Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

Herausgegeben von Martin Hengel und Peter Schäfer

69

Paul Spilsbury

The Image of the Jew In Flavius Josephus'

Paraphrase of the Bible

Mohr Siebeck

Paul Spilsbury, born 1966; 1994 Ph. D. University of Cambridge; presently Assistant Professor of New Testament at Canadian Bible College, Regina, Canada.

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - ClP-Einheitsaufnahme

Spilsbury, Paul: The image of the Jew in Flavius Josephus' paraphrase of the Bible / Paul Spilsbury. - Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998

(Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum ; 69) ISBN 3-16-146869-4

© 1998 by J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), P. O. Box 2040,72010 Tübingen.

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems.

The book was printed by Guide-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper from Papierfabrik Niefern and bound by Heinr. Koch in Tübingen.

ISSN 0721-8753

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Vanessa.IbisTypewritten Text978-3-16-158683-5 Unveränderte eBook-Ausgabe 2019

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For Bronwyn

Preface

The following study represents the convergence of my interests in the Bible as a sacred text and the historical role it has played in the shaping of both individual and group identities. The study also touches on the complex ways in which such identities are formed in diaspora contexts. As a resident of a country other than the one in which I was born, I feel a certain kinship with those who, like Josephus, have had to adjust their perceptions of life to suite new surroundings and new cultures.

And I too, like Josephus, have to acknowledge the assistance of many friends and colleagues along the way, though I trust they will sense that I do so with none of the reluctance or chagrin for which Josephus is well known. The work presented here first took shape in a somewhat shorter form as a doctoral dissertation submitted at the University of Cambridge in 1994. During my sojourn in that delightful city I was guided in my research by Dr William Horbury, to whom I owe an immense debt of gratitude not only for the wealth of scholarly expertise which he unstintingly put at my disposal, but also for his kindness and personal interest throughout the course of my studies. I am also grateful to many others in Cambridge who contributed to my work in a multitude of ways. Among these is Dr Nicholas de Lange who supervised my study for one term, and contributed much else through lectures and seminars.

My examiners, Dr Graham Davies of the University of Cambridge and Dr Tessa Rajak of Reading University also provided much useful insight which has been incorporated into the final product. Dr John Barclay of the University of Glasgow and Prof. L.H. Feldman of Yeshiva University read an earlier draft of the work in its entirety and made many useful comments and suggestions for which I am very grateful. Dr Bob Webb of Regina contributed much by a thorough and perceptive reading of significant portions of the final draft. Mr Brendan Morey of Saskatoon very kindly prepared the index of passages. Finally, I am very grateful indeed to Professors Martin Hengel and Peter Schäfer for including this study in the current series, and to Mr Siebeck and his staff for their professional handling of the publication process.

Along with these mentioned by name is a whole host of unnamed friends and colleagues whose companionship, encouragement and prayers have made the burden of study very much lighter. I don't think I could have survived

VI I I Preface

without them. Chief among my supporters, has been my wife Bronwyn whose moral support, loyalty and courage have undergirded me and inspired me to bring this project to completion. I dedicate this volume to her with deep gratitude.

I am grateful to the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom for their financial support in the form of an Overseas Research Students Award. Queens' College provided financial aid and generously funded travel to several important academic conferences. I have also been the grateful beneficiary of funds from persons who have expressed a wish to remain anonymous. I tender them my heart-felt thanks.

Regina, Saskatchewan

17 November, 1997

Table of Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XII

Introduction 1

1. The Image of the Jew 1 2. Josephus the Roman Jew 7

2.1. Curriculum Vitae 7 2.2. The Jews in Josephus' Writings 12

2.2A. The Jewish War 12 2.2.2. Against Apion 13

3. The Jewish Antiquities 14 3.1. Genre 14 3.2. Audience 16

4. Josephus' Paraphrase of the Bible 22 4.1. Josephus' Bible 23 4.2. Traditional Exegesis 25 4.3. Hellenizations 31

5. Method 34 Excursus T. 'IouScaoi, 'E/Spmoi and 'laparjXtTai 36 Excursus 2: Jewish Identity in the Diaspora 42

Chapter One: The Patriarchs 51

1. Introduction 51 2. Abraham 55

2.1. The Father of a Race 55 2.2. Abraham in Egypt 62 2.3. Abraham in Canaan 65 2.4. The Binding of Isaac 72

3. Isaac, Jacob and Jacob's Sons 75 3.1. Isaac 75 3.2. Jacob 76 3.3. Jacob's Sons 82

X Contents

3.3.1. Reuben 82 3.3.2. Judah 84 3.3.3. Joseph 86

4. Summary 92

Chapter Two: Moses and his Opponents 94

1. Moses 94 1.1. The Laws of Moses I l l

2. Moses' Opponents 113 2.1. Foreign Opponents 114

2.1.1. The Egyptians 114 2.1.2. The Peoples of the Desert 117 2.1.2.1. The Amalekites 118 2.1.2.2. Balak, Balaam and the Midianites 120 2.1.2.2.1. Balaam's Oracles 122 2.1.2.2.2. The Midianite Seduction 127

2.2. Hebrew Opponents 129 2.2.1. Mutiny on the Borders of Canaan 130 2.2.2. The Great Sedition . 135 2.2.3. Zimri 141

3. Summary 145

Chapter Three: From Conquest to Monarchy 147

1. The Conquest of the Land 147 1.1. Joshua 147 1.2. An Offensive Altar 150

2. Living in the Land 153 3. The Monarchy 160

3.1. The Request for a King 161 3.2. Saul 170

3.2.1. The Offensive Offering 171 3.2.2. The Amalekite Campaign . 171 3.2.3. The Slaughter of the Priests of Nob 173 3.2.4. Josephus' Summary Reflections on Saul 174

3.3. David 175 3.4. Solomon 179

Contents X I

3.4.1. The Wisdom of Solomon 179 3.4.2. Solomon's Temple 181 3.4.3. Solomon's Sins 184 Excursus-. L.H. Feldman's Portrait of a Sophoclean Solomon 186

4. Summary 187

Chapter Four: The Divided Kingdom and Beyond 189

1. The Succession of Kings 189 1.1. The Northern Kingdom 190

1.1.1. Jeroboam 192 1.2. The Southern Kingdom 194

1.2.1. Josiah 195 2. Daniel 201

2.1. Daniel's Prophecies 206 3. Post-Exilic Judaea 209 4. Esther 213 5. Summary 216

Conclusion 217

Bibliography 231

Index of Passages 255

Index of Modern Authors 280

Index of Subjects 284

Abbreviations

AAU Aarsskrift for Aarhus Universiteit AGJU Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des

Urchristentums AJPh American Journal of Philology AJSR Association for Jewish Studies Review ALGJ Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergand der römischen Welt Ant Josephus, Jewish Antiquities APF Archiv für Papyrusforschung Apion Josephus, Against Apion ASTI Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library BJS Brown Judaic Studies BO Biblica et Orientalia BR Biblical Research BUS Brown University Studies BZNW Beiträge zur Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBNT Coniectanea Biblica New Testament Series CBQMS The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series CJ Conservative Judaism CPh Classical Philology CP J Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum CQ Classical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum CSCT Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition DBS Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplément EF Erträge der Forschung EPROER Études préliminaires aux Religions orientales dans L'Empire Romain ET Evangelische Theologie ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments FSRKA Frankfurter Studien zur Religion und Kultur der Antike GBLS Greifswalder Beiträge zur Literatur und Stilforschung Gen.Apoc Genesis Apocryphon HDR Harvard Dissertations in Religion HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HT History Today

Abbreviations XIII

HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual Hum.Ser Humanistisk Serie HUT Hermeneutische Untersuchungen zur Theologie HZ Historische Zeitschrift IOS Israel Oriental Studies J AOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JRS Journal of Roman Studies JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies Jub The Book of Jubilees LAB Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities LCL Loeb Classical Library LEC Library of Early Christianity Life Josephus, The Life of Josephus LQR Law Quarterly Review LXX The Septuagint MGWJ Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums MHUC Monographs of the Hebrew Union College MT Masoretic Text NJ Nordisk Judaistik n.s. new series NT Novum Testamentum NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus NTS New Testament Studies PAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research Pauly-W.RE Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertums-wissenschaft RB Revue biblique RQ Revue de Qumran RSR Recherches de Science Religieuse SANT Studien zum Alten und Neuen Testament SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series SBLSCS Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies SCI Studia Classica Israelica SHR Studies in the History of Religions SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity

XIV Abbreviations

SLSR Sage Library of Social Research SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series SPB Studia Post-Biblica ST Studia Theologica SupNT Supplements to Novum Testamentum TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association TLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum TU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur VC Vigiliae Christianae VT Vetus Testamentum War Josephus, Jewish War WM ANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 7CS Yale Classical Studies Z4W Zeitschrift far die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ZRGG Zeitschrift far Religions- und Geistesgeschichte

Introduction

1. The Image of the Jew

The closing years of the first century CE were critical ones for Jewish people living in the Roman world. The subjugation of the revolt in Judaea, along with the destruction of the Temple, raised a host of questions and challenges concerning the nature of Jewish life and identity. The public humiliation of defeat, rubbed in painfully by Titus' triumphal procession through Rome with the holy spoils of Jerusalem, and the indiscriminate imposition of a punitive tax on all Jews in the empire seemed to assert a fundamental dichotomy (even hostility) between "the Jews" and "the Romans". This distinction would, perhaps, have raised few problems for Jews living in communities that, for one reason or another, were already isolated from the outside world. However, for those Jews attempting to live lives integrated into the mainstream of the non-Jewish world, the crisis of 66-70 CE and its aftermath presented perplexing dilemmas. The official opposition between Rome and the Jews implied by the war, and the punishments meted out afterwards greatly increased the need among the Jews for an apologetic that could give an account of themselves in the face of Gentile hostility and suspicion. Who were the Jews and what did they stand for? What was the basis of their laws and traditions? Was their mode of life in some fundamental way at odds with the values and aspirations of Rome? Should they be regarded as perpetual enemies, or could the Judaean war be regarded as an anomaly irrelevant to Jewish-Roman relations in the long term? These are some of the questions Jewish apologists were confronted with as they tried to reestablish an honourable place for the Jews at the Roman table.1

The questions raised by the destruction of the Jewish state were not restricted to the external issues of how the Jews might relate to the rest of the world. Some of the most crucial questions related to theodicy. If the Jews were the people of God, how was the disaster that had befallen Jerusalem possible? What were its implications for their status as God's special

1 Note the comment of A. Momigliano on Jewish apologetics: "To study Judaism through its apologetics . . . means to understand it in its efforts to take a stance before the surrounding world and its efforts to define itself in relation to that world" (Essays, 58).

2 Introduction

possession? Other questions related to the internal structures of Jewish life. How were Jews to live as Jews on a day-to-day basis in the light the non-functioning of the Temple and its priesthood? Could Judaism even survive in such circumstances? These were issues debated by the Jews among themselves as they tried to come to terms with the implications of their recent history for their own essential identity.

In other words, we might say that Jews all over the Roman world were faced with the challenge of redefining Judaism both for themselves and for "outsiders". They were called upon to draw an "image of the Jew" that would serve at least these two purposes. On the one hand there was the apologetic need to provide an answer to the Roman world concerning the nature of the Jewish people. And on the other hand there was the need for Jews to reformulate their own understanding of themselves in the light of the new realities that shaped their lives. We cannot assume that this challenge was met in the same way by all Jews; or that the "images" presented by different "artists" were all identical. As different individuals and communities grappled with the issues in the specific contexts of their own local circumstances throughout the Roman world, different answers emerged to the fundamental questions they faced. Different images were offered as explanations of what the Jews were really all about.

This was not the first time that Jews had been confronted with the need to explore their essential identity in the context of changing realities, either internal to the Jewish community and external in the world at large. Indeed, recent scholarship has shown how at least since the Persian period, when much of the nation found itself in exile (an involuntary Diaspora) they had been confronted with the need to redefine and fine-tune their emerging sense of identity. D.R. Schwartz has argued that each succesive stage of Jewish history required a rearrangement of the basic building blocks of Jewish peoplehood.2 Thus, in one period it was physical connection to Abraham that was paramount. In another period it was the monarchy and the Land that defined Jewish identity. In yet another period it was adherence to the Law and the carefully defined cultural agenda associated with it.3 It is the fluidity of the issues contributing to Jewish identity and the complex ways in which they

2D.R. Schwartz, Studies, 5 ff. It was during the Hellenistic period, Schwartz argues, when it was necessary to define

the cultural agenda by which Jews were to govern their lives, that different points of view within Judaism crystallized into opposing schools or sects (Studies, 13).

The Image of the Jew 3

relate to each other under new circumstances and in different environments that makes the study of Jewish identity so interesting. The encounter between the Jewish people and the forces of Hellenism unleashed by Alexander the Great has been a particularly fruitful field of enquiry.4 For, here was a new Spirit sweeping the world which was at once both threatening and appealing to the Jews. For some, the Greek language and Greek modes of life and thought offered the Jews a means for constructive engagement with the rest of the world. Hellenism held out an invitation to become citizens of the world. For others, Hellenism was to be shunned as a pagan evil that threatened to destroy the foundations of true religion and erode the pillars of Jewish life. The tensions between these two perspectives were felt not only between communities but also within communities, and sometimes even within individuals. It was in this context of ambiguity and tension that Jews in the Hellenistic period were having to answer the question, 'What is a Jew?' Inevitably the process of self-definition thus constructed led, in time, to the reduction of diversity as emerging definitions of Judaism excluded alternative definitions.5 The definition of "Jewishness" became a battle for the soul of the people.

One of the primary resources in this battle was the Bible. As J. Blenkinsopp has argued:

[Biblical] interpretation was not just one of several forms of literary and intellectual activity going on at the time. It was, on the contrary, decisive for the way the community was to understand itself, who was to belong to it, and how it was to go about its business.6

During the Second Temple period we find a vast array biblical scholarship of different kinds, all the way from detailed commentary on specific texts to wholesale rewriting of large tracts of the Bible. In each case, these scholars apparently hoped to make sense of the present in the light of the sacred account of the past. That "sacred account of the past", though, was not static or fixed. There was much scope for interpretation and reinterpretation as different individuals and communities scanned the ancient traditions for clues about their own place in the world.

4See especially M. Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism. For a succint summary of the pertinent issues, see J.M.G. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, 88-92.

5Cf. E.P. Sanders, Self-Definition, vol. 2, ix. 6J. Blenkinsopp, "Interpretation", 25.

4 Introduction

Clearly, then, even the interpretation of the Bible allowed significant latitude when it came to defining what it meant to be a Jew. This does not mean, however, that the process of Jewish self-definition was entirely without constraints, or that Jewish identities in different communities were so entirely disparate as to render a Jew from Rome unrecognizable to a Jew from Alexandria or Jerusalem. On the contrary, there was an identifiable commonality that united all the different expressions of Judaism at this time.7

J. Neusner describes that commonality thus:

That pre-Christian, prerabbinic religion of Israel, for all its variety, exhibited common traits: belief in one God, reverence for and obedience to the revelation contained in the Hebrew Scriptures, veneration of the Temple in Jerusalem (while it stood), and expectation of the coming Messiah8 to restore all the Jews to Palestine and to bring to a close the anguish of history.9

Other scholars have described this common foundation in terms of basic "elements" or "distinctives" of Judaism. J.D.G. Dunn, for example, describes the "four pillars" of Second Temple Judaism.10 These were: (1) the belief in monotheism (which is coupled to an antipathy towards the religions of other nations); (2) the conviction that Israel had been chosen by God, and that God had bound himself to Israel by a covenant; (3) the committment to the centrality of Torah in the life of God's chosen people. This tenet nurtured a sense of distinctiveness and privilege over against the other nations and led

7E.P. Sanders gives an extended discussion of "common Judaism" in Judaism, 45-303. See also G.P. Carras, "Paul, Josephus, and Judaism," 1-23. Carras, who is indebted to Sanders, uses the term "common-denominator" Judaism. This is not to say that there was anything like a strict Jewish "orthodoxy" at this time. For a discussion of this term and its (in)appropriateness for discussion of first century Judaism, see N.J. McEleney, "Orthodoxy;" with responses by D.E. Aune, "Response;" and L.L. Grabbe, "Issues?" See also N.J. McEleney, "Replies to David E. Aune and Lester L. Grabbe." On the related discussion of the term "normative" Judaism, see J. Neusner, "'Judaism' after Moore;" S.J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishna, 134-137; and J.M.G. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, 83-88.

8On Jewish hopes for the future, see further, E.P. Sanders, Judaism, 279-303. J. Neusner, Judaism in the Beginning of Christianity, 12.

10J.D.G. Dunn, The Partings of the Ways, 18-36. Similar discussions may be found in M. Casey, From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God, 11-22; and N.T. Wright, The New Testament and the People of God, 215-243. See also A. Mendelson, Philo's Jewish Identity, 51-75; and S. Stern, Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings, 80 ff.

The Image of the Jew 5

to what Dunn refers to as "focal points of distinctiveness" by which he means, "particular laws, especially ritual practices, which reinforced the sense of disctinctive identity and marked Israel off most clearly from other nations, test cases of covenant loyalty."11 The most significant of these, he argues, were circumcision, Sabbath observance and the food laws.12 (4) The fourth pillar was the centrality of the Temple in Israel's religious, political and economic life. Even after the destruction of the Temple, it continued to function as an important focal point for piety and hopes for the future.

J.M.G. Barclay emphasizes "ethnicity" as the bond that united Jews in the Diaspora. He writes: "The evidence indicates that it was ethnicity - precisely the combination of ancestry and custom - which was the core of Jewish identity in the Diaspora."13 The evidence to which he refers is made up of five "strands": (1) the ethnic terminology used by Jews to describe themselves;14 (2) the Gentile perception of the Jews as an ethnic group; (3) the "resocialization" of proselytes;15 (4) the importance of marriage within the group; and (5) the education of children in the Jewish way of life.16

If we move beyond these basic "elements" or "strands" of Jewish identity we find a range of other issues that also served to unite, at least in principle, the different local expressions of Jewishness. Barclay refers to these as "supporting strands" which served to strengthen the "central thread" of Jewish identity.17 They included the widespread importance among Jews of

nJ.D.G. Dunn, The Partings of the Ways, 28. 12

J.M.G. Barclay lists the following as "pratical distinctions" which "marked off Diaspora Jews from their neighbours and thus gave definition to Jewish identity": the rejection of alien, pluralist and iconic cult; separatism at meals; male circumcision; and Sabbath observance (Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, 428-442). 13

J.M.G. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, 404. Emphasis Barclay's. 14The Jews spoke of themselves as a "nation" (edvoq,

6 Introduction

synagogue attendance, 1 8 and the payment o f the T e m p l e tax . 1 9 On the latter, E . P . Sanders has stated:

If one where thinking of Jews outside Palestine, whether in the rest of the Roman Empire or in Mesopotamia, the Temple tax, along with observance of Sabbath and food laws, would be a major sign of Jewish identity. Paying it marked one as a Jew; not paying it would lead others to think that one had apostatized . . . . We may safely

20 say that all Jews who wished to be counted as such paid the tax.

Then, there were a lso certain privi leges shared by Jews in certain areas and at certain t imes, such as the right to l ive according to their laws , 2 1 or exempt ion from military serv ice . 2 2 In the aftermath o f the Jewish war, the shared burden and humil iat ion o f the fiscus Judaicus a lso contributed to the def init ion o f Jewish identity . 2 3

A s Jews at the end o f the first century C E c a m e to terms with their c ircumstances, and attempted to carve out for themselves a w a y o f be ing themse lves in the wor ld , all o f the above factors wou ld have contributed to their ultimate answer to the question, "What is a Jew?" And, therefore, they provide a context for the primary focus o f the present study, namely , the image o f the Jew presented by Flavius Josephus.

18 For discussion see, e.g., P. Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 12 ff; E.P. Sanders, Jewish

Law, 79. 19Cf. Ant 14.112-13; 16.162-8,171-3; Philo, Embassy 315-6; Cicero, Pro Flacco

28.66-9. On the Temple Tax generally, see further W. Horbury, "The Temple Tax." 2 0E.P. Sanders, Jewish Law, 49. 21 For a discussion of this point, see P. Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 19. 22

Jewish communities often sought exemption from military service so as not to compromise their ability to observe all their customs. Although enlistment in the Roman army was generally voluntary, times of military crisis were inevitably accompanied by mandatory conscription. In was in times such as these that Jews needed some form of exemption (P. Trebilco, Jewish Communities, 12 ff).

On the significance for Jewish identity of contributions to the fiscus Judaicus, see M. Goodman, "Nerva". For a discussion of Goodman's argument, see now also I. Levinskaya, The Book of Acts, 2-12.

Josephus the Roman Jew 7

2. Josephus the Roman Jew

In the present study we seek to understand one particular Jewish answer to the questions raised by Diaspora life; one particular "image of the Jew" offered both to Jews and to non-Jews24 as an accounting of the nature of Jewish identity in the Roman world. Josephus' image of the Jew is a measure of his own particular social and political agenda, and as such sheds valuable light on his attempt to come to terms with the challenges facing Jews in the latter stages of the Flavian dynasty, especially those who, like him, hoped to find a way to be authentically Roman at the same time as being faithfully Jewish.25

What is especially tantalising in the case of Josephus is the initial impression that we actually know a good deal about him. Unfortunately, however, this "knowledge" is notoriously suspect because of contradictions, special pleading and obvious literary topoi. It is to that subject that we must now turn.

2.1. Curriculum Vitae

Such knowledge as we have of Josephus is derived entirely from his own works dating from the late 70's to the mid-90's of the first century CE.26

From these works, especially the Life, we may establish the following broad outline of his life: Josephus was born in 37 CE27 and spent his early life in Jerusalem where, as the second son28 of an aristocratic and priestly family (Life 7), he received a good education (L i fe 8). This basic education was supplemented in his adolescent years by more in-depth study of the various Jewish sects {Life 10) and an extended time of instruction under a desert ascetic called Bannus (Life 11). After this, he entered public life in Jerusalem and followed the precepts of the Pharisees (Life 12). At the age of twenty-six, he went on a diplomatic mission to Rome in aid of certain priests who were to be arraigned on unknown charges before Nero (L i fe 13-16). On his return from a successful trip he found the revolution against Rome already well under way (Life 17). During the early stages of the war he was involved as

24The dual nature of the "audience" for whom Josephus wrote is discussed further below. 2 50n such individuals, see M. Goodman, "The Roman Identity of Roman Jews." 26 War is usually dated between 75 and 79, though book 7 may have been written as late

as the 90's; Ant: 93/94; Life: shortly after Ant: Apion: 97-100. 27

'the year in which Gaius Caesar became Emperor," Life 5. This is inferred from the fact that Josephus' brother was given his father's name (L i fe

8).

8 Introduction

a military leader in Galilee (Life 28-406; War 2.568-3.288; Apion 1.48). Shortly after the outbreak of hostilities, though, he was captured by the Romans at Jotapata (War 3.316-391) and used thereafter as an interpreter and informant (War 5.325; 6.129; Apion 49). He was also used to try to persuade the rebels to give up the fight before it was too late (War 5.114,261,361 ff, 541 ff; 6.94 ff,365). After the war he was highly honoured by the new Flavian emperors, not least because of his famous prediction during the last year of Nero that Vespasian would become emperor (War 3.399-402). Along with a tract of land in Judaea (Apion 422,425), he was granted Roman citizenship, and a house and pension in Rome (Life 423). During this period of Flavian patronage he turned his efforts towards the literary pursuits that produced the four works that make up his extant corpus. This was also a time of intense hostility from certain Jewish quarters which resented his conspicuous rise to prosperity (Life 424,428-429).

The difficulties which arise when we consider the details of Josephus' assertions about his life and career are well known. We will touch on them only briefly here.29 We may arrange these problems under three headings. (1) Early life and education. Questions have been raised about Josephus' claim to both priestly and Hasmonaean descent.30 His claim to have been a child prodigy would seem to be an obvious literary topos, and the times he gives for the period studying the various sects within Judaism do not seem to add up. It is also difficult to know exactly what he means when he says that in his nineteenth year he began to "govern [his] life by the rules of the Pharisees" (Life 12). Does this mean he became a "card carrying" Pharisee, or simply that in public life he followed their precepts out of practical necessity?31. The true nature of his diplomatic trip to Rome has also raised the suspicions of

29 For an excellent survey of all the relevant issuses, see S. Mason, Josephus, 35-52. See

alsoT. Rajak, Josephus, 46-64,144-173,185-229; and S. Schwartz, Judaean Politics, 4-22. 30 The issues are spelled out very well in S. Mason, Josephus, 37-38. 31

S. Mason has argued for the latter ("Was Josephus a Pharisee?"), though this view has not been accepted by all; see, e.g., E.P. Sanders, Judaism, 832-833, n. 9. Sanders's basic objection is that the Pharisees, contrary to general opinion, did not yield the measure of political power in Jerusalem in the mid-50s that is required for Mason's position. The whole question of Josephus' attitude to the Pharisees in the War over against that in the Antiquities has been the cause of much speculation among scholars as well. Many suppose that Josephus' more positive attitude toward this group in later life betrays a desire to ingratiate himself with the incipient rabbinic movement in Palestine around the end of the first century.

Curriculum Vitae 9

some.32 (2) Involvement in the war. The enormous difficulties with this part of his life stem from the fact that Josephus gives conflicting accounts of his activities in the War and in the Life.33 The situation is further complicated by the fact that other accounts of the war apparently repudiated Josephus' version(s) and accused him of tyranny and brutality during this period.34

Some of these charges Josephus seemed hard pressed to refute.35 The events surrounding Josephus' capture by the Romans are notoriously problematic. For one thing, Josephus appears thoroughly unscrupulous and even cowardly while at the same time almost nauseatingly self-praising. At one moment he openly admits contemplating flight from the Romans (War 3.193), and at the next he is urging everybody else to sacrifice their lives (War 3.204). Once, we find him pleading with a group of refugees not to commit the impiety of suicide to escape capture by the Romans (War 3.361-382), and on another occasion he praises that very action (War 7.320-401; see also 3.331). The main difference between these two occasions is that in the former he himself would have had to commit suicide - something he clearly was not willing to do. To make matters worse, he allowed his compatriots to slaughter each other, only to save his own skin at the very last minute by surrendering to the Romans. As if this were not enough, Josephus claims that he was motivated in all of this by a prophetic inspiration, which came to him by virtue of his priestly status,36 revealing that his captor Vespasian would eventually become

32 S.J.D. Cohen has argued (Josephus in Galilee and in Rome, 61 f,186, n. 13) that

Josephus covered up the revolutionary implications of the charges brought against his associates. 33

A full-scale treatment of this problem may be found in S.J.D. Cohen, Josephus in Galilee and Rome. See also the helpful summary in S. Mason, Josephus, 40-43.

34Josephus' main accuser was one Justus of Tiberias who had also been invovled in the war in Galilee. For a discussion of his version of events, so far as it is possible to reconstruct it from what Josephus says against it, see T. Rajak, "Josephus and Justus of Tiberias," and S. Mason, Josephus, 75-76.

35 See, e.g., his acknowledgement that he made one of his captives cut off his own left

hand (War 2.642-644; Life 169-173). Josephus presents himself as showing mercy in not having both the man's hands severed.

36Josephus writes: "Suddenly there came back into his mind those nightly dreams, in which God had foretold to him the impending fate of the Jews and the destinies of the Roman sovereigns. He was an interpreter of dreams and skilled in divining the meaning of ambiguous utterances of the Deity; a priest himself and of priestly descent, he was not ignorant of the prophecies in the sacred books" (War 3.351-352). On the well established priest-as-prophet tradition in Judaism at this time, see J. Blenkinsopp, "Prophecy and Priesthood in Josephus."

10 Introduction

emperor. Astonishingly, this prediction, if that is what it really was, came true within a matter of two years37 and Josephus' prestige and security were assured.38 (3) Life in Rome. The nature and extent of the patronage Josephus received is difficult to establish. It would seem that although he had some kind of imperial support for the writing of the War, by the time he completed the rest of his works, in the nineties, he was supported by a patron by the name of Epaphroditus.39 It is unlikely that this person had connections with the court, and we do not know what this implies about Josephus' status in Rome during this period. Also, Josephus' relationship with the Jewish community in Rome is not clear.40 Josephus treats those of his own countrymen who opposed him as an insignificant minority, but was this really the case? Or, was Josephus in essence estranged from the Jewish community because of his perceived betrayal of the Jewish cause? This last possibility raises questions about the motivations of Josephus' literary works. Is it possible that rather than being the community-minded apologetic works he

Blenkinsopp argues that however we evaluate Josephus' claim to prophetic inspiration derived from his priestly status, "it makes perfectly good sense in the context of traditional and contemporary understandings of both prophecy and priesthood" (256). The question of prophecy in Josephus has received a good deal of scholarly attention; cf. e.g. D.E. Aune, "The Use of 7iy>o0rj-n)ç in Josephus;" M.N.A. Bockmeuhl, Revelation and Mystery, 82-92; M. Braun, "The Prophet Who Became a Historian;" F.F. Bruce, "Josephus and Daniel;" G. Delling, "Die biblische Prophetie bei Josephus;" L.H. Feldman, "Prophets and Prophecy in Josephus;" G.L. Johnson, "Josephus: Heir Apparent?" R. Mayer and C. Môller, "Josephus - Politiker und Prophet;" A. Paul, "Le concept de prophétie biblique;" W.C. van Unnik, "Die Prophetie bei Josephus," in idem, Flavius Josephus als Historischer Schriftsteller, 41-54; G. Vermes, "Josephus' Treatment of the Book of Daniel."

37

Jotapata fell in July 67 and Vespasian was acclaimed emperor by the people of Rome in December 69. 38

Josephus' prediction was apparently not the only "omen" regarding Vepasian's imminent rise to imperial power. That, at least, is the line given by Flavian propaganda. References to such predictions, including Josephus' are found in Tacitus, Histories 1.10;2.1; 5.13 and Suetonius, Vespasian 4. On the usefulness of such omens for the Flavian house, see the discussion of T. Rajak, Josephus, 185 ff. Rabbinic tradition attached a similar prediction of Vespasian's ascendency to Johanan ben Zakkai, the founder of the academy at Jamnia (Yavneh). For a discussion of the relevant sources, see J. Neusner, A Life of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, 157 ff. 39

See the discussion this period of Josephus' life in T. Rajak, Josephus, 223 ff. On Josephus' relationship with the various emperors, see briefly G.E. Sterling, Historiography, 238-240.

40See the discussion of M. Goodman, "Josephus as Roman Citizen."

Index of Passages

Josephus

Against Apion 1.1 18 1.2 20, 58 1.6-27 53 1.28 115 1.33 124 1.35 148 1.40 204 1.41 109 1.48 7 1.50-51 22 1.68 121 1.70 114 1.92 70 1.168 41 1.171 69 1.190-93 61 1.229 ff 96 1.232 109 1.238 97 1.256 ff 96 1.261 97 1.278-87 150 1.279 96, 109 1.281-83 96 1.290 89 1.305-11 96 2.75 101 2.80 ff 130 2.84 161 2.102-09 181 2.136 18, 58 2.141 69, 115 2.142 69 2.144 61 2.145 13, 101, 162 2.148 57 2.150 13, 58 2.152-53 100

2.153 153 2.154 101 2.154-163 13 2.156 97, 101 2.157-58 100 2.159 97, 100 2.161 101 2.164 162 2.164-219 111 2.165 13, 101, 169 2.166-67 60 2.168 59, 63 2.169 101 2.170 65, 101 2.173 101, 138 2.178 161 2.179-81 60, 65 2.180 206 2.181 13 2.182 57, 59, 123 2.183 58, 123 2.184 13, 127 2.185 169 2.185-87 198 2.188 13 2.190 57 2.192 59 2.193 112 2.193-97 181 2.201 68 2.209 101 2.209-10 183 2.218-19 13 2.222 13 2.223-25 161 2.226 13 2.232-35 13, 161, 173 2.233 127 2.237 61, 178

256

2.239 61 2.239-41 61 2.257 13, 63, 69, 101 2.258 70 2.261 70 2.277 13 2.281 63, 65 2.282 13 2.283 65 2.286 101 2.287 13 422 8 425 8 49 7

Jewish Antiquities 1.4 36 1.5 14, 19, 23, 39 1.6 16, 36, 37 1.6-7 14 1.8 14 1.9 18, 21 1.10 82 1.10-17 18 1.11 21 1.12 18 1.12 ff 24 1.14 17, 200 1.17 15 1.18 94 1.25 70 1.33 79, 111 1.34 19 1.36 19 1.53 51, 52 1.54 51 1.61 52 1.62 52 1.64 52 1.66 52 1.68 53 1.69 53 1.72 53 1.75 53

Index of Passages

1.85 106 1 95 36, 101 1 99 53 1 110-115 52 1 113 52 1 115 52 1 117 19, 39 1 122-147 53, 54 1 127-147 51 1 128 39 1 129 19 1 146 19, 36, 37, 1 148 37, 51, 55 1 148-60 55 1 150 55 1 152 62 1 154 56, 64, 66, 1 155 57, 58, 59, 1 156 56 1 157 61 1 158 55, 56 1 161 62, 63, 64 1 161-68 62, 115 1 162 115 1 162-63 63 1 164 63 1 165 63, 64, 67 1 166 60, 64, 115 1 166-68 63 1 167 56, 64, 115 1 168 58, 64 1 169-256 65 1 176 66 1 181 68 1 182 66 1 183 68, 71 1 185 68, 115 1 187 68 1 189 68 1 191 69 1 192 69, 70, 178 1 194 67 1 196 66 1 197 66

Josephus 257

1.199 66 1.299 77 1.200 66, 156 1.304 82 1.204 39 1.305 19 1.207-12 67 1.310 80 1.213-77 75 1.311 80 1.214 36, 69, 70, 79 1.316 80 1.215 68 1.317 77 1.217 68 1.322 80 1.218 73 1.323 80 1.222 72, 75 1.325 205 1.222-36 72 1.332 79 1.223 72 1.334 79 1.224 72, 73 1.333 19, 1.225 73 1.337-40 77 1.228-31 72 1.338 77 1.229 73 1.339 77 1.232 72, 73, 75 1.340 77 1.233 74 1.341 78 1.234 74 1.342 80 1.235 71, 74 1.343 80 1.236 71 1.346 75 1.237 80 2-5 36 1.238 82 2.3 39 1.240 36, 101 2.6 101 1.245 67 2.7 82, 1.247 67 2.9 86, 1.258 19, 39 2.9-200 82 1.259 66 2.10 82 1.260 75 2.11-16 90 1.264 75 2.12 82 1.265 68, 75, 76 2.14 80 1.265-66 75 2.16 81 1.267 75 2.17 80, 1.272 75 2.18 82, 1.277 75, 76 2.19 82 1.278 76 2.20 82, 1.278-2.8 76 2.21-22 83 1.279 205 2.21-28 83 1.279-83 78 2.22 83 1.280 78 2.23 83, 1.281 62, 79 2.24 83, 1.282 79, 123 2.25 83 1.284 79 2.26 83 1.287 67 2.27 83

258 Index of Passages

2.28 83 2.159 84, 85, 90 2.29-31 83 2.161 86 2.31 83 2.162 86 2.34 83 2.168-86 76 2.35-48 76 2.177 115 2.39 88 2.194 81 2.40 87 2.194-97 76 2.41 86 2.195 90 2.42 87, 99 2.198 90, 115 2.43 86, 118 2.199 115 2.50 87 2.200 34 2.53 87 2.201 115 2.60 87 2.201-^.331 34 2.61 86, 87 2.202 39, 115, 130 2.62-73 88 2.204 96 2.63 88 2.205 94, 115, 116 2.65 88 2.210 97 2.66-67 88 2.214 82 2.69 87 2.216 39, 95, 99 2.72 88 2.224 101 2.74-86 88 2.226-27 116 2.75 89 2.229 101 2.76 88 2.230 101 2.80 88 2.231 101 2.86 89 2.232 101 2.87 88, 89 2.234 116 2.89 88, 89 2.235 116 2.91 59, 87, 89 2.236 95 2.94 89 2.237 105 2.101 89 2.238 94, 95, 116 2.107 84 2.238-53 116 2.116 84 2.241 97 2.136 90 2.242 115 2.137 84 2.243 94, 95, 97 2.139 84 2.244 95 2.140 85, 90 2.252 95, 116 2.141-42 85 2.255 95, 97 2.143 85 2.256 96 2.145 85, 90 2.257 94, 96 2.146 85 2.261-62 96 2.147 85 2.262 94 2.156 85 2.267-69 97 2.157 90 2.268 97 2.158 85 2.268-69 104

Josephus 259

2.271 98 2.273 96 2.275 107 2.276 102 2.278 19 2.280 98 2.281 98 2.282 97 2.284 98 2.285 115 2.286 117 2.287 98 2.290 99 2.293 105, 117 2.294 98 2.296 98 2.299 97 2.300 98 2.307 117 2.311 39 2.319 99 2.326-27 130 2.327 105, 130 2.331 103 2.340-44 117 2.349 103 3.2 97 3.5 68, 161 3.6 130 3.11 97, 130 3.12 94, 97 3.12-22 130 3.13 97 3.14-21 103 3.16 103 3.19 104 3.22 104 3.25 105 3.26 105 3.28 97 3.32 19, 39 3.33 130 3.38 181 3.39 148

3.39-42 119 3.39-62 118 3.40 118 3.43 119 3.44-66 104 3.47 97 3.49 119, 147 3.50 148 3.53 ff 118 3.56 119 3.58 96, 130 3.60 119 3.64 104 3.65 94, 97 3.66-72 197 3.67 94, 97 3.69 94, 104 3.72 104 3.74 94 3.75 102, 107 3.78 97, 102, 123 3.80 117 3.84 39, 103, 123 3.87 55, 82, 103 3.88 76, 107 3.90 59, 103 3.90-286 111 3.91-92 111 3.94 70 3.96 106, 130 3.97 94, 106, 107 3.99 107 3.100 181 3.102 97 3.102-33 111 3.102-78 181 3.103 181 3.105 97 3.113 130 3.126 130 3.134 19 3.134-50 111 3.137 39 3.142 19, 39

260 Index of Passages

3.143 70 3.287 101 3.144 19, 39 3.291 19 3.151 19 3.295 133 3.151-78 111 3.295-99 130 3.152 19 3.297 96 3.153 19 3.300 104, 142 3.156 19 3.300-02 130 3.157 19 3.300-4.10 130 3.159 19 3.302 131 3.163 19 3.303 131 3.166 19 3.306 52, 131 3.172 19 3.306-07 130 3.179-80 108 3.307 130, 131 3.179-87 111 3.308 131 3.180 101, 107 3.310 104, 132 3.187 94 3.311 132 3.188 94 3.313 123, 132 3.188-92 104 3.314 99, 104, 132 3.189 38, 39 3.315 132 3.192 38, 98 3.316 133 3.194 94 3.317 40, 94, 101, 105, 133 3.195 19, 39 3.318 105, 133 3.201 39 3.318-19 183 3.205 70 3.319 133 3.209 99 3.320 101, 105 3.212 98, 104 3.321 19 3.213 103 3.322 94, 106, 133 3.218 70 4.1 133, 134 3.223 102 4.1-10 162 3.224-57 111 4.2 52, 134 3.230 70 4.3 134, 162 3.234 19, 39 4.4 134 3.252 19, 39 4.5-6 134 3.257 70 4.6 119 3.258-68 111 4.8 134 3.259 70 4.9 119 3.265-68 96, 112 4.10 134 3.266 101 4.11 36, 97, 130, 135 3.268 101 4.11-66 130, 135 3.269 112 4.12 129, 135 3.270-79 112 4.13 101, 103 3.276 148 4.14 136, 137 3.280-86 112 4.15 136, 137 3.282 19, 39 4.16 162

Josephus

4.18-19 137 4.122 122, 123 4.19 136 4.123 122 4.20 137 4.124 122 4.22 135, 162 4.125 122, 124, 125 4.25 97, 136 4.126 122 4.26 136 4.126-55 127 4.27 148, 162 4.127-28 126 4.28 137 4.127-29 122 4.34 138 4.128 126 4.35-36 139 4.129-30 63 4.36 161 4.130 127, 184 4.37 98, 139, 161 4.134-36 127 4.40 138 4.135 128 4.42 96 4.134-38 78 4 .45^6 139 4.137 128 4.46 138, 204 4.138 128 4.47 139 4.139 60, 129 4.50 139 4.139-55 130, 141 4.51-53 139 4.140 129, 184 4.54-58 139 4.141 142, 184 4.60 140 4.142^4 141 4.63 140 4.143 99, 141 4.64 98 4 .145^6 142 4.66 140 4.145-49 52 4.73 19 4.145-50 141 4.76-77 117 4.146 142, 162 4.82 97 4.147 142, 162 4.85-95 118 4.148 142 4.94 118 4.149 142 4.96-99 118 4.150 101, 143 4.100 130 4.150-51 140 4.101 120 4.152 143 4.102 38, 115, 120, 121 4.153 143 4.104 121 4.154 143 4.105 121, 122 4.156 101 4.105-06 122 4.159 143 4.110-11 122 4.165 105, 147, 148 4.114 219 4.168 104 4.114-17 70, 122 4.177 96, 97 4.115 103, 123 4.179 34, 60 4.116 123 4.180 39, 59, 102, 103 4.117 123 4.183 103 4.118-22 103 4.185 168 4.121 103, 122 4.186 165, 166

262 Index of Passages

4.187 144 4.289 113 4.187-89 144 4.290-91 113 4.190-91 124 4.292-301 113 4.193 103 4.294 96, 104, 130 4.194 97, 105 4.300 172 4.196 94, 102, 162 4.302 70, 162 4.196-301 111 4.303 181 4.197 21 4.304 119 4.198 70, 112, 162 4.308 39 4.199 112 4.309 161 4.201 59, 112 4.311 148 4.203-04 112 4.312 105 4.207 61, 113, 178 4.314 124 4.209 161 4.316 102 4.209-11 113 4.317 103 4.211 102, 123 4.318 102 4.212-13 104 4.320 94, 105 4.212-14 113 4.321 94 4.213 102 4.324 148, 165 4.214-22 113 4.325 165 4.218 165 4.326 94, 106 4.219 68 4.328 98, 102, 134 4.223 138, 162, 163, 168 4.329 97, 99, 105, 110 4.223-24 113, 199 4.331 94, 100, 102 4.224 166, 168 5.1 106 4.225 113 5.1-6 148 4.226-27 113 5.1-8.211 34 4.228-30 113 5.4 97 4.229 99 5.8 148 4.231-39 113 5.9 148 4.237 39, 103 5.12 149 4.240-43 113 5.13 148 2.242 104 5.15 165 4.243 103 5.20 148 4.244-59 113 5.25 148 4.260-65 113 5.27 148 4.266-72 113 5.28 148 4.273 113 5.31 131 4.274 113 5.33 131 4.275 113 5.36 154 4.276 113 5.37 148, 149 4.277-78 113 5.38 52 4.281-84 113 5.39 148, 149 4.285-88 113 5.40 105

Josephus 263

5 .43 165 5 .147 156 5 .49 149 5 . 1 4 8 ^ 9 156 5 .54 149 5 .151 166 5 .55 166 5 . 1 7 6 38, 157 5 .57 166 5 . 1 7 9 157 5 .59 149 5 .185 153, 163 5 .60 117 5 .187 157 5 .61 181 5 .198 153 5 .67 149 5 . 2 0 0 19 5 .68 149 5 . 2 0 0 - 0 1 157 5 .71 149 5 . 2 0 1 19 5 . 7 2 149 5 .213 2 0 5 5 .74 149 5 . 2 1 4 157 5 .80 166 5 . 2 5 5 153 5 .90 148, 149 5 . 2 5 6 157 5 .93 149 5 . 2 7 6 94, 157, 158 5 . 9 3 - 9 8 56 5 . 2 7 6 - 3 1 7 157 5 . 9 3 - 1 1 3 150, 185 5 .277 158, 2 0 5 5 .94 150 5 .278 159 5 . 9 4 - 9 9 150 5 . 2 7 9 158 5 .96 150 5 . 2 8 0 158 5 .97 56 5 . 2 8 1 158 5 .99 150 5 . 2 8 1 - 8 2 158 5 .101 153 5 . 2 8 4 158 5 .102 152 5 . 2 8 5 159 5 .108 152 5 . 2 8 6 159 5 .109 152 5 . 3 0 1 52, 158 5 .111 58, 152, 153 5 . 3 0 2 158 5 . 1 1 2 152 5 . 3 0 6 157, 159 5 .113 56, 59 , 152, 153 5 .308 158 5 . 1 1 5 104 5 . 3 1 2 159 5 . 1 1 6 147 5 .323 19 5 .117 147, 148 5 . 3 3 6 19, 178 5 . 1 2 0 149, 157 5 . 3 3 9 162 5 .121 19 5 .341 39 5 .129 157 6 . 1 3 - 1 5 160 5 . 1 3 2 - 3 5 154 6 . 2 2 19 5 .133 157 6 . 2 3 - 3 0 160 5 . 1 3 5 164 6 . 2 6 36 5 . 1 3 6 - 3 7 155 6 . 2 6 ff 117 5 . 1 3 6 - 4 9 153 6 . 2 9 - 3 0 38 5 .137 155 6 . 3 0 36 5 .143 155 6 . 3 4 161 5 . 1 4 5 156 6 . 3 5 164

264 Index of Passages

6.36 164, 167

6 .38 167 6 .40 36 6 .44 162 6 .45 94 , 170

6 .46 170 6 .48 148, 204 6 .52 33 6 . 5 3 - 5 7 176 6 .57 171 6 .60 167 6 .61 163, 167 6 .63 170 6 .68 36 6 .81 161 6 .84 147, 163 6 .85 163 6 . 8 6 2 0 4 6 .87 167 6 . 8 8 - 9 4 167 6 . 9 0 168 6 .91 167 6 .93 168 6 . 9 6 36 6 .97 36 6 .98 36 6 . 1 0 0 - 1 0 4 171 6 .102 171 6 . 1 0 4 171

6 . 1 0 6 40 6 .107 ff 33 6 .116 33 6 . 1 3 1 - 5 5 171

6 . 1 3 2 - 3 3 172

6 .133 172

6 . 1 3 6 172 6 . 1 3 7 - 3 9 119 6 .138 172 6 . 1 4 0 172 6 . 1 4 7 - 5 1 173 6 . 1 5 4 173

6 . 1 5 5 125, 173 6 . 1 6 0 176 6 . 1 6 4 175

6 . 1 6 5 176 6 .167 175, 176 6 .168 175 6 .181 170 6 . 1 8 6 178 6 . 1 8 7 178 6 .201 178 6 . 2 0 6 175 6 . 2 4 3 178 6 . 2 4 4 173 6 . 2 5 4 173 6 . 2 5 5 - 6 8 173 6 .258 33

6 . 2 5 9 173 6 . 2 6 0 173 6 . 2 6 2 172

6 . 2 6 2 - 6 8 174 6 . 2 6 2 ff 194 6 .268 164, 174 6 . 2 9 0 176 6 . 2 9 4 167

6 . 3 0 2 19 6 . 3 0 4 177 6 . 3 2 4 36 6 . 3 2 8 33 6 . 3 2 9 33 6 . 3 3 6 174 6 .337 33 6 . 3 4 2 174

6 . 3 4 3 - 5 0 170, 174 6 . 3 4 4 170 6 . 3 4 5 175 6 . 3 4 6 170 6 .347 170 6 . 3 6 2 - 6 4 178 6 . 3 7 0 - 7 2 175 6 .378 174 7 . 6 178 7 . 1 0 19 7 . 2 7 39 7 . 5 0 178 7 .67 19 7 . 6 8 148 7 .71 39

Josephus

7 .72 36, 39 8 . 6 3 - 9 8 181 7 .76 39 8 .95 19 7 . 7 8 - 8 6 178 8 .100 19 7 . 9 0 - 9 1 178 8 .106 182 7 . 9 0 - 9 5 176 8 .107 181, 182, 193 7 .93 186 8 . 1 0 7 - 1 9 182 7 .96 176 8 .110 176 7 .103 36 8 .113 176, 182 7 .120 39 8 .114 182 7 .130 177 8 .115 56, 182, 186 7 .153 177 8 .116 -17 183 7 .158 176 8 . 1 2 6 - 2 9 183 7 .184 176 8 . 1 2 7 - 2 9 183 7 .217 176 8 .145 30 7 . 2 2 1 - 2 3 176 8 .163 36 7 .269 177 8 .165 180 7 .270 176 8 .173 181 7 .288 40 8 .182 181 7 .294 148 8 .187 179 7 . 2 9 9 - 3 0 2 191 8 .190 185 7 .300 176 8 . 1 9 0 - 9 2 144 7 .314 191 8 .191 184 7 .323 177 8 .192 184 7 .341 177 8 .193 184 7 .356 177 8 .194 185 7 .373 144 8 .196 185 7 .374 177 8 .198 189 7 .380 178 8 .199 185, 189 7 .381 177 8 .203 186 7 .384 177 8 .205 192 7 . 3 9 0 - 9 1 177 8 .207 186, 189 7 .391 177 8 .208 192 7 .392 177 8 .211 186, 187 8 .2 179 8 .212 190, 192 8 .21 179, 184 8 . 2 1 2 - 4 2 0 189 8 .23 179 8 . 2 1 2 - 1 1 . 2 9 6 34 8 .25 36 8 .223 192 8 .34 179 8 .225 193 8 .42 179, 180 8 .226 193 8 .44 180 8 .227 ff 193 8 .45 180 8 .229 192 8 .49 180 8 .230 193 8 .50 186 8 .232 193 8 .53 180 8 .241 194

2 6 6 Index of Passages

8.243-45 194 9.139 191 8.245 59, 194 9.173 191 8.248 194 9.177 191 8.249 190 9.204 59 8.251 174, 192, 194 9.205 191 8.252 192 9.207 148 8.257 199 9.208 39 8.262 69 9.211 60 8.265 193 9.223 174, 194 8.271 124, 192 9.231 172, 174 8.276-81 192, 195, 196 9.232 191 8.280 196 9.235 191 8.281 199 9.236 194 8.287 190, 191 9.245 36 8.290 194, 195 9.258 191 8.296 200 9.260 194 8.297 195 9.268 171 8.299 190, 191 9.280 148 8.309 191 9.281 124, 192 8.313 190, 191 9.282 192 8.315 196 9.288-91 210 8.316 190 9.290 19 8.316-18 191 9.291 36 8.317 190 10.8 39 8.318 190 10.16 211 8.319 60 10.33 201 8.335 60 10.35 109 8.337 60 10.41-45 199 8.338 177 10.42 194 8.343 60, 173 10.45 194 8.350 60, 144 10.48-77 195 8.394 194, 198 10.49 195, 196 8.395 200 10.50 60, 179, 196, 198 9.2 196, 198 10.51 198 9.2-6 197 10.52-53 196 9.3 197 10.53 196 9.5 197 10.54-56 196 9.18 191 10.56 196 9.27 191 10.59 199 9.28 106 10.60 199 9.44 196 10.61 199 9.95 40 10.63 200 9.96 176 10.64 196, 200 9.133 191 10.65 197

Josephus 267

10.65-69 196 10.255 204 10.66 197 10.259 205 10.68 197 10.260-62 205 10.69 197 10.263 201, 206 10.70 197 10.264 204 10.71 36 10.265 36 10.72 196 10.266 201, 204 10.77 200 10.267 204 10.87 36, 38 10.268 110, 204, 208 10.143 178 10.269 110, 208 10.155 36 10.276 208 10.169 36 10.278 206 10.182 36 10.280 204 10.186 36, 201 11.1 209 10.187 201, 202 11.1-183 209 10.189 201 11.1-296 36 10.190 161, 202 11.3 39, 40, 209, 210 10.190-94 159 11.3-6 210 10.194 202, 204 11.6 40, 209 10.198 203 11.8 40, 42 10.199 203 11.17 210 10.200 203 11.22 210 10.201 205 11.22-25 210 10.203 203 11.23 210 10.204 204 11.26 210 10.206 206 11.27 210 10.209 206 11.28 210 10.210 207, 208 11.32 201 10.211 203 11.61 211 10.214 205 11.69 39 10.215 204, 205 11.70 40 10.218 207 11.74 39, 42 10.222 36 11.76 210 10.234 203 11.77 210 10.237 203 11.86 211 10.239 204 11.89 210 10.241 204 11.90 181 10.242 206 11.108 210 10.243 19 11.109 19 10.244 19 11.111 163, 165 10.246 204 11.111-13 163 10.250 201, 204, 205 11.112 148, 163 10.251 204 11.119 211 10.252 204 11.121 201, 212

268 Index of Passages

11.123 39, 209 12.226 54 11.133 40 12.248 19 11.138 209 12.257-64 210 11.141 212 12.265-84 61 11.141-44 212 12.271 143 11.142 212 12.281 121 11.146 40 12.319 19 11.151 40 12.358-59 161 11.153 213 12.412 19 11.155 213 13.167 54 11.159 39 13.188 19 11.169 56 13.245 121 11.173 37, 39, 214 13.249 177 11.183 212 13.257-58 118 11.184 39 13.258 118 11.185 39, 213 13.301 164 11.198 213 14.91 164, 165 11.207 39, 213 14.112-13 6 11.209 214 14.114 124 11.210 90, 215 14.185-189 20 11.211 213 14.213-14 121 11.212 121, 124, 214 14.216 121 11.217 214 1 4 . 2 4 5 ^ 6 121 11.221 214 14.255 41, 53, 56 11.231 214, 215 14.267 20 11.240 205 14.323 20 11.247 215 14.389 164 11.270 39 14.403 98, 117 11.275 215 15.314 19 11.276 215 15.358-87 207 11.277 214 15.371 70, 203 11.297-81 215 16.35-39 121 11.281 ff 119 16.41 121, 128 11.285 215 16.43 120 11.329 19 16.59 120 11.337 208, 210 16.162-8 6 11.340-44 39 16.171-3 6 11.344 41 16.174 18 12.36 39 16.174-175 20 12.48 39 16.175 19, 122 12.122 20 16.176 19 12.135-37 161 16.177 19, 120 12.145-46 183 16.179 177 12.187 144 16.225 144

Josephus 269

17.200 19 1.3 12 17.213 19 1.5 12 18.9 58 1.6 ff 13 18.11 62 1.7-8 13 18.23 142, 168 1.10 12 18.23-25 131 1.11 12 18.23 ff 169 1.12 12 18.55-59 185 1.16 12 18.64 109 1.17 14 18.228 41 1.22 12 18.261-309 185, 205 1.25-26 13 18.266-68 127 1.61 177 18.344-52 61 1.170 164 18.345 39, 41 2.119 62 18.349 145 2.169-74 185 18.350 145 2.185-203 185 19.13-15 67 2.398 124 19.162 163 2.409 184 19.173 163 2.455 184 19.187 163 2.568-3.288 7 19.283 121 2.642-644 9 19.289 109 3.70-109 161 19.290 121 3.193 9 20.47 144 3.204 9 20.100 47 3.316-391 7 20.106 19 3.331 9 20.116 127 3.351-352 9 20.137-47 144 3.361-382 9 20.166 124 3.399-402 8 20.183-184 20 4.150 184 20.216 19 4.201 184 20.229 163 4.275 118 20.229-34 163 4.319 163 20.234 163, 165 4.358 163 20.241 164 4.459 41, 148 20.244-45 164 5.114 8 20.245 164 5.261 8 20.251 164, 165 5.325 8 20.263 19, 31 5.361 ff 8 20.264 26 5.381 41 20.268 70 5.388 41

5 . 3 9 9 ^ 1 2 184 Jewish War 5.541 ff 8 1.2 13 6.94 ff 8

270 Index of Passages

6.97 41 11 7, 51 6.115 121 12 7, 8, 28 6.129 8 13-16 7, 27, 28 6.438 68 17 7 6.442 124 28-406 7 7.43 124 35 26 7.43 ff 124 36 26 7.180 ff 180 39 26 7.267 118 40-41 26 7 .320-401 9 169-73 9 7.332 184 336-67 26 9 12 341—44 26 365 8 359-60 26

418 28, 229 Life 423 8 5 7 424 8 7 7 425 28 8 7, 101 427 28 9 26 428-29 8 10 7

Old Testament

Genesis 12.20 63 4 .4 52 13.3 66 4.21 52 14.14 66 4.22 52 14.18 68 6.1 53 14.22-24 66 6.9 53 15 69 10 53 15.5 56 10.10 52 15.8-21 68 11.26 55 15.13 68 11.28 62 15.18 68, 69 12.1 62 17 69 12.2 71 17.1-8 69 12.3 71, 76 17.9-14 69 12.10 62 17.15-21 69 12.10 ff 115 18.1-8 66 12.10-12 62 18.23 66 12.11 63 19.1-3 66 12.12 63 20 .1-18 62 12.17 63 22 .1 -2 73 12.18 63 22.2 72 12.19 63 22.5 73

Old Testament

22.12 73 45.5-8 86 22.16-18 71 48.4 81 23.4-16 80 49 81 26.1-11 62 49.1 81 26.35 75 27.2 75 Exodus 27.27-29 75 1.9-10 95, 115, 120 27.29 76 2.1-3 94 28.1-5 76 2.12 95 28.11 76 3.6 55 28.13 79 3.14 (LXX) 60 29.18 77 3.15 55 31.19 80 3.16 55 32.24-32 79 4.5 55 34.1-31 77 4.6 96 34.18 78 4.10 98 35.2 80 4.14 98 35.19-20 80 4.14-16 98 35.22 82 4.24-26 96 36.7 82 4.30 98 36.35 121 7.1 98 37.2 82 7.10 98 37.3 86 7.19 98 37.4 82 8.2 98 37.11 81 17.4 130 37.13 82 17.8 118 37.21 83 17.8-16 118 37.22 83 17.14 119 38 84 17.16 119 39.6 86 19.3-9 102 39.23 87 20.2-3 73 40.8 88 20.4 30 40.15 87 22.12 122 41.15 88 22.27-28 (LXX) 61 41.16 88 24.18 107 41.24 89 25.8 181 41.43 90 28.1 98 41.45 87 32 107, 130, 193 42.6 90 32.4 (LXX) 193 42.21 86 34.28 107 42.22 84 43.28 90 Leviticus 44.14 90 8.1 98 44.18-34 85 19.23 80

272 Index of Passages

Numbers 24.9 76, 125 13.17-20 130 24.15-24 122 13.27-29 131 24.17 125, 126 14.5 104 24.17-19 125 14.10 131 24.20-22 125 14.12 132 24.24 125, 126 14.18-19 132 25.1 127 14.39 132 25.2 127 14.40 133 25.4 141 14.43 119 25.5 141 14.44 134 25.6 141 14.45 119 25.7 143 16-17 135 25.8 143 16.1 (LXX) 136 25.11 143 16.4 ff 104 25.12 143 16.11 ff 105 25.13 143 16.13 136 25.14 (LXX) 141 16.15 140 25.15 141 16.22 136 25.18 127 16.27 139 26.10 139 16.30 139 31.6 143 16.32 139 31.8 121 16.34 139 31.16 127 16.45 136 16.45-50 140 Deuteronomy 16.47-50 136 1.8 55 17.3 98, 140 2.1-8 117 20.8-12 96 2.5 117 20.14 117 2.24-37 118 20.14-22 117 2.30 118 21.6-9 130 3.1-11 118 21.21-32 118 6.4 59 21.33 118 6.10 55 21.33-35 118 9.5 55 22.2-4 120 9.9 107 23.7-10 122 9.18 107 23.9 121 17.9 165 23.10 123 17.14 161 23.18-24 122 18.15 105 23.21 125 18.18 105 23.24 125 23.3-5 121 24.3-9 122 25.17-19 119, 173 24.7 125 25.18 119 24.8 125 28.15-68 186

Old Testament

29.13 55 8.5 161 30.20 55 8.6 167 33.5 137 8.7 (LXX) 167 34.1 ff 165 9.22 33 34.10 105 10.1-12 176

10.8 171 Joshua 12.12-25 167 2.24 165 14.1 ff 33 3.5 150 15.6 172 5.1-7 149 15.31 173 7 165 15.33 173 9.15 166 17.36 178 9.24 149 17.37 178 11.23 149 17.46 178 18 166 17.47 178 22 150, 166 18.27 178 22.3 150 19.18-24 176 22.4 150 21.4-7 178 22.6 150 21.7 173 22.19 152 22.9 173 22.22 (LXX) 152 22.18 173 23.12 150 22.22 173 23.13 150 28.5 33 24.3 55 28.18 174

28.20 33 Judges 31.4 175 1.1-2 149 31.5 175 2.3 149 13.5 158, 159 2 Samuel 13.8 158 1.6-10 175 13.22-23 158 7.8-16 176 15.15-19 158 7.14 186 17 156 19-27 174 19-21 153 19.1 154 1 Kings 19.2 154 3.9 (LXX) 179 19.3 155 3.28 (LXX) 179 19.22 155 4.30 179 19.23-24 155 4.32 180 19.25 155 5.9 (LXX) 179 19.26-29 155 7.24 184

7.25 184 1 Samuel 7.29 184 3.20 160 8.10-11 182

2 7 4 Index of Passages

8.12 ff 182 23.5-14 8.14-21 182 23.6 8.16 182 23.7 8.17 182 23.8 8.18 182 23.10 8.19 182 23.11 8.20 182 23.12 8.21 182 23.13 8.23 182 23.14 8.27 181, 182 23.24 8.43 (LXX) 182, 183 23.29 9.9 184 23.30 10.19 184 11.1 (LXX) 184 1 Chronicles 11.2 184 10.4 11.32 189 10.5 12.20 189 10.13 12.21 189 19.11-19 12.32 193 12.33 193 2 Chronicles 13.33 194 1.10 (LXX) 14.21 190 10 14.22-24 192 11.13-17 14.23 195 11.18 14.24 195 12.1 15.3 195 13.4-12 16.32 190 14.3 18.21 60 15.8 19.10 (LXX) 60, 144 17.8 19.14 144 19.3

19.4 2 Kings 19.5-11 3.2 191 20.33 10.25-33 191 29-32 12.3 195 34.1-35.27 13.11 191 34.3 20.18 201 34.3-7 22.1-23.30 195 34.4 22.11-13 199 34.5 22.17 199 34.6 23.1 198 34.7 23.1-3 199 34.19-21 23.4-20 196 34.25 23.5 197 34.29

197 197, 198 198 197 198 197 198 198 197 198 200 200

175 175 174 177

189 194 190 195 192 195 195 198 195 198 197 195 199 195 196, 197, 198 196 197 196 196 197 199 199 198

34.33 35.21 35.24 35.25

Ezra 4.1 4.3 4.4 5.11 6.8 6.10 9.1 9.1-10.17

Nehemiah 2.20 9.2 13.1-2 13.1-3 13.15-22 13.23-31

Esther 3.4 3.8 4.1 (LXX) 8.11 8.17 (LXX)

Psalms 51.2 (LXX) 79.4 79.10 106.28 106.30

Isaiah 39.7 44.28 51.2 57.17 (LXX)

Old Testament 2 7 5

196 Jeremiah 200 29.7 42 200 200 Ezekiel

16.49 67

210 Daniel 211 1.3 (LXX) 201 210 1.4 201 181 1.6 (LXX) 201 211 1.8 (LXX) 202 210 1.12 202 212 1.16 202 212 1.17 203

1.20 203 2.2 203

211 2.12 203 212 2.13 203 121 2.27 204 211 2.28 204 211 2.30 204 212 2.33 206

2.40-43 206 2.44 206, 208

215 2.46 203 214 3.24 205 214 3.25 205 215 3.91 (LXX) 201 215 3.94 (LXX) 201

4.34-37 206 5.23 (LXX) 201

173 5.24 204 42 6.10 204 42 6.14 (LXX) 201 128 7.18 208 143 7.26 206

7.27 206 8-12 208

201 8.2 ff 208 210 8.27 203 55 9.25 208 126 9.26 208

12.2 208 12.3 208

276 Index of Passages

New Testament

Matthew Romans 1.1 55 1.19 57 3.9 55 1.20 57 6.5 204 4.9-12 55 23.35 53 24.15 204 2 Timothy

3.8 116 Mark 11.25 204 Hebrews

9.10 59 Luke 11.4 52 1.55 55 11.8 62 1.73 55 11.23 101 2.52 101 3.8 55 James 16.30 55 2.21 55 18.11 204 18.13 204 2 Peter

2.15 122 John 8.39 55 / John 8.53 55 3.12 53

Acts Jude 7.2 55,62 11 122 7.3 62 7.20 101 Revelation 13.26 55 2.14 127

Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Baruch 4.29 126

Biblical Antiquities (Pseudo-Philo) 6.14 52 18.13 127

1 Esdras 2.2

4.50 210 211

6.14 6.29 8.68-70 8.68-9.36

2 Esdras 1.2

181 211 212 212

210

Joseph and Asenath 8-21 87

Philo 277

12.21 54

Jubilees 3 Maccabees 4.17 53 1.3 47 10.27-34 149 2.33 152

Judith Sibylline Oracles 5.7-8 62 5 48 5.20-21 127 9.2-1 78 Sirach

46.1 105 1 Maccabees 2.26 143 Wisdom of Solomon 2.27 143 10.20 103 2.54 143

Philo

Embassy On the Contemplative Life 184-348 185 9.69 202 299-305 185

On Drunkeness Hypothetica 37 96 11.1 ff 65

On Joseph Moses 21.121 89 1.1.1 103 1.14.79 96 On the Change of Names 1.278 121 103-04 96 1.295 127 1.295-298 127 On the Giants 2.205 61 50 96

On Abraham On the Special Laws 168 72 1.53 61 208 65 4.102 202

Rabbinic Literature

Mishna, Sanhedrin 13a 214 10.1 142

Genesis Rabbah Babylonian Talmud, Megillah 84.11 81

278 Index of Passages

90.4 89 20.23 127

Targum Esther Numbers Rabbah 3.6 21

Patristic Literature

Epistle of Barnabas 12.9 120

Eusebius A Preparation for the Gospel 9.17 63 9.18 64 9.134 30

Justin Martyr Dialogue 49.8 120 131.4-5 120

Origen Sermons on Numbers 12.7 125

Other Ancient Sources

Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6.4.3 162 Roman Antiquities 6.4.9 169 1.64.4 107 6.4.10 163 2.65.2 107 6.19-42 161

6.52.10 161 Euripides 54.3-55.4 161 Cyclops 429 214 Sextus Empiricus

Against the Physicists Hercules Furens 1.26 56 323-24 73 1.75-122 57

1.79 57 Herodotus Histories Sophocles 2.3 87 Oedipus at Colonus 2.104 69 1568 ff 107 4.114 127

Oedipus Tyrannus Plato 150 186 Laws 217 186 12.949E ff 69, 70 303 186

371 187 Polybius 398 187 History 960 186 6.3.1-9.14 161 962 186

Other Ancient Sources 279

Trachiniae 1095 214

Strabo Geography 17.1.29.806 87

Suetonius

Vespasian 4 10

Tacitus Histories 1.10 10 2.1 10 5.4 183 5.13 10

Index of Modera Authors

Alexander, P.S. 15, 54, 72, 149, 229 Allison, D. 44 Altshuler, D. 70, 111 Amaru, B.H. 15, 51, 63, 68, 70, 87, 95 Amir, Y. 128, 162, 165, 169 Annandale-Potgieter, J. 91 Ashton, J. 41 Attridge, H.W. 17, 32, 70, 73, 74, 99,

114, 154, 206 Aune, D.E. 4, 10

Bacher, W. 119, 149 Bailey, J.L. 51, 68 Balch, D.L. 121 Bamberger, B.J. 5 Barclay, J.M.G. 3-5, 42, 48, 49, 94, 217 Baskin, J.R. 96, 120 Basser, H.W. 24 Bauckham, R. 181 Beckwith, R.T. 202 Begg, C.T. 24, 91, 107, 160, 175, 189,

190, 200, 202 Berger, P.L. 43, 45-47 Berkowitz, L. 44 Bewer, J.A. 211 Bickerman, E. 20, 25 Bieler, L. 103, 107 Bilde, P. 34 Blatt, F. 37 Blenkinsopp, J. 3, 9, 17, 91 Bloch, H. 23, 29 Bloch, R. 94, 101, 102 Bockmeuhl, M.N.A. 10 Bowley, J.E. 31, 32 Braude, W.G. 5 Braun, M. 10, 23, 86, 87 Braverman, J. 201, 207, 208 Brock, S.P. 94 Brooke, G.J. 126 Bruce, F.F. 10, 126, 201, 206, 207

Brüne, B. 53

Carras, G.P. 4 Carroll, R.P. 44 Case, S.J. 20 Casey, M. 4 Chapanis, N.P and A. 44 Charlesworth, M.P. 203 Chilton, B.D. 72, 73 Clementz, H. 37, 67, 147 Coggins, R.J. 211 Cohen, J. 94, 95, 98, 99, 115 Cohen, N.G. 23 Cohen, S.J.D. 4, 5, 8, 9, 20, 26, 41, 91,

161 Collins, J.J. 5, 42-45, 47, 48, 69 Collomp, P. 32 Colman, A.M. 44 Cornford, F.M. 108

Daly, R.J. 72 Daube, D. 91, 213 Davies, P.R. 72, 73, 207 Davies W.D. 70 De Jonge, M. 91, 92, 126 Delling, G. 10, 61, 117, 121 Derrett, J.D.M. 135 Dexinger, F. 210 Dibelius, M. 35 Downing, F.G. 147, 149, 161 Droge, A.J. 51 Drüner, H. 31 Duling, D.C. 179, 180 Dunn, J.D.G. 4, 5 Dupont-Sommer, A. 126 Duschak, M. 29

Ek, S. 31

Faber van der Meulen, H.E. 187

Index of Modern Authors 281

Farmer, W.R. 144 Feldman, L.H. 10, 17, 23-26, 28-34, 42,

51, 55, 56, 65, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 83, 86, 87, 89, 94, 97, 101, 106, 111, 116, 120, 137, 138, 148, 157, 158, 160, 161, 167, 170, 175-179, 181-183, 186, 187, 170, 171, 175, 189, 191, 192, 194, 201-207, 209, 211-214

Festinger, L. 43, 44, 47 Firestone, R. 62 Fischer, J.B. 53 Fischer, U. 207 Flusser, D. 207 Fornara, C.W. 17 Fraenkel, D. 54 France, R.T. 29 Franxman, T.W. 24, 51, 54, 55, 57, 62,

63, 66-68, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 83, 86, 89

Fraser, P.M. 53 Friedländer, M. 182

Gager, J.G. 44, 94, 102, 113, 114 Gallant, R. I l l Gaster, M. 25 Georgi, D. 92, 108 Gibbs, J.G. 26 Ginzberg, L. 29, 119, 214 Gnuse, R.K. 78, 88, 209 Goldenberg, D. 26, 111 Goodenough, E.R. 18, 136, 137, 190 Goodman, M. 6, 7, 10, 21, 229 Grabbe, G.L. 4 Graf, M.R. 94 Gray, R. 91 Greene, J.T. 120, 121 Gross, W. 120

Haacker, K. 106 Hal6vy, M.A. 94 Harrington, D.J. 15, 229 Harvey, G. 36, 40, 41 Hata, G. 94, 96

Hayman, P. 61 Hayward, R. 144 Heinemann, I. 32, 94 Heller, B. 29 Hengel, M. 3, 59, 62 102, 143, 143, 144 Hoffinan, L.A. 70 Holladay, C.R. 94, 97, 104, 107-109, 114 Hölscher, G. 23, 27 Horbury, W. 6, 39, 55, 102, 120, 152,

166 Horton, F.L. 68 Howard, G. 147

Jackson, H. 44 Jacobson, H. 25 Jervell, J.185 Johnson G.L. 10, 91 Jones, E.E. 44

Klijn, A.F.J. 53 Knox, B.M.W. 187 Kohle, K. 111 Kraabel, A.T. 41 Kraemer, R.S. 41 Krüger, P. 60, 63, 182

Lauterbach, J.Z. 119 Levinskaya, I. 6 Levison, J.R. 51, 122, 169 Liddell, H.G. and R. Scott 115 Lindner, H. 206 Loader, J.A. 67 Loenen, D. 129 Loewe, H. 65 Lowe, M. 41 Lutz, R.T. 116

MacRae, G.W. 117 Maier, J. 119 Malina, B.J. 105 Marcus, R. 163, 170, 198, 211 Mason, S. 8, 9, 91, 198, 207

282 Index of Modern Authors

Mastin, B.A. 203 Mayer, G. 55, 56, 63 Mayer, R. 10, 27 Mayer-Schärtel, B. 51 McEleney, N,J, 4 Mealand, D.L. 121 Meeks, W.A. 94, 99, 101, 104, 107, 130 Mendelson, A. 4, 22, 61 Mez, A. 23, 147 Millar, F. 69 Moehring, H.R. 19, 20, 117 Möller, C. 10, 27 Momigliano, A. 1, 62 Montefiore, C.G. 65 Montgomery, J.A. 17, 53, 175, 210 Moore, C.A. 205 Moore, G.F. 153 Moore, M.S. 120 Motzo, B.R. 213 Murray, R. 39

Neusner, J. 4, 10 Nickelsburg, G.W.E. 15, 229 Niehoff, M. 86, 88, 91 Niese, B. 67 Nodet, É. 23, 29, 37, 51, 67, 147 Norden, E. 182 Noy, D. 55

Obbink, H.W. 94

Paul, A. 10, 51, 70 Pearce, S. 111, 165 Pelletier, A. 32 Petersen, H. 31, 70 Pietersma, A. 116 Plaut, R. 23, 29 Pohlmann, K.-F. 209 Pomykala, K.E. 175, 178 Price-Williams, D.R. 43

Rahlfs, A. 23, 147 Rajak, T. 8-10, 18-20, 23, 24, 26, 28,

29, 31 94, 98, 99, 101, 105, 114,

116, 128, 211, 213, 214 Rappaport, S. 23, 25-29, 57, 130, 214 Revel, B. I l l Richards, G.C. 31 Rivkin, E. 14, 22, 217 Runnals, D. 116

Sanders, E.P. 3, 4, 6, 8, 167, 198 Sandmel, S. 30, 55, 57, 66 Satran, D. 202, 203 Schäfer, P. 94, 106 Schalit, A. 26, 28, 29, 36 Schian, R. 142 Schiffman, L.H. 5 Schlatter, A. 17, 53, 59, 60, 182 Schmidt, F. 54 Schröder, B. I l l Schubart, W. 18, 137 Schürer, E. 23 Schwartz, D.R. 2, 44, 161, 163, 164,

165, 169, 168 Schwartz, S. 8, 21, 27, 31, 61, 147, 197,

202 Seyerberlich, R.-M. 213 Shutt, R.J.H. 31, 60, 182 Siker, J. 55 Silver, D.J. 116 Skard, E. 18, 65, 90 Smith, M. 21, 60, 61, 81, 102, 107 Spicq, C. 18, 90 Spilsbury, P. 71, 74, 219, 222 Spottorno, V. 147 Sprödowsky, H. 86 Stemberger, G. 206 Sterling 10, G.E. 16, 19-22, 32, 54 Stem, S. 4

Tabor, J.D. 106 Tachauer, G. 29 Tcherikover, V. 20 Thackeray, H.St.J. 21, 23, 28, 31, 37,

59, 66, 73, 82, 91, 100, 118, 123, 126, 127, 138, 139, 142, 147, 148, 153, 165, 186, 204

Index of Modern Authors

Thoma, C. 21 Thornton, T.C.G. 26, 112, 156 Tiede, D.L. 94, 102, 108, 117 Trebilco, P. 6 Troiani, L. 21 Tuland, C.G. 209, 211

Ulrich, E.C. 147

van der Horst, P.W. 52, 61 van der Toorn, K. 52 van Unnik, W.C. 10, 21, 74, 101, 124,

126-129, 141-143, 206 Vennes, G. 10, 25, 29, 55, 62, 72, 94,

96, 111, 116, 120-122, 126, 127, 181, 201, 204, 205, 207, 229

Villalba i Varneda, P. 32, 35 von Wahlde, U.C. 41

Wacholder, B.Z. 25 Weill, J. 29, 37, 59, 67, 147, 165 Wernik, U. 44 Weyl, H. 60 Whiston, W. 37, 59, 67, 123, 147 Williamson, H.G.M. 209, 211, 229 Wojcik, J. 175, 177 Wolfson, H.A. 47 Wright, N.T. 4, 126

Yadin, Y. 126 Yavetz, Z. 113 Zajonk, R.B. 44

Index of Subjects

Aaron - downplayed 98, 136, 140 Abraham - astronomer 56 - father of the Jews 55, 56 - hospitable to others 65-67 - intelligent 56, 64 - missionary 63 - model Jew 62 - monotheist 59-61 - open-minded to other religions 63 - persecuted for his religion 61 - philosopher 57, 62, 63 - reformer of religion 58 - relationship with God 72, 73 - teacher of the Egyptians 58 Amalekites 118, 171-173, 175, 178, 214 Anti-Judaism 113 Apologetics 1, 2, 15, 16, 19, 33, 92 Aristocracy 162-168, 174 (see also

Theocracy)

Balaam 120-122, 127 - his oracles 122-126 Balak 120, 121 Biblical Interpretation 3, 25-29, 229, 230

Cain, Abel and Seth 51, 53 Canaanites - antipathy towards 67, 74, 76 - threat 154, 157 Circumcision - negative associations avoided 77 - sign of Jewish distinctiveness 69, 215 Cognitive dissonance theory 4 3 ^ 8 Covenant - absence of 70, 182 Cyrus supports the Jews 210

Daniel

- his prophecies 206, 207 - his virtues 201-205 Daniel's three friends 205 David - his virtues 175-177 - not a messianic figure 178 Deuteronomistic theology 17, 70, 74, 83,

185 Diaspora 4 7 ^ 9 -Josephus' attitude towards 70, 123, 124,

153

Dream interpretation 80, 87, 88

Egyptians

- indebted to Moses 116 - opponents of Moses 114-117 Esther 213

Ethnicity 5, 135, 217

God

- favour dependent upon piety 72, 73, 131, 132, 134, 135, 183

- promises rendered as predictions 68, 71, 79

-ruler of the Hebrews 135, 138, 167-169 Haman 214, 215 Hellenism and Judaism 3 Hopes for the future 78, 124-126 Idol-worship rejected 79, 183, 191, 193 Idumaeans 117 Imago mundi 53, 54 Innovation opposed 58, 153, 194 Intermarriage opposed 77, 87, 144, 212 Isaac - binding of 71-73 - virtues of 74, 75 'IouSatoi - Josephus' use of the term 37-42, 213

Index of Subjects 285

Jacob - a prophet 81 - interpreter of dreams 80 Jacob's sons 81, 90 (See also Joseph, Judah and Reuben) Jeroboam 192-194 Jewish Antiquities 14 ff - and Jewish Hellenists 24-26 - and rabbinic literature 25-30 - and the biblical text 23, 24 - as apologetic historiography 16 - as biblical paraphrase 22 - as rewritten Bible 15 - as translation of the Bible 15 - genre 14 - Hellenizations in 31-33 - Jewish audience 19-21 - missionary? 20 - non-Jewish audience 18-20, 22 Jewish Identity 1-4, 92, 145, 146, 188,

200, 208, 216, 227-230 - in the Diaspora 5, 42-50, 209, 216, 228 Jews - conservative 222 - in Against Apion 13 - in Jewish War 12-13 - international 225 - loyal to ruling powers 209, 214, 224 - monotheists 219 - peaceable 119, 223 - persecuted 117, 213, 214, 227 - separate 120, 128, 129, 214 - under authority 221 - virtuous 218 Joseph - humane 89 - intelligent 87, 88 - interpreter of dreams 87, 88 - personal model for Josephus 90, 91 - virtues 86, 87, 89 Josephus - connections with Palestine 27-28 - integrity of his work 11 - life 7-10

- motivations for writing 11 - theologian 17 Joshua, his virtues 119, 147, 148 Josiah 195-197, 199 Judah (person) 84, 85

Kinship, importance of 150-153. Korah 135-137

Land - dissociated from covenant 70 - given by God 78, 123, 149 - promised by God 78 - taken by force of arms 68, 130 Law - gift from God 102, 103, 123 - Jews' faithfulness to 57, 58 - significance for image of Jew 111, 112

Midianites 127, 128 Moses 94 ff - authority 133, 134, 136, 137, 142, 150 - deified? 106-110 - lawgiver 101, 102 - mediator between God and Israel

103-105 - prophet 105 - significance 110, 111 - virtue 94-97, 99

Nimrod 52

Northern kingdom 190

Og 118

Phinehas 143

Plausibility Structures 44, 45 "Portraits" of biblical figures 29 Priesthood, divine origin of 138-140 Providence 17, 72-74, 75, 83, 123, 139,

140, 206

Reuben 82, 83 Romans

286 Index of Subjects

- Josephus' attitude towards 126, 207, 208 - versus the Jews 1-2

Sabbath observance 79 Samaritans, Josephus opposed to 211 Samson 157-159 Saul - his sins 171-174 - his virtues 170 Self-control, importance of 134 Self-definition, Jewish 2 Sihon 118 Social harmony, importance of 64, 136,

154, 223 Solomon - Hellenizations in portrayal of 186 - sins 184, 185 - Temple 181, 182

- wisdom 179, 180 Southern kingdom 194, 195 Syncretism a threat 149

Table of Nations 53, 54 Temple - importance for Josephus 181, 182, 196 - open to outsiders 183, 211 Theocracy 168 Theodicy 1 Tower of Babel 52 Tyranny disparaged 135, 137

Worship of foreign gods denounced 181

Zeal downplayed 70, 78, 143, 144 Zimri 141-143

Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

Alphabetical Index

Albani, M., J. Frey, A. Lange (Ed.): Studies in the Book of Jubilees. 1997. Volume 65. Avemarie, Friedrich: Tora und Leben. 1996. Volume 55. Becker, Hans-Jürgen: Die großen rabbinischen Sammelwerke Palästinas. 1998. Volume 70. - see Schäfer, Peter Cansdale, Lena: Qumran and the Essenes. 1997. Volume 60. Chester, Andrew .'Divine Revelation and Divine Titles in the PentateuchalTargumim. 1986.

Volume 14. Cohen, Martin Samuel: The Shi ur Qomah:Texts and Recensions. 1985. Volume 9. Ego, Beate: Targum Scheni zu Ester. 1996. Volume 54. Engel, Anja: see Schäfer, Peter Frey, J.: see Albani, M. Gleßmer, Uwe: Einleitung in die Targume zum Pentateuch. 1995. Volume 48. Goldberg, Arnold: Mystik und Theologie des rabbinischen Judentums. Gesammelte

Studien I. Ed. by M. Schlüter and P. Schäfer. 1997. Volume 61. Goodblatt, David: The Monarchie Principle. 1994. Volume 38. Grözinger, Karl: Musik und Gesang in der Theologie der frühen jüdischen Literatur. 1982.

Volume 3. Gruenwald, I., Sh. Shaked and G.G. Stroumsa (Ed.): Messiah and Christos. Presented

to David Flusser. 1992. Volume 32. Halperin, David/. The Faces of the Chariot. 1988. Volume 16. Herrmann, Klaus (Ed.): Massekhet Hekhalot. 1994. Volume 39. - see Schäfer, Peter Herzer, Jens: Die Paralipomena Jeremiae. 1994. Volume 43. Hezser, Catherine: Form, Function, and Historical Significance of the Rabbinic Story in

Yerushalmi Neziqin. 1993. Volume 37. - The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine. 1997. Volume 66. Hirschfelder, Ulrike: see Schäfer, Peter Horbury, VK;see Krauss, Samuel Houtman,Alberdina: Mishnah und Tosefta. 1996. Volume 59. Ilan, Tal: Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine. 1995. Volume 44. Instone Brewer, David: Techniques and Assumptions in Jewish Exegesis before 70 CE. 1992.

Volume 30. Ipta, Kerstin: see Schäfer, Peter Jacobs, Martin: Die Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen. 1995. Volume 52. Kasher, Aryeh: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. 1985. Volume 7. - Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs. 1988. Volume 18. - Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel. 1990. Volume 21. Krauss, Samuel: The Jewish-Christian Controversy from the earliest times to 1789. Volume I.

Ed. by W. Horbury. 1996. Volume 56. Kuhn, Peter: Offenbarungsstimmen im Antiken Judentum. 1989. Volume 20. Kuyt,Annelies:The 'Descent' to the Chariot. 1995. Volume 45. Lange, A.: see Albani, M. Lange, Nicholas de: Greek Jewish Texts from the Cairo Genizah. 1996. Volume 51. Lohmann, Uta: see Schäfer, Peter Loopik, M. van (Transl.u. comm.): The Ways of the Sages and the Way of the World. 1991.

Volume 26. Luttikhuizen, Gerard f l .The Revelation of Elchasai. 1985. Volume 8. Mach, Michael: Entwicklungsstadien des jüdischen Engelglaubens in vorrabbinischer Zeit.

1992. Volume 34. Mendels, Doron: The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature. 1987.

Volume 15. Mutins, Georg von: see Schäfer, Peter Necker, Gerold: see Schäfer, Peter

Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

Olyan, SaulM.: A Thousand Thousands Served Hirn. 1993. Volume 36. Otterbach, Rina: see Schäfer, Peter Prigent, Pierre: Le Judaisme et l'image. 1990. Volume 24. Reeg, Gottfried (Ed.): Die Geschichte von den Zehn Märtyrern. 1985. Volume 10. - see Schäfer, Peter Renner, Lucie: see Schäfer, Peter Reichman, Ronen: Sifra und Mishna. 1998. Volume 68. Rohrbacher-Sticker, Claudia: see Schäfer, Peter Salvesen, A. (Ed.): Origen's Hexapla and Fragments.1998. Volume 58. Samely, Alexander: The Interpretation of Speech in the Pentateuch Targums. 1992.

Volume 27. Schäfer, Peter: Der Bar-Kokhba-Aufstand. 1981. Volume 1. - Hekhalot-Studien. 1988. Volume 19. Schäfer, Peter (Ed.): Geniza-Fragmente zur Hekhalot-Literatur. 1984. Volume 6. - see Goldberg, Arnold - in Zusammenarbeit mit Klaus Herrmann, Rina Otterbach, Gottfried Reeg, Claudia

Rohrbacher-Sticker, Guido Weyer: Konkordanz zur Hekhalot-Literatur. Volume 1:1986. Volume 12. - Volume 2:1988. Volume 13.

Schäfer, Peter, Margarete Schlüter, Hans Georg von Mutins (Ed.): Synopse zur Hekhalot-Literatur. 1981. Volume 2.

Schäfer, Peter (Ed.) in Zusammenarbeit mit Hans-Jürgen Becker, Klaus Herrmann, Ulrike Hirschfelder, Gerold Necker, Lucie Renner, Claudia Rohrbacher-Sticker, Stefan Siebers: Übersetzung der Hekhalot-Literatur. Volume 1: §§ 1-80.1995. Volume 46. - Volume 2: §§ 81-334.1987. Volume 17. -Volume 3: §§ 335-597.1989. Volume22. -Volume 4: §§ 598-985.1991. Volume 29.

Schäfer, Peter, and Hans-Jürgen Becker (Ed.) in Zusammenarbeit mit Anja Engel, Kerstin Ipta, Gerold Necker, Uta Lohmann, Martina Urban, Gert Wildensee: Synopse zum Talmud Yerushalmi.Volume 1/1-2:1991. Volume31. -Volume 1/3-5:1992. Volume33. -Volume 1/6-11:1992. Volume 35. - Volume III: 1998. Volume 67. - Volume IV: 1995. Volume 47.

Schäfer, Peter, and ShaulShaked (Ed.): Magische Texte aus der Kairoer Geniza. Volume 1: 1994. Volume 42 - Volume 2:1997. Volume 64.

Schlüter, Margarete: see Goldberg, Arnold - see Schäfer, Peter Schmidt, Francis: Le Testament Grec d'Abraham. 1986. Volume 11. Schröder, Bernd: Die 'väterlichen Gesetze'. 1996. Volume 53. Schwartz, Daniel R.: Agrippa 1.1990. Volume 23. Schwemer,Anna Maria: Studien zu den frühjüdischen Prophetenlegenden. Vitae

Prophetarum Volume 1:1995. Volume 49. - Volume II (mit Beiheft: Synopse zu den Vitae Prophetarum): 1996. Volume 50.

Shaked, Shaul: see Gruenwald, I. - see Schäfer, Peter Shatzman, Israel.The Armiesof the Hasmonaeans and Herod. 1991. Volume 25. Siebers, Stefan: see Schäfer, Peter Spilsbury, Paul: The Image of the Jew in Flavius Josephus' Paraphrase of the Bible. 1998.

Volume 69. Stroumsa, G. G.: see Gruenwald, I. Stuckenbruck, Loren T.:The Book of Giants from Qumran. 1997. Volume 63. Swartz, Michael D.: Mystical Prayer in Ancient Judaism. 1992. Volume 28. Sysling, Harry: Tehiyyat Ha-Metim. 1996. Volume 57. Urban, Martina: see Schäfer, Peter Veltri, Giuseppe: Eine Tora für den König Talmai. 1994. Volume 41. - Magie und Halakha. 1997. Volume 62. Weyer, Guido: see Schäfer, Peter Wewers, GerdA:Probleme der Bavot-Traktate. 1984. Volume 5. Wildensee, Gert: see Schäfer, Peter Wilson, Walter T.:The Mysteries of Rigtheousness. 1994. Volume 40.

For a complete catalogue please write to the publisher Mohr Siebeck, P.O. Box 2040, D-72010 Tübingen.

CoverTitel PrefaceAbbreviationsIntroduction1. The Image of the Jew2. Josephus the Roman Jew2.1. Curriculum Vitae

Index of PassagesIndex of Modern AuthorsIndex of Subjects