das Buch soll die chemischen Abläufe bei der Seifenherstellung aufzeigen, die

benötigten Arbeitsmittel und -schritte leicht nachvollziehbar darstellen, um ein Stück Seife zu

gewinnen. Eine kleine Rezeptesammlung soll das Ganze vervollständigen.• Themenbeschreibung:

Chemische Grundlagen, Arbeitsmittel, Zutaten, Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung, Erweiterungsmöglich-keiten (Kräuter, Öle etc.), Rezeptesammlung

• Lernziele: Einstieg in die Seifenherstellung• Abgrenzung zu anderen Wikibooks:Keine anderen Wikibooks bekannt.• Policies:

• Das Buch soll sehr beispielorientiert sein.• Die Texte sollen mit möglichst vielen Bildern veranschaulicht werden.

• Aufbau des Buches:1. Chemische Grundlagen2. Praxis: Warnhinweise3. Praxis: Arbeitsmittel4. Praxis: Zutaten5. Praxis: Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung: Grundrezept6. Praxis: Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten (Kräuter, Öle etc.)7. Rezeptesammlung

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Einleitung

Abb. 3

0.2 Einleitung

Seifen5 sind die wohl ältesten waschaktiven Substanzen. Schon im 3 Jahrt. v. Chr. benutzten dieSumerer Seifen, im 9. Jahrh. orierte die Seifenproduktion im Marseille und seit Mitte des 18. Jahrh.wird Seife industriell hergestellt.

5 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifen%20%28Waschmittel%29%20

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Als Waschmittel6 wurde die Seife inzwischen fast vollständig von synthetischen Detergentien7

verdrängt und dient heute in erster Linie der Hand- und Körperwäsche.

Warum Seife selbst herstellen? Bei der industriellen Herstellung von Seife wird eine vielzahl un-terschiedlicher Zusatzstoffe verwendet, die die Haut reizen und gesundheitliche Probleme, z.B.Allergien, verursachen können. Stellt man seine Seife selbst her, so kann man die Inhaltstoffe selbst

festlegen und durch Hinzufügen von z.B. Kräutern besondere Seifenkompositionen gewinnen.

0.3 Chemische Grundlagen zu Seifen

Seife entsteht durch den Prozess der Verseifung8 aus Carbonsäureester9, d.h. aus Öl10 oder Fett11,zusammen mit einer Lauge12, üblicherweise Natronlauge13 oder auch Kalilauge14. Dabei entstehtGlycerin15 und das entsprechende Alkalisalz16 der im Fett vorkommenden Fettsäuren17.

Die Alkalisalze der Fettsäuren sind die eigentlichen Seifen, da sie Tensid18charakter besitzen undsomit Schmutz19 lösen können. Die Verseifung mit Natronlauge liefert Kernseife20 oder Leimseife,

die mit Kalilauge Schmierseife21

.Die Verseifung wird auch basische Hydrolyse22 genannt.

0.4 Praxis: Warnhinweise

Abb. 4

Beim Herstellen von Seife wird mit starken Laugen gearbeitet, daher

ist das Tragen von Schutzausrüstung absolute Picht. Ebenso sindArbeitsmittel und Arbeitsächen peinlichst sauber zu halten.

6 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waschmittel%207 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergentien%208 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verseifung%209 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbons%E4ureester%2010 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D6l%2011 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fett%2012 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauge%2013 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natronlauge%2014 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalilauge%2015 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerin%2016 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalisalz%2017 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetts%E4uren%2018 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensid%2019 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmutz%2020 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernseife%2021 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmierseife%2022 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyse%20

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Praxis: Arbeitsmittel

Wichtig:

1. Schutzbrille tragen! Auch Brillenträger müssen eine Schutzbrille tragen, die gut abschließt.Die normale Korrekturbrille bietet zwar von vorne einen gewissen Schutz aber die Seiten sindpraktisch ungeschützt. Kontaktlinsen bieten gar keinen Schutz und verschlimmern die Sache

eher noch, wenn doch mal etwas ins Auge gelangt (längerer Kontakt der Lauge mit dem Augeunter der Linse)! Am besten gar nicht tragen sondern während der Seifenherstellung eine Brilleverwenden.

2. Langärmlige Arbeitskleidung tragen! Am besten einen Arbeitskittel oder alte Kleidungtragen. Laugen beschädigen Kunst- und Naturfasern.

3. Gummihandschuhe tragen! Einmalhandschuhe sind wegen der geringen Materialstärkeweniger geeignet als Haushaltshandschuhe. Eine ausreichende Materialstärke ist notwendig,da auch mit warmen Laugen gearbeitet wird.

4. Lange Haare zurückbinden!5. Wenn mit NaOH-Pulver gearbeitet wird: Atemschutzmaske mit Filter P2 für Stäube

(z.B. FFP2) tragen!Die nächsthöhere Kategorie ist P3 und nicht P1 also Vorsicht beim

Einkauf. Vorsicht auch vor sogenannten „Hygienemasken“ oder „Mundschutz“. Diese Maskenbieten keinen ausreichenden Schutz, da sie nur recht grobe Partikel ausltern. Als Schutzkommt hier nur eine Halbmaske aus Gummi o.ä. Material mit entsprechendem Filter oder eineHalbmaske, die im Ganzen ltriert (in der Regel weißes Material), in Frage. Eine Vollmaske(„Gasmaske“) geht natürlich auch, aber ist wahrscheinlich etwas übertrieben. Natürlich kannstattdessen auch in einem Abzug gearbeitet werden, aber wer hat das schon zu Hause.

6. Arbeitsplatz gut lüften!

1. Arbeitsmittel nur zum Herstellen von Seife verwenden, auf keinen Fall dürfen dieseGeräte zu Zubereiten von Speisen verwendet werden.

2. Vor Arbeitsbeginn alle Arbeitsmittel und Zutaten bereit legen.3. Während der Seifenherstellung dürfen keine Haustiere, kleine Kinder oder andere Per-

sonen stören.4. Arbeitsäche nach Arbeitsende gründlichst säubern.

0.5 Praxis: Arbeitsmittel

Für den Einstieg reichen ein paar einfache Arbeitsmittel aus:

• Eingroßer Topf • emailliert oder aus nichtrostendem Stahl• Größe: ca. für 2 bis 3 Liter Inhalt• Ein hoher Topf ist besser als ein acher, damit die Seifenmasse nicht so leicht herausspritzt.

• Einkleiner Topf zum Mischen der Lauge• emailliert oder aus nichtrostendem Stahl• oder ein hitzebeständiger transparenter Kunststoff- oder Glasmessbecher (der es erlaubt, genau

zu überprüfen, ob sich die Kristalle vollständig aufgelöst haben)• Größe: ca. 1 Liter Inhalt• mit Griff und Ausgießer (dies, damit beim Umfüllen nicht so leicht was daneben geht)

• Einkleines Plastik- oder Glasgefäßzum Abwiegen der Lauge.

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• EinenHolzkochlöffeloder Holzspatel zum Umrühren der Seifenmasse.

• Eine gute Hilfe ist ein Stabmixer, damit kann man viel Zeit sparen.

• EinKüchenthermometer, z.B. ein Bratenthermometer, bis etwa 100°C.

• Eine genaueKüchenwaage, auf 1 Gramm oder 2 Gramm genau ablesbar.

• EineSeifenform. (Zum Einstieg ist ein Holzkistchen, das mit einer unbedruckten(!) Plastikfolie -zum Beispiel Gefrier- oder Müllbeutel - ausgelegt wurde, völlig ausreichend, gut geeignet sind auchBackformen aus Silikon, die das Herausnehmen der Seife erleichten, oder normale Backformen,die aber unbedingt mit Plastikfolie ausgelegt werden müssen, damit die Lauge nicht mit demMetall reagiert. Gut geeignet sind auch leere Eiscremedosen mit ca. 2 Litern Inhalt.)• Größe: ca. 1,5 bis 2 Liter Inhalt• Hitzebeständig bis 100 °C

Metallgegenstände sollten nicht aus Aluminium sein, da dieses sehr stark von der Lauge angegriffenwird. Kupfer ist auch weniger gut geeignet. Im heißen Zustand leidet es auch unter der Lauge.

Abb. 5

Die Arbeitsmittel, die direkt mit der Lauge oder der frischen Seifein Berührung kommen, sollten vor der Verwendung bei der Zube-reitung von Speisen gründlich gespült werden. Kleine Rückständeder Lauge, die an den Werkzeugen haften, können zu gefährlichenVerletzungen führen.

0.6 Praxis: Zutaten

0.6.1 Grundstoffe

Öle und Fette

Für eine Seife wird meist eine Mischung verschiedener Fette verwendet, um z.B. die Festigkeit derSeife zu beeinussen. Eine gute Mischung umfasst:

• harte Fette , diese sorgen dafür, dass das Seifenstück später im Wasser seine Form behält. Zu denharten Fetten zählt auch Olivenöl, das trotz seiner üssigen Konsistenz eine sehr schöne harte Seifeergibt.

• weiche Öle, z.B. Sojaöl, Rapsöl oder Sonnenblumenöl, die feuchtigkeitsspendend wirken.• schaumfördernde Fette , damit die Seife richtig schäumt. Hierzu werden hauptsächlich Kokosfett

und Palmkernfett, seltener auch Palmöl verwendet.• hautpegende Öle, die die Haut pegen sollen.

Ätznatron (Natriumhydroxid, NaOH)

Erhältlich in Apotheken und Drogerien. Es wird auch zur Laugengebäckherstellung verwendet undkann unter Umständen in Bäckereien erstanden werden.

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Praxis: Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung: Grundrezept

Abb. 6

Vorsicht bei der Handhabung: Stark ätzend! Verpackung immerluftdicht verschließen, da es stark feuchtigkeitsanziehend wirkt,durch die Luftfeuchtigkeit zerießt und dadurch unbrauchbarwird. Für Kinder und Haustiere unerreichbar aufbewahren!

Löslichkeit in Wasser: 420 g/l (0 °C), 1090-1260 g/l (20 °C)

Wasser

Destilliertes Wasser verwenden, da Leitungswasser Kalk, Mineralien und unerwünschte chemischeVerbindungen enthält. Bei kalkreichem Wasser bildet sich sog. „Kalkseife“. Sehr weiches Leitungs-wasser kann verwendet werden - bitte informieren Sie sich beim örtlichen Wasserwerk über denHärtegrad Ihres Leitungswassers!

0.6.2 Zusätzliche Inhaltsstoffe

Kräuter und Blüten (vorzugsweise getrocknet)

Färbemittel, z.B. Kurkuma oder Lebensmittelfarben

Ätherische Öle

Synthetische Duftöle

Natürliche Zusatzstoffe

nichtlösliche Bestandteile für einen Peelingeffekt, zum Beispiel Kokosocken, Mohn oder Ha-

ferschrot

0.7 Praxis: Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung: Grundrezept

Im Allgemeinen ist es einfacher, größere Mengen an Seife herzustellen, weil sich kleine Unge-nauigkeiten im Mischungsverhältnis der Zutaten nicht so gravierend auswirken wie bei kleinerenMengen.

0.7.1 Fett

Wir entscheiden uns daher, eine Seifenmenge von ca. 1,5 kg herzustellen. Dafür benötigen wir

• 500 g reines Kokosnußfett(in vielen Supermärkten als Würfel erhältlich),• 250 g Olivenöl,• 125 g Sonnenblumenölsowie• 125 g Rapsöl.

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Das Fett und das Öl werden im großen Topf langsam erwärmt. Die Masse sollte nicht zu heiß werden,60 °C bis 90°C ist ideal. Wenn alles geschmolzen ist läßt man den Topf wieder bis auf 50°C bis 60°C abkühlen.

0.7.2 Lauge

Festes Ätznatron (Natriumhydroxid, Formel: NaOH) besteht aus kleinen farblosen Kristallen oderaus sog. Plätzchen, die durch die Lichtbrechung weiß wirken. Man bekommt sie in Apotheken oderDrogerien.

Die notwendige Laugenmenge kann genau berechnet werden. Jedes Fett oder Öl braucht eine ganzbestimmte Menge Lauge zur Verseifung. Nimmt man zuviel Lauge, dann wird die Seife ätzend undhautschädigend. Nimmt man zu wenig, dann bleibt zu viel Fett unverseift, die Seife wird weich undweniger haltbar. Also verwendet man eine geringfügig kleinere NaOH-Menge, als zur Verseifung desgesamten Fettes notwendig wäre. Die dadurch erzielte leichte Überfettung bewirkt, dass die Seifeden hauteigene Säureschutzmantel weniger stark angreift. Eine sogenannte Rückfettung, also eine

Übertragung von unverseiftem Fett von der Seife auf die Haut ndet - entgegen einem landläugenIrrtum - nicht statt, die Wirkung ist jedoch die selbe.

Wir nehmen für die Fettmenge in unserem Rezept

• genau 146 g Natronlauge Ätznatron

Das Ätznatron wird aufgelöst in

• 340 g destilliertem Wasser

Durch dieses Mischungsverhältnis wird die Seife etwas überfettet.

Abb. 7

Beim Auösen des Ätznatrons wird sich das Wasser stark erwärmen.Die Verwendung von stark gekühltem, am besten teils gefrorenemWasser verringert dies und beugt der Bildung ätzender Dämpfe vor.Desweiteren empehlt es sich, das Auösen der Lauge im Freien oderunter einer angeschalteten Dunstabzugshaube vorzunehmen.

Abb. 8

ACHTUNG: Man gibt immer zuerst das destillierte Wasser in denTopf und schüttet langsam das Ätznatron zum Wasser hinzu. Niemalsumgekehrt arbeiten, sonst gibt es eine kleine Explosion mit schlim- men Laugenspritzern.Gut merken kann man sich das mit den Sätzen:Erst das Wasser, dann die Lauge - sonst geht die Sache leicht ins Auge.;-)

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Praxis: Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung: Grundrezept

0.7.3 Seife sieden

Das Fett und das Öl sollten immer noch eine Temperatur von 50 bis 60°C haben. Jetzt vorsichtig dienoch heiße, aufgelöste Lauge in den Topf mit dem Fett und dem Öl gießen. Es entsteht sofort einemilchige Masse, die für einige Minuten umgerührt werden muss bis sich Fett und Lauge vollständigvermischt haben. (Wer nur mit dem Kochlöffel arbeitet, muss dafür ungefähr eine halbe Stundeeißiges umrühren einplanen.)

Die Masse wird nun immer dicker, ähnlich einem Pudding. Sobald die Masse so fest ist, dass derKochlöffel darauf Spuren hinterlässt (wenn man auf der Seife "schreiben" kann), dann wird dieMasse sofort in die vorbereitete Seifenform gegossen.

Abb. 9

Beim Seifenrühren entsteht auch Wärme. Die ganze Masse wird 60°Cund mehr erreichen. Wer zu lange rührt und zu heiß arbeitet, wird dieSeifenmasse nur mehr schwer aus dem Topf in die Seifenform kriegen.Die Seife wird grob und bröckelig sein.

Alternativ dazu kann man Seife auch im sogenannten "Kaltrührverfahren" herstellen. Hier wirdgewartet, bis sich die Fette und Öle auf Zimmertemperatur abgekühlt haben, erst dann wird dieLauge hinzugegeben und beide Bestandteile, "kalt" miteinander verrührt. Das Verfahren ist ansonstendasselbe. Die Seife muß allerdings etwas länger reifen.

0.7.4 Langsam abkühlen lassen

Die Seifenform wird jetzt noch isoliert, also zum Beispiel mit alten Tüchern abgedeckt, damit dieMasse nicht zu schnell auskühlt. So bleibt sie mindestes 24 Stunden stehen, damit sie "ausreifen"kann. In dieser Zeit läuft der Verseifungsprozess, d.h. der Laugenanteil wird geringer und der pH-Wert der Seife sinkt auf einen Wert zwischen 8,5 und 10. Die Seife hat damit die sogenannte Gelphasedurchlaufen.

0.7.5 Fertig stellen

Wenn sich nach mindestens 24 Stunden Wartezeit die Seifenform nicht mehr warm anfühlt, kann derSeifenblock aus der Form genommen werden. Man schneidet ihn mit einem Messer in handlicheStücke.

0.7.6 Reifen lassen

Die einzelnen Seifenstücke werden an einem luftigen Ort für durchschnittlich 3 bis 6 Wochen zumTrocknen aufgestellt. In dieser Zeit läuft der Verseifungsprozess weiter, der ph-Wert sinkt noch etwasund die Seife wird milder.

Auch wenn die Neugier reizt und man seine neue Seife ausprobieren will, nach allerfrühestens zweibis drei Wochen kann ein Stück ausprobiert werden. Ansonsten riskiert man raue, gereizte Haut...

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

0.8 Praxis: Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten (Kräuter, Öle etc.)

Wenn man eine Seife für die Handreinigung gegen große Verschmutzungen einsetzen möchte,kann der Seife auch ein Anteil von feinem Quarzsand zugesetzt werden. Dadurch werden dieVerschmutzungen schneller gelöst, aber auch die obere Hautschicht schneller abgetragen. Das sollte

bei gelegentlicher Anwendung aber kein Problem sein, da die Haut sich regelmäßig regeneriert.Duftöle wie Rosenwasser oder Jasmin können beim Durchrühren tropfenweise der Seifenmassezugefügt werden. Es sollte möglichst nicht zu Beginn dem anderen Panzenöl beigemischt werden,weil durch die anschließende Erhitzung die Qualität des Duftstoffes abnimmt. Viele Duftzusätze be-schleunigen zudem das Andicken der Seifen - es ist deshalb gut, sie mit etwas Basisöl zu vermischenund wirklich erst kurz vor dem Abfüllen der Masse in die Form zuzusetzen.

Abb. 10

Hinweis:Überprüfen Sie bitte die NaOH-Menge in Rezepten unbe-

dingt - Tippfehler passieren nun mal leider und eine falsche Dosierungkann gefährlich werden! Zum Überprüfen gibt es im Internet "Seifen-rechner".

0.9 Rezeptesammlung

Unser Grundrezept lässt sich wie folgt verfeinern:

Zitronenseife- Zutaten: Seife Grundrezept + Bergamotteöl 5 g Gramm + Zitronenöl 15 Gramm +Portugalöl 1 Gramm + Berbenaessenz 3 Gramm; Färbung - Zitronengelb

Rosenseife- Zutaten: Seife Grundrezept + Bergamotteöl 5 Gramm + Kassiaöl 1 Gramm + Nelken-gewürzöl 1 Gramm + Rosenöl 5 Gramm; Färbung - Rosenrot

Moschusseife- Zutaten: Seife Grundrezept + Bergamotteöl 5 Gramm + Zitronenöl 2 Gramm +Moschustinktur 10 Gramm; Färbung - hellbraun

Kräuterseife - Zutaten: Seife Grundrezept + Bergamotteöl 12 Gramm + Kassiaöl 8 Gramm +Lavendelöl 5 Gramm + Macisöl 1 Gramm + Pfefferminzöl 2 Gramm + Rosmarinöl 2 Gramm;Färbung - Grün

0.9.1 Weitere Rezepte:

Einfache Olivenölseife, unbeduftet670 g Olivenöl (entspricht im Normalfall 750 ml-Flasche) +250 g Kokosfett (Palmin) 125 g NaOH in 308 g Wasser gelöst Diese Seife ist zu etwa 8% überfettet,also gut pegend, und feincremig schäumend; Färbung: hellgelb mit einem leichten grünen Schimmer, je nach Farbe des Olivenöls Kurz vor dem Abfüllen kann ein EL Distelöl zugerührt werden, um dieSeife zusätzlich zu überfetten und die Pegewirkung zu erhöhen.

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Literatur

0.10 Literatur

Die Seifen-Fabrikation, Friedrich, Wiltner, Handbuch für Praktiker, A. Hartleben´s Chemisch-technische Bibliothek, 1913

Handbuch der Drogisten-Praxis, Band 26: Zweiter Theil, Die Herstellung der gebräuchlichen Hand-verkaufsartikel

0.11 Weblinks

Verseifungsrechner für Panzenölseifen im Netz:

Seifenrechner von Naturseife.com23

Seifenrechner von Tuula Naturseifen24

23 http://www.naturseife.com/seifenrechner/24 http://www.tuula-seifen.de/seifenrechner.php

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1 Autoren

Edits User4 Bamosk11 Dirk Huenniger21 Enomil31 Golle9542 Heuler0658 HolgerB6

2 Juetho71 Klartext8

2 Klaus Eifert91 MichaelFrey10

8 SvonHalenbach11

4 ThePacker12

1 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Bamosk2 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger3 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Enomil4 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Golle955 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Heuler066 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:HolgerB7 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Juetho8 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Klartext9 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Klaus_Eifert10 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:MichaelFrey11 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:SvonHalenbach12 http://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:ThePacker

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• GFDL: Gnu Free Documentation License.http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl .html

• cc-by-sa-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

• cc-by-sa-2.5: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/

• cc-by-sa-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

• cc-by-sa-1.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 License.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/

• cc-by-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License.http://creativecommons .org/licenses/by/2.0/

• cc-by-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License.http://creativecommons .org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

• cc-by-2.5: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.http://creativecommons .org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en

• cc-by-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.http://creativecommons .org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

• GPL: GNU General Public License.http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0 .txt

• LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License.http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl .html

• PD: This image is in the public domain.

• ATTR: The copyright holder of this le allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that

the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use,and all other use is permitted.

• EURO: This is the common (reverse) face of a euro coin. The copyright on the design of the common face of the euro coins belongs to the European Commission. Authorised isreproduction in a format without relief (drawings, paintings, lms) provided they are notdetrimental to the image of the euro.

• LFK: Lizenz Freie Kunst.http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/de

• CFR: Copyright free use.

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• EPL: Eclipse Public License. http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/epl-v10.php

Copies of the GPL, the LGPL as well as a GFDL are included in chapter Licenses13. Please note thatimages in the public domain do not require attribution. You may click on the image numbers in thefollowing table to open the webpage of the images in your webbrower.

13 Kapitel2 auf Seite19

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12 Adobe. Original uploader was Lumu14 at de.wikipedia15 PD3 Malene Thyssen16 GFDL4 SvonHalenbach GFDL5 SvonHalenbach GFDL6 SvonHalenbach GFDL7 Simon Eugster− Simon17 / ?!18 19:27, 6 August 2006 (UTC) ,

Überarbeitung von Dominic GuhlGFDL

8 SvonHalenbach GFDL9 Simon Eugster− Simon19 / ?!20 19:27, 6 August 2006 (UTC) ,

Überarbeitung von Dominic GuhlGFDL

10 SvonHalenbach GFDL

14 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/%3Ade%3AUser%3ALumu15 http://de.wikipedia.org16 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%3AMalene17 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%3ASimon18 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%20talk%3ASimon19 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%3ASimon20 http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%20talk%3ASimon

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E RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRO-RAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE,OU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIRR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability.

N NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW ORGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, ORNY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PRO-

GRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DA-MAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INA-BILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITEDTO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE ORLOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILUREOF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OFTHE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above can-not be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shallapply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civilliability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to YourNew Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possibleuse to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free softwarewhich everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attachthem to the start of each source le to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each le should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointerto where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.> Co-pyright (C) <year> <name of author>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it underthe terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Soft-ware Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any laterversion.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUTANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTA-BILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Ge-neral Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License alongwith this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice likthis when it starts in an interactive mode:

<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> This program comewith ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’. This isfree software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditons; type ‘show c’ for details.

The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or schooif any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. Fomore information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, se<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your prgram into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine libraryou may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applicaons with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But rst, please rea<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

2.2 GNU Free Documentation Licensersion 1.3, 3 November 2008

opyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.ttp://fsf.org/>

veryone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this licensecument, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE

he purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other func-onal and useful document "freeïn the sense of freedom: to assure everyonee effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifyingeither commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preser-s for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while noting considered responsible for modications made by others.

his License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of e document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements theNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free

ftware.

e have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,cause freesoftwareneedsfree documentation: a freeprogram should cometh manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But thiscense is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textualork, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printedok. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose isstruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

his License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that conta-s a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed undere terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-freeense, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions statedrein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Anyember of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accepte license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiringrmission under copyright law.

"Modied Versionöf the Document means any work containing the Docu-ent or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modications and/oranslated into another language.

SSecondary Sectionïs a named appendix or a front-matter section of theocument that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers orthors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related mat-rs) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.hus,ifthe Documentis inpart a textbookof mathematics,a SecondarySec-

on may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matterhistorical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,mmercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

he Ïnvariant Sectionsäre certain Secondary Sections whose titles are desi-ated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the

ocument is released under this License. If a section does not t the abovenition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.

he Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document doest identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

he "Cover Textsäre certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-over Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Documentreleased under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words,d a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

"Transparent"copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, re-esented in a format whose specication is available to the general public,at is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic textitors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (forawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for inputtext formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable

r input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent lermat whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart orscourage subsequent modication by readers is not Transparent. An imagermat is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copyat is not "Transparentïs called Öpaque".

xamples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII wi-out markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XMLing a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,

ostScript or PDF designed for human modication. Examples of transpa-nt image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats includeoprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word pro-ssors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are notnerally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDFoduced by some word processors for output purposes only.

he "Title Page"means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such fol-wing pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requiresappear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any titlege as such, "Title Page"means the text near the most prominent appearancethe work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

he "publisher"means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Do-ment to the public.

section Ëntitled XYZ"means a named subunit of the Document whose titleher is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that

translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specic sectionname mentioned below, such as Äcknowledgements", "Dedications", Ëndor-sements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Titleöf such a section when youmodify the Document means that it remains a section Ëntitled XYZäccor-ding to this denition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice whichstates that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclai-mers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but onlyas regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warran-ty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of thisLicense. 2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commer-cially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices,and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are repro-duced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to thoseof this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control

the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a lar-ge enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and youmay publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printedcovers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s li-cense notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers thatcarry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on thefront cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must alsoclearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The frontcover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominentand visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copyingwith changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of theDocument and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copyingin other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to t legibly, youshould put the rst ones listed (as many as t reasonably) on the actual cover,and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numberingmore than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparentcopy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copya computer-network location from which the general network-using publichas access to download using public-standard network protocols a completeTransparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use thelatter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin dis-tribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copywill remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year afterthe last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agentsor retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Documentwell before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chanceto provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATI-ONS

You may copy and distribute a Modied Version of the Document under theconditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modi-ed Version under precisely this License, with the Modied Version llingthe role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modication of theModied Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you mustdo these things in the Modied Version:

* A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from thatof the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if therewere any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use thesame title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version givespermission. * B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or en-

tities responsible for authorship of the modications in the Modied Version,together with at least ve of the principal authors of the Document (all of itsprincipal authors, if it has fewer than ve), unless they release you from thisrequirement. * C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of theModied Version, as the publisher. * D. Preserve all the copyright noticesof the Document. * E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modi-cations adjacent to the other copyright notices. * F. Include, immediatelyafter the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission touse the Modied Version under the terms of this License, in the form shownin the Addendum below. * G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s licensenotice. * H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. * I. Preserve the sec-tion Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at leastthe title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modied Version as given onthe Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "Historyïn the Document, createone stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as givenon its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modied Version as statedin the previous sentence. * J. Preserve the network location, if any, givenin the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document,and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous ver-sions it was based on. These may be placed in the "Historyßection. You mayomit a network location for a work that was published at least four yearsbefore the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it re-fers to gives permission. * K. For any section Entitled Äcknowledgementsör"Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section

all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements an-d/or dedications given therein. * L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers orthe equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. * M. Delete anysection Entitled Ëndorsements". Such a section may not be included in theModied Version. * N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled Ën-dorsementsör to conict in title with any Invariant Section. * O. Preserve anyWarranty Disclaimers.

If the Modied Version includes new front-matter sections or appendicesthat qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from theDocument, you may at your option designate some or all of these sectionsas invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections inthe Modied Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from anyother section titles.

You may add a section Entitled Ëndorsements", provided it contains nothingbut endorsements of your Modied Version by various parties—for example,

statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organizat-ion as the authoritative denition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to ve words as a Front-Cover Text, and a pas-sage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of CoverTexts in the Modied Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text andone of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements madeby) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for thesame cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the sameentity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you mayreplace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher thatadded the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License givepermission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorse-ment of any Modied Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under thisLicense, under the terms dened in section 4 above for modied versions,provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodied, and list them all as Invariant Sec-tions of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve alltheir Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multipleidentical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are

multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, makethe title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses,the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or elsea unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "Historyïn thevarious original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewisecombine any sections Entitled Äcknowledgements", and any sections Entit-led "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled Ëndorsements". 6.COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documentsreleased under this License, and replace the individual copies of this Licensein the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute itindividually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this Licenseinto the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respectsregarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITHINDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and in-dependent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution

medium, is called an äggregateïf the copyright resulting from the compilati-on is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond whatthe individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate,this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are notthemselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire ag-gregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracketthe Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printedcovers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modication, so you may distribute trans-lations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing InvariantSections with translations requires special permission from their copyrightholders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections inaddition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may inclu-de a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document,and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the originalEnglish version of this License and the original versions of those notices anddisclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the origi-nal version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version willprevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled Äcknowledgements", "Dedicationsor "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) witypically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except aexpressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modfy, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate yorights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license froa particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and untthe copyright holder explicitly and nally terminates your license, and (permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation bsome reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated pemanently if the copyright holder noties you of the violation by some resonable means, this is the rst time you have received notice of violatio

of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure thviolation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licensof parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt ofcopy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to uit. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of thGNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versionwill be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If thDocument species that a particular numbered version of this License ör anlater versionäpplies to it, you have the option of following the terms and coditions either of that specied version or of any later version that has bepublished (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Documendoes not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any vesion ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If thDocument species that a proxy can decide which future versions of thLicense can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a veron permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 1RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site"(or "MMC Site") means any WorlWide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prminent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybocan edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboraon"(or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable worthus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA"means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 lcense published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-prot corportion with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization

Ïncorporate"means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in paas part of another Document.

An MMC is ëligible for relicensingïf it is licensed under this License, andall works that were rst published under this License somewhere other thathis MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MM(1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporateprior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the siunder CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use thLicense for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of thLicense in the document and put the following copyright and license notice just after t he title page:

Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distrbute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Docmentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the FreSoftware Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, anno Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitle"GNU Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, rplace the "with .. . Texts."line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the FronCover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combintion of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free softwalicense, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in frsoftware.

2.3 GNU Lesser General Public LicenseNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

rsion 3, 29 June 2007

opyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

veryone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this licensecument, but changing it is not allowed.

This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates theterms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, sup-plemented by the additional permissions listed below. 0. Additional Deniti-ons.

As used herein, “this License” refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser GeneralPublic License, and the “GNU GPL” refers to version 3 of the GNU GeneralPublic License.

“The Library” refers to a covered work governed by this License, other thanan Application or a Combined Work as dened below.

An “Application” is any work that makes use of an interface provided by theLibrary, but which is not otherwise based on the Library. Dening a subclassof a class dened by the Library is deemed a mode of using an interfaceprovided by the Library.

A “Combined Work” is a work produced by combining or linking an Applcation with the Library. The particular version of the Library with which thCombined Work was made is also called the “Linked Version”.

The “Minimal Corresponding Source” for a Combined Work means the Coresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code foportions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are based othe Application, and not on the Linked Version.

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Corresponding Application Code” for a Combined Work means thet code and/or source code for the Application, including any data andprograms needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the Appli-

n, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work. 1. Excep-o Section 3 of the GNU GPL.

may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License wi-being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL. 2. Conveying Modied

ons.

u modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modications, a facility to a function or data to be supplied by an Application that uses they (other than as an argument passed when the facility is invoked), then

may convey a copy of the modied version:

nder this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to ensu-t, in the event an Application does not supply the function or data, they still operates, and performs whatever part of its purpose remains mea-ul, or * b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissionss License applicable to that copy.

ject Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.

bject code form of an Application may incorporate material from a hea-le that is part of the Library. You may convey such object code under

terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated material is not limi-ted to numerical parameters, data structure layouts and accessors, or smallmacros, inline functions and templates (ten or fewer lines in length), you doboth of the following:

* a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the Libraryis used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this License. * b)Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this licensedocument.

4. Combined Works.

You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that, takentogether, effectively do not restrict modication of the portions of the Libra-ry contained in the Combined Work and reverse engineering for debuggingsuch modications, if you also do each of the following:

* a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that theLibrary is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this Li-cense. * b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPLand this license document. * c) For a Combined Work that displays copy-right notices during execution, include the copyright notice for the Libraryamong these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the copiesof the GNU GPL and this license document. * d) Do one of the following:o 0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this Li-cense, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form suitable for, and

under terms that permit, the user to recombine or relink the Application witha modied version of the Linked Version to produce a modied CombinedWork, in the manner specied by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveyingCorresponding Source. o 1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for lin-king with the Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run timea copy of the Library already present on the user’s computer system, and (b)will operate properly with a modied version of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked Version. * e) Provide Installation Information,but only if you would otherwise be required to provide such informationunder section 6 of the GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such informa-tion is necessary to install and execute a modied version of the CombinedWork produced by recombining or relinking the Application with a modi-ed version of the Linked Version. (If you use option 4d0, the InstallationInformation must accompany the Minimal Corresponding Source and Cor-responding Application Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide theInstallation Information in the manner specied by section 6 of the GNUGPL for conveying Corresponding Source.)

5. Combined Libraries.

You may place library facilities that are a work based on the Library side byside in a single library together with other library facilities that are not Ap-plications and are not covered by this License, and convey such a combinedlibrary under terms of your choice, if you do both of the following:

* a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based onthe Library, uncombined with any other library facilities, conveyed under theterms of this License. * b) Give prominent notice with the combined librarythat part of it is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to ndthe accompanying uncombined form of the same work.

6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new versi-ons will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail toaddress new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Library as youreceivedit species thata certainnumbered version ofthe GNULesserGene-ral Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that published version or of anylater version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library asyou received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser Gene-ral Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser GeneralPublic License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

If the Library as you received it species that a proxy can decide whetherfuture versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall apply, thatproxy’s public statement of acceptance of any version is permanent autho-rization for you to choose that version for the Library.