Studie Netzgesellschaft: Vorwort und Einleitung

7/23/2019 Studie Netzgesellschaft: Vorwort und Einleitung

1/39

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Jlmqejx Gjmeq`eol, Njlole Xeo}~

Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}j`el Vjlme`x


2/39

8vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

Tcqvcq}

Eol eo}ulf

Mjx Le}~ ox} J``}jf meq J``}jf 'juhg/ ob Le}~

Moxqu{}ote ]ehglc`cfoe> Moe Mj}elxhgèumeq Ol}eqle} ox} eol Ij}j`yxj}cq mex Vjlme`x

Tcl Jhhexx ~u Hcl}el}> Moe Molcxjuqoeq mex Ol}eqle}fexhgd}x x}e`èl xohg leu jud

Eqx}ex Ij{o}e > Aex}jlmxjudljgbel meq Le}~fexe xhgjd}

:, Dqeo~eo} Iu }uq $ Ul}eqgj }ulf

Moe mofo}jèl Beoèlx}eole meq e}~}el ~egl NjgqeMoe Xo}uj}ocl ol Meu}xhg`jlm

1, Bjqie}olf Iclxub $ Eolijudel

@oie"bolmem Hcbbulohj}oclx> Moe Mjubel"gchg"Fex}e qemu~oeq} mofo}jèx

Moj`cf"Bjqie}olf jud eol Bolobub bo} ghgx} toqjèl Dc`fel

8, Bemoel Oldcqbj}ocl $ Ncuqlj oxbux

@ote"Aevef}ao`m> Fccfè boxhg} iqd}of bo}Aeqohg}eqx}j}}ulf ol mel i`jxxoxhgel Bemoel ul}eq Xchoj`"Bemoj"Eolfiuxx

Moe Qeljoxxjlhe mex El}g`ùlfxncuqljòxbux

=, Fexulmgeo} Eqlgqulf $ Vcg aedolmel

Fc}} ol Veo jud Jaqud

Moe fefelvq}ofe Xo}uj}ocl meq ]eèbemo~olbGej`}g> Moe ]eèicbbuloij}oclxolmux}qoe gj} moe Auxolexx"Hgjlhel dex} ob Aòhi

5, Dqeulmxhgjd} Ae~oegulf $ Febeolxhgjd}Moe Fqel~el meq Djheacci"[ollvjlm

4, @eqlel Voxxel $ Veo}eqao mulf

@ejqlolf Hcbbulo}oex ulm Xeqocux Fjbex leue ûflfe ~ub eèi}qcloxhgel @eqlelEl}eq{qoxe 1,;> Bo}jqaeo}eq"Ic``jacqj}ocl ulm Oldc"Xgjqolf x}j}} Voxxelxgcq}ulf

ulm Veo}eqao`mulfxx}juTcl meq Oldc"Dù} ~uq Oldc"@ux}> leue Toxujòxoequlfx}ehgloiel

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3/39

= Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

6, Voq}xhgjd} Jqaeo} $ Ul}eqlegbel

Qehquo}olf"Bjqi}{`j}~ Ol}eqle} ~voxhgel Ijqqoeqedj` e ulm Ao`mulfx"Gua

Meq f`xeqle Aeveqaeq mjx {qotj}"el}òhge Clòle"@eaelAequfiohge E"Bjo`"Lu}~ulf> Mjx Elme mex J}}jhgbel}x"Qefobex

Moe Feleqj}ocl Djheacci ox} ]qeoaeq dq El}eq{qoxe 1,;Moe Vx}e meq A1A"Clòle"Icbbuloij}ocl

7, [c o}oi Aegqmel $ Teqvj }ulf

^voxhgel Mebciqj}oeveqi~euf ulm Xhgvjq~eq [e}eqE"Mebchqjhy eol gc`{qofeq meu}xhgeq VefDcq}xhgqo}}x}qeoaeq C{elMj}j

Ohg f`juae ~u j`èqeqx} buxx moexex Icl~e{} tcl [cò}oieql eqx} eolbj`muqhgmqulfel veqmel, Ol}eqtoev bo} Hgqox}ojl Iqeu}~ Ew{eq}e dq C{elMj}j

ulm C{elFcteqlbel}

?, Iolmgeo} Nufelm $ Eq~oegulf

Judfjael ob mofo}jèl Nufelm}qeBemoelao`mulf ox} eol Feleqj}oclel aeqfqeodelmex Jlòefel

Lchg obbeq Iljhi{uli}> Meq Mofo}j` Fj{ ~voxhgel @egqeq ulm XhgèqVoq vqel mjbj`x loe jud moe Omee feicbbel ulxeqel @egqeql eol Feauq}x}jfxfexhgeli

~u bjhgel, Ol}eqtoev bo} eoleb Fybljxoj`ègqeq ~uq Qc`è xc~ojèq Le}~veqie obXhgèq"@egqeq"Teqg`}lox

:;, F juae Qe ofocl $ X{oqo}uj o}}

Moe Ioqhge ijll lohg} begq cgle mjx Le}~ ox} elmf`}of F`juaelxxjhge

Bjlhge ]gebel vqme ohg toe`èohg} lchg lohg} eolbj` bo} eoleb qejèl Dqeulmmel ohg jux meq C ole"Ve`} ielle xc ol moexeq Jq} aex{qehgel, Ol}eqtoev bo}]cb Lcemolf Hcbbulo}y Bjljfeq meq eqx}el X}ulme

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4/39


veo}ex Ij{o}e > Xhg xxe }qelmx mex mofo}j el Vjlme x

C{el Eteqy}golf>

Moe Ve`} fegq} meq Celgeo}

Hqcvmxcuqholf>

Moe ic`èi}ote @xulfxxuhge ob Le}~

E"Omel}o}y>Mjx mofo}jè Ohg j`x ùiqj}ote Ajux}e`è

Bcaoto oxj}ocl>

Mjx bcaoè Ol}eqle} j`x ]qeoaeq dq Dcq}xhgqo}} ulm ]eo`gjae jaeq juhg dq X{oeèqeo

[eqtjxote Vea>

Xelxcq}ehgloi QDOM"]ehgloi ulm Ol}eqle}icllei}oto}} jl 'djx}/ j`èl Cq}el

aqolfel mjx aeqj``"Le}~

Qej "}obe [jqjmofb>

Mjx Le}~ el}dj`}e} xeole fevj`}ofe Iqjd}

j`x Ehg}~eo}bemoub

Jlj cfoxoequlf>

J`vjyx"cl qud} Jl}o"Gj`}ulfel geqtcq ulm {qctc~oeq} mel {qcmui}otelJuxx}oef jux meb Mofo}jèl

Dld ]gexel ~u mofo}j el Le}~veqiel

F cxxjq

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5/39

4 Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

Voe toeè Clòle"Omel}o}}el gjael Xoe3Xhgcl eolbj` ljhgfe~g`}3

Jhhcul}x aeo Jbj~cl eAjy Djheacci WolfFccfè J{{è cmeq aeo meq Meu}xhgel Ajgl, Ex

xc`` Belxhgel feael moe dgqel bo}}èqveoè eolfjl~ex Jmqexxauhg ogqeq xeàx} bo} Mu}~elmeltcl Lu}~eqljbel ulm el}x{qehgelmel [jxx"

vq}eql dq Ol}eqle}moelx}e ulm Clòle"Xgc{xgjlmfexhgqoeael ulm judaevjgq} jl eoleb meqxohgeqx}el Cq}e meq Ve`}> ul}eq meb Ic{dioxxel,

Lul bjf mjx j`èx icboxhg iòlfel ex ~eof} ao`m"

gjd} jaeq luq j``~u meu}òhg mjxx xohg ulxeqeFexe``xhgjd} ol eoleb fofjl}oxhgel {eqxlòhg

eaelxc ~eo}qjuaelmel voe nemel ]jf judx Leue

x{jllelmel ic"etcù}oclqel Jmj{}oclx{qc"~exx aelme}, X}jq}"u{x voe meq @chj}ocl"ajxem

Xeqtohe Dcuqxzujqe meq Bohqca`cffolf"Moelx}]vo}}eq Icl~eqle voe Fccfè ulm Djheacci cmeq

Olmotomuel voe meq Voio@ejix"Ic{d Nuòjl Jxxjlfeulm nemeq eol~e`le Ol}eqle}lu}~eq xeàx} {qfellohg} luq moe mofo}jè Ubve`} ol meq voq ulx }f"

òhg aevuxx} obbeq begq jaeq juhg ulaevuxx}aevefel, Voq {jxxel ulx juhg }fòhg moexeb

leuel Be}jbemoub jl mjx ulxeqe Jq} bo}eoljl"meq ~u icbbulo~oeqel eaelxc teqlmeq} voe ul"

xeq Teqx}lmlox tcl Voxxel cmeq fjq moe Jq} ulmVeoxe voe voq meliel ulm èael vc`èl, Veqg}}e lchg tcq dld Njgqel mjqjl femjhg} mjxx

eol xhgle`èq Ol}eqle}~ufjlf vexel}òhg mjdqteqjl}vcq}òhg xeol voqm voe voq @eaelxzujò}}

ulm è}~}òhg X}jlm" ulm Vcglcq}e aeveq}el3

Mjx ûiuld}xolx}o}u} gj} aeqeo}x 1;;; eole X}u"

moe ~uq ûiuld} mex Ol}eqle} tcqfeèf}, Lohg}j`è ]gexel ulm Jlljgbel mjqol illel meq fe"

felvq}ofel Qejò}} meq Le}~fexe``xhgjd} x}jlm"

gj`}el, Moe fqcael El}vohiùlfxòloel jaeq gj}

Ju}cq Bj}}gojx Gcqw }qe ohg geqjuxfejqaeo}e},Veq vqme geu}e jlfexohg}x meq Mcboljl~ tclDjheacci Wolf $ Hc, ol Dqjfe x}e`èl mjxx moeIcbbuloij}oclxdcqbel ob vvvx}oòx}oxhg ',,,/

x}jqi tcl veoaòhgeb Le}vcqiolf fe{qf}

'Gcqw 1;;; X, 11/ xolm3 Ve`hgeq [Q"Teqjl}vcq}"

òhge ulm Bjqie}eeq vqme geu}e lohg} dc`felmeJuxxjfe ul}eqx}qeohgel>YMjx Le}~R ijll Ul}eq"legbel aexxeq bo} xeolel Iulmel qhiic{{e`l,

Jaeq ex ijll ieol Eqxj}~ dq eole iclxezuel}

iulmelcqoel}oeq}e Ul}eqlegbelxiu`}uq ulm

x}qolfel}el Bjqieljudaju xeol,'eam, X, 56/

Eole meq vohg}ofx}el Juxxjfel meq X}umoe jaeqox} mjxx mjx Ol}eqle} ~uq Lcqbjò}} voqm ulm fe"qjme mexgjà luq lchg mjx ulxhgeolajqe xegq

vcg` jaeq lc}velmofe Gol}eqfqulmao`m eoleq Fe"xe``xhgjd} mex mofo}jèl Qejòxbux xeol voqm,

Moe O`ùx}qj}oclel ~u mel ûild}el mex Ol}eq"le} moe meq O`ùx}qj}cq Olfc Djx} ~u meq bo}}èq"veoè e`d Njgqe j`}el [uaòij}ocl aeofex}eueq}

gj} xolm lchg geu}e ji}ue`` ulm veqmel ol meq

Eolèo}ulf 'X, 18/ lchgbj`x judfefqoel,

Ol mel teqfjlfelel Njgqel gj} mjx ûiuld}xolx"

}o}u} mjll obbeq voemeq {uli}ue`` jud moe Qc`èmex Ol}eqle} ol Fexe``xhgjd} ulm Voq}xhgjd} gol"fevoexel, Xc juhg bo} meq X}umoe Bemojù}o"

cl '1;;5/ ol meq tcq j`èb moe Iclxezuel~elmeq mofo}jèl Olmotomujòxoequlf dq moe Bemo"

elaqjlhge geqjuxfejqaeo}e} vuqmel, 1;;4 eq"xhgoel mjx ]qelmmcxxoeq Bjqie}olf 1,; ol meb

Tcqvcq}


6/39


voq mjx Hcbbulo}y"[jqjmofbj ol meq Ae~oegulf~voxhgel [qcmu~el} ulm Iclxubel} ~voxhgel

Bjqie ulm Iulme }gebj}oxoeq}el, Bo} Xchoj`Hcbbeqhe dc`f}e 1;;7 eole [MD"[uaòij}oclmoe moe ~veo}e Feleqj}ocl mex E"Hcbbeqhe lgeq

aeèuhg}e}e, Mjqol gjael voq leue Icl~e{}e mexeèi}qcloxhgel Gjlme`x tcq meb Gol}eqfqulm meq

x}eofelmel Teqle}~ulfxfqjme jlj`yxoeq},

Ol meq tcqòefelmel [uaòij}ocl lul feg} ex ulx

lohg} tcqmeqfqlmof ub }ehgloxhge Leuequlfelol meq Oldcqbj}oclx" ulm ]eèicbbuloij}oclx"

olmux}qoe, Voq vc`èl lohg} moe Xohgeqgeo} tcl

H`cum Hcb{u}olf aox olx ièolx}e Me}jo` eqq}eqlcmeq moe degèlme Aqeo}ajlmteqxcqfulf ol `lm"

òhgel Qefoclel, Juhg feg} ex ulx lohg} ub melqejèl Hyaeq Vjq cmeq moe djae`gjd}el Bfòhg"

ieo}el toq}ue`èq Qejò}} ol j`` ogqel Djhe}}el,

Gcqw Bj}}gojx '1;;;/> Moe ûiuld} mex Ol}eqle}, Jud meb Vef ~ub Mofo"}jèl Qejòxbux Vjx voqm jux vvv ulm E"Hcbbeqhe3

Ieìgeob> uiuld}xolx}o}u}

Vel~e` Eoie u,j, '1;;5/> Bemojù}ocl, Tcl mel Bjxxelbemoel ~uqmofo}jèl Olmotomujòxoequlf, Ieìgeob> uiuld}xolx}o}u}

Gjmeqèol Jlmqejx '1;;4/> Bjqie}olf 1,;, Tcl meq Bjxxe ~uq Hcbbulo"

}y, Dji}el ulm Juxaòhie ~uq leuel 'Clòle"/Icbbuloij}ocl,Ieìgeob> uiuld}xolx}o}u}

Iqoxhg Nchgel9 Gjmeqèol Jlmqejx '1;;7/> Xchoj` Hcbbeqhe, Teqijudel

ob Hcbbulo}y"êo}j`}eq '[MD/, Ieìgeob> uiuld}xolx}o}u}

Ge`melgjd}e Gjhieq"Fexhgohg}el lmel Xoe olmoexeq X}umoe eaelxc velof voe eole Juxeoljl"

meqxe}~ulf bo} mel Fqel~el ulm Xeflulfel meqilx}òhgel Ol}e`òfel~, Moe }ehglc`cfoxhgel Jx"{ei}e ulm ol}eqle}"u}c{ox}oxhgex Femjlielfu}

xolm vohg}of veqmel jaeq jl jlmeqeq X}e`è ~uqFelfe }gebj}oxoeq}, Xegel Xoe goeq~u juhg ul"

xeqe @o}eqj}uqeb{degùlfel,

Voq vc`èl ulm mjx ox} meq Ieql ulxeqex be"

}gcmoxhgel Jlxj}~ex eolel j``~u aexhgqli}elAòhi jud moe fqulmèfelmel ]ehglc`cfoel mex

Ol}eqle} ulm meq lu}~eqxeo}ofel Gjqmvjqe tcb

[H aeq mjx Xbjq}{gcle aox ~ub ]jaè} teqbeo"mel, Mell mjtcl xolm voq aeq~euf} eq dgq}

djx} obbeq ~u eoleq Teqljhg`xxofulf meq xc"~ocmofo}jèl Mobelxocl m,g, meq fexe``xhgjd}"

òhgel voq}xhgjd}òhgel ulm iu`}uqe`èl Teql"


7/39


mequlfxaevefulfel moe bo} meq ~ulegbelmelTeqaqeo}ulf mex Ol}eqle} ulm mexxel obbeq }oe"

deq qeohgelmel Lu}~ulfxicl}ew}el eolgeqfegel,Iuq~> Voq xegel ulx mel mofo}jèl J``}jf e}vjx

feljueq jl,

Feqjme mexgjà gjael voq ob Qjgbel meq X}u"

moe eole Qeoge tcl Ol}eqtoevx fedgq} ol melelvoq Ji}euqe ob Le}~ moe Belxhgel gol}eq mel

Lu`èl ulm Eolxel ~u Vcq} icbbel `jxxelbhg}el, Xoe lmel mexgjà mqeo Ol}eqtoevx ae"

vuxx} juxdgqòhg jafemquhi} tcq, Mjqul}eq mjxFex{qhg bo} eoleb @egqeq meq bo} toe` Bu} ulmTeqte teqxuhg} xc~ojè Le}~veqie voe Djheacci

ol xeoleq {mjfcfoxhgel Jqaeo} bo} ulm ob {eq"xlòhgel Teqg`}lox ~u xeolel Xhgèql ~u ae"

qhixohg}ofel, Juhg ]cb Lcemolf Hcbbulo}yBjljfeq meq eqx}el X}ulme ulm lul teqjl}"

vcq}òhg dq moe [`j}}dcqb etjlfeòxhg,me gj}xohg ulxeqel Dqjfel ~uq Qc`è meq Leuel Bemoelol F`juae ulm Qeòfocl fex}e``}, Ulm meq Ol}eqle}"

ji}otox} ulm Aeqj}eq Hgqox}ojl Iqeu}~ eqù}eq} obOl}eqtoev olvoeveo} moe Icl~e{}e C{elMj}j ulm

C{elFcteqlbel} ulxeq Teqx}lmlox tcl [cò}oi]eo gjae ulm Mebciqj}oe teqlmeql,

Voq bhg}el Oglel bo} meq Eolcqmlulf aex}obb"}eq [glcbele ulm ]qelmx ol neveoòfe @eaelx"

x{gqel tcl meq Dqeo~eo} aeq Ao`mulf aox gol

~uq Qeòfocl fèohgeqbjel Cqoel}oequlf voeOlx{oqj}ocl dq Ogqe }fòhge Jqaeo} jb ob ulm nj juhg mjx fefel mjx Ol}eqle} òedeql, Mellxhgòeòhg feael voq Oglel lohg} luq jlxhgju"

òhge Aeox{oeè dq moe Xhg`xxe`}qelmx C{el

Eteqy}golf Hqcvmxcuqholf E"Omel}o}y Bcaotoò"

xj}ocl [eqtjxote Vea ulm Qej`"]obe [jqjmofb

jl moe Gjlm, Xclmeql voq xhgjuel juhg mjqjudvc ulm vexgjà Belxhgel feluf tcb mofo}jèl

J``}jf gjael 'Ij{, Jlj`cfoxoequlf/,Meq êo}{uli} meq X}umoelteqel}òhgulf vuq"

me ulx tcl meq nlfx}el 'Bemoel"/Fexhgohg}e

judfe~vulfel, Mell vemeq moe Feleqj}ocl Dj"heacci ol Lcqmjdqoij lchg Voio@ejix lchg moe

Hc{y $ [jx}e"Jqe mex Ew"Teq}eomofulfxbo"lox}eqx icll}el ulaeqhixohg}of} aèoael,

Meq 1;;6 teqx}cqaele ûiuld}xdcqxhgeq QcyJbjqj xjf}e meq Belxhg leofe mj~u moe iuq~"

dqox}ofel Juxvoqiulfel tcl ]ehglc`cfoel ~uaeqxhg}~el moe `jlfdqox}ofel jaeq ~u ul}eq"

xhg}~el, Voq teqxuhgel Jbjqjx @jv ~u ae"geq~ofel ulm dqjfel> Voe teqlmeq} mjx Ol}eqle}

`jlfdqox}of ulxeq @eael deqlja tcl Feq}e"Gy{ex ulm _cu]uae"X}jqx3 Vjx e}vj gjael moeUbv`~ulfel ol fy{}el ulm moe C{elMj}j"

[`j}}dcqb DowByX}qee} febeolxjb3 Ulm ve`hgeXhg`xxe `jxxel xohg mjqjux ol Ae~uf jud moe

meu}xhgel Ol}eqle}"Teqg`}loxxe ~oegel3

Moexe ulm jlmeqe vohg}ofe Dqjfel ob ûxjb"

belgjlf bo} meq x}e}ofel Teqaqeo}ulf mex Ol"}eqle} teqxuhg} Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} ~u ae"

jl}vcq}el, Voq vlxhgel Oglel mexgjà eole

eqiell}loxqeohge @ei}qe moe @ei}qe eoleq [u"aòij}ocl meqel Ju}cqel lchg obbeq Ulbelfeljl Mquhieq}ol}e ulm [j{oeq teqaqjuhg} gjaellchg obbeq Ahgeq x}umoeq}el ulm xhgvjq~ jud

veo fexhgqoeael gjael,

Ieìgeob ob Bq~ 1;::

Njlole Xeo}~ ulm Jlmqejx Gjmeqèol


8/39

?vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

Dqeo~eo} Iu }uq $ Ul}eqgj }ulf

Bjqie}olf Iclxub $ Eolijudel

Bemoel Oldcqbj}ocl $ Ncuqlj oxbux

Fexulmgeo} Eqlgqulf $ Vcg aedolmel

Dqeulmxhgjd} Ae~oegulf $ Febeolxhgjd}

@eqlel Voxxel $ Veo}eqao mulf

Voq}xhgjd} Jqaeo} $ Ul}eqlegbel

[c o}oi Aegqmel $ Teqvj }ulf

Iolmgeo} Nufelm $ Eq~oegulf

F juae Qe ofocl $ X{oqo}uj o}}

JAH


9/39

:; Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

Mjx Le}~ ox} J }jf meq J }jf 'juhg/ ob Le}~

Mjx Ol}eqle} muqhgmqolf} aeqeo}x ièolx}e [jq~e`èl ulxeqexJ``}jfx, Ex ox} dq toeè Belxhgel eol xeàx}teqx}lmòhgeq]jfexaefèo}eq, Eol Qjub meq voe ieol jlmeqeq Teqfjlfelgeo}

Fefelvjq} ulm ûiuld} teqeol}> Mell mjx vvv ijll eol qoexofexgox}cqoxhgex Jqhgot xeol 55 Bo`òclel Bo}fòemeq e}vj ub"

djxx} moe Jgleldcqxhgulfx"Hcbbulo}y ByGeqo}jfe cmeq mjxxhgle``x}e Ljhgqohg}elbemoub ulxeqeq eo}, Ex voqm Teqxj}~x}"

hie tcl Clòle"Omel}o}}el ulm moe Mj}elx{uqel meq Lu}~eq veo}aeq meqel {gyxoxhgel ]cm goljux aevjgqel, Ex fqeod} ol ]eoèlfjq tcqjux vjx voq ol mel lhgx}el Xeiulmel meliel veqmel

'tf`, Xhgoqqbjhgeq 1;;?/ ulm ex ox} mjx }ehgloxhge Feqx} dqleue {qcflcx}oxhge Teqdjgqel 'tf`, F`ccq u,j, 1;;?/,

Mjx ol}eqexxjl}ex}e [glcbel jaeq ox}> Ex voqm bo}ul}eq fjq lohg}begq j`x {qfelm vjgqfelcbbel, Mjx celajq}e xohg boq ol

eoleb Fex{qhg bo} beoleb Dqoxeuq tcq lulbegq aeq mqeo Njgqel,

Vgqelm eq Xhgeqe ulm Ijbb jlxe}~}e dqjf}e ohg ogl ca eq {qotj}cmeq aequfiohg e}vjx bo} meb Ol}eqle} ~u }ul gjae, Vcqjudgol eqxcdcq} teqleol}e boq jaeq gfiohgeqveoxe mel oltex}ofj}otel Xbj``"

}jì fex}j}}e}e, Eqx} ob veo}eqel Fex{qhg celajq}e xohg mjllmjxx eq xeole @eaelxfedgq}ol aeq mjx Ol}eqle} iellelfeèql}gj}}e 'ieole Leaelxhgòhgieo} voe ohg beole/ ulm mjxx ol xeolel

Dqoxeuqxj`cl obbeq begq Leuiulmel icbbel, Vefel meq fu}elAeveq}ulfel jud Zy{e xeoel xoe ~u ogb fe`jlf}, Beol Dqoxeuq

x{qjhg mel Ljbel eoleq meq fq}el `cijèl Aeveq}ulfx{`j}}dcq"bel bo} Ioe{e jux, Vcgeq xc``}e eq juhg voxxel mjxx xohg meqLjbe jux meb X`cfjl Zujò}y cq Gy{e3 jaèo}e},

Eolèo}ulf Mjx Ol}eqle} eqbfòhg} Fex{qhge ul}eq Belxhgel moe ol melêo}el meq Bjxxelbemoel eoldjhg lohg} bfòhg vjqel, ',,,/

Moexe teqle}~}el Fex{qhge eqxhgjel iqjd}tc`è leue Dcqbel

meq xc~ojèl Cqmlulf ulm ex }juhgel leue Jq}el mex Voxxelx"

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10/39

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11/39

:1 Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

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12/39

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13/39

:= Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

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14/39

:5vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

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15/39

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16/39

:7 Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

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bel meq Xeèi}ocl Aevjgqulf ulm Tjqoj}ocl ~ufqulme,


17/39

:?vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

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18/39

1; Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

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19/39

1:vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

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20/39


Xhgcl ob Njgqe 1;;; teqel}òhg}e mjx uiuld}xolx}o}u} eoleX}umoe 'tf`, Gcqw 1;;;/ ol meq moe El}vohiùlf mex Ol}eqle}

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fexhgo`meq}el uild}e meq }j}xhgòhgel El}vohiùlf el}x{qe"

hgel 'xoege Jaa,/>

Iqoxe meq Judbeqixjbieo}> Moe [gjxe mex Ièolfeq}ehgjcx gj"ael voq veo}ex}fegelm muqhgxhgqo}}el ulm muqhgò}}el,

Hcuhgijq}ce` 1,;> J`x moe Teq}qe}eq meq j`}el Bemoel lchgaeq }ehglc`cfoxhge ulm olx}o}u}ocle`è Qjgbelaemolfulfel

mex ol}eqji}otel Deqlxegelx ljhgmjhg}el gj} xohg mjx ]T lfx}xeàx} leu eqdulmel, Meq Judx}oef tcl _cu]uae bo}}èqveoè moe

~veo}beox} felu}~}e Xuhgbjhgole meq Ve`} ox} fèohgeqbjelXybac` voe ]qeoaeq mex el}eq}jolbel}fe}qoeaelel Ol}eqle},

Le}~jfel}el}ub#J{{xVcq`m>Voq aelmel ulx meq~eo} ol eolebaeqfjlf ~ub xeqtohefe}qoeaelel Ol}eqle}, Moe o[gcle"J{{òij}o"

clel xolm moe dqgel êufel moexeq mqo}}el [gjxe> ièole Ge`deq"hgel ob J``}jf moe ulx j`x mofo}jè Moeleq ulm Jfel}el nemveme

Oldcqbj}ocl ulm ol}eqle}fex}}~}e Jlvelmulf bo} eoleb Dolfeq"}o{{ jud mjx Gjlmy aqolfel,

Qhiiegq meq Qejò}}> Ol meq toeq}el ulm è}~}el [gjxe teq"xhgvolme} mjx Ol}eqle} veo` ex aeqj`` ox} xc {jqjmcw ex

iòlfel bjf, Mjx Ol}eqle} eq~euf} luq lchg velof Eb{qulf, Ex

ox} ~uq Lcqbjò}} fevcqmel eol J``}jfxaefèo}eq voe mjx ]eèdcljuhg, Meq ûfqo jud mjx Le}~ eqdc`f} obbeq gufeq bcao`, Moemjqfex}e``}e Dqju oex} eol Auhg vcg`febeqi}> ieol Jbj~clIolmè cmeq o[jm, Vjx voq j`èqmolfx lohg} xegel> Veq gj} moe"

xeq Dqju mjx Auhg eb{dcgèl voe vuqme ex mox}qoauoeq} geqfe"x}e``} ulm vjx aemeu}e} aeqgju{} Ju}cqelxhgjd} ob 1:, Njgqgul"

meq}3 Dqjfel meqel Jl}vcq}el geu}e lchg ob Xhg`jhg}femqgleub leue ]ehglc`cfoel ulm O]"Jlvelmulfel xeoel ex eèi}qclo"xhgex [j{oeq xeàx}melielme Ig`xhgqlie cmeq ]jl~x}ulmel ol

Xehclm @ode ul}eqfegel,


21/39


Moe uild}e mex Ol}eqle} ulm moe Etc u}ocl meq Bemoelicb{e}el~

Oldcqbj}ocl Cteq`cjm 'icbbuloij}ote aeqdcqmequlf/

X}eofelme Bemoelicb{e}el~ 'feòlfelme Icbbuloij}ocl/

Begq Vea 1,;Velofeq Vea 1,;

Hcuhgijq}ce` 1,;

]c}jèx Le}~"El}eq}jolbel}

Iqoxe meq Judbeqixjbieo}

Qhiiegq meq Qejò}} Le}~jfel}el}ub 'J{{xVcq`m/

Mjx fqce Ièolfeq}ehgjcx

Mjx Le}~ teqxhgvolme} veo` ex aeqj`` ox} Mofo}jè Moeleq ulm {eqxcljòxoeq}e Olgj`}e

Zue e> uiuld}xolx}o}u} 1;::9 O ux}qj}oclel> Olfc Djx}


22/39

1= Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

Ex voqm ol ûiuld} obbeq begq aevuxx}e Ol}eqle}lu}~eq felju"xc voe eole Bolmeqgeo} tcl aeq~euf}el Juxx}eofeql feael moe

felju voxxel vjx mjx Vea ijll ulm vjx lohg}, Belxhgel èqlelob vefel ulm aeq mjx Ol}eqle} bo} meb Ol}eqle} ub~ufegel,

[1[> Jb i jxxoxhgel Ol}eqbemoq tcqaeo

Loe vjq meq Jux}juxhg aeq [qcmui}e fqeq loe vuqme begqfexuhg} eb{dcgèl fe}ex}e} ulm aeveq}e} j`x geu}e, Ulm> Loe

vuqme begq Feaqjuhg}ex ulm Xeàx}iqeoeq}ex teqgieq} j`x geu"}e, Mjx ox} meq Ieql mex xcfeljll}el Xchoj` Hcbbeqhe> Meq i`jx"

xoxhge Djhg" ulm Eol~e`gjlme` tcq j`èb ob Lcl"Dccm"Aeqeohgvoqm ~ulegbelm olix oefel fe`jxxel veo` xohg eol x}eofelmeq]eo` tcl ]qjlxji}oclel ulm Icbbuloij}oclel [eeq"}c"[eeq ja"

x{oe`}, Mel ^voxhgelglmèq jux~uxhgj`}el ulm mjdq mjx Fe`mxeàx} eol~ux}qeohgel 'mjx voxxel voq x{}ex}elx xeo} Eajy/ ox}

eol Fexhgeli mjx ulx mjx Ol}eqle} febjhg} gj}, Ulm ljge~uj`è Aqjlhgel xc``}el jud meq Gu} xeol, ^veo Aeox{oeè>

Xeàx} Ajlifexhgd}e veqmel bo}}èqveoè cgle Ajli jafevo"hie`}, jg`qeohge [1["Iqemo}bjqi}{`}~e xolm aeqeo}x el}x}jlmel>

ol mel UXJ [qcx{eq'vvv,{qcx{eq,hcb/ cmeq moe Boiqciqemo}teq"bo}}èqol ulm LFC Iotj 'vvv,iotj,cqf/ ol Elf`jlm bo}}èqveoè

juhg ol O}jòel Nj{jl ulm mel UXJ teq}qe}el ^c{j 'vvv,~c{j,hcb/ ol Meu}xhg`jlm Xbjtj 'vvv,xbjtj,me/ ulm Juwbcley'vvv,juwbcley,hcb/,

Juhg Jlv`}e aeicbbel Icliuqqel~ jux meb Ol}eqle}, Hgehi by

hjxe 'vvv,hgehibyhjxe,hcb/ ox} eole Qehg}xaeqj}ulfx{`j}}dcqb

meq aexclmeqel Jq}, Jlx}j}} gchgae~jg`}e Jlv`}e ~u aedqjfelxe}~} moe nuqox}oxhge Xeàx}go`defqu{{e jud mjx Voxxel meq Hcb"bulo}y, Jud meq [`j}}dcqb moxiu}oeqel moe Lu}~eq aeq nuqox}oxhgeD`è, Moe Uxeqfebeolxhgjd} el}xhgeome} e}~}elmòhg mjqaeq ca

nebjlm bo} xeoleb Qehg}x{qcaèb tcq Feqohg} Hgjlhel g}}e ~ufevollel eqù}eq} meq ~ux}lmofe [qcnei}teqjl}vcq}òhge Jèw"

jlmeq Xic, Goeq voqm meq i`jxxoxhge Ol}eqbemoq eòboloeq} ulmmjbo} mjx Fexhgd}xbcme`` Qehg}xaeqj}ulf j}}jhioeq}, Nuqox}el og"qeqxeo}x fegel ol moe Celxote ulm teqxuhgel jud [`j}}dcqbel voe

vvv,dqjf"eolel"jlvj`},me ogqe Iòel}e` aeq eael nelex Bemoub~uqhi~ufevollel mjx xoe oglel obbeq begq qjua},

:

1

*


23/39


Vjx ol mel è}~}el Njgqel bo} meb Xhg`jfvcq} Vea 1,; meu}"òhg vuqme ox} lohg}x velofeq j`x moe X}uqb"ulm"Mqjlf"[gjxe mex

Bemoellu}~eqx meq aefoll} xeàx} ~ub Fex}j`}eq meq mofo}jèl@jlmxhgjd}el ~u veqmel bo} el}x{qehgelmel Juxvoqiulfel

jud Bqi}e Icbbuloij}ocl ulm Iu`}uq, Mjx Ol}eqle} meq eqx}elFeleqj}ocl vjq ub ob X`jlf meq leuel Le}~ve`} ~u aèoael

eole uljuxfeqeod}e Ae}j"Teqxocl, Meq Clòle"Gjlme` vjq jlfe

êo} lohg}x veo}eq j`x mjx Dcq}xhgqeoael meq jlj`cfel Vjqel"voq}xhgjd}x`cfoi ol mel mofo}jèl Qjub fèohgxjb moe Ic{oe meq

Aex}e``lubbeq ob Ol}eqle}, [1["[`j}}dcqbel x}e`èl Bjqi}be"hgjloxbel jud mel Ic{d,

El}xhgeomelmeq [ele}qj}oclx"Dji}cq>

Eoldjhggeo} meq Aemoelulf

Mjx Ol}eqle} voqm lohg} luq obbeq xeàx}teqx}lmòhgeq ex voqm

tcq j`èb j``fefelvq}ofeq, Ol eoleq gy{eqbcaoèl 1=#6"Fexe``"xhgjd} vc`èl obbeq begq Belxhgel tcl aeqj`` ulm qulm ub

moe Ugq ûfjlf ~ub Ol}eqle}, Uljaglfof tcl Cq} ulm êo} Gofg"X{eem"ûfqo jud E"Bjo`x Mj}el ulm Oldcqbj}oclel ~u gjaelvoqm lohg} luq ol eoleq f`cajèl Fexhgd}xve`} ~uq Ajxox tcl

Eqdc`f xclmeql juhg ~ub olmotomue`èl Fqulmaemqdlox toeèqBelxhgel moe mel {eqbjlel}el Jlxhgùxx jl ogqe Le}~veqie

lohg} boxxel vc`èl,

Mel vcg` fq}el Jl}eo` jb Eqdc`f mex bcaoèl Ol}eqle} jaeq gj}

meq Hcb{u}eq"Geqx}e`èq J{{è meq bo} meq Eoldgqulf mex o[gc"le Hcb{u}eq" ulm Ol}eqle}lu}~ulf jud Ajxox }juxelmeq me~el}qj`

el}vohie`}eq J{{òij}oclel eohg}eq ulm ol}uo}oteq febjhg} gj},

Moe ièolel Ge`deqèol mex J``}jfx xolm bo}}èqveoè lohg} begqjux meb mofo}jèl icxyx}eb vef~umeliel, Xoe bjhgel mjxOl}eqle} mjx dq mel Hcb{u}eqlu}~eq eol Beeq tcl ulfevohg}e"}el ulm ulijìuòeqajqel Oldcqbj}oclel ox} jud eoleq eoldjhgel

xollòhgel ulm {eqxlòhgel Eaele gjlmgjaajq,

Gcqw Bj}}gojx '1;;?/> J{{xVcq`m, Cle"]cuhg"J{{òij}oclel

}qeoael moe mofo}jè Qetcù}ocl ol moe lhgx}e Qulmeol> ]qelm"Qe{cq} 1;:; X, =; ,

*


24/39


Tcb ]ehglcbclx}qub ~ub J }jfxaef eo}eq

El}vohiùlf meq Hcb{u}eq" ulm Ol}eqle}lu}~ulf ol mel e}~}el 8; Njgqel

vvv

]ew} Fqj{gohj` ]cuhg

Ieyacjqm Bcuxe Dolfeqx

Hqej}ocl Hcbbulohj}ocl Hclxub{}ocl ) Xgjqolf

[eqxclj` Hcb{u}olf Ol}eqle} Hcb{u}olf Bcaoè Ol}eqle} Hcb{u}olf

UxeqOl}eqdjhe

Ol{u}

Metohe

Metohe

Uxjfe

Hcb{u}olf

Hyhè

Zue e> Bcqfjl X}jl ey 1;:; uiuld}xolx}o}u}


25/39


Mjx Ol}eqle} teqlmeq} X{qjhge

ulm Eqvjq}ulfxgj }ulfel

Fccfe`l bjoèl xuqdel a`cffel }vo}}eql mcvl`cjmelhgj}}el }jffel Hyaeqbcaaolf Xchoj` Le}vcqiolf moe @ox}e

meq Jlfò~oxbel ulm Vcq}xhg{dulfel jux meb @cfauhg mexOl}eqle}"Feaqjuhgx ox} `jlfe, Ol ]eoèl teqlmeq} moe Ol}eqle}lu}"~ulf xcfjq Aefqoxteqx}lmloxxe 'xoege ]ja,/ vjx olxaexclmeqe

mjll celxohg}òhg ~u}jfe }qo}} vell xohg nlfeqe ulm `}eqeBelxhgel aeq ae}qeelme Xjhgteqgj`}e ul}eqgj`}el,

Juxxjfe Aefqoxteqx}lmlox dqgeq Aefqoxteqx}lmlox geu}e

olx Le}~ fegel fedjlfel felcbbel veqmel mjx Ol}eqle} lu}~el ob Vea xuqdel

ic``jacqoeqel bo} meb Deolm ~uxjbbeljqaeo}elicc{eqoeqel febeolxjb Molfe tcqjl"

}qeoael }eoèl

~ux}e`èl {eq Aqoed teqxhgohiel bjoèl

Aj`m mqd}e bo} feèji} eole leue ob vjgqx}el Xolle mex

Vcq}ex xhg`jfiqd}ofe Tcijae` mel Vef ol mel Mumel lmel,Febeol} ox} goeq lj}qòhg moe muqhg xcfeljll}e Vgox}èa`cveq

'xoh*/ eqbfòhg}e Teqel}òhgulf tcl xelxoaèl }eo`x fegeobelcmeq {qotj}el Mciubel}el ulm [qc}cic`èl jux [cò}oi Ul}eq"

legbel ulm Olx}o}u}oclel,

Moe El}g`ùlfx{`j}}dcqb Voio@ejix moe eofel}òhg eqx} ~u

Aefoll mex Njgqex 1;:; muqhg x{ei}jiu`qe El}g`ùlfel aeqmel Iqoef ol Jdfgjlox}jl 'Hc``j}eqj` Buqmeq"Tomec/ ulm moe

Teqel} ohgulf tcl UX"Mo{`cbj}el"Icqqex{clmel~el 'Hjaè"fj}e/ eoleb aqeo}el [uaòiub aeijll} vuqme gj} moexel Aefqofe{qf}, Nuòjl Jxxjlfe Ic{d ulm feox}ofeq Tj}eq tcl Voio@ejix

ulm fèohgxjb x}qeo}ajqeq voe ge`melgjd}eq Oldcji}otox} ox} aol"lel velofeq Vchgel ~ub {eqxclo~oeq}el Deolmao`m meq UX"jbe"

qoijloxhgel Qefoequlf jtjlhoeq},

Emo}ocl Xugqijb{ Xclmeqmquhi '1;::/> Voio@ejix ulm moeDc`fel, Moe Gol}eqfqlme, Moe Iclxezuel~el, Aeqòl> Xugqijb{Njqtox Ne '1;;?/> Vgj} Vcu`m Fccfè Mc3 Lev _cqi>

Gjq{eqAuxolexx


26/39


Ulm xc voe Fccfè lohg} luq Be}j{geq xclmeql mjx }ehglo"xhge Feqx} eolex dulmjbel}jèl Vjlme`x ol meq Jq} ulm Veoxe

voe voq bo} Oldcqbj}oclel ubfegel aemeu}e} xc ox} Voio@ejixfèohgeqbjel Xybac` voe Be}gcme eolex e}~}el jaeq ulteq"

beomòhgel Xhgqo}}ex ol moe toe` aexhgvcqele Voxxelxfexe` "xhgjd}, Ulm moexeq Xhgqo}} geo} aemolfulfx`cxe ]qjlx{jqel~

xeo xoe juhg geqfex}e``} bo}}e`x mj}elxhgu}~qehg}òhg aemeliò"

hgeq Be}gcmel,

Aeome Ul}eqlegbulfel gjael Febeolxjbieo}el,Ogq Duli}ocloeqel ox} luq bfòhg>

muqhg dcq}fexhgqo}}ele ulm teqaqeo}e}e Oldcqbj}oclx}ehglc`cfoe

muqhg eolel ve`}veo} aj`m `hiel`cxel ufjlf ~u Hcb{u}eqlulm Ol}eqle} ulm

muqhg bolobjè Icx}el ulm feqolfel Judvjlm aeo meq X{eohge"

qulf tcl Bo`òclel tcl Mciubel}el ulm Veaxo}ex,

Mjx Ol}eqle} meq Molfe ox} xhgcl mj

',,,/ Ol @clmcl }vo}}eq} j`èx lohg} luq meq Hgedqemji}euq mex

Fujqmojl, Moe ]gebxe }vo}}eq} ogqel Vjxxeqx}jlm ulm moe ]cveq"

aqomfe xjf} ca xoe ~u cmeq jud ox}, ]vo}}eq `xx} eqjglel vjx ex

geoel voqm vell j`èx jldlf} bo}eoljlmeq ~u icbbulo~oeqel

ulm ve`hge ]ehgloiel bjl el}vohie`l buxx ub xohg mel Muqhg"

aòhi ~u teqxhgjel,Beqhemex Aul~ Ncuqljòx}ol Auhgju}cqol ulm Mofo}j`

]golieq ol eoleb ÊO] CL@OLE"Ol}eqtoev aeq moe Qc`è tcl Mj}el ulm Xuhgj`fc"qo}gbel ol ulxeqeq Fexe``xhgjd}

Xeo} Njgqel feox}eq} moe QDOM"]ehglc`cfoe 'Qjmocdqezuel~"Omel}o"ij}ocl/ muqhg moe ûiuld}x`jacqj}cqoel ulm X}qj}efoe"Qcjmbj{x

toeèq Ul}eqlegbel, Mchg aox`jlf icll}el moe Dulihgo{x moeu}c{oxhgel Teqx{qehgulfel tcl meq `hiel`cxel @cfox}oi ulmmeb qetcù}ocloeq}el Xu{{`y"Hgjol"Bjljfebel} lohg} eqd`"

èl, Eol Aòhi gol}eq moe Iuòxxel meq bemojèl aeqx{o}~ulf~eof} ulx jaeq mjxx xohg moe Dulihgo{"]ehglc`cfoe ulm mjbo} moe

:

1

8


27/39

1?vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

Teqle}~ulf tcl Fefelx}lmel ulm [qcmui}el aeqeo}x ulaebeqi}ol mel Bjxxelbjqi} eolfexhgòhgel gjael, Eole meq fq}el

QDOM"Ob{èbel}oequlfel 'tcl mel nj{jloxhgel Bqi}el eolbj`jafexegel/ ox} moe Cyx}eq Hjqm 'vvv,cyx}eqhjqm,hcb/ bo} meq

aox ~u 7; [qc~el} j`èq Djgq}el ob el}òhgel Teqiegqxxyx}eb@clmclx ae~jg`} veqmel,

OAB"Tomec ~ub Ol}eqle} meq Molfe> vvv,ycu}uae,hcb#vj}hg3t2xdEaBT1?5Ii

Obbeq begq Fexhgd}x{qc~exxe ulm "bcme`è xolm xhgcl geu}ecgle moe QDOM"]ehglc`cfoe ulmeliajq, Ild}of voqm ex aeob QDOM"

Eolxj}~ jaeq lohg} luq ub moe voq}xhgjd}òhgel Jx{ei}e fegelxclmeql tcq j`èb juhg ub moe Ljhggj`}ofieo} tcl QDOM"[qcnei"

}el, Eol Aeox{oe`> Mjx loemeq`lmoxhge Ul}eqlegbel Xbjq}qjh'vvv,xbjq}qjh"fqcu{,hcb/ aqolf} ~ub Elme mex Njgqex aoc`c"

foxhg jaajuajqe Fqeel"QDOM"]qjlx{clmeq jud mel Bjqi},

Moe [jqjmofbelvehgxe meq Le}~fexe xhgjd}

òliolfhcb{u}eqx

òliolf{jfex

òliolf{ec{è

òliolfmj}j

òliolf}golfx

6;eq 7;eq ?;eq 1;;; 1;:; 1;1;

Zue e> uiuld}xolx}o}u} 1;::


28/39

8; Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

Bo} meb aeq}qjfulfxx}jlmjqm Lejq Doe`m Hcbbulohj}ocl 'LDH/jud mel xohg toeè Xbjq}{gcle"Geqx}e`èq lul eol`jxxel ub

mel icl}ji}`cxel Jux}juxhg tcl Mj}el aeq iuq~e X}qehiel ~ueqbfòhgel voqm QDOM ol veo}eqel Lu}~ulfxicl}ew}el eolfeae}"

}e} xeol xeo ex aeob bcaoèl Ae~jgèl cmeq aeob E"]ohie}olf,Juhg xcfeljll}e ZQ"Hcmex moe mel moqei}el bcaoèl ûfqo jud

Ol}eqle}olgj`}e zuj Xbjq}{gcle eqèohg}eql ulm aex}obb}el Fe"

felx}lmel ~ufecqmle} veqmel illel xolm vohg}ofe Ajux}eoleob Le}~ meq Molfe 'xoege juhg Ij{o}e` [eqtjxote Vea/,

Eol [qcbe}geuxxhgeq Eddei}> Xefel ulm D uhg

mex Ol}eqle}

Begq j`x :5; Ol}e`èi}ue`è Voxxelxhgjd}èq Ilx}èq ulm

Ol}eqle}"[ocloeqe aejl}vcq}e}el moe aeqgb}e j``ngqòhgeXhg`xxe`dqjfe meq Tcqmelieq"[`j}}dcqb Emfe> Gcv ox} }ge

Ol}eqle} hgjlfolf }ge vjy ycu }goli3 'tf`, Aqchibjl 1;::9vvv,emfe,cqf/ Ulm xoe gj} goeq~u`jlme eolel Moxiuqx aeq moe

fexe``xhgjd}òhge Qc`è mex Ol}eqle} el}djhg} meq jlfe eo} luqol mel fexhg`cxxelel Qubel meq Leqmx Hyaeq"U}c{ox}el ulmLe}~ji}otox}el x}j}}djlm,

Lohg} velofe xeoel ex Teq`jfe ulm Bemoelguxeq 'melel `jlfe

êo} aevgq}e Fexhgd}xbcme`è vefaqehgel/ Ncuqljòx}el [ua"ò~ox}el ulm Iu`}uqiqo}oieq aqolfel mel fefelvq}ofel El}vohi"ùlfel eole fegqofe [cq}ocl Xie{xox el}fefel, Xoe xhg`jfel ol

eole Jl}o"Mofo}jòxoequlfxieqae moe eaelxc ~ub fexe``xhgjd}ò"hgel Moxiuqx ub moe Qc`è mex Ol}eqle} fegq} voe moe Eq`xulfx"

dcqbe`l tcl ]ehglcdqejix ulm Teqajlmxhgedx,Mofo}jè ]ehgloi

ox} eol Xhg`xxe` ~uq @xulf meq fqcel fexe``xhgjd}òhgel Judfj"ael xjf}e e}vj meq Ao}icb"[qxomel} Jufux}"Vo`ge`b Xhgeeqob Qjgbel meq Hcb{u}eqbexxe HeAO] 1;;?,

Xeqoxe ]jfex~eo}ulfel gjael xohg meqveo` jud mjx ]gebjMj}elxhgu}~ ob Ol}eqle} ulm mofo}jèx @eael eolfexhgcxxel> Xc

{qxel}oeq} mjx Vj`` X}qee} Ncuqlj` moe Xeqoe Vgj} }gey ilcv,Moe ÊO] CL@OLE aebg} ol eoleq Xeqoe fjq mel Aefqo Iu`}uq"ijb{d ulm ul}eq}o}e`} Clòle ulm C ole aeq mjx @eael ol

~veo Ve`}el, Moe DJ^ ox} x{}ex}elx xeo} meq Teqel}òhgulfmex Auhgex [jyajhi mex [uaò~ox}el ulm DJ^"Bo}geqjuxfeaeqx

*


29/39

8:vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

Dqjli Xhgoqqbjhgeq cglegol jud Ol}eqle}"Judi`qulfxqeoxe, Ae"xclmeqex Beqibj` ulm mjbo} jaeq juhg Teqmoelx} tcl Xhgoqqbj"

hgeq> Eq aedeueq}e goeq~u`jlme ljhggj`}of mel Moj`cf ~voxhgelOldcqbj}oi ulm Deuo`è}cl,

Aqchibjl Ncgl 'Gqxf,/ '1;::/>Ox }ge Ol}eqle} Hgjlfolf }ge Vjy

_cu ]goli3 Lev _cqi u,j,> Gjq{eqHc`òlx

Qeo}eq Bjqiux '1;:;/> Mubb 8,;, Voe ]vo}}eq A`cfx ulm Le}"vcqix ulxeqe Iu`}uq aemqcgel, F}eqx`cgeq Teq`jfxgjux

Fcùbaj Mjtom '1;;?/> ]ge Hu`}uqj` @cfoh cd Hcb{u}j}ocl,Gjqtjqm Uloteqxo}y [qexx Hjbaqomfe#@clmcl

Xhgoqqbjhgeq Dqjli '1;;?/> [jyajhi, Blhgel> Ijq` AèxxolfTeq`jfFjxhgie Xuxjlle> Moe mofo}jè Eq`xulfxègqe ol> MOE ÊO]

1;,::,1;;7 vvv,~eo},me#1;;7#=7#Hyaeqx{jhe

Moxqu{}ote ]ehglc cfoe> Moe Mj}elxhg eumeq

Ol}eqle} ox} eol Ij}j yxj}cq mex Vjlme x

Ohg dqhg}e mjxx eole Dc`fe meq Voio@ejix"Ji}oto}}el xeol voqm

mjxx Jb}x}qfeq ild}of velofeq xhgqod}òhg icbbulo~oeqel

veqmel ulm begq aeq ]eèdcl vjx moe xhgqod}òhgel Zue`èl dq

Ncuqljòx}el ulm Gox}cqoieq qemu~oeqel vqme,

Ne Njqtox ob Ol}eqtoev bo} meq Ve`} jb Xcll}jf tcb 5,:1,1;:;

Eaelxc voe Fccfè {qc}oeq} Voio@ejix tcl meq ]j}xjhge mjxx

mofo}jè X{uqel ob ulm jueqgjà mex Ol}eqle} luq xegq xhgveq

~u teqvoxhgel cmeq fjq ~u `xhgel xolm, Mjx Ol}eqle} teqfoxx}lohg} ulm mjbo} juhg ieole Ac}xhgjd}el ]ew}e X}e`ùlfljg"

bel Ao`meq ]ew}"[`jfoj}e [qc}cic`è ulm Ae~oegulfel juxnefòhgel Lu}~ulfx~uxjbbelglfel,

Xc vohg}of Toi}cq Bjyeq"Xhglaeqfeqx J{e`` jl mjx Teqfexxel

ob mofo}jèl eo}j`}eq ox} 'tf`, Bjyeq"Xhglaeqfeq 1;:;/ xc ulqe"jòx}oxhg ox} mexxel Muqhgxe}~ulf, Bjhg} ulm Meu}ulfxgcgeo} obOl}eqle} gjael feqjme nele Olx}o}u}oclel moe jux eoleq @jvole

tcl Mj}el aqjuhgajqe Oldcqbj}oclel feleqoeqel xeoel exLu}~eq{qcè ulm aexxeqe veo` olmotomujòxoeq}e Xuhgeqfealoxxe


30/39

=1 Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

Belxhgel xolm ogqeb Vexel ljhg Le}~veqi"Vexel ulm illel lohg} lohg} icbbulo~oeqel

'[ju` Vj}~`jvohi/, Mjx Ol}eqle} ox} èmofòhg eolleuex ]cc` mjx moexe ]gexe aex}}of}, Ulm

mellchg lmel xohg olxaexclmeqe moe vex}"òhgel Olmux}qoelj}oclel lchg olbo}}el eolex

Iu`}uqijb{dx, ^veo @jfeq x}egel xohg aeob

]gebj Ol}eqle} ljhg voe tcq fefelaeq> Nelemoe mjqol ]eude`x~euf ulm Ja~chie xegel mjx

eoleb moe eo} qjua} ulm luq lchg dq begq Icb"{èwo}} ol eoleq cglegol xhgcl xegq icb{è"

wel Ve`} xcqf} jaeq vcg` voxxelm mjxx bjlild}of jb Ol}eqle} lohg} tcqaeoicbb}, Ulm jl"meqe moe f`juael mjxx mjx Ol}eqle} eofel}òhg

moe Xeàx}go`debjljgbe ulxeqeq Iu`}uq ox} ubmeq Icb{èwo}} moexeq Ve`} aeqgju{} Geqq ~u

veqmel, Ub aexxeq eolijudel ~u illel, Ub[qc~exxe ~u aexhgèulofel, Ub ulvoxxelxhgjd}"

òhgex Jqaeo}el ol eoleq Mci}cqjqaeo} xhgle``x}"bfòhg ~u el}`jqtel, Eoldjhg fexjf}> @e}~}eqexegel mjx Ol}eqle} j`x [qcaèb`xulfxolx}jl~

ulm xolm mjbo} vcg` meq ild}ofel Qc`è mexOl}eqle} jb lhgx}el,

Juhg moe Dcqxhgulfel mex Xc~oj`bemo~oleqxLohgc`jx J, Hgqox}jiox tcl meq Gjqtjqm Bemohj`

Xhgcc` aex}}ofel moexe Jlljgbe 'tf`, Hgqox}j"iox#Dcvèq 1;:;/, Hgqox}jiox ul}eqxuhg} xeo}

Njgq~egl}el xc~ojè Le}~veqie ulm teqxuhg}

moe mjqjux el}x}egelmel Eqiell}loxxe c{eqj"

}ot ~u lu}~el e}vj dq moe Dqgeqiellulf tclE{omeboel cmeq moe Dqjfe voe xohg De}}èoaofieo}

cmeq Me{qexxocl teqlmeql `jxxel, Dq Hgqox}j"iox duli}ocloeqel belxhgòhge El}vohiùlfel

ob Xolle tcl Oldei}oclel, Aex}obb}e Teqgj`"}elxbux}eq 'Bebe/ {fijl~el xohg ol xc~ojèl

Le}~veqiel dcq} ulm ~vjq uljaglfof tcl mel

Ol}el}oclel ulm Hgjqji}eqel eol~e`leq Olmoto"muel, Mjaeo foa} ex Lcmex j`xc Olmotomuel

bo} eoleb ggeqel Fqjm xc~ojèq Teqle}~ulfulm eoleb fqeqel Eolfiuxx ']qjlxo}oto}}/ jud

jlmeqe xcvoe ]eo legbeq moe egeq ol mel Qjlm"aeqeohgel eolex xc~ojèl Le}~veqiex xo}~el ulmvelofeq Teqaolmulfel ~u jlmeqel judveoxel,

Ub Juxxjfel aeq ]qelmx ulm aeq moe ûiuld}~u bjhgel buxx bjl tcq j`èb moe Ilc}el

gcgeq ]qjlxo}oto}} juxlmof bjhgel ulm aec"ajhg}el,

Hgqox}jiox Eqfealoxxe eqi`qel toeè e{ome"boxhge [glcbele ol ulxeqeq bcmeqlel Bemo"

elfexe``xhgjd}, ]qelmx ulm Bcmel Beolulfelulm Eb{qulfel aeq~eufulfel ulm Teqgj`"

}elxveoxel veqmel lul toe` xhgle`èq veo}eqfe"feael ulm ao`mel mohg}eqe Oldei}oclxalme`,Moex teqlmeq} bo}ul}eq {cò}oxhge X}qui}uqel

tcl Olx}o}u}oclel ulm xcqf} dq Elfjfebel}x"e{omeboel voe moe nlfx}el Qetcù}oclel ol

]ulexoel ulm fy{}el eolmqhiòhg aevoexel

gjael,

Xc toe` Teqle}~ulf vjq loe, Le}vcqiolf xhgeol} ob Omej`dj`` eole

le}}e Dqeo~eo}aexhgd}ofulf ~u xeol ob xhgèhg}ex}el Dj`` moevohg}ofx}e aeqèaelxx}qj}efoe ob Voxxelx~eo}j`}eq, Gchg dqe"

zuel}oeq}e Xchoj` Le}vcqix voe Djheacci jaeq tcq j`èb obbeqbegq fexhgd}xqeètjl}e [eeq"}c"[eeq"[`j}}dcqbel ~eofel ulx>

Moe icbbuloij}ote Veq}xhg{dulf meq uiuld} fegq} mel cd"delel Le}~el,

*


31/39


ulm Veqaulf cmeq {qexxeicb{j}oaè El}g`ùlfel mjqaeq voexohg Mo{`cbj}el mjx Bju` aeq eolel meu}xhgel Juelbolox}eq

~eqqeoel,

FMO Ob{u`x Lq, 1#1;:;> Moe ]qjlx{jqel~"Qetcù}ocl,

Voq efel ulm gol}eq`jxxel Mj}elx{uqel ol fofjl}oxhgeq Belfe,

Ogqe Teqil{dulf eqle} ulfejgl}e Bfòhgieo}el,Bjyeq"Xhglaeqfeq Toi}cq '1;:;/> Meè}e, Moe ]ufelm mex Teq"

fexxelx ol mofo}jèl eo}el, Aeqòl> Aeqòl Uloteqxo}y [qexx

Meq Le}~aqfeq iqeb{e } Bqi}e ulm Olx}o}u}oc"

lel ub

Ex voqm obbeq xhgvoeqofeq Mj}el tcq uleq`jua}el ufqoel ~u

xhg}~el, Nemeq teqxhg`xxeùlfx}ehgloxhgel Ollctj}ocl dc`f}jud iuq~ cmeq `jlf eol fevoed}eq Gjhieq meq Hcmex iljhi} ulm

bjlo{uòeq}, Ol}eqle}iqoboljò}} voe voq xoe ol ulxeqel X{jb"Cqmleql ol Dcqb tcl [goxgolf"J}}jhiel voemeqlmel fegq}~ub mofo}jèl J``}jf, Moe Teqxhgvoefelgeo} meq Xhgveo~eq Doljl~"

aqjlhge voqm muqhg eolel Ew"Ajlieq el}}jql} meq jux ve`hgelFqlmel juhg obbeq MTMx jl Aegqmel cmeq Voio@ejix

veo}eqqeohg}, Voq eael ob eo}j`}eq meq dcq}vgqelmel Qe{qcmu"~oeqajqieo} ulm f`cajèl Teqaqeo}ulf,

Moexel Femjliel gj} Vj`}eq Aelnjbol aeqeo}x ol mel :?8;eqNjgqel xj`cldgof febjhg} j`x eq xohg ol eoleb fqulmèfelmel

Exxjy Femjliel aeq Mjx Iulx}veqi ob eo}j`}eq xeoleq }ehg"

loxhgel Qe{qcmu~oeqajqieo} bjhg}e, Jlmy Vjqgc` gj} moexelJx{ei} ol ilx}èqoxhge [qjwox aeqdgq} olmeb eq Ao`mfefel"x}lme Bc}ote ulm J``}jfxfefelx}lme xeqoe`` ic{oeq}e, Moe }j}"xhgòhgel voq}xhgjd}òhgel ulm {cò}oxhgel Iclxezuel~el jaeq

x{qel voq eqx} xeo} fu} ~egl Njgqel xoe }qe}el lul jaeq ubxcmeu}òhgeq ~u}jfe, Moe moxqu{}ote ]ehglc`cfoe Ol}eqle} gj} Bqi}e

ulm Olx}o}u}oclel ubfeiqeb{e`},


32/39


Moex x{qel tcq j`èb ,,,

moe Buxoiolmux}qoe meq muqhg moe Eoldgqulf mex B[8"Dcqbj}xeol Bo`òjqmelfqja fexhgjude`} vuqme, Mjbo} eolgeq folfel

xc~ociclcboxhge Ic``j}eqj`xhgmel, ub Aeox{oe` mjx degèlmeAevuxx}xeol aeq Uqgeaeqqehg}xteqè}~ulfel aeo meq Lu}~ulf

ulm Teqaqeo}ulf tcl Buxoi cmeq ]ew}el, Mell mjx Jq}edji} xeo"el ex Jumocmj}eoel ô}j}e cmeq Tomecx `x} xohg obbeq x}qieq

tcb {gyxoxhgel ]qfeq ulm ox} mjbo} eaelxc fihg}of voe {qji"}oxhg gjlmgjaajq ulm }juxhgajq,

moe Do`b" ulm Tomecaqjlhge meq j`èqx{}ex}elx xeo} _cu]uaeulm o`èfjèl Mcvl`cjm"[`j}}dcqbel moe De`è mjtclxhgvobbel

veo` juhg eol Gc``yvccmxhgoliel ol Lu`ìcbbjlohg}x jud mebgeoboxhgel Qehgleq jlmel ijll,

moe ]eèicbbuloij}oclxolmux}qoe meqel X}jlmaeol meq Teqaol"mulfxicx}el xeo} Xiy{e ulm O["]eèdcloe xui~exxote ~eqaqxe`},

Ul}eqlegbel moe moe el}g`èlme Iqjd} mex Ol}eqle} `jlfe êo}

ul}eqxhg}~} gjael jaeq lul eolex Aexxeqel aeègq} vuqmel>Lex}` e}vj mjx 1;:; eolel [Q"Fju bo} `jlfeb Ljhggj`` muqhgeole toqjè Fqeel{ejhe"Ijb{jfle fefel mjx Icl~eql{qcmui}

Io} Ij} eqèa}e, Cmeq Doqbel ol meq @eaelx" ulm Du}}eqbo}}eòl"mux}qoe moe xohg fefel teqbeol}òhge Ol}eqle}{qjlfeq vegqel

moe moe Aulmexteqaqjuhgeqbolox}eqol O`xe Jofleq j`x Iclxezuel~jux meb nlfx}el Mocwol"Xijlmj` clòle aqolfel bhg}e '~,A,

èaelxbo}}e`vjqlulf,me lchg 1;::/,

[jq}eoel ulm [cò}oieq meqel Aeeolfiuxxulf muqhg @caay"Fqu{"

{el xhgclulfx`cx judfemehi} voqm, Teqxhgoemele Cqfjloxj}oc"lel voe C{elXehqe}x ulm Dc``cv }ge Bcley xjbbe`l ol mel

UXJ Mj}el ~uq Teqx}qohiulf ~voxhgel @caayteq}qe}eql meq Voq}"xhgjd} ulm [cò}oi, Goeq~u`jlme ox} ex moe Olo}oj}ote @caay Hcl}qc`,Ol mel UXJ ox} bjl j`èqmolfx xhgcl eolel Xhgqo}} veo}eq, Olfiu"

elhe Ew{`cqeq teqil{d} moexe Mj}el ulm aeqeo}e} xoe fqjxhgvulmeqajq jud, Voe toe` Fe`m oltex}oeq}e J{{è aeox{oe`xveoxe

ol moe Ul}eqx}}~ulf meq Mebciqj}el3 Veq x{elme}e mjx beox"}e Fe`m dq Jqlc`m Xhgvjq~eleffeqx Vjgìjb{jfle3 Eol Iòhi

bjhg}x bfòhg 'g}}{>##olfiuelheew{`cqeq,hcb/,

:

1

8

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5


33/39

8= Moe Le}~fexe``xhgjd} Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

'Vex}òhge/ Qefoequlfel moe moe bcaoòxoeqelme Iqjd} meq xc~o"jèl Le}~veqie ulm Aqfeqncuqljòxbux jlfe eo} j`x X{oeèqeo

jafeijl~e`} gjael ub lul ubxc vcg`deoèq jaeq juhg hyaeq"u}c{ox}oxhg feaèlme} moe Mebciqj}oe"Veqi~eufe Djheacci

ulm ]vo}}eq ~u ca{qeoxel, Mell Xc~oj`"Bemoel j`èole bjhgellchg ieole Qetcù}ocl voe juhg meq [uaò~ox} Bj`hcb F`jmve``

ulm meq Dcqxhgeq Etfely Bcqc~ct lohg} bme veqmel ~u ae}clel

'xoege @o}eqj}uqgolveox/,

F`jmve`` Bj`hc`b '1;:;/> Xbj`` Hgjlfe, Vgy }ge qetcù}ocl

vo`` lc} ae }vee}em ol> Lev _cqieq =,:;,1;:; vvv,levycqieq,hcb#qe{cq}olf#1;:;#:;#;=#:;:;;=djSdjh}Sf`jmve``Bcqc~ct Etfely '1;::/> ]ge Le} Meùxocl, Gcv Lc} }c @oaeqj}e

]ge Vcq`m, @clmcl> [elfuol

Ulm lohg} ~uè}~}> Moe Iclxezuel~el eoleq feqeod}el Le}~fexe``"

xhgjd} aeijb juhg meq judx}qeaelme Ijqqoeqox} mex [cò}oife"xhgd}x Ijq`"]gecmcq Dqeogeqq ~u Fu}}elaeqf ~u x{qel, Qjua"ic{oel xolm ieol Ijtjòeqxmeòi} ae}cl}e Aulmexijl~èqol

Jlfe`j Beqie` lchg ol ogqeb [cmhjx} ~ub Ve`}}jf mex feox}ofelEofel}ubx jb 14, J{qo` 1;;7, Mqeo Njgqe x{}eq x}c`{eq} juxfe"

qehgle} meq {cò}oxhge Gclulfx}qfeq meq HMU#HXU aeq eole[`jfoj}xjqe, Lohg} luq veo` C{{cxo}ocl ulm Bcqjòlx}jl~elogl ~u xeoleb Qhi}qo}} mqlf}el xclmeql veo` eole [`j}}dcqb

voe g}}{>##me,fu}}el{`jf,voioj,hcb xhgclulfx`cx moe fqjtoe"qelmel Degèq xc ~u Fu}}elaeqf xeàx} ol xeoleb Xhgu`meolfe"

x}lmlox ol xeoleq Moxxeq}j}ocl ljhgtc``~oeg} ulm teqel}òhg},

Moex ae}qo} tcq j`èb moe aeqljgbe tcl icb{è}}el ]ew}{jxxj"fel jux jlmeqel [uaòij}oclel, Aox ~ub 1:, Deaqujq 1;:: vuqmeltcl dqeovo`òfel Voioju}cqel ulm Qehgeqhgeuqel 174 Xeo}el meqMoxxeq}j}ocl juxlmof febjhg} moe [`jfoj}e ul}eqxhgoemòhgeq

Zujò}} ulm [jxxjfel`lfe aeolgj`}el, Mjx xolm fu} 68 [qc~el}meq Xeo}elfexjb}~jg`,

4
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwellhttp://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwellhttp://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwellhttp://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell


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Moexeq {oijl}e Dj`` ~eof} eolbj` begq ve`hge behgjloxhgeQc`è mjx Ol}eqle} geu}e eollobb}, G}}e meq Ew"Bolox}eq cel"

xohg}òhg Vcq} dq Vcq} aeqlcbbele ]ew}{jxxjfel ob jlj`cfelêo}j`}eq }j}xhgòhg jafexhgqoeael3 Vcg` lohg}, Aezuebòhgieo}

ox} eol Tcq~uf mex Ol}eqle} jaeq juhg mexxel Teqxuhgulf, Vqemoe Eb{qulfxve`è ol Voxxelxhgjd} ulm el}òhgieo} meqjq}

fqc fevexel g}}el leael eoleb Qe~elxel}el ol meq Djhg"

~eo}xhgqod} Iqo}oxhge Nux}o~ lohg} juhg moe dqeovo`òfel Voio"Lu}~eqxhgclulfx`cx ulm }qjlx{jqel} moe fqjtoeqelmel Degèq tcl ~u

Fu}}elaeqf judfemehi}3 Vcg` ijub,

1;:; ulm 1;:: xc voqm ex aj`m ol mel 'Bemoel"/Fexhgohg}xa"hgeql x}egel xolm moe Njgqe ol melel mjx {cò}oxhge Ol}eqle} mjx

@judel èql}e, Moe Ubv`~ulfel ol Lcqmjdqoij moe El}g`ùlfeltcl Voio@ejix xcvoe ~jg`qeohge ]qjlx{jqel~olo}oj}otel ulm Aq"

feqae}eoòfulfx{`j}}dcqbel aeveoxel mjxx mjx Le}~ meq Le}~ebegq ox} j`x eol Ul}eqgj`}ulfxbemoub ulm eole icbdcq}jaè

[`jumeqx}uae ol meq voq bo} Dqeulmel ve`}veo} ~ub Lu``}jqodicbbulo~oeqel,

Ehg}~eo}bemoub Ol}eqle} j x [qcflcxeolx}qubel}

Moe leuex}e El}vohiùlf tcl {qcflcx}oxhgeq Ehg}~eo}"Mj}el"fevollulf voe xoe aeox{oe`xveoxe aeq Fccfè ]qelmx 'vvv,fccfè,me#}qelmx/ eqdc`f} voqm meq~eo} obbeq tjòmeq, Xc feòlf}

ex e}vj moe Teqaqeo}ulfxvefe tcl Fqo{{ee{omeboel ljhg~u"tc``~oegel bo}ul}eq fjq meqel Teq`jud qehg} fu} tcqjux~uxjfel,

Eaeldj``x xolm ol~voxhgel Tcqgeqxjfel aeq Iclnuli}uqel}vohi"

ùlf ulm Bjqi}~jgèl voe Ju}cbcao`"Teqiude ulm Qeoxeteqgj`"}el bfòhg 'tf`, F`ccq u,j, 1;;?/,

Moe mofo}jèl X{uqel tcl Ol}eqle}"Lu}~eql 'Xuhgaefqoe ae"

x}obb}e Xeo}eljudqude e}h,/ veqmel jlclyb ljhg qe{qxel}j}o"tel Bux}eql jlj`yxoeq}, Dq moexe leue Dcqb meq Le}~veqidcq"

xhgulf gjael xohg Aefqoe voe Hcb{u}j}oclj` Xchoj` Xhoelhecmeq Xc~oj`{gyxoi e}jaòeq}, Teq}qe}eq moexex }qjlxmox~o{òlqelDcqxhgulfxx}qjlfex xolm e}vj meq [gyxoieq Jàeq}"@x~` Ajqja"

xo cmeq Moqi Aqchibjll fedqjf}eq Ew{eq}e dq moe Tcqgeqxjfe meqXhgveolefqo{{e ol mel UXJ,

*


35/39


Lchg veqmel moexeb be}gcmoxhgel Jlxj}~ ~uq veo}eqel Teq"aexxequlf Qoefe` judfqulm meq `lmeqx{e~oxhgel Mj}elxhgu}~"

aex}obbulfel tcqfexhgcael, J`èqmolfx ox} meq fefelvq}ofeX}e`ùlfxijb{d ~voxhgel Fccfè Djheacci ]vo}}eq $ Hc, ub moe

Ehg}~eo}xuhge ob Ol}eqle} juhg eol Bjhg}ijb{d ub moe vohg}ofx"}e Mj}elajxox meq Le}~veqi"[qcflcxe,

Tcl Jhhexx ~u Hcl}el}> Moe Molcxjuqoeq mex

Ol}eqle}fexhgd}x x}e el xohg leu jud

Vjx ox} jux JC@ meb eolx}ofel Fofjl}el mex Ol}eqle}fexhgd}xfevcqmel3 JC@ gj} ul`lfx} moe Gu lf}cl [cx} eole meq aeòea"}ex}el Ljhgqohg}el" ulm Beolulfxxeo}el meq UXJ feijud} ulm

vo`` xohg mjbo} xeolel Jl}eo` jb uiqj}otel Clòle"Veqaebjqi}xohgeql,

Teqmoel}e meq Clòle"Qoexe dqgeq xeol Fe`m tcq j`èb bo} Ol}eq"

le}~uflfel xe}~} bjl ne}~} jud moe Hcl}el}"Ijq}e ulm vo`` tcqj`èb Qeohgveo}e aeq j}}qji}ote Olgj`}e judajuel, Mjx xc`` Veq"aeiulmel jl`chiel, Meq Fexjb}ubxj}~ mex Icl~eqlx jl meb

xohg 1;;? aeqeo}x ]obe Vjqleq moe Dolfeq teqaqjll} gj}}e aqjhgob toeq}el Zujq}j` 1;:; ub 14 [qc~el} jud 5?4 Bo`òclel Mc``jq

eol, Ulm bo} luq 881 Bo`òclel Mc``jq fu} 1? [qc~el} velofeqfefelaeq meb Tcqnjgq xhgvhge`}e mjx Ul}eqlegbel juxLev _cqi juhg aeo mel Veqaeeolljgbel, Ne}~} xc voqm ic`{cq"

}oeq} èf}e JC@ 8;; Bo`òclel Mc``jq dq moe Gu lf}cl [cx} ajqjud mel ]oxhg mj~u :5 Bo`òclel Mc``jq ol Jl}eoèl,

Aeqeo}x ob Ci}caeq 1;:; gj}}e xohg meq Icl~eql mjx eqdc`fqeohge]ehglc`cfoe"A`cf ]ehghqulhg eolteqèoa}, Moe X}qj}efoe xhgeol}j`xc i`jq ulm dc`f} meb @eo}xj}~ Hcl}el} ox Iolf aex}elxxc`jlfe xohg Veqaeiulmel jud moe j`}geqfeaqjhg}el Clòle"

Teqbjqi}ulfxbcme`è ol eqx}eq @oloe aeq ]I[ ']juxelmeq"Icl"}ji}"[qeox/ teqf}e}e Ajlleqxhgj`}ulfel eol`jxxel, J`èole moe

Gu lf}cl [cx} teq~eohgle} 15 Bo`òclel Aexuhgeq {qc Bclj},

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Vjhgx}ubxbjqi} Cl ole"Veqaulf

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5,;;;

4,;;;

1;;5 1;;4 1;;6 1;;7 1;;? 1;:; 1;:: 1;:1 1;:8 1;:=

Ajxox> ol Boc, Euqc

Zue e> Feqbjl el}eq}jolbel} jlm bemoj cu} cci 1;:;"1;:=, DDJ ATT JV Aulmexteqajlm Bu"

xoiolmux}qoe FDI Fqu{{e TM Djhg{qexxe"X}j}ox}oi AM T AOU Aqxelteqeol mex Meu}xhgel

Auhggjlme x [qohevj}eqgcuxeHcc{eqx Vo icdxiy Fquel Jxxchoj}ex

Clòle"Veqaulf

Deqlxeg"VeqaulfVeqaulf ol êo}ulfel

Veqaulf ol êo}xhgqod}el

Qjmocveqaulf

Clòle"Veqaeeolljgbel ol Meu}xhg`jlm aox 1;:=


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Moe Hcuhgijq}cdde l meq Le}~fexe xhgjd}

Tomeciclxub x}eof} ol j`èl J`}eqxi`jxxel

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Ajxox> Aulmexqe{ua oi Meu}xhg jlm Aet iequlf := aox 4= Njgqe

Zue e> J elxajhgeq Hcb{u}eq" ulm ]ehgloi"Jlj yxel JH]J 1;;6 aox 1;:;

Cl ole"Tomec voqm mel Ol}eqle}"Veqaebjqi} bj"

fea ohg {qfel

Jaeq meq toxoclqe JC@"Hged ]ob Jqbx}qclf vo`` xeolel Vef jlmoe X{o}~e meq Clòle"Bemoelul}eqlegbel juhg muqhg mel û"

ijud tcl ièolel aox bo}}èqel ]ehglc`cfoe"Ul}eqlegbel ealelub eael lohg} jl meq teqaqeo}e}el jaeq aqhgofel FèohgulfQeohgveo}e 2 fjqjl}oeq}e Veqaeeolljgbel ~u xhgeo}eql,

Fu} :;; Bo`òclel Mc``jq oltex}oeq}e JC@ Euqc{e lbòhg juhgol mjx Ul}eqlegbel FcToqj` eole Mox}qoau}oclx{`j}}dcqb dq

Aqjlmem Tomec Hcl}el} moe jud moe toqjè Iqjd} tcl {qcdex"xocle`` {qcmu~oeq}el Veqaetomecx tcl Bjqiel xe}~} ulm eol

xegel guf cmeq

ja ulm ~u Tomecx obOl}eqle},


38/39

8?vvv,~uiuld}xolx}o}u},me

:

1

8

J oj}e"Veqae{jq}leqle}~ judaju} mjx bo}}èqveoè begq j`x:5,;;; [uaòxgeq ubdjxx} moe qulm 8;; Bo`òclel Ol}eqle}lu}~eq

eqqeohgel ulm ljhg Jlfjael tcl FcToqj` 1; Bo`òclel lu}~eqolo"}ooeq}e Tomec"Iòhix eq~oeèl, Ulm mjx ol gcgeb Bje aeq moe

toqjè Teqaqeo}ulf ol xc~ojèl Le}~veqiel ulm bo} mel Tcq~feleolex {jy"dcq"{eqdcqbjlhe"ajxoeq}el Jaqehglulfxbcme``x

mjx veqae}qeoaelmel Ul}eqlegbel fqeqe Xohgeqgeo} aeo meq

Eqdc`fxaeveq}ulf ogqeq Ijb{jflel foa},

Vjx icbb} ljhg meq Fccf e"Geqqxhgjd}3

Eol Xuhgxhgò}~ aegeqqxhg} mjx Lu}~eqteqgj`}el ob Le}~ ill}ebjl beolel, Jaeq moe Ve`} ox} ieole Fccfè, Eolofe Olmo~oel>

Ob geo ubib{d}el ûiuld}xbjqi} meq Fecmj}el ulm mjbo} ob

De`m meq `cijèl Veqaulf x{oeèl lohg} luq moe ijq}elajxoeq}elMoelx}e tcl Fccfè, Xc gj} Bohqcxcd} Elme 1;:; mel Fqlmeq meq

C{elx}qee}bj{ X}ete Hcjx} j`x eo}elmel Bjljfeq dq moe bcaoèTeqxocl meq Bohqcxcd}"Xuhgbjxhgole Aolf jlfegeueq}, Bohqcxcd}fqeod} aeqeo}x jud mjx icx}el`cxe Ijq}elbj}eqoj` mex C{el"

Xcuqhe"[qcnei}ex tcl Hcjx} ~uqhi, Ob Fefel~uf x}e``} Bohqcxcd}C{elx}qee}bj{ gchgjufixelme @ud}ao`meq ~uq Teqdfulf,

Mel Eolx}oef aeo Djheacci gj} Fccfè eaeldj``x teq{jxx}, MoeDjheacci Xuhgbjxhgolel}ehglc`cfoe icbb} tcl Aolf ulm bjl

icc{eqoeq} ol toeèqèo Golxohg}, Xhgcl 1;;6 eqvjqa Bohqcxcd} dq1=; Boc, UX"Mc``jq eole :4"{qc~el}ofe Ae}eo ofulf jb lulbegq

fq}el xc~ojèl Le}~veqi meq Ve`},

Xeàx} bo} J{{è vo`` ex Bohqcxcd} judlegbel, Mell Lcioj ulmBohqcxcd} veqmel ob Xbjq}{gcle"Fexhgd} icc{eqoeqel, Meqeolx}ofe Gjlmy"[qobux xhgeo}eq}e aox`jlf fljmel`cx ob bcaoèl

Ol}eqle} bo} jmzuj}el Feq}el ulm eoleb icliuqqel~dgofelAe}qoeaxxyx}eb Du ~u djxxel, Ca aeome Ul}eqlegbel febeol"

xjb mel e}jaòeq}el [`j}}dcqbel J{{è oCX ulm Fccfè Jlmqcom[jqcò aoe}el illel ox} jaeq lfx} lohg} juxfebjhg},


39/39

Doqbj Ja}eoùlf

Tcqljbe Ljbe

X}qje [@^ # Cq}

>~uiul}xpolx}o}u}

Djw )=? ';/4:6= ?4:8"1; moe X}umoe Moe Le}~fexe xhgjd} j`x [MD"Mj}eo dq :1;," Euqc ~~f` :?% BvX}Jlmqejx Gjmeqèol, Njlole Xeo}~, 1:; Xeo}el, 17 Jaao`mulfel, OXAL> ?67"8"?8717="57"1

Nj, ohg aex}e e

Còteq M~oebaj,

Jlmqejx X}eolè,

Ci}caeq ;:;, : Xeo}el

ulm Jaao`mulfel,

OXAL> ?67"8"?8717="58"6

Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x

Mjx Ol}eqle} ox} `lfx} ~u eoleb Be}jbemoub mex J``}jfx fevcqmel,

ol meb feiju}, fevcqael ulm feèa} voqm Moe X}umoe aeèuhg}e}

moe xc~ocmofo}jèl Mobelxoclel mex Le}~ex ulm meqel il}ofeJuxvoqiulfel ju Fexe``xhgj}, iclcboe ulm Iu`}uq

< Voe teqlmeq} meq @oieo}Au}}cl tcl Djheacci Bjqie}olf ulm

Icbbuloij}ocl3

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Jhhcul}x leael leuel AuxolexxHgjlhel ~u eoleb t`òf

leuel Teqx}lmlox tcl Omel}o}}3

< Ve`hgel Eoluxx legbel Eb{egùlfel, Teqle}~ulfel ulm

Icbbel}jqe jux meb Ol}eqle} ju Voq}xhgj}, Fexe``xhgj} ulm

[cò}oi3

Moe X}umoe x}e``} moe vohg}ofx}el Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjl

me`x tcq ulm ~eof} ol eoleq juxgqòhgel ulm aeox{oe`qeohgel Jlj

`yxe, ve`hgel Hgjlhel ulm leuel Geqjuxcqmequlfel xohg ju meb

Vef ol moe Le}~fexe``xhgj} tcl bcqfel eqfeael

Ob eqx}el Ij{o}e` jlj`yxoeqel moe Ju}cqel qeètjl}e ulm icliqe}e

Voq}xhgj}x ulm @eaelxx{gqel meq Le}~fexe``xhgj} Ob ~veo}el

]eo` meq X}umoe aeicbb} meq @exeq eolel aeqaòhi aeq moe xoeael

Xhg`xxe`}qelmx mex mofo}jèl Vjlme`x teqbo}}e`}

< C{el Eteqy}golf Moe Ve`} fegq} meq Cdelgeo}

< Hqcvmxcuqholf Moe ic`èi}ote @xulfxxuhge ob Le}~

< EOmel}o}y Mjx mofo}jè Ohg j`x ùiqj}ote Ajux}e`è

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< [eqtjxote Vea Xelxcq}ehgloi, QDOM]ehgloi ulm Ol}eqle}icllei}oto}} jl jx} j`èl Cq}el aqolfel mjx aeqj``Le}~

< Qej`]obe[jqjmofb Mjx Le}~ el}j`}e} xeole fevj`}ofeBjhg} j`x Ehg}~eo}bemoub

< Jlj`cfoxoequlf J`vjyxcl qu} Jl}oGj`}ulfel geqtcq ulm{qctc~oeq} mel {qcmui}otel Juxx}oef jux meb Mofo}jèl

[qjwoxaeox{oe e, Ol}eqtoevx ulm 5 ]gexel ~uq Le}~fe"xe xhgjd} tcl bcqfel

^jg`qeohge [qjwoxaeox{oeè, jlxhgjuòhge Olcfqjdiel ulm eq

ge`èlme Ol}eqtoevx bo} Ol}eqle}ew{eq}el ul}eqbjueql moe Jux

gqulfel ulm òeeql eolel ulmoeq}el Juxaòhi ju moe Le}~fe

xe``xhgj} tcl bcqfel Dl ]gexel ~u mofo}jèl Le}~veqiel bo}

icliqe}el Gjlmùlfxjlveoxulfel qulmel moe X}umoe ja

Luq lchg j`x[MDMj}eoeqg`}òhg*

Studie Netzgesellschaft: Vorwort und Einleitung

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