Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungenzum Neuen Testament

HerausgeberEditor

Joumlrg Frey (Zuumlrich)

MitherausgeberAssociate Editors

Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) ∙ James A Kelhoffer (Uppsala)Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) ∙ Janet Spittler (Charlottesville VA)

J Ross Wagner (Durham NC)

433

Jan N Bremmer

The World of Greek Religionand Mythology

Collected Essays II

Mohr Siebeck

Jan N Bremmer born 1944 Emeritus Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Groningen orcidorg0000-0001-8400-7143

ISBN 978-3-16-154451-4 eISBN 978-3-16-158949-2DOI 101628978-3-16-158949-2

ISSN 0512-1604 eISSN 2568-7476(Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio-graphie detailed bibliographic data are available at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitt-ed by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particular-ly to reproductions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was typeset using Stempel Garamond typeface and printed on non-aging pa-per by Gulde Druck in Tuumlbingen It was bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier

Printed in Germany

in memoriam

Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015)Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017)

Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007)

Preface

It is a pleasure for me to offer here the second volume of my Collected Essays containing a sizable part of my writings on Greek religion and mythology1 Greek religion is not a subject that has always held my interest and attention During my all too long study of Classics at the Free University in Amsterdam (1962ndash1969) the subject was taught only once by my Doktorvater G J D Aalders (1914ndash1987) a scholar of real substance and a somewhat shy man2 His course on Asclepius interested me but not quite enough to leave me fascinated by Greek religion My attitude towards the subject began to change when dur-ing my military service in the Intelligence branch of the Dutch armed forces (1970ndash1972) I discovered the work of the Latinist and historian of religion Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)3 Wagenvoort was an imaginative scholar who combined great philological expertise with a wide interest in folklore archaeol-ogy and anthropological studies His book on inspiration by bees in dreams in particular led me to take up the study of the soul in ancient Greece and also directed my attention towards conceptions of the soul among Native American and Siberian peoples4 The latter topic in turn led me to shamanism which has remained an abiding interest in the years since5

Military service gave me plenty of opportunities to read but no theoretical framework within which to situate what I was learning This gradually changed

1 Cf J N Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs in Early Christianity Collected Essays I (Tuumlbingen 2017)

2 On my studies see the biography in J Dijkstra J Kroesen and Y Kuiper (eds) Myths Martyrs and Modernity Studies in the History of Religions in Honour of Jan N Bremmer (Leiden 2010) xxiiindashxxxi see also D Barbu Ph Matthey and N Meylan lsquoEntretien avec Jan N Bremmerrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 7ndash20

3 Cf J H Waszink lsquoLevensbericht H Wagenvoortrsquo Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Acade-mie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam 1976) 239ndash45 H S Versnel lsquoHendrik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976) and the Study of Roman Religionrsquo in H Hofmann (ed) Latin studies in Gronin-gen 1877ndash1977 (Groningen 1990) 73ndash92 A J van Omme lsquoTussen filologie en folklore Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)rsquo = httpswwwdigibronnlsearchdetaild742a55155ae65f3b-51208924299b3aatussen-filologie-en-folklore-hendrik-wagenvoort (accessed 29-3-2019)

4 H Wagenvoort Inspiratie door bijen in de droom (Amsterdam 1966) J N Bremmer The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton 1983) which is an improved version of my 1979 dissertation this volume Chapter 11

5 Most recently J N Bremmer lsquoShamanism in Classical Scholarship where are we nowrsquo in P Jackson (ed) Horizons of Shamanism A Triangular Approach (Stockholm 2016) 52ndash78 and lsquoMethod and Madness in the Study of Greek Shamanism the case of Peter Kingsleyrsquo Asdiwal 13 (2018) 55ndash71

VIII Preface

in the 1970s when I discovered not only the French Annales school with its in-terest in mentaliteacute and longue dureacutee but also the work of Victor Turner (1920ndash1983) and Mary Douglas (1921ndash2007)6 and the Eacutecole de Paris of Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914ndash2007 Ch 15) Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930ndash2006) and Marcel Detienne (1935ndash2019) whose recent death marks the passing of that generation of scholars Yet the greatest influence on my thought was the work of Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015 Ch 15) His Homo necans made a lasting impression on me even though I found the original German edition extremely hard to under-stand at times7 His work on myth and ritual has been a continuing source of inspiration and sometimes contestation as has his focus on sacrifice8 I was equally inspired by Burkertrsquos turn in the late 1970s towards an interest in the contacts between Greece and the Orient although most of my articles on that subject have been collected elsewhere9 Here I concentrate on influences from Anatolia (Ch 16) an area barely touched on by Burkert undoubtedly because at that time most of the epichoric languages had not yet been deciphered or had only been studied in an unsatisfactory manner

Equally important for me was a meeting with Fritz Graf in the summer of 1974 when we both attended a conference in Lancaster (UK) organised by the International Association for the History of Religion I had just been assigned to review his book on Eleusis and Orphic poetry and was eager to get to know the author of that remarkably learned dissertation10 We immediately hit it off as we shared many of the same interests and took very similar approaches to the study of ancient religion11 Through him I met Richard Buxton another old friend and in the course of these and the following years I also made the ac-quaintance of Claude Calame Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017 Ch 15 Appendix 2) Robert Parker and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007 Ch 8) These friends each in their own way have been instrumental in moving the study of Greek religion away from issues related to agricultural fertility and towards a focus on myth and ritual and their contextualisation in Greek culture Unsur-prisingly perhaps they all contributed to Interpretations of Greek Mythology12

6 Fritz Graf and I were the first to apply the work of Victor Turner to the study of Greek religion as noted by H S Versnel lsquoEen klassiek antropoloog in de klassieke wereldrsquo Antro-pologische verkenningen 13 (1994) 46ndash55

7 W Burkert Homo necans (Berlin 1972) translated as Homo necans (Berkeley Los An-geles London 1983) cf my review in CR NS 35 (1985) 312 f

8 As he wrote to me in acknowledgement of the gift of my Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) lsquoViele Ihrer Themen sind ja eine Art Gespraumlch mit Vorschlaumlgen von mirrsquo (letter 27-12-2008)

9 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture10 F Graf Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit (1974) cf

my review in Mnemosyne IV 3 (1978) 321 f11 Cf D Barbu lsquoEntretien avec Sarah Iles Johnston amp Fritz Grafrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 21ndash40 at 2612 J N Bremmer (ed) Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London and New York 1987

19882)

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Jan N Bremmer

The World of Greek Religionand Mythology

Collected Essays II

Mohr Siebeck

Jan N Bremmer born 1944 Emeritus Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Groningen orcidorg0000-0001-8400-7143

ISBN 978-3-16-154451-4 eISBN 978-3-16-158949-2DOI 101628978-3-16-158949-2

ISSN 0512-1604 eISSN 2568-7476(Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio-graphie detailed bibliographic data are available at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitt-ed by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particular-ly to reproductions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was typeset using Stempel Garamond typeface and printed on non-aging pa-per by Gulde Druck in Tuumlbingen It was bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier

Printed in Germany

in memoriam

Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015)Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017)

Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007)

Preface

It is a pleasure for me to offer here the second volume of my Collected Essays containing a sizable part of my writings on Greek religion and mythology1 Greek religion is not a subject that has always held my interest and attention During my all too long study of Classics at the Free University in Amsterdam (1962ndash1969) the subject was taught only once by my Doktorvater G J D Aalders (1914ndash1987) a scholar of real substance and a somewhat shy man2 His course on Asclepius interested me but not quite enough to leave me fascinated by Greek religion My attitude towards the subject began to change when dur-ing my military service in the Intelligence branch of the Dutch armed forces (1970ndash1972) I discovered the work of the Latinist and historian of religion Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)3 Wagenvoort was an imaginative scholar who combined great philological expertise with a wide interest in folklore archaeol-ogy and anthropological studies His book on inspiration by bees in dreams in particular led me to take up the study of the soul in ancient Greece and also directed my attention towards conceptions of the soul among Native American and Siberian peoples4 The latter topic in turn led me to shamanism which has remained an abiding interest in the years since5

Military service gave me plenty of opportunities to read but no theoretical framework within which to situate what I was learning This gradually changed

1 Cf J N Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs in Early Christianity Collected Essays I (Tuumlbingen 2017)

2 On my studies see the biography in J Dijkstra J Kroesen and Y Kuiper (eds) Myths Martyrs and Modernity Studies in the History of Religions in Honour of Jan N Bremmer (Leiden 2010) xxiiindashxxxi see also D Barbu Ph Matthey and N Meylan lsquoEntretien avec Jan N Bremmerrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 7ndash20

3 Cf J H Waszink lsquoLevensbericht H Wagenvoortrsquo Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Acade-mie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam 1976) 239ndash45 H S Versnel lsquoHendrik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976) and the Study of Roman Religionrsquo in H Hofmann (ed) Latin studies in Gronin-gen 1877ndash1977 (Groningen 1990) 73ndash92 A J van Omme lsquoTussen filologie en folklore Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)rsquo = httpswwwdigibronnlsearchdetaild742a55155ae65f3b-51208924299b3aatussen-filologie-en-folklore-hendrik-wagenvoort (accessed 29-3-2019)

4 H Wagenvoort Inspiratie door bijen in de droom (Amsterdam 1966) J N Bremmer The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton 1983) which is an improved version of my 1979 dissertation this volume Chapter 11

5 Most recently J N Bremmer lsquoShamanism in Classical Scholarship where are we nowrsquo in P Jackson (ed) Horizons of Shamanism A Triangular Approach (Stockholm 2016) 52ndash78 and lsquoMethod and Madness in the Study of Greek Shamanism the case of Peter Kingsleyrsquo Asdiwal 13 (2018) 55ndash71

VIII Preface

in the 1970s when I discovered not only the French Annales school with its in-terest in mentaliteacute and longue dureacutee but also the work of Victor Turner (1920ndash1983) and Mary Douglas (1921ndash2007)6 and the Eacutecole de Paris of Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914ndash2007 Ch 15) Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930ndash2006) and Marcel Detienne (1935ndash2019) whose recent death marks the passing of that generation of scholars Yet the greatest influence on my thought was the work of Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015 Ch 15) His Homo necans made a lasting impression on me even though I found the original German edition extremely hard to under-stand at times7 His work on myth and ritual has been a continuing source of inspiration and sometimes contestation as has his focus on sacrifice8 I was equally inspired by Burkertrsquos turn in the late 1970s towards an interest in the contacts between Greece and the Orient although most of my articles on that subject have been collected elsewhere9 Here I concentrate on influences from Anatolia (Ch 16) an area barely touched on by Burkert undoubtedly because at that time most of the epichoric languages had not yet been deciphered or had only been studied in an unsatisfactory manner

Equally important for me was a meeting with Fritz Graf in the summer of 1974 when we both attended a conference in Lancaster (UK) organised by the International Association for the History of Religion I had just been assigned to review his book on Eleusis and Orphic poetry and was eager to get to know the author of that remarkably learned dissertation10 We immediately hit it off as we shared many of the same interests and took very similar approaches to the study of ancient religion11 Through him I met Richard Buxton another old friend and in the course of these and the following years I also made the ac-quaintance of Claude Calame Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017 Ch 15 Appendix 2) Robert Parker and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007 Ch 8) These friends each in their own way have been instrumental in moving the study of Greek religion away from issues related to agricultural fertility and towards a focus on myth and ritual and their contextualisation in Greek culture Unsur-prisingly perhaps they all contributed to Interpretations of Greek Mythology12

6 Fritz Graf and I were the first to apply the work of Victor Turner to the study of Greek religion as noted by H S Versnel lsquoEen klassiek antropoloog in de klassieke wereldrsquo Antro-pologische verkenningen 13 (1994) 46ndash55

7 W Burkert Homo necans (Berlin 1972) translated as Homo necans (Berkeley Los An-geles London 1983) cf my review in CR NS 35 (1985) 312 f

8 As he wrote to me in acknowledgement of the gift of my Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) lsquoViele Ihrer Themen sind ja eine Art Gespraumlch mit Vorschlaumlgen von mirrsquo (letter 27-12-2008)

9 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture10 F Graf Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit (1974) cf

my review in Mnemosyne IV 3 (1978) 321 f11 Cf D Barbu lsquoEntretien avec Sarah Iles Johnston amp Fritz Grafrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 21ndash40 at 2612 J N Bremmer (ed) Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London and New York 1987

19882)

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Jan N Bremmer born 1944 Emeritus Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Groningen orcidorg0000-0001-8400-7143

ISBN 978-3-16-154451-4 eISBN 978-3-16-158949-2DOI 101628978-3-16-158949-2

ISSN 0512-1604 eISSN 2568-7476(Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio-graphie detailed bibliographic data are available at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitt-ed by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particular-ly to reproductions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was typeset using Stempel Garamond typeface and printed on non-aging pa-per by Gulde Druck in Tuumlbingen It was bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier

Printed in Germany

in memoriam

Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015)Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017)

Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007)

Preface

It is a pleasure for me to offer here the second volume of my Collected Essays containing a sizable part of my writings on Greek religion and mythology1 Greek religion is not a subject that has always held my interest and attention During my all too long study of Classics at the Free University in Amsterdam (1962ndash1969) the subject was taught only once by my Doktorvater G J D Aalders (1914ndash1987) a scholar of real substance and a somewhat shy man2 His course on Asclepius interested me but not quite enough to leave me fascinated by Greek religion My attitude towards the subject began to change when dur-ing my military service in the Intelligence branch of the Dutch armed forces (1970ndash1972) I discovered the work of the Latinist and historian of religion Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)3 Wagenvoort was an imaginative scholar who combined great philological expertise with a wide interest in folklore archaeol-ogy and anthropological studies His book on inspiration by bees in dreams in particular led me to take up the study of the soul in ancient Greece and also directed my attention towards conceptions of the soul among Native American and Siberian peoples4 The latter topic in turn led me to shamanism which has remained an abiding interest in the years since5

Military service gave me plenty of opportunities to read but no theoretical framework within which to situate what I was learning This gradually changed

1 Cf J N Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs in Early Christianity Collected Essays I (Tuumlbingen 2017)

2 On my studies see the biography in J Dijkstra J Kroesen and Y Kuiper (eds) Myths Martyrs and Modernity Studies in the History of Religions in Honour of Jan N Bremmer (Leiden 2010) xxiiindashxxxi see also D Barbu Ph Matthey and N Meylan lsquoEntretien avec Jan N Bremmerrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 7ndash20

3 Cf J H Waszink lsquoLevensbericht H Wagenvoortrsquo Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Acade-mie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam 1976) 239ndash45 H S Versnel lsquoHendrik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976) and the Study of Roman Religionrsquo in H Hofmann (ed) Latin studies in Gronin-gen 1877ndash1977 (Groningen 1990) 73ndash92 A J van Omme lsquoTussen filologie en folklore Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)rsquo = httpswwwdigibronnlsearchdetaild742a55155ae65f3b-51208924299b3aatussen-filologie-en-folklore-hendrik-wagenvoort (accessed 29-3-2019)

4 H Wagenvoort Inspiratie door bijen in de droom (Amsterdam 1966) J N Bremmer The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton 1983) which is an improved version of my 1979 dissertation this volume Chapter 11

5 Most recently J N Bremmer lsquoShamanism in Classical Scholarship where are we nowrsquo in P Jackson (ed) Horizons of Shamanism A Triangular Approach (Stockholm 2016) 52ndash78 and lsquoMethod and Madness in the Study of Greek Shamanism the case of Peter Kingsleyrsquo Asdiwal 13 (2018) 55ndash71

VIII Preface

in the 1970s when I discovered not only the French Annales school with its in-terest in mentaliteacute and longue dureacutee but also the work of Victor Turner (1920ndash1983) and Mary Douglas (1921ndash2007)6 and the Eacutecole de Paris of Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914ndash2007 Ch 15) Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930ndash2006) and Marcel Detienne (1935ndash2019) whose recent death marks the passing of that generation of scholars Yet the greatest influence on my thought was the work of Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015 Ch 15) His Homo necans made a lasting impression on me even though I found the original German edition extremely hard to under-stand at times7 His work on myth and ritual has been a continuing source of inspiration and sometimes contestation as has his focus on sacrifice8 I was equally inspired by Burkertrsquos turn in the late 1970s towards an interest in the contacts between Greece and the Orient although most of my articles on that subject have been collected elsewhere9 Here I concentrate on influences from Anatolia (Ch 16) an area barely touched on by Burkert undoubtedly because at that time most of the epichoric languages had not yet been deciphered or had only been studied in an unsatisfactory manner

Equally important for me was a meeting with Fritz Graf in the summer of 1974 when we both attended a conference in Lancaster (UK) organised by the International Association for the History of Religion I had just been assigned to review his book on Eleusis and Orphic poetry and was eager to get to know the author of that remarkably learned dissertation10 We immediately hit it off as we shared many of the same interests and took very similar approaches to the study of ancient religion11 Through him I met Richard Buxton another old friend and in the course of these and the following years I also made the ac-quaintance of Claude Calame Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017 Ch 15 Appendix 2) Robert Parker and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007 Ch 8) These friends each in their own way have been instrumental in moving the study of Greek religion away from issues related to agricultural fertility and towards a focus on myth and ritual and their contextualisation in Greek culture Unsur-prisingly perhaps they all contributed to Interpretations of Greek Mythology12

6 Fritz Graf and I were the first to apply the work of Victor Turner to the study of Greek religion as noted by H S Versnel lsquoEen klassiek antropoloog in de klassieke wereldrsquo Antro-pologische verkenningen 13 (1994) 46ndash55

7 W Burkert Homo necans (Berlin 1972) translated as Homo necans (Berkeley Los An-geles London 1983) cf my review in CR NS 35 (1985) 312 f

8 As he wrote to me in acknowledgement of the gift of my Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) lsquoViele Ihrer Themen sind ja eine Art Gespraumlch mit Vorschlaumlgen von mirrsquo (letter 27-12-2008)

9 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture10 F Graf Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit (1974) cf

my review in Mnemosyne IV 3 (1978) 321 f11 Cf D Barbu lsquoEntretien avec Sarah Iles Johnston amp Fritz Grafrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 21ndash40 at 2612 J N Bremmer (ed) Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London and New York 1987

19882)

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

in memoriam

Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015)Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017)

Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007)

Preface

It is a pleasure for me to offer here the second volume of my Collected Essays containing a sizable part of my writings on Greek religion and mythology1 Greek religion is not a subject that has always held my interest and attention During my all too long study of Classics at the Free University in Amsterdam (1962ndash1969) the subject was taught only once by my Doktorvater G J D Aalders (1914ndash1987) a scholar of real substance and a somewhat shy man2 His course on Asclepius interested me but not quite enough to leave me fascinated by Greek religion My attitude towards the subject began to change when dur-ing my military service in the Intelligence branch of the Dutch armed forces (1970ndash1972) I discovered the work of the Latinist and historian of religion Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)3 Wagenvoort was an imaginative scholar who combined great philological expertise with a wide interest in folklore archaeol-ogy and anthropological studies His book on inspiration by bees in dreams in particular led me to take up the study of the soul in ancient Greece and also directed my attention towards conceptions of the soul among Native American and Siberian peoples4 The latter topic in turn led me to shamanism which has remained an abiding interest in the years since5

Military service gave me plenty of opportunities to read but no theoretical framework within which to situate what I was learning This gradually changed

1 Cf J N Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs in Early Christianity Collected Essays I (Tuumlbingen 2017)

2 On my studies see the biography in J Dijkstra J Kroesen and Y Kuiper (eds) Myths Martyrs and Modernity Studies in the History of Religions in Honour of Jan N Bremmer (Leiden 2010) xxiiindashxxxi see also D Barbu Ph Matthey and N Meylan lsquoEntretien avec Jan N Bremmerrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 7ndash20

3 Cf J H Waszink lsquoLevensbericht H Wagenvoortrsquo Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Acade-mie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam 1976) 239ndash45 H S Versnel lsquoHendrik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976) and the Study of Roman Religionrsquo in H Hofmann (ed) Latin studies in Gronin-gen 1877ndash1977 (Groningen 1990) 73ndash92 A J van Omme lsquoTussen filologie en folklore Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)rsquo = httpswwwdigibronnlsearchdetaild742a55155ae65f3b-51208924299b3aatussen-filologie-en-folklore-hendrik-wagenvoort (accessed 29-3-2019)

4 H Wagenvoort Inspiratie door bijen in de droom (Amsterdam 1966) J N Bremmer The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton 1983) which is an improved version of my 1979 dissertation this volume Chapter 11

5 Most recently J N Bremmer lsquoShamanism in Classical Scholarship where are we nowrsquo in P Jackson (ed) Horizons of Shamanism A Triangular Approach (Stockholm 2016) 52ndash78 and lsquoMethod and Madness in the Study of Greek Shamanism the case of Peter Kingsleyrsquo Asdiwal 13 (2018) 55ndash71

VIII Preface

in the 1970s when I discovered not only the French Annales school with its in-terest in mentaliteacute and longue dureacutee but also the work of Victor Turner (1920ndash1983) and Mary Douglas (1921ndash2007)6 and the Eacutecole de Paris of Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914ndash2007 Ch 15) Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930ndash2006) and Marcel Detienne (1935ndash2019) whose recent death marks the passing of that generation of scholars Yet the greatest influence on my thought was the work of Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015 Ch 15) His Homo necans made a lasting impression on me even though I found the original German edition extremely hard to under-stand at times7 His work on myth and ritual has been a continuing source of inspiration and sometimes contestation as has his focus on sacrifice8 I was equally inspired by Burkertrsquos turn in the late 1970s towards an interest in the contacts between Greece and the Orient although most of my articles on that subject have been collected elsewhere9 Here I concentrate on influences from Anatolia (Ch 16) an area barely touched on by Burkert undoubtedly because at that time most of the epichoric languages had not yet been deciphered or had only been studied in an unsatisfactory manner

Equally important for me was a meeting with Fritz Graf in the summer of 1974 when we both attended a conference in Lancaster (UK) organised by the International Association for the History of Religion I had just been assigned to review his book on Eleusis and Orphic poetry and was eager to get to know the author of that remarkably learned dissertation10 We immediately hit it off as we shared many of the same interests and took very similar approaches to the study of ancient religion11 Through him I met Richard Buxton another old friend and in the course of these and the following years I also made the ac-quaintance of Claude Calame Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017 Ch 15 Appendix 2) Robert Parker and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007 Ch 8) These friends each in their own way have been instrumental in moving the study of Greek religion away from issues related to agricultural fertility and towards a focus on myth and ritual and their contextualisation in Greek culture Unsur-prisingly perhaps they all contributed to Interpretations of Greek Mythology12

6 Fritz Graf and I were the first to apply the work of Victor Turner to the study of Greek religion as noted by H S Versnel lsquoEen klassiek antropoloog in de klassieke wereldrsquo Antro-pologische verkenningen 13 (1994) 46ndash55

7 W Burkert Homo necans (Berlin 1972) translated as Homo necans (Berkeley Los An-geles London 1983) cf my review in CR NS 35 (1985) 312 f

8 As he wrote to me in acknowledgement of the gift of my Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) lsquoViele Ihrer Themen sind ja eine Art Gespraumlch mit Vorschlaumlgen von mirrsquo (letter 27-12-2008)

9 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture10 F Graf Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit (1974) cf

my review in Mnemosyne IV 3 (1978) 321 f11 Cf D Barbu lsquoEntretien avec Sarah Iles Johnston amp Fritz Grafrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 21ndash40 at 2612 J N Bremmer (ed) Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London and New York 1987

19882)

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Preface

It is a pleasure for me to offer here the second volume of my Collected Essays containing a sizable part of my writings on Greek religion and mythology1 Greek religion is not a subject that has always held my interest and attention During my all too long study of Classics at the Free University in Amsterdam (1962ndash1969) the subject was taught only once by my Doktorvater G J D Aalders (1914ndash1987) a scholar of real substance and a somewhat shy man2 His course on Asclepius interested me but not quite enough to leave me fascinated by Greek religion My attitude towards the subject began to change when dur-ing my military service in the Intelligence branch of the Dutch armed forces (1970ndash1972) I discovered the work of the Latinist and historian of religion Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)3 Wagenvoort was an imaginative scholar who combined great philological expertise with a wide interest in folklore archaeol-ogy and anthropological studies His book on inspiration by bees in dreams in particular led me to take up the study of the soul in ancient Greece and also directed my attention towards conceptions of the soul among Native American and Siberian peoples4 The latter topic in turn led me to shamanism which has remained an abiding interest in the years since5

Military service gave me plenty of opportunities to read but no theoretical framework within which to situate what I was learning This gradually changed

1 Cf J N Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs in Early Christianity Collected Essays I (Tuumlbingen 2017)

2 On my studies see the biography in J Dijkstra J Kroesen and Y Kuiper (eds) Myths Martyrs and Modernity Studies in the History of Religions in Honour of Jan N Bremmer (Leiden 2010) xxiiindashxxxi see also D Barbu Ph Matthey and N Meylan lsquoEntretien avec Jan N Bremmerrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 7ndash20

3 Cf J H Waszink lsquoLevensbericht H Wagenvoortrsquo Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Acade-mie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam 1976) 239ndash45 H S Versnel lsquoHendrik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976) and the Study of Roman Religionrsquo in H Hofmann (ed) Latin studies in Gronin-gen 1877ndash1977 (Groningen 1990) 73ndash92 A J van Omme lsquoTussen filologie en folklore Hen-drik Wagenvoort (1886ndash1976)rsquo = httpswwwdigibronnlsearchdetaild742a55155ae65f3b-51208924299b3aatussen-filologie-en-folklore-hendrik-wagenvoort (accessed 29-3-2019)

4 H Wagenvoort Inspiratie door bijen in de droom (Amsterdam 1966) J N Bremmer The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton 1983) which is an improved version of my 1979 dissertation this volume Chapter 11

5 Most recently J N Bremmer lsquoShamanism in Classical Scholarship where are we nowrsquo in P Jackson (ed) Horizons of Shamanism A Triangular Approach (Stockholm 2016) 52ndash78 and lsquoMethod and Madness in the Study of Greek Shamanism the case of Peter Kingsleyrsquo Asdiwal 13 (2018) 55ndash71

VIII Preface

in the 1970s when I discovered not only the French Annales school with its in-terest in mentaliteacute and longue dureacutee but also the work of Victor Turner (1920ndash1983) and Mary Douglas (1921ndash2007)6 and the Eacutecole de Paris of Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914ndash2007 Ch 15) Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930ndash2006) and Marcel Detienne (1935ndash2019) whose recent death marks the passing of that generation of scholars Yet the greatest influence on my thought was the work of Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015 Ch 15) His Homo necans made a lasting impression on me even though I found the original German edition extremely hard to under-stand at times7 His work on myth and ritual has been a continuing source of inspiration and sometimes contestation as has his focus on sacrifice8 I was equally inspired by Burkertrsquos turn in the late 1970s towards an interest in the contacts between Greece and the Orient although most of my articles on that subject have been collected elsewhere9 Here I concentrate on influences from Anatolia (Ch 16) an area barely touched on by Burkert undoubtedly because at that time most of the epichoric languages had not yet been deciphered or had only been studied in an unsatisfactory manner

Equally important for me was a meeting with Fritz Graf in the summer of 1974 when we both attended a conference in Lancaster (UK) organised by the International Association for the History of Religion I had just been assigned to review his book on Eleusis and Orphic poetry and was eager to get to know the author of that remarkably learned dissertation10 We immediately hit it off as we shared many of the same interests and took very similar approaches to the study of ancient religion11 Through him I met Richard Buxton another old friend and in the course of these and the following years I also made the ac-quaintance of Claude Calame Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017 Ch 15 Appendix 2) Robert Parker and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007 Ch 8) These friends each in their own way have been instrumental in moving the study of Greek religion away from issues related to agricultural fertility and towards a focus on myth and ritual and their contextualisation in Greek culture Unsur-prisingly perhaps they all contributed to Interpretations of Greek Mythology12

6 Fritz Graf and I were the first to apply the work of Victor Turner to the study of Greek religion as noted by H S Versnel lsquoEen klassiek antropoloog in de klassieke wereldrsquo Antro-pologische verkenningen 13 (1994) 46ndash55

7 W Burkert Homo necans (Berlin 1972) translated as Homo necans (Berkeley Los An-geles London 1983) cf my review in CR NS 35 (1985) 312 f

8 As he wrote to me in acknowledgement of the gift of my Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) lsquoViele Ihrer Themen sind ja eine Art Gespraumlch mit Vorschlaumlgen von mirrsquo (letter 27-12-2008)

9 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture10 F Graf Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit (1974) cf

my review in Mnemosyne IV 3 (1978) 321 f11 Cf D Barbu lsquoEntretien avec Sarah Iles Johnston amp Fritz Grafrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 21ndash40 at 2612 J N Bremmer (ed) Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London and New York 1987

19882)

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

VIII Preface

in the 1970s when I discovered not only the French Annales school with its in-terest in mentaliteacute and longue dureacutee but also the work of Victor Turner (1920ndash1983) and Mary Douglas (1921ndash2007)6 and the Eacutecole de Paris of Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914ndash2007 Ch 15) Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930ndash2006) and Marcel Detienne (1935ndash2019) whose recent death marks the passing of that generation of scholars Yet the greatest influence on my thought was the work of Walter Burkert (1931ndash2015 Ch 15) His Homo necans made a lasting impression on me even though I found the original German edition extremely hard to under-stand at times7 His work on myth and ritual has been a continuing source of inspiration and sometimes contestation as has his focus on sacrifice8 I was equally inspired by Burkertrsquos turn in the late 1970s towards an interest in the contacts between Greece and the Orient although most of my articles on that subject have been collected elsewhere9 Here I concentrate on influences from Anatolia (Ch 16) an area barely touched on by Burkert undoubtedly because at that time most of the epichoric languages had not yet been deciphered or had only been studied in an unsatisfactory manner

Equally important for me was a meeting with Fritz Graf in the summer of 1974 when we both attended a conference in Lancaster (UK) organised by the International Association for the History of Religion I had just been assigned to review his book on Eleusis and Orphic poetry and was eager to get to know the author of that remarkably learned dissertation10 We immediately hit it off as we shared many of the same interests and took very similar approaches to the study of ancient religion11 Through him I met Richard Buxton another old friend and in the course of these and the following years I also made the ac-quaintance of Claude Calame Albert Henrichs (1942ndash2017 Ch 15 Appendix 2) Robert Parker and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945ndash2007 Ch 8) These friends each in their own way have been instrumental in moving the study of Greek religion away from issues related to agricultural fertility and towards a focus on myth and ritual and their contextualisation in Greek culture Unsur-prisingly perhaps they all contributed to Interpretations of Greek Mythology12

6 Fritz Graf and I were the first to apply the work of Victor Turner to the study of Greek religion as noted by H S Versnel lsquoEen klassiek antropoloog in de klassieke wereldrsquo Antro-pologische verkenningen 13 (1994) 46ndash55

7 W Burkert Homo necans (Berlin 1972) translated as Homo necans (Berkeley Los An-geles London 1983) cf my review in CR NS 35 (1985) 312 f

8 As he wrote to me in acknowledgement of the gift of my Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) lsquoViele Ihrer Themen sind ja eine Art Gespraumlch mit Vorschlaumlgen von mirrsquo (letter 27-12-2008)

9 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture10 F Graf Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit (1974) cf

my review in Mnemosyne IV 3 (1978) 321 f11 Cf D Barbu lsquoEntretien avec Sarah Iles Johnston amp Fritz Grafrsquo Asdiwal 7 (2012) 21ndash40 at 2612 J N Bremmer (ed) Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London and New York 1987

19882)

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

IXPreface

In retrospect it is hard to imagine that most of us were in our early forties and still without a Chair

Even though in the early 1980s I also became interested in early Christianity I continued to work on Greek religion and mythology13 A persuasive case can be made that mythology is an integral part of Greek religion14 mythology is one of the important ways in which the Greeks reflected on their gods and rituals even if in later antiquity knowledge of mythology became primarily a way of displaying cultural capital (Ch 301) It is therefore surprising that there are no separate chapters on myth in the great handbooks of Nilsson (Ch 14) and Burk-ert (Ch 15) or in Robert Parkerrsquos recent study of Greek religion15 Given the contemporary scholarly acceptance of an almost all-embracing connection be-tween myth and religion the title of my book The World of Greek Religion and Mythology might have seemed more familiar to the nineteenth-century German scholars who still strongly distinguished between the two16 Yet since many non-specialists still today seem to consider Greek mythology a subject separate from religion ndash take for example Stephen Fryrsquos bestseller Mythos (2018) ndash I opted to bring the words together in my title while also making them distinct Admitted-ly this distinction reflects modern ideas rather than those of the ancient Greeks themselves but we cannot understand anything of the ancient world except through the concepts that provide the building blocks of our own thought

It will be useful to give a brief survey of the contents of this book I begin with a section dealing with gods and heroes (Chs 1ndash7) It is remarkable how little attention the gods receive in the great works on Greek religion of the twen-tieth century (Ch 1) a trend that can also be observed in more general hand-books of and companions to religious studies17 This neglect and downplaying of the gods probably the result of the modern process of secularisation has al-ways seemed strange to me and it is for this reason that I started my own analy-sis of Greek religion after a survey of its general characteristics with the gods18 This was also why I proposed a conference on the gods when I was Visiting Leventis Professor in Edinburgh in 200719

13 My writings on initiation will appear as J N Bremmer Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome Myths and rituals of initiation (Tuumlbingen anticipated 2020)

14 For a subtle discussion see R L Fowler lsquoThoughts on Myth and Religion in Early Greek Historiographyrsquo Minerva 22 (2009) 21ndash39

15 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) Differently J N Bremmer Greek Religion (Oxford 1994 19992 reprinted Cambridge 2006) 55ndash68

16 Cf O Gruppe Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte 2 vols (Munich 1906)17 I S Gilhus lsquoWhat Became of Superhuman Beings Companions and Field Guides in the

Study of Religionrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 375ndash87

18 See Bremmer Greek Religion 11ndash26 note also the prominence of the gods in Parker On Greek Religion 64ndash102

19 The conference resulted in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010)

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

X Preface

It is rather striking that a number of books have since appeared that have re-acted against this neglect (Ch 1 note 1) Nevertheless these can only begin to compensate for the disregard of the subject over such a long period and there are several aspects of the gods that deserve further discussion including the nature of Greek polytheism20 the modes and spheres of activity of the individual gods and their mutual relationships21 the nature of the divine identity (person or power) divine epiphanies and metamorphoses22 and last but certainly not least the problem of what constitutes a god23 As I have argued before lsquopoetry art and cult all incessantly impressed upon the Greeks the personal aspects of their godsrsquo24 In contrast to the claims of our francophone colleagues25 it is an-thropomorphism rather than the gods being primarily lsquopowersrsquo that is there-fore critical to understanding the Greek divine world even if the dimension of lsquopowersrsquo should not be neglected either Yet there are also other aspects of the Greek conception of the gods that we should look at and which have not re-ceived much attention in recent times

What is the underlying unity of each Greek divinity It is obvious that one Greek god or goddess often has a range of very different functions and a multi-tude of epithets Many of them were worshipped from Mycenaean times (Ch 11) up until late antiquity that is for well over one-and-a-half millennia It would be odd if during this period some divinities had not developed differently in one place or region from the changes they underwent in the rest of the Greek world Yet as so often the exceptions usually prove the rule Thus we can see that Aphrodite is the goddess of persuasive charm not only in love but also in calm-ing the sea and bringing citizens together and Poseidon as I argue here (Ch 2) the god of brute force26 Other divinities such as Dionysos (Ch 3) are more

20 Cf M Bettini Elogio del politeismo (Bologna 2014) P Bonnechere and V Pirenne-Del-forge lsquoReacuteflexions sur la religion grecque antique comment appreacutehender le polytheacuteismersquo in B Collette-Dučić et al (eds) LrsquoEsprit critique dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute I (Paris 2018) 57ndash97 add A Henrichs Die Goumltter Griechenlands Ihr Bild im Wandel der Religionswissenschaft (Bam-berg 1987) = H Flashar (ed) Auseinandersetzungen mit der Antike (Bamberg 1990) 116ndash162 and lsquoGoumltterdaumlmmerung und Goumltterglanz Griechischer Polytheismus seit 1872rsquo in B Seiden-sticker and M Voumlhler Urgeschichten der Moderne (Stuttgart 2001) 1ndash19

21 For a lucid start though see Parker On Greek Religion 88ndash9622 R Buxton Forms of Astonishment Greek myths of metamorphosis (Oxford 2009) G

Petridou Divine Epiphany in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)23 Cf A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine Gods of Ancient

Greece 19ndash39 more generally E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflectionsrsquo in Antes Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion 365ndash74 this volume Chapter 11

24 Bremmer Greek Religion 2325 See also the review by M Finkelberg CR 68 (2018) 312ndash15 of G Pironti and C Bonnet

(eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017)26 Cf Parker On Greek Religion 90 lsquoa shared element can easily be identified in the pow-

er and dangerous violence of all threersquo (aspects of Poseidon) that is lsquohorses the sea and earth-quakesrsquo 91 (Aphrodite)

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XIPreface

challenging to define and analysing this aspect of the Greek pantheon still re-mains a hard nut to crack27

In general little thought has been given to the hierarchy within the pantheon and to the emergence of the pantheon itself The birth of the classical pantheon with its twelve gods and goddesses influenced by traditions native to Anatolia (Ch 11) was concomitant with the rise of the religious category of lsquoherorsquo (Ch 61) and the gradual differentiation between divinities and their statues (Ch 72) This whole process which is still not well understood effected a clear distinc-tion between gods and heroes but also between major and minor gods which is to say between those inside and those such as a number of Orphic divinities (Ch 5) who stood outside the pantheon Indeed it is obvious that certain gods were considered to be more important than others in the lives of the ancient Greeks as is made plain by the prominence or absence of their temples their location in the centre or margin of the community or their place at the front or the back in divine processions on Greek vase paintings28 In the case of a minor god like Hephaistos (Ch 4) the Greeks constructed his persona by letting him ride on a randy animal by giving him a minor goddess as his wife and by pic-turing him as physically malformed Both myth and cult then helped to create a picture of a divinity mediated not only by poetry or prose but also by the many representations on coins sculptures and vase paintings

The next section in this collection takes up a number of key themes in the study of Greek religion (Chs 8ndash16) It is probably fair to say that in recent years the most heated discussions concerning Greek religion have focused on the idea of polis religion As first formulated by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood and then instantiated in Robert Parkerrsquos two splendid books on Athenian religion29 the idea that the polis defines and controls Greek religion has lately been criticised from various directions30 The sharpest critic has been Julia Kindt who has pointed to structures above and below the polis the lack of coherence within the polis and the relative neglect of religious beliefs31 In addition Joumlrg Ruumlpke with his Lived Ancient Religion (LAR) project has stressed the agency of the indi-

27 For a nuanced discussion see Parker On Greek Religion 84ndash97 28 Cf Bremmer Greek Religion 15 21 also with its distinction between lsquoorderlycentralrsquo

and lsquodisorderlyeccentricrsquo gods misrepresented by H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Lei-den 2011) 145

29 R Parker Athenian Religion a history (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005)

30 For a spirited defence though of the idea see now R Parker lsquoReligion in the Polis or Polis Religionrsquo Praktika tes Akademias Athinon 2018 20ndash39

31 J Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion (Cambridge 2012) this volume Chapter 8 Intro-duction (with further bibliography) For beliefs see E Eidinow et al (eds) Theologies of An-cient Greek Religion (Cambridge 2016) J N Bremmer lsquoYouth Atheism and (Un)Belief in Late Fifth-Century Athensrsquo in B Edelmann-Singer et al (eds) Sceptic and Believer in An-cient Mediterranean Religions (Tuumlbingen 2020) forthcoming

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XII Preface

vidual within ancient religion32 My own view is that there are a number of messy margins to the idea of polis religion (Ch 8) found in those areas where the polis clearly had little or no control such as divination (Ch 9) magic (Ch 10) or eschatology (Chs 11 and 12) The stress on agency in the LAR approach has also pointed to the weakness of the polis religion idea when it comes to ac-counting for innovation and private initiative Yet the LAR approach itself does not perhaps recognise sufficiently that there were certain limits to religious initiatives and that the polis and later the Roman administration could penal-ise those innovators or dissidents who in their opinion went too far33

One might also wonder if the polis religion approach is not too Athenocen-tric overly influenced by the wealth of material we have for Athens34 When we look to the West to Magna Graecia we find such innovators as Pythagoras Xenophanes the Orphics and Empedocles (Ch 12) Did the colonies perhaps leave more space for religious innovation To the East we find in Anatolia and Persia for example areas that influenced Greek religion in various ways (Ch 16) Again does the focus on Athens perhaps make us neglect somewhat the religious developments that took place in the areas outside the Greek main-land

In the early 1980s second-wave feminism reached Europe from the US and womenrsquos history became popular I was one of those attracted to this new sub-ject In addition to writing a number of articles on early Christian women35 I also looked at women in ancient Greece more broadly36 In the process I came to realise that old women have never received much attention My chapter on this topic here (Ch 14) is clearly much indebted to John Gould (1927ndash2001) whose anthropological approach to Greek culture I greatly admire I was also inspired to take a closer look at the behaviour of women in maenadic myth and ritual (Ch 15) by a meeting with Albert Henrichs and by his studies of mae-nadism The insight that we should be aware of the differences between these

32 For the LAR see J Albrecht et al lsquoReligion in the Making the Lived Ancient Religion approachrsquo Religion 48 (2018) 568ndash93 J Ruumlpke lsquoLived Ancient Religionsrsquo in J Barton (ed) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (Oxford 2019) = http httpoxfordrecomreli gion (accessed 6-4-2019)

33 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoReligious Violence between Greeks Romans Christians and Jewsrsquo in A-K Geljon and R Roukema (eds) Violence in Early Christianity victims and perpetra-tors (Leiden 2014) 8ndash30 and lsquoReligion and the Limits of Individualisation in Ancient Athens Andocides Socrates and the fair-breasted Phrynersquo in M Fuchs et al (eds) Religious Individ-ualisation historical dimensions and comparative perspectives (Berlin and Boston 2020) 1009ndash32

34 Equally one cannot help wondering if the approach to urban religion by Joumlrg Ruumlpke is not too much inspired by Rome see his lsquoReligion als Urbanitaumlt ein anderer Blick auf Stadtre-ligionrsquo Zs f Religionswiss 27 (2019) 174ndash95

35 Bremmer Maidens Magic and Martyrs passim36 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoDe vrouw in de Griekse wereldrsquo in R Stuip and C Vellekoop (eds)

Middeleeuwers over vrouwen 2 (Utrecht 1985) 25ndash36 180ndash81

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XIIIPreface

two media of Greek religion arose initially from my study of the scapegoat ritu-al and will also be reflected upon in this volume (Ch 24)37

Any admirer of Burkert must have some interest in sacrifice (Chs 17ndash22) a subject with which he himself remained fascinated all his life While some of his insights remain valid such as those concerning the hunting ancestry of sacri-fice38 our understanding of the topic has increased considerably in the time since he wrote his Homo necans Great progress has been made in three areas in particular Whereas Burkert mainly had to work with literary material more recent research has noted the evidence from vase paintings and votive reliefs has stressed the importance of zooarchaeological excavations and analyses and has drawn attention to the many local and regional differences through a better knowledge of the so-called sacred laws It is for these reasons that I attempt here a fresh analysis of the ideal animal sacrifice which aims to take into account all these new developments (Ch 17) The epigraphical evidence especially has shown that at the local level Greek sacrifice displayed many subtle differences the study of which is still in its infancy For example people could sacrifice young or old black or white pregnant or non-pregnant animals as well as front or back legs or with or without wine Here I discuss one of these differences the sacrifice of pregnant animals (Ch 18) As always we should first collect all the available material as I have aimed to do and only then look for an analysis I have tried to combine the objects of the rituals the divinities with what I call the lsquologic of ritualrsquo that is the ways the Greeks used various elements such as age colour time of day and the absence or presence of wreaths and wine to give meaning to their rituals It is only via such an approach that we will gain a better understanding of the symbolic system of ancient sacrifice

The Greeks not only sacrificed animals but at least in myth also humans and girls in particular (Chs 19ndash22) Human sacrifice remains a subject of end-less fascination to the wider public as is witnessed by the publicity surrounding the recent discovery of a skeleton at Mt Lykaion supposedly proving ancient tales about local human sacrifice (but see Ch 193) The most famous case of ancient sacrifice is undoubtedly Iphigeneia I discuss Iphigeneiarsquos myth in de-tail (Ch 20) but also pay attention to the ways in which Euripides imagined her sacrifice (Ch 21) and her role as a priestess in the act of human sacrifice (Ch 22) The playwrightrsquos fascination with such sacrifices is well documented but as I try to show it is only via close attention to the vocabulary and practices of ani-

37 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoScapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greecersquo HSCP 87 (1983) 299ndash320 updated and slightly expanded in my Greek Religion and Culture 169ndash96 this volume Chap-ter 162

38 Cf J N Bremmer lsquoTransformations and Decline of Sacrifice in Imperial Rome and Late Antiquityrsquo in M Bloumlmer and B Eckhardt (eds) Transformationen paganer Religion in der Kaiserzeit (Berlin and Boston 2018) 215ndash56 at 236ndash43

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XIV Preface

mal sacrifice that we can understand the ways in which Euripides presented Iphigeneiarsquos myth on stage

The final section of the volume concerns myth (Chs 23ndash30) I have long been interested in the relationship between myth and ritual (Ch 24) but myth is such a broad subject that scholars continually discover or focus on new areas such as recently its narrative cognitive and emotional aspects39 Despite this ongoing evolution more traditional features remain important too such as the relation-ship of myth to history (Ch 25) propaganda (Ch 26) and local mythography (Ch 27) Myth can be part of a specific genre like the novel (Ch 28) but it can also have a broader scope as when it shapes our ideas about the four seasons through personifications (Ch 29) Finally knowledge of myth could function as cultural capital in Roman times offer access to repositories of (supposed) truth in the Middle Ages open roads to Greek pre-history in the Romantic period and can suggest keys to Greek culture in general to scholars in modern times (Ch 30) With so many different functions and so many different ways of approaching the subject one can only remain sceptical about onersquos own results

I would like to thank the friendly and efficient staff of Mohr Siebeck Rebek-ka Zech in particular for making this such a nicely produced book My thanks also to Berghahn (New York) Blackwell Publishing (Oxford) Brill (Leiden) the Department of the Classics at Harvard University Diagonal Verlag (Mar-burg) Edinburgh University Press De Gruyter (Berlin) Habelt (Bonn) Kernos (Liegravege) Museu drsquoArqueologia de Catalunya (Barcelona) the Norwegian Insti-tute at Athens Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych lsquoGardzienicersquo (Gardzienice) Ox-ford University Press Peeters (Leuven) Presses Universitaires de Liegravege Rout-ledge (London) Steiner (Stuttgart) the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome and the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (Darmstadt) for their permission to reprint the articles mentioned in the Acknowledgements As I noted in the Pref-ace to my first volume it is impossible to completely redo onersquos own research of nearly four decades Yet I do not want to reprint views that I no longer support or to offer the reader out-of-date references I have therefore updated the bibli-ography made a number of small changes and corrections removed overlaps where possible reorganised a few sections and added more evidence when avail-able Naturally this could not be done in every case but I have always tried to bring the volume up to date with regard to the more important issues In two chapters on the Ancient Near East (Ch 16) and sacrifice (Ch 17) I have used the original text and notes which I had to abbreviate sometimes considerably before their previous publication in order to stay within the prescribed chapter

39 For the importance of narrative for Greek religion see also J Kindt Revisiting Delphi religion and storytelling in Ancient Greece (Cambridge 2016) Cognitive aspects R L Fowler Whatrsquos in a Myth (sl 2017) = httpswwwacademiaedu36190873Fowler_Whats_in_a_Myth (accessed 6-4-2019) S I Johnston The Story of Myth (Cambridge MA and London 2018)

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XVPreface

lengths of the handbooks There is one exception to this updating In 1984 I pioneered a kind of neuro-scientific approach to maenadism (Ch 15) My refer-ences at the time reflected the state of the art but the world of neuroscience has since exploded with new developments and it would be preposterous to claim that I have been able to keep up with it Thus I offer this chapter more as a model for inspiration than as a claim to the last word on maenadism

The many debts I have incurred in the course of the years spent writing these articles I mention at the end of each chapter Here I would single out Walter Burkert Albert Henrichs and Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood These friends and colleagues have inspired and stimulated me over many years and their pass-ing away has made the study of Greek religion and mythology so much the poorer That is why I dedicate this volume to their memory40

40 I am most grateful to my friends Laura Feldt Bob Fowler and Julia Kindt for their com-ments and to Paul Scade for his skilful correction of my English

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations XXI

Section I Gods and Heroes

1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century 3

2 The Power of Poseidon Horses Chaos and Brute Force 21

3 Dionysos in 1933 29

4 Hephaistos Sweats or How to Construct an Ambivalent God 47

5 Divinities in the Orphic Gold Leaves Euklecircs Eubouleus Brimo Kybele Kore and Persephone 61

6 The Emergence of the Hero Cult 85

7 The Agency of Statues 101

Section II Aspects of Greek Religion

8 Manteis Magic Mysteries and Mythography Messy Margins of Polis Religion 125

9 The Status and Symbolic Capital of the Seer 147

10 Incantatory Magic The Date Place and Author of the Getty Hexameters 165

11 Body and Soul between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece 175

12 The Construction of an Individual Eschatology The Case of the Orphic Gold Leaves 197

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XVIII Contents

13 Religious Secrets and Secrecy in Classical Greece 215

14 No Country for Old Women 231

15 Greek Maenadism 251

16 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 279

Section III Animal and Human Sacrifice

17 Animal Sacrifice 303

18 The Sacrifice of Pregnant Animals 337

19 Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice Lykaon Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal 349

20 The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia 373

21 Imagining Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Aulis 391

22 Human Sacrifice in Euripidesrsquo Iphigeneia in Tauris Greek and Barbarian 403

Section IV Myth

23 What is a Greek Myth 419

24 Myth and Ritual A Difficult Relationship 427

25 Myth and History The Foundation of Cyrene 447

26 Myth as Propaganda Athens and Sparta 463

27 Myth and Mythography The Pride of Halicarnassus 475

28 Myth and the Novel 491

29 Myth and Personifications The Birth of the Seasons (Hocircrai) 497

30 A Brief History of the Study of Greek Mythology 511

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XIXContents

Appendix

Gerardus van der Leeuw and Jane Ellen Harrison 533

Acknowledgements 539Index of Names Subjects and Passages 541

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Abbreviations

AASA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di AteneAampA Antike und AbendlandAC LrsquoAntiquiteacute ClassiqueAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPh American Journal of PhilologyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der roumlmischen Welt ARG Archiv fuumlr ReligionsgeschichteBABESCH Bulletin Antieke Beschaving ndash Annual Papers on Mediterranean

ArchaeologyBCH Bulletin de Correspondance HelleacuteniqueBICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical StudiesCampM Classica amp MediaevaliaCGRN J-M Carbon S Peels and V Pirenne-Delforge A Collection

of Greek Ritual Norms (Liegravege 2016ndash) = httpcgrnulgacbeClAnt Classical AntiquityCPh Classical PhilologyCQ Classical QuarterlyCR Classical ReviewCRAI Comptes rendus des seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Inscriptions

et Belles-LettresDHA Dialogues drsquoHistoire Ancienne DT A Audollent Defixionum tabellae (Paris 1904)DTA R Wuumlnsch Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Berlin 1897)FGrH F Jacoby Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin and Leiden 1923ndash1958)GampR Greece amp RomeGRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine StudiesHSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyIC Inscriptiones CreticaeICS Illinois Classical StudiesIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGDS L Dubois Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile

contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude du vocabulaire grec colonial (Rome 1989)JAC Jahrbuch fuumlr Antike und ChristentumJDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archaumlologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJOumlAI Jahreshefte des oumlsterreichischen archaumlologischen Instituts

in WienJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJRS Journal of Roman Studies

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

XXII Abbreviations

LEC Les Eacutetudes ClassiquesLIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zuumlrich and

Duumlsseldorf 1981ndash2009)LSAM F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees de lrsquoAsie Mineure (Paris 1955)LSCG F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques (Paris 1969)LSS F Sokolowski Lois sacreacutees des citeacutes grecques Suppleacutement

(Paris 1962)MD Materiali e Discussioni per lrsquoanalisi dei testi classiciMEFRA Meacutelanges de lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de RomeMH Museum HelveticumMSS Muumlnchener Studien zur SprachwissenschaftNGSL E Lupu Greek Sacred Law (Leiden 20092)PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological SocietyPGM Papyri Graecae MagicaePP La Parola del PassatoQUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica RAC Reallexikon fuumlr Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart 1950ndash)RE Paulys Realenzyclopaumldie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

(Stuttgart 1884ndash1973)REA Revue des eacutetudes anciennesREAug Revue drsquoeacutetudes augustiniennes et patristiquesREG Revue des eacutetudes grecquesRhM Rheinisches MuseumRHR Revue de lrsquohistoire des religionsRPh Revue de philologieSA Scienze delllsquoAntichitagraveSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGD D R Jordan lsquoA Survey of Greek Defixiones Not Included in

the Special Corporarsquo GRBS 26 (1985) 151ndash97SGDI H Collitz and F Bechtel Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-

Inschriften 4 vols (Goumlttingen 1884ndash195)SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia ClassicaSIG W Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 4 vols

(Leipzig 1915ndash19243)SMSR Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligioniTAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Los Angeles

2004ndash2012)ThLL Thesaurus Linguae LatinaeWJA Wuumlrzburger Jahrbuumlcher fuumlr die AltertumswissenschaftWS Wiener StudienZPE Zeitschschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Section I

Gods and Heroes

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Chapter 1

The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

The Greek gods are still very much present in modern consciousness whereas the ancient rituals have been long forgotten Yet even though Apollo and Dio-nysos Artemis and Aphrodite Zeus and Hermes are household names they have hardly been at the centre of the modern study of Greek religion Of the most influential and innovative students of Greek religion of the last half of the twentieth century Walter Burkert (below sect 5) concentrated on myth and ritual and Jean-Pierre Vernant (sect 5) made his name with studies of the psychological and sociological aspects of Greek culture The gods were never the real focus of their attention In fact their lack of interest continued a situation that had al-ready begun at the start of the twentieth century when classical scholars started to turn their attention to ritual rather than myth and the gods The situation has been changing in recent years with the appearance of a number of studies on the gods1 but it may still be useful to take a look at the ways the best historians of Greek religion of last century analysed the gods2

When the first Indo-Europeans entered Greece in the early centuries of the second millennium BC they arrived not without gods So much is clear from comparisons with other Indo-European cultures It is much harder to know whom they brought and how they called their gods For reasons unknown at an early stage the Greeks seem to have dropped the Proto-Indo-European term deiwos lsquogodrsquo attested in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family which literally means lsquobelonging to the skyrsquo and is derived from dyeus lsquobright sky supreme godrsquo (Greek Zeus)3 Instead they opted for theos cognates of which have been recognised in Armenian and Phrygian4 The new term semantically

1 J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) H S Versnel Coping with the Gods (Leiden 2011) J J Clauss et al (eds) The Gods of Greek Hexameter Poetry from the Archaic Age to Late Antiquity and beyond (Stuttgart 2016) G Pironti and C Bonnet (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere polytheacuteisme et poeacutesie en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2017) R Gagneacute and M Herrero de Jaacuteuregui (eds) Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II ndash Anthropo-morphismes (Liegravege 2019)

2 For the nineteenth century see M Konaris The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship interpretation and belief in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and Britain (Oxford 2016)

3 M L West Indo-European Poetry and Myth (Oxford 2007) 1204 For Greek and Armenian see H Martirosyan lsquoThe Place of Armenian in the Indo-Eu-

ropean Language Family the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranianrsquo Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) 85ndash138 and R I Kim lsquoGreco-Armenian the persistence of a mythrsquo

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

4 Section I Gods and Heroes

developed from lsquoto put to placersquo to lsquowhat has been characterised by what has been putbuilt in a sacred place by the divine by the sacredrsquo5 The change must have happened at an early stage of Greek history as it had already taken place in Mycenaean times the oldest period for which we have evidence regarding the gods of ancient Greece as the frequent attestations of Linear B te-o show As no history of Greek religion contains an overview of the gods in Mycenaean times before the appearance of Walter Burkertrsquos history of Greek religion in 19776 I will start with that period (sect 1) and continue by taking a brief look at the ar-guably best four histories of Greek religion from the twentieth century those by Wilamowitz (sect 2) Gernet (sect 3) Nilsson (sect 4) and Burkert (sect 5)

1 Mycenaean times

Traditionally the Indo-Europeans located their gods in heaven as did the Greeks In Homer7 and thus surely going back to Mycenaean times the gods are the lsquoheavenly onesrsquo or those lsquowho occupy the broad heavenrsquo whereas mortals live on the earth but the expression lsquogods and menrsquo with its variants must be equally old and is formulaic in Homer8 Another old element of speaking about the gods is the notion that the gods had a different language from men such as when Homer (Il 14290ndash1) tells us that an owl is called chalkis by the gods but kumindis by men the occurrence of this notion in Hittite Old Irish Old Norse and Greek texts shows that it is already Indo-European and must have been part of the poetic vocabulary of the invading Greeks9

Albert Henrichs has identified three divine properties that set gods apart from mortals and define their divinity namely immortality anthropomor-phism and power10 to which we should add agency as for example manifest-

Indogermanische Forschungen 123 (2018) 247ndash71 Greek and Phrygian Ch de Lamberterie lsquoGrec phrygien armeacutenien des anciens aux modernesrsquo Journal des Savants 2013 3ndash69

5 See most recently I De Meyer lsquoLrsquoeacutetymologie du mot grec ldquoθεόςrdquorsquo RPh 90 (2016 [2018]) 115ndash38

6 W Burkert Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977 20112) translated as Greek Religion (Oxford 1985)

7 E Kearns lsquoThe Gods in the Homeric Epicsrsquo in R L Fowler (ed) The Cambridge Com-panion to Homer (Cambridge 2004) 59ndash73 Pironti and Bonnet Les dieux drsquoHomegravere Gagneacute and Herrero Les dieux drsquoHomegravere II

8 Heaven Il 1570 3364 5373 867 898 7178 etc Earth Od 6150ndash3 Hes Th 372ndash3 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 120 126 Janko on Il 14198 (lsquogods and menrsquo)

9 More recently C de Lamberterie lsquoGrec homeacuterique mocircly eacutetymologie et poeacutetiquersquo LALIES 6 (1988) 129ndash38 F Bader La langue des dieux ou lrsquohermeacutetisme des poegravetes indo- europeacuteens (Pisa 1989) West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 160ndash62 A Willi Sikelismos (Basel 2009) 247ndash49

10 A Henrichs lsquoWhat is a Greek Godrsquo in J N Bremmer and A Erskine (eds) The Gods of Ancient Greece (Edinburgh 2010) 19ndash39 for immortality see also A Baratz lsquoThe Source

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

5Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

ing itself in epiphanies11 Unfortunately due to their administrative nature the Mycenaean tablets are totally uninformative about the nature of the gods but comparisons with other Indo-European peoples once again suggest that these properties will have been there from the very beginning of Greek religion as will have been divine invisibility in Mycenaean times there may have even been an lsquoinvisible godrsquo12 just as the later Greeks worshipped an lsquounknown godrsquo (Acts of the Apostles 1723)13 In any case the gods certainly received a cult as offer-ings sacrifices but seemingly hardly bloody ones and sanctuaries are well at-tested although again without many details of note14

There can be little doubt that the Mycenaeans knew a number of gods if not as many as the thousand gods of the Hittites15 Yet there must have been enough to make the expression lsquoall the godsrsquo which we find in Mycenaean Knossos16 meaningful And indeed at present there are more than 40 names of minor and major divinities known in the Linear-B tablets17 of whom about one-third sur-vived into the first millennium in the same form or as a variant Ares18 Artemis

of Divine Immortality in Archaic Greek Literaturersquo SCI 34 (2015) 151ndash64 R Parker On Greek Religion (Ithaca and London 2011) 64ndash102

11 As is noted by E Thomassen lsquoWhat Is a ldquoGodrdquo Actually Some Comparative Reflec-tionsrsquo in P Antes et al (eds) Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion (Sheffield 2016) 365ndash74 Epiphanies V Platt Facing the Gods (Cambridge 2011) G Petridou Divine Epiph-any in Greek Literature amp Culture (Oxford 2015)

12 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoAnthroponymica Mycenaea 5 a-wi-do-to Awisto-dotos und die unsichtbaren Goumltter im Alph-Griechischen 6 we-re-na-ko und Myk wrēn alph-gr degρρην ἀρήνrsquo Živa Antika 55 (2005) 85ndash97 at 86ndash91 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 127ndash34 (lsquoCharacteristics of divinityrsquo)

13 P W van der Horst Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity Essays on Their Interaction (Leu-ven 1994) 165ndash202 A Henrichs lsquoAnonymity and Polarity Unknown Gods and Nameless Altars at the Areopagusrsquo ICS 19 (1994) 27ndash58

14 Offerings and sacrifices J Weilhartner Mykenische Opfergaben nach Aussage der Lin-ear B-Texte (Vienna 2005) H Whittaker lsquoBurnt Animal Sacrifice in Mycenaean Cult a re-view of the evidencersquo Opuscula Atheniensia 31ndash32 (2006ndash2007) 183ndash90 M B Cosmopoulos and D Ruscillo lsquoMycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusisrsquo Oxford J Arch 73 (2014) 257ndash73 Sanctuaries A Mazarakis Ainian From Rulersrsquo Dwellings to Temples architecture religion and society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100ndash700 BC) (Jonsered 1997) F Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieux dans les tablettes inscrites en lineacuteaire Brsquo in N Belayche et al (eds) Nom-mer les dieux Theacuteonymes eacutepithegravetes eacutepiclegraveses dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute (Turnhout 2005) 325ndash88 at 339ndash41 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoDer Begriff des Heiligtums aus sprachgeschichtlicher Perspek-tiversquo in C Frevel and H von Hesberg (eds) Kult und Kommunikation (Wiesbaden 2007) 17ndash38

15 B H L van Gessel Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 3 vols (Leiden 1998ndash2001)16 The expression is ancient at least Graeco-Aryan cf West Indo-European Poetry and

Myth 122 127 On the relationships between the gods see J Gulizio lsquoMycenaean Religion at Knossosrsquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 351ndash58

17 See the detailed discussion with full references by Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 18 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoMykenische Personennamen und griechische Dichtung und Phra-

seologie i-su-ku-wo-do-to und a-re-me-ne a-re-i-me-nersquo Pasiphae 1 (2007 [2008]) 323ndash35 at 329ndash35 AWilli lsquoAres the Ripper from Stangrsquos Law to long-diphthong rootsrsquo Indogerma-nische Forschungen 119 (2014) 207ndash25

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

6 Section I Gods and Heroes

Dionysos Diwia (below) Eileithyia Enyalios19 Hephaistos Hera20 Hermes Mother of the Gods Poseidon21 the Winds whose priestesses are mentioned in Knossos and Zeus Other names that survived into later times are Enesidaon Erinys Paeocircn and Potnia but they have lost their independent status Ene-sidaon probably became an epithet of Poseidon as En(n)osidas22 as did Erinys of Demeter (Paus 8255) and Paeocircn although still independent in the Iliad (5401 900) soon ended up as an epithet of Apollo and Asklepios23 Potnia was a generic designation for goddesses in Mycenaean24 it survived in Homer as a formulaic epithet especially of Hera and lsquomotherrsquo which occurs mainly at the end of a verse25 Finally as the Linear B texts come from only a few places in Greece mainly Pylos Knossos Khania and Thebes it is not surprising that some old gods also survived elsewhere In Homer we not only find Helios the sun god but also Eos the goddess of dawn both marginalised in the Greek pantheon but of incontestably Indo-European origin26 Sparta worshipped Helen as a goddess27 and her myths strongly suggest that she goes back to the Indo-European Sun-Maiden28 In Boeotia Zeusrsquo consort was called Plataia lsquoBroadrsquo As Prthivī lsquoBroadrsquo is also the name of Earth Heavenrsquos wife in the Vedas it seems that this ancient pairing survived in a Boeotian backwater29

19 For the name and its etymology see P Houmlgemann and N Oettinger Lydien Ein altan-atolischer Staat zwischen Griechenland und dem Vorderen Orient (Berlin and Boston 2018) 77ndash79 (possibly Lydian)

20 J de la Geniegravere (ed) Heacutera images espaces cultes (Naples 1997) J N Bremmer lsquoHerarsquo in L Jones (ed) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York 20052) 3914ndash16 J L Garciacutea Ramoacuten lsquoHera and Hero reconstructing lexicon and god-namesrsquo in D M Goldstein et al (eds) Proceedings of the 27th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference (Bremen 2016) 41ndash60 V Pirenne-Delforge and G Pironti LrsquoHeacutera de Zeus Ennemie intime eacutepouse deacutefinitive (Paris 2016)

21 Ch Doyen Poseacuteidon souverain (Brussels 2011) this volume Chapter 222 Stesichorus S 105+143 Davies = F 11410 Finglass Pind P 433 with Braswell ad loc 173

Pae 52d41 60a6 23 I Rutherford Pindarrsquos Paeans (Oxford 2001) 13ndash17 F Graf Apollo (London and New

York 2009) 81ndash84 139 this volume Chapter 1024 C Boeumllle Po-ti-ni-ja lrsquoeacuteleacutement feacuteminin dans la religion myceacutenienne drsquoapregraves les archi-

ves en lineacuteaire B (Nancy and Paris 2004)25 Hera Il 1357 450 etc Mother Il 1357 6264 etc26 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 194ndash217 (Sun) 217ndash27 (Dawn) T Pronk lsquoOld

Church Slavonic (j)utro Vedic usaacuter-lsquodaybreak morningrsquorsquo in L van Beek et al (eds) Farnah Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky (Ann Arbor and New York 2018) 298ndash306

27 R Parker lsquoThe cult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaionrsquo = httpswwwacademiaedu22684765The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion (accessed 7-8-2018)

28 SEG 26457 458 cf West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 230ndash36 N Laneres lsquoLrsquohar-pax de Theacuterapneacute ou le digamma drsquoHeacutelegravenersquo in M B Hatzopoulos (ed) Phocircnecircs charaktecircr eth-nikos (Athens and Paris 2007) 237ndash69

29 W Burkert Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley Los Ange-les London 1979) 132ndash34 Janko on Il 14323ndash25 West Indo-European Myth and Poetry 174ndash75 178 182

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Different invading groups of Greeks may well have brought along or preserved different parts of their Indo-European heritage

The above list shows that several major Greek gods are still absent from the Mycenaean pantheon Aphrodite Apollo Athena and Demeter As the latter is also rare in Homer she perhaps was much older than our evidence suggests Traditionally her name has been interpreted as lsquoEarth Motherrsquo on the basis of Indo-European parallels but the first element of her name Dā is still much debated30 Athena may well have developed from the Mycenaean lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (below) whereas the other two gods seem to have been lsquoimportsrsquo Al-ready early on the Greeks themselves connected Aphrodite with Cyprus and modern research still considers this island an important station in the transmis-sion of Eastern influence on the formation of the goddess31 Finally the origin of Apollo is still disputed and at present his etymology cannot be considered as assured Although the Greeks themselves sometimes connected Apollo with Lycia32 the Lycian name for Apollo was Natr as the trilingual inscription of Xanthos seems to suggest33 A connection with the Hittite god Appaliunaš (at-tested ca 1280 BC) is almost certain but at this moment the most plausible solution seems to be an origin in an Anatolian non-Indo-European language34 It is clear then that from the very beginning the Greek pantheon was a dynam-ic group of gods and goddesses with winners and losers in the course of time

There was probably a hierarchy among Mycenaean divinities as Poseidon is mentioned most and receives the greatest number of offerings in Pylos Rather surprisingly he almost certainly had a wife Posidaeja (PY Tn 3164) just as Zeus seems to have had a wife Diwia who survived in outlying Pamphylia35 but who was already replaced in Mycenaean times by Hera Zeus and Hera even have a son Drimios (PY Tn 3168ndash9) but he too is no longer attested in the first millennium As in Classical times some of these gods seem to have had an epi-thet an important part of the Greek divine personality which is gradually re-

30 West Indo-European Poetry and Myth 175ndash8 A Willi lsquoDemeter Gecirc and the Indo- European Word(s) for ldquoEarthrdquorsquo Historische Sprachforschung 120 (2007) 169ndash94

31 Od 8362ndash63 Hes Th 199 Sappho 2216 134 Alcaeus 296b1 380 Hom H Aphrodite 2 58ndash59 W Burkert Greek Religion (Oxford 1985) 152ndash53 V Pirenne-Delforge LrsquoAphro-dite grecque (Liegravege 1994) 309ndash69 J C Franklin lsquoGreek Epic and Kypriaka why ldquoCyprus mattersrdquorsquo in J Goodnick-Westenholz et al (eds) Music in Antiquity (Jerusalem 2010) 213ndash47 this volume Chapter 163

32 Il 4101 119 Eur F 700 Arr Bith fr 34 Roos33 O Carruba lsquoCario Natri ed egizio n t r lsquodiorsquorsquo in M Fritz and S Zeilfelder (eds) Novalis

Indogermanica (Graz 2002) 75ndash8434 N Oettinger lsquoApollo indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanischrsquo MSS 69 (2015)

123ndash43 35 C Brixhe lsquoAcheacuteens et Phrygiens en Asie Mineure approche comparative de quelques

donneacutees lexicalesrsquo in Fritz and Zeilfelder Novalis Indogermanica 49ndash73 at 54ndash55 (Pam-phylia) Rougemont lsquoLes noms des dieuxrsquo 337 n 63 (Linear B) Perhaps though she was Zeusrsquo daughter I Serrano Laguna lsquoDi-u-jarsquo in E Alram-Stern et al (eds) Metaphysis (Leu-ven 2016) 285ndash91

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

8 Section I Gods and Heroes

ceiving long overdue attention36 This is especially clear in the case of Potnia a generic epithet that was applied to different goddesses and determined by a ref-erence to a cult place or a specific characteristic The topographical title lsquoPotnia of Atanarsquo (KN V 521) is comparable to other topographical epithets such as Apollo Delios or Aphrodite Paphia and the lsquoPotnia of the horsesrsquo (PY An 12811) looks very much like the later Athena Hippia or Poseidon Hippios lsquoof the horsesrsquo The most intriguing combination is Hermes Areias (PY Tn 3167) which resembles the later Athena Areia or Aphrodite Areia37 But whereas in classical Greek religion a goddess is always combined with the adjectival form of a god or vice versa38 this is clearly not the case in Mycenaean times

From Homer onwards these divinities which remain hardly more than names in the Mycenaean texts become visible as individual characters by their names epithets cults statues39 myths40 which create a divine unity whereas cult tends more to diversity and iconographies41 Moreover in the course of time from this motley collection of gods there rose a group of twelve Olympian gods the Dodekatheon who were seen as representative of the complete Greek pantheon42 even though each local pantheon had its own slightly varying com-position43 This Dodekatheon seems to recall the role of the twelve gods in Hit-tite religion via the twelve Titans who almost certainly were derived from the

36 Belayche Nommer les dieux F Graf lsquoGods in Greek Inscriptions some methodological questionsrsquo in Bremmer and ErskineThe Gods of Ancient Greece 55ndash80 at 67ndash74 R Parker Greek Gods Abroad (Oxford 2017) passim

37 For Aphrodite Areia see G Pironti Entre ciel et guerre Figures drsquoAphrodite en Gregravece ancienne (Liegravege 2007) 265ndash68

38 R Parker lsquoArteacutemis Ilithye et autres le problegraveme du nom divin utiliseacute come epiclegravesersquo in Belayche Nommer les dieux 219ndash26 at 219ndash20 225 J Marcos Macedo lsquoNoun Apposition in Greek Religious Language a linguistic accountrsquo in P Poccetti and F Logozzo (eds) Ancient Greek Linguistics (Berlin and Boston 2017) 565ndash79 R Parker lsquoZeus Plusrsquo in C Bonnet et al (eds) Puissances divines agrave lrsquoeacutepreuve du comparatisme (Turnhout 2017) 309ndash20

39 See more recently B Alroth lsquoChanging Modes in the Representation of Cult Imagesrsquo in R Haumlgg (ed) The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Athens and Liegravege 1992) 9ndash46 T Scheer Die Gottheit und ihr Bild (Munich 2000) S Bettinetti La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca (Bari 2001) P Linant de Bellefonds et al lsquoRites et activiteacutes relatifs aux image de cultersquo ThesCRA II (Los Angeles 2004) 417ndash507 K Lapatin lsquoNew Statues for Old Godsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 126ndash51 F Houmllscher Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild (Heidelberg 2017) this volume Chapter 7

40 For the contribution of myth to our knowledge of the nature of divinity see R Buxton Imaginary Greece (Cambridge 1994) 145ndash51

41 The standard work is Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Duumls-seldorf 1981ndash2009) see also D Grassinger et al (eds) Die Ruumlckkehr der Goumltter (Regensburg 2008)

42 K Dowden lsquoOlympian Gods Olympian Pantheonrsquo in D Ogden (ed) A Companion to Greek Religion (Oxford 2007) 41ndash55 I Rutherford lsquoCanonizing the Pantheon the Dodeka-theon in Greek religion and its originsrsquo in Bremmer and Erskine The Gods of Ancient Greece 43ndash54

43 V Pirenne-Delforge (ed) Les Pantheacuteons des citeacutes des origines agrave la Peacuterieacutegegravese de Pausanias (Liegravege 1998)

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

9Chapter 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century

Hittites44 But where and when did this development start A hitherto neglected testimony allows us to be more specific In his poem about the entry of Dionys-os into the Olympus with the help of Hephaistos45 Alcaeus (F 349e) uses the expression lsquoone of the twelversquo The qualification shows that around 600 BC the idea of a Dodekatheon was already prevalent on Lesbos an island where Hittite influence is indeed in evidence46 Via Lesbos and perhaps other Ionian islands the idea of the Dodekatheon gradually spread to Athens and Olympia where it becomes visible around 520 BC47 At around the same time we see the material-isation of the concept of the hero as a class of supernatural beings between gods and men even though some figures kept hovering between the two categories such as Heracles48 It is only at this moment then that the classic image of Greek religion with its gods heroes and humans is fully in place

2 Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Let us now turn to the modern historians of Greek religion and start our survey with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848ndash1931) the greatest Hellenist of modern times49 who wrote an unfinished history of Greek religion in two volumes in the very last years of his life and died while correcting the proofs50 It was the synthesis of a life-long ever more intensive study of Greek religion and mythology Its first volume is wholly dedicated to the older gods until

44 J N Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture the Bible and the Ancient Near East (Leiden 2008) 77ndash78

45 See this volume Chapter 446 K and S Tausend lsquoLesbos ndash Zwischen Griechenland und Kleinasienrsquo in R Rollinger

and B Truschnegg (eds) Altertum und Mittelmeerraum Die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante (Stuttgart Steiner 2006) 89ndash111 H Mason lsquoHittite Lesbosrsquo in B J Collins et al (eds) Anatolian Interfaces (Oxford 2010) 57ndash62 Bremmer Greek Religion and Culture 317 A Dale lsquoAlcaeus on the Career of Myrsilosrsquo JHS 131 (2011) 15ndash24

47 Thuc 6546 see most recently S Georgoudi lsquoLes Douze dieux des Grecs variations sur un thegravemersquo in S Georgoudi and J-P Vernant (eds) Mythes grecs au figureacute de lrsquoantiquiteacute au baroque (Paris 1996) 43ndash80 and lsquoLes Douze Dieux et les autres dans lrsquoespace cultuel grecrsquo Kernos 11 (1998) 73ndash83 R W Johnston and D Mulroy lsquoThe Hymn to Hermes and the Athe-nian Altar of the Twelve Godsrsquo Class World 103 (2009) 3ndash16

48 See this volume Chapter 7149 In addition to the many articles and books authored and edited by W M Calder III on

Wilamowitz see R L Fowler lsquoUlrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffrsquo in W W Briggs and W M Calder III (eds) Classical scholarship A Biographical Encyclopedia (New York and London 1990) 489ndash522

50 U von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Der Glaube der Hellenen 2 vols (Berlin 1931ndash1932) For excellent discussions of Wilamowitz as historian of Greek religion see A Henrichs lsquoldquoDer Glaube der Hellenenrdquo Religionsgeschichte als Glaubensbekenntnis und Kulturkritikrsquo in W M Calder III et al (eds) Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt 1985) 262ndash305 R L Fowler lsquoBlood for the Ghosts Wilamowitz in Oxfordrsquo Syllecta Classica 20 (2009) 171ndash213

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

10 Section I Gods and Heroes

Homer51 but its scheme of pre-Hellenic old-Hellenic and Homeric gods has become completely outdated through the decipherment of Linear B Yet it re-mains a lasting insight that Greek religion is strictly local in character even though it has only more recently led to local histories of Greek religion52 In the second volume Wilamowitz follows the further history of Greek religion in which the Panhellenic gods receive a more than 250 page exposition by far the largest in any of the modern histories that culminates in Plato It is rather strik-ing to see that theology is fully incorporated into his narration whereas the more recent histories although paying attention to the religious role of poets and philosophers never give the impression that this is seen as an important part of Greek religion It is surely symbolic that both Nilsson and Burkert treat them towards the ends of their handbooks53 Naturally Wilamowitz discussed authors like Lucian and Pausanias but he did not think of the novel and hardly spent any time on late antique magic and theurgy He rejected Christianity but had intended to discuss the reasons for its victory Unfortunately his death prevented him from completing that part and we have only a few jottings left which show how interesting this last chapter could have been

Wilamowitz started his study with a long methodological chapter which in several ways has a surprisingly modern ring In its very first sentence he already reacted against those that saw the Greek gods as unchangeable with fixed char-acters That is why he used the expression Die Goumltter sind da lsquoThe gods are presentrsquo (that is in the world of time and place) as a kind of refrain in his intro-duction54 The formulation may well have been in reaction to Walter F Ottorsquos (1874ndash1958) dictum Die Goumltter sind lsquoThe gods existrsquo as the latterrsquos Die Goumltter Griechenlands had appeared in 192955 the very year that Wilamowitz had start-ed his own book

51 In the light of history one can only read with admiration his protest against the talk about lsquoRassenreinheitrsquo in ancient Greece cf Wilamowitz Glaube 150

52 Wilamowitz Glaube 146ndash47 see especially the splendid volumes of R Parker Atheni-an Religion (Oxford 1996) and Polytheism and Society at Athens (Oxford 2005) and I Polin-skaya A Local History of Greek Polytheism gods people and the land of Aigina (Oxford 2013)

53 M P Nilsson Geschichte der griechischen Religion 2 vols (Munich I 19411 19552 19673 II 19501 19612)) 1741ndash83 Burkert Greek Religion 305ndash37

54 Wilamowitz Glaube 117ndash19 23 42 As Henrichs (per email of 2-6-2009) comments lsquoWhat Wilamowitz tried to express is the fact that when seen with the eyes of a (cultural) historian Greek gods do not live on Olympus or in some kind of dream world or vacuum but they exist in the historical here and now The da in the German phrase is not the equivalent of the Greek ekei lsquotherersquo but conveys the sense of an identifiable presence Like the German die Goumltter sind da the version lsquothe gods are therersquo can also be used in an unmarked sense as an equivalent of lsquothe gods existrsquo but it could also mean in a marked sense that lsquothe gods are (over) THERErsquo i e pointing to a specific locale that need not be too near to the speaker The trans-lation lsquothe gods are presentrsquo would avoid that ambiguityrsquo

55 W F Otto Die Goumltter Griechenlands Das Bild des Goumlttlichen im Spiegel des grie chischen

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Aalders GJD VIIAchillesndash cults of 93ndash death 96ndash as god 93ndash and initiation 421ndash in late antiquity 494ndash and Menesthios 494ndash travesty 389 494 531Achilles Tatius 186 49161 49486 4958112 492812 492813 495Acusilaus fragments FGrH 2Fowlerndash proem Genealogies 141ndash strategy of authentification 141ndash42ndash F 28 = 28F 40AdonisAdonia 260 271 292ndash94ndash gardens of Adonis 293ndash and women 298Adranos sweating god 113Aeginandash Damia and Auxesia 107ndash tomb of Aeacus 217Aeschylus fragments ed Radtndash Agamemnon 231ndash35 322 232 398 405 236ndash37 397 405 426 171 1021 166ndash67 1051 173ndash Bassarai F 743 274ndash Cabiri 59

ndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 224ndash25 F 96ndash97 59ndash Choephoroi 613ndash22 216ndash Danaids F 44 208ndash Eumenides 69 244ndash Psychagocircgoi F 273a 170ndash Semele 34ndash Seven against Thebes 269 315 411ndash Suppliants 985 1022 171ndash TheoroiIsthmiastae F 78a 108ndash Trophoi F 246a 240 Fragment 262 500 277 342Agaue 32Agria(o)nia 37ndash41Alcaeus fragments ed VoigtF 129 33Alcmaeonis fragments ed Bernabeacute

DaviesF 6B = F 5D 377Alcman fragments ed PageDavies

CalameF 20PD = 12C 499Alexis fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Mandragorizomene 245 F 117 41 F 140 145 F 201 221Alma-Tadema L 258 273

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

542 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Amphiaraus herogod 93ndash as warrior 150Anacreon fragments ed PageCampbellF 38 501F 411 274Anaxagoras 158ndash59Andocides111 228112 226Androtion FGrH 314F 6 387Anios 127AntheadaiAnthes 488ndash89anthestrides 344 393Antimachus fragments ed MatthewsF 92 293Antoninus Liberalis 513Aphrodite 7ndash Antheia 344ndash Areia 8ndash and Ares 57 244ndash and Horae 502ndash and InannaIshtar 280ndash as old woman 232ndash Ourania 308Apollondash Agreus 454ndash55ndash Anatolian 7ndash and colonisation 457ndash and Cyrene 454ndash56ndash and Dionysos 43ndash god of new beginning 457ndash god of oraclesseers 149ndash50ndash and Horae 506ndash Iatros 169ndash Lykeios 363ndash Nomios 454ndash55ndash Patroos 15ndash and Poseidon 25ndash and raven 460ndash and Sibyl 154Apollodorus handbook 374ndash75ndash edited by Heyne 519ndash sources 513ndash14 172 327

1916 325 222 40 Ep 316 375 Ep 320ndash21 387Apollodorus of Athens FGrH 244 514F 131 35Apollonius Mirabilia 3 149Apollonius Rhodius114 3251494ndash511 207Arbman E on the soul 179ndash80Arcadia backward 358ndash human sacrifice 360ndash70Archilochus fragments ed WestF 183 149F 196A 181 344Ares and Hephaistos 56 59Argonauts 98 148 150 162ndash on Lemnos 439ndash40ndash pre-Homeric 419ndash and sacrifice 325Ariadne 42ndash43Aristides Or 416 55Aristophanes fragments ed Kassel-

Austinndash Birds 962ndash63 126 980ndash89 128 983ndash88 158ndash Clouds 555 237 830 227 984ndash85 331ndash Ecclesiazusai 1056 244ndash Frogs 137ndash42 188 186 203 269ndash70 188ndash Horae F 581 508ndash Lysistrata 562 237 582 468

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

543Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Thesmophoriazusai 448 237 995 271Aristotle fragments ed RoseF 101 188F 192 220F 491 486F 556 488Artemis 19ndash Agrotera 454ndash and Aphrodite 492ndash Aristoboule 350ndash and bear 388ndash Einodia 381ndash Elaphebolos 377ndash Elaphiaia 377ndash Ephesia 118 287ndash eunuch priests 287ndash88ndash and Hecate 382ndash Hymnia 23ndash and initiation 393 412ndash13ndash Iphigeneia 386ndash as Iphigeneia 389ndash landscape of 211 260ndash61 393ndash and Orestes 412ndash and Pan 495ndash Parthenos 382 413ndash Phosphoros 404ndash05ndash and Poseidon 386ndash pre-battle sacrifice see sphagia ndash and pregnant animals 344ndash and Rhodopis 492ndash sanctuaries situation of 404ndash sphagia 322 332 385 395 398 401ndash statue in Ephesus 110ndash Tauropolos 382ndash83 411ndash13ndash Triklaria 378Asius fragments ed WestF 13 217Assmann J 474Athena 7ndash Areia 8ndash in Caria 483ndash Hippia 22ndash Malis 287ndash Polias 345ndash and Poseidon 25ndash Skiras 345

ndash statue of 116ndash statue in Callimachus 107ndash statue in Homer 104Atrahasis 25 75 275augmented triad 81ndash82Autonoe 32

Bacchylides ed Maehler5180 17213186ndash89 5041553ndash55 5041949ndash50 32Barron J 467basileus 152Battos 448ndash62ndash also Aristoteles 459 461ndash also Battiades 461Baubo 65 68 70 204 244belief 10Bellerophontes 484ndash86Bernabeacute A 73 198 201ndash03 206 Bernal M 282Black Sea name 408Boccaccio 516Boedeker D 93ndash100Book of Dede Korkut 421Brelich A on heroes 452Brimo 69ndash70 205brothers ndash dividing territory 470ndash specialisation 67Burckhardt J 86Burkert W IXndash on Adonia 292ndash and Ancient Near East VIII 280ndash82

295ndash on gods 16ndash19ndash influenced by Mannhardt 525ndash on Jane Harrison 537ndash on heroes 86ndash87 91ndash no magic 128ndash myth lacks in handbook IXndash on myth and ritual 439ndash40 523 525

530

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

544 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash on Orphism 135ndash36 139 207 209ndash on Persephone 83ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on Pythagoras 220ndash21ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434ndash35ndash sacrifice XIII 329ndash31ndash and W F Otto 45Buxton R VIII

Cabiri 49ndash50ndash and Cybele 50ndash and drinking 59ndash60ndash and Hephaistos 49ndash50ndash and Meter 50 57ndash numbers 50Calame C VIII 260 267 423 432 453

474Callimachus fragments ed Pfeiffer

Harder ndash Epigrams 22 172ndash Hecale ed Hollis 63ndash Hymn to Apollo 460ndash61 5 505 81 506 318ndash20 58ndash Hymn to Artemis 70ndash71 210ndash Hymn to Zeus 52ndash54 479ndash Fragments 612 421Camarina and Athens 76 138Cameron Al 511cannibalism 37 258 322 363 365 368

370 384 403 441 495Caria autochthony 478 480Casadio G 281Cassandra rape of 104ndash05 107ndash as seer 155Centaurs 523Cerberus 189Charon 130ndash31 188ndash89 194Clemens Alex Protr 2212 210colonisation Greek 448ndash49

ndash and Delphi 454ndash55ndash marriage imagery 456ndash57Conon 513Cornford F M 525Cratinus ed Kassel-Austinndash Boukoloi 72ndash Thracian Women 108Creuzer G F 475 520curse tablets origin 129 169Cypria fragments ed BernabeacuteDavies

Westndash sacrifice of Iphigeneia 334 374ndash77

392 F 4BD = 5W 502 F 8B = 5D 210 F 23B = 17D = 20W 376 F 34B = 27D 352Cyrene foundation 447ndash62

Daeira 342Deio 69Demeter 7ndash aischrologia 343ndash and cannibalism 368ndash Chloe pregnant victims 340ndash41ndash Chthonia 63ndash64 73ndash and Deio 69ndash and Ge 73ndash and goats 171ndash and Hecate 173ndash and Kybele 73ndash and Meter 73ndash as old woman 232ndash and pigs 306ndash07ndash Thesmophoros 65ndash and torches 172ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65ndash66Demosthenes18259ndash60E 234 23818284 23819199 249 2384362 2335745 236Derveni Papyrus ed Kouremenos

Kotwick 69ndash71 73 145ndash Egyptian influence 207

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

545Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash ejaculation by Ouranos 207ndash on Eumenides 339ndash and magoi 298ndash99ndash and Orphic secrecy 223ndash purity in 212ndash size 137 Detienne M IX 45ndash on Adonia 292Deucalion 327Diagoras atheist 110 226ndash27Diels H 156Dieterich A 136 433 535ndash36Dione 34Dionysos XndashXI 31ndash44ndash Agrios 38ndash and Apollo 43ndash and Ariadne 42ndash43ndash Bakchios 71 78ndash bakchoi 70ndash72ndash Bassareusos 274ndash epiphany 36ndash Euios 271ndash72ndash (Eri)kryptos 40ndash as a girl 531ndash and Hipte 286ndash and Horae 505ndash07ndash katabasis 33ndash and Lycurgus 37 40ndash41ndash and madness 42ndash Melanaigis 36ndash Orthos 507ndash and pigs 307ndash and Thetis 40 79ndash Thyonaiseusidas 33Diotima 155Diphilus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 125 238Diwia 7Dodds E R on maenadism 251Dodona priestesses 154ndash priestesses old women 238ndash39Douglas M IXDrimios 7 33Dumeacutezil G 17

Ea and the Beast 283Eileithyia(i) 51 58ndash priestess old woman 238 Einodiandash and Artemis 173 381ndash82ndash and Hecate 173 382Eleusis local mythology 205Eleusinian Mysteries 71 72 205ndash grade of initiation 212ndash origin in initiation 223ndash passwords 210ndash11ndash profanation of 227ndash29ndash secrecy of 223ndash29Empedoclesndash and Eleusinian Mysteries 212ndash and Orphism 140Enesidaon 6Endymion 487ndash88Enyalios 6Eos 6Epimenides 140 153ndash grave of 156ndash skin of 126 156Epimenides of Crete fragments ed

FGrH 457FowlerBernabeacuteT 1F 480F 4ndash6b 18 21 = 6ndash12F 299F 6a = 47B = 8F 205F 13F 293F17 = 4F 499Epicure and mother 238epiphany 5Eratosthenes star myths 476 512Erinys 6Eubouleus 61ndash68 139 199ndash200Eubulus fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 122 317Euklecircs 61ndash68 199ndash200Eumelos fragments DaviesBernabeacutendash Europia 32ndash Titanomachy 290ndash91 F 6DB 216 F 10DB 480 F 1D = F11B 32

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

546 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Eumenides 76 200ndash and Erinyes 200ndash pregnant animals 338Euphorion fragments ed LightfootF 109 169Euripides fragments ed Kannichtndash Heaven and Earth 208ndash Alcestis 357ndash62 138ndash Bacchae maenads in 251ndash70 2 32 120ndash22 479 298ndash99 42 680 240 1008 211ndash Cretans 205 F 472 72ndash Cyclops 25 271ndash Electra 15 376 803 313ndash Eurystheus 108ndash09ndash Hecubandash date and Getty Hexameters 170ndash and Polyxena 353ndash57 152 170 267ndash68 397 355ndash56 398 1199ndash1200 37 397 404ndash Helen 435ndash82 233 1562 356 400 405ndash Heraclids 561 357ndash Hippolytus Artemis and Aphrodite 492 Hippolytus popular name 493ndash Hypsipyle 249 F 759a 139 F 752f 249 F 752g 479 F 758a 139ndash IA role Artemis 392ndash93 end Christian 391 human sacrifice in 391ndash402

perversion of locus amoenus 211 reception of 391 women lsquotalking at the loomrsquo 248 185ndash302 403 1199ndash1200 404ndash Ion 194ndash200 248 292 468 507ndash09 248 1024 173 1048 173 1297 468 1589ndash94 468ndash IT human sacrifice in 403ndash15 name of Iphigeneia 376 statue in 107 110 408ndash09 temple in 408 31 389 1153 389 1162ndash67 389ndash Kresphontes murder of Kresphontes 471 F 448a-459 469ndash Melanippe Desmotis F 494 338ndash Melanippe Sophe 207 249ndash50 F 484 205 207 249ndash Meleagros F 532 130ndash Phaeton F 781 173ndash Phoenissae sacrifice of Menoecus 380 1754ndash57 32 934 378ndash Suppliants 526 184ndash TemenosTemenidae myth of Kresphontes 470ndash Troades 194ndash95 233 240 500

Farnell L R 38 86ndash on nature mythology 524festivalsndash Agria(o)nia 37ndash40ndash Anthesphoria 343

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

547Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Anthesteria 37ndash Apatouria 54ndash Chalkeia 54ndash Chloia 341ndash Choes 131ndash Chthonia 239ndash Dipolieia 329ndash32ndash Ekdysia 437ndash38ndash Elaphebolia 377 382ndash Eleutheria 93ndash94ndash Feralia 239ndash Herosanthia 343ndash Karneia 459ndash Kronia 290ndash91 350ndash52 442ndash44ndash Liberalia 239ndash Lupercalia 364ndash Lykaia 359ndash Oschophoria 345ndash Parentalia 239ndash Septerion 522ndash Skira 260ndash Thargelia 289 508ndash TheoxeniaTheodaisia 324ndash Tonaia 56ndash see also Adonia ThesmophoriaFinley M 231Finnfian 366flowers and girlsrsquo maturation 343ndash44 Fontenelle B de 427 517ndash18Forrer E 280 289Frazer J G 152ndash on Adonis 292ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W R Smith 433 524ndash25Freacuteret N 427 518ndash19Friedrich J 288Fulgentius 515funeral rites 183ndash95ndash ekphora 191ndash93ndash lamentation 190ndash meal 193ndash prothesis 186ndash91ndash thecirckecirc 193

GeGaia in curse tablets 131ndash in Halicarnassus 478ndash79

ndash Kourotrophosic 340 455ndash as Mother of Gods 133ndash and Okeanos 204ndash and Ouranos 203ndash04ndash and pregnant animals 339Geertz Cndash definition religion 143ndash on emicetic 324Gernet Lndash on gods 12ndash13ndash and initiation 527ndash on maenadism 268ndash69ndash on myth 526ndash27Getty Hexameters 165ndash74girlsndash as calvesfoals 355ndash and flowers 343ndash44 393ndash lsquogirlrsquos tragedyrsquo 441 451ndash herding cattle 454ndash initiation of 413ndash as wine pourers 501goats herding of 172gods Greek 3ndash20ndash agency 4ndash5ndash anthropomorphic X 4 14ndash assembly of 281ndash Carian 285ndash86ndash character of 347ndash lsquodecarnalisationrsquo of 325ndash definition 13ndash distance from 109ndash10 117ndash Dodekatheon 8ndash9 106ndash epithets 8 131ndash heavenly 4ndash and heroes 89ndash90 106ndash humans family of 203ndash04ndash identity of Xndash immortal 4ndash5ndash invisible 5ndash language 4ndash Luwian 285ndash87ndash Lycian 284ndash Lydian 284ndash and men 4ndash modern neglect of IXndash Mycenaean 4ndash9ndash Orphic 61ndash83

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

548 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash pantheon birth of XI 8ndash9 291ndash personified abstractions 12 497ndash98ndash power 4ndash in procession 501ndash spheres of activity Xndash statues 101ndash22ndash theogony rare 299ndash theophoric names 19ndash unity Xndash unknown 5Gold Leavesndash Egyptian influence 208ndash09ndash gods in 61ndash81Golden Fleece 526ndash27Gould J XIII 143 236Graiai 500Graf F VIII 66 139 154 169 477ndash on curse tablets 129ndash on Hephaistos 47 60ndash on hero cult 87ndash88ndash and initiation 412 421ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on ritual 346ndash47 434 443grove sacred 393 459Gruppe O 279ndash80

Hades 130ndash etymology 75ndash house of 185ndash as underworld 201Halbwachs M 461Halicarnassus 475ndash89ndash name etymology 481ndash Carians in 481 484ndash Vitruvius in Halicarnassus 482ndash83Harrison Jndash and Durkheim 534ndash and initiation 525ndash inspired by WR Smith 433 534ndash and Johan Huizinga 533ndash and van der Leeuw 533ndash37ndash on maenadism 251ndash on myth and ritual 435ndash36 524ndash25ndash on Orphic eschatology 210Hebat 286ndash87

Hecataeus fragments ed FGrH 1Fowler 153 222 475

F 1 = F1F 142Hecate ndash Chthonia 133ndash and Iphigeneia 382Helen Indo-European 6 420ndash and Menelaos 87Helios 6 287 320Henrichs A VIII XII 4 204 275ndash76ndash on human sacrifice 384ndash influenced by W F Otto 45ndash on local mythology 204ndash05ndash on maenadism 251ndash52 275ndash on oracles 126Hephaisteia 54Hephaistos XI 47ndash60ndash and Ares 56 59ndash and Athena 58ndash Cabiri 49ndash50 craftsman 48 and Dionysos 56 59 and donkey 58ndash59 and ErechtheusErichthonios 54 and Hera 55ndash58 illegitimate 51 lame 52ndash53 and Lemnos 51 marriage 52 smith 49 sweats 52 and Thetis 57ndash58 as wine pourer 53Hera 6ndash Antheia pregnant animals 343ndash as Beroe 34 232ndash and Hephaistos 55ndash58ndash and initiation 343ndash44ndash statue in Argos 107ndash statue in Samos 56ndash57 110ndash11Heracles 9ndash apotheosis 280ndash archaic statues 113 118ndash deeds pre-Homeric 419ndash as Eleusinian initiate 225ndash and Geryon 420ndash21

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

549Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash godhero 93 106ndash statue destroyed 110 113ndash statue sweats 113Heraclitus Allegoriae 26 51Heraclitus philosopherndash criticises 153ndash on the Sibyl 154ndash on statues 106Herder J G 428ndash29 519Hermaphroditos 288 481ndash84Hermes Areias 8ndash Chthonios 130ndash31ndash Dolios 131ndash Eriounios 130ndash31ndash Katochos 130ndash31ndash and Persephone 132ndash popular 130ndash31ndash mutilation of herms 217ndash18ndash statues 109Hermione cults 63 239Hermippus fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Moirai F 43 227Hermotimus 149Herodotus1171ndash75 478 480 4851132 166 3132532 14121192ndash3 3702134 4933129ndash37 219449 49241032 382 4134135 49241463 4574147 4604150ndash61 447ndash51 4594196 449543 127652ndash53 470ndash71794 4677993 4887204 4717228 150844 467

865 22581243 2199213 219967 219heroes 85ndash100ndash Agamemnon 86ndash87ndash altars 90ndash91ndash between gods and men 90ndash etymology of ἥρως 89ndash90ndash and gods 89ndash90ndash as gods 92ndash93ndash heroines 90ndash heroon 90ndash malformed 452ndash Odysseus 87ndash rise of cult 91ndash92ndash rituals for 92ndash as title 88ndash89heroisation 93ndash100Hesiod fragments ed Merkelbach-Westndash Cataloguendash Athenian 467ndash date of 466 F 1 324 F 10a 465 487 F 23ab 173 376 381 F 139 293 F 204 98 F 215 453ndash54 F 217A 32ndash Theogony 106 204 60ndash61 502 381 173 477ndash84 478ndash79 535ndash61 326 914 170 976 32ndash Works 21ndash26 153 64 454 73ndash75 502 111 426 590 172 686 177ndash Fragments 307 168

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

550 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

hieros logos 167Hipponax fragments ed Degani ndash on scapegoats 289 F 6 26 30 289Hestia and pigs 306Hesychius ed LatteHansenCunning-

hamα 750 38 40α 788 37 40β 1160ndash61 69ε 5957 64ε 6926 62η 822 343ι 1122 389ρ 405 493τ 107 296Heyne C G 428ndash29 443 518ndash20Hippolytus 493holy books 140Homerndash Cyclops Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash and Gilgamesh 284 295ndash Nausicaa Oriental background 283ndash

84ndash Oriental influence 295ndash Iliad 13ndash5 182 139ndash41 326 169 378 1157 170 169 148 378 1320 380 2299ndash332 376ndash77 2604 420 2831 151 2858 150 3384 332 395ndash312 321 4167ndash68 166 4197 190 5149ndash51 151 5296 180 5401 6 168 5696 177 5749ndash50 500

5900 6 168 6135ndash37 210 6286ndash87 232 78ndash9 137ndash38 420 7320ndash22 319 7467ndash69 440 8393ndash94 500 8432ndash35 501 8546ndash71 151 9141 380 9145 375ndash76 9322 174 9409 178 9534ndash36 325 10266 420 10334 363 11454 37 11741 168 1345 148 13172ndash73 151 13365ndash66 155 13685 689 464 14201 132 14219ndash23 210 14290ndash91 4 14323ndash25 32 14518ndash19 180 16173ff 494 16181ndash83 454 16321ndash22 489 16505 178 16856 180 1827 188 18122 210 18317 187 18339 210 18350ndash53 186 18398 210 18495ndash96 232 19250ndash68 321 19304ndash08 189 2057ndash58 22 21578ndash80 178 2225 178 22170ndash72 326 22261 177 22362 178 180 22414 189

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

551Index of Names Subjects and Passages

22467 177 239 190 2342 189 2365ndash67 182 2369ndash76 185 23100 182ndash83 23104 182ndash83 23131ndash37 192 23175ndash76 384 23747 440 2482 37 24163ndash64 188 24215 210 24580ndash81 188 24615 368 24699 155 24712 724 187 24720ndash24 190 24742ndash45 187 24782ndash87 192ndash Odyssey 1438 241 296ndash102 188 2346 241 340ndash44 317 3309 193 3444 316 3430ndash63 304 3447 355 485ndash89 455 7268 170 8294 440 9551ndash55 326 1065 185 10217ndash22 181 10469ndash70 499 10521 194 200 10560 180 1129 194 200 1151ndash55 181 1165 180 1172ndash76 185 11321ndash25 42 11339 499 11424ndash26 187 11476 194 200 11507 203 11541ndash43 183

11618ndash19 419 1270 419 1297 168 12127ndash36 454 14407 499 14437 319 14428 316 15469 210 17176 499 18345 166 19176 451 19593 169 20360 149 22328ndash29 153 23379ndash80 153 2490 190 24315ndash17 189 2444ndash46 186 189 24408 411 315Homeric Hymns ed Westndash Apollo 305ndash55 51 58ndash Aphrodite love on mountains 529 love for shepherd 487 88ndash80 502 2 58ndash59 7 25ndash13 502ndash Demeter 139 244 273 47ndash50 189 56 170 101ndash02 232 206ndash10 436 360 170 478ndash79 223ndash24ndash Dionysos 34 55 A 1 57 A 2ndash3 32 D 12 33ndash Gaia 17 133ndash Hephaistos 54ndash Hermes 115 48 66ndash67 499 450 171hocircra 498 Horae 497ndash509ndash Antheiai 344

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

552 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and Aphrodite 502ndash03ndash and Dionysos 505ndash06ndash and Graces 502ndash03ndash kourotrophic 455ndash number of 508ndash09ndash and Peitho 502ndash serving role 502ndash03ndash and Sun 508ndash and Themis 503ndash04Hultkrantz Aring on the soul 179ndash80Hyacinthus 44Hyginus 476 512Hyperides fragments ed BlassF 205 234Hypnos 55

Ibycus fragments ed DaviesF 258 352Ilioupersis fragments ed BernabeacuteWestndash p 89B = Arg 4cWinitiation ndash boys 343ndash44 530ndash31ndash at Brauron 387ndash88ndash cannibalism 362ndash65ndash in Crete 438ndash39 455ndash girls 343ndash44ndash girls as lsquobearsrsquo 387ndash88ndash nine years 365ndash66ndash and poets 421ndash removing clothes 362ndash63ndash and wine pouring 530ndash31ndash and wolves 360ndash70Ino 32inscriptionsndash CGRN 2 342 7 314 12 316 21 90 25 340 26 465 34 340 40 155 52 321 339 56 338 339 57 341

84 90 465 85 343 86 340 342ndash43 92 319 99 388 109 393 117 320 138 32 258 148 338 149 342 156 3 41 179 342ndash SEG 9131ndash35 455 9182 451 9189 461 11188 66 14715 39 15195 41 16478 65 1834331 65 20716 359 23215ndash17 472 24277 38 2698 49 26402 66 26457ndash58 6 87 261237 261 28759 451 281245 162 2960 100 29361 150 3062 162 30158 158 301004 51 3148 100 31633(B) 272 311285 351 32218 127 32336 351 49 3336 100 33115 508 33147 321 33473 38 331981 49 34151 77 34940 76 34971 173

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

553Index of Names Subjects and Passages

3537 133 35117 317 35491 455 35526 155 35665 38 35882 330 35989 451 351115 505 36142 162 36565 38 361011 297 361763 131 3765 95 37759 320 37884 II 297 38468 38 38671 330 38776 49 381476 485 39855 377 39863 413 404 465 40124 54 40146 77 40858 77 401675 366 41182 395 41236 155 42194 68 42273bis 49 42274 92 42535 338 42785 382 42846 76 422179 461 431541 453 44910 78 199 441541 460 45646 69 451194 50 52 452150 352 4623ordf 90 4672 100 461065 451 462326 451 471469 76 471660 497 4855 100

48692ndash94 93 481020 73 48748IIIIV 38ndash39 481123 65 481770ndash71 77 491173 77 491292 78 491301 76 491999 359 50831 836ndash37 50 51328 133 51758 78 511029 507 511527 507 53715 481 531194 486 531301 506 531303 506 531603 481 531786 70 73 55612 64 56392 38 56753 507 571311 286 581301 506 581605 291 601150 506 61151 162 63408 155 631093 503 63957 291 64201 479 64830 166 641171 316 641415 290 641418 290 641427ndash28 290 641635 481intellectuals competition 142 153 219

222Ion myth of 464ndash69Ionians name of 465Iphigeneia 322ndash as Artemis 389ndash cult of 385ndash90ndash claimed by Argos 387ndash claimed by Megara 387

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

554 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash death real 399 405ndash and Hecate 382 386ndash and Helen 386ndash identified as Parthenosndash name of 375ndash76 389ndash Orsilochia 389ndash Roman variant 383ndash84ndash sacrifice of 373ndash90ndash willing victim 381Isaac sacrifice of 375 379 381 385Isaeus 816 313Isocrates342 99428 22162231 473 74939 90 991460 96195ndash9 127

Jeanmaire H on maenadism 268Jimeacutenez san Cristobal A I 198

201ndash03 206Johnston S I 181

Kallisto 367ndash68 388 441Kereacutenyi K 526Kindt J XI 197Klymenos 63ndash64kolpos 79ndash80 210Kore 64ndash66 77 see also Persephone ndash Chthonia 77ndash dedication breasts 77ndash sacrifice of ram 77ndash Soteira 77ndash taboo name 76ndash and Zeus Eubouleus 65 341Kouretes 478ndash80 525ndash and Korybantes 480Kranaaoios 486Kresphontes myth of 469ndash73Kronos sacrifice to 340ndash in Delphi 290ndash human sacrifice 350ndash52 379ndash and the Titans 288ndash91 444 479

Lampon 159Leeuw G van der 533ndash37Lefkandi 91Lemnos 51ndash52ndash New Year festival 439ndash40Lethe 132ndash33 203Leto ndash and initiation 343 437ndash Phytia 437Leukippos Cretan myth 257 436ndash39Lloyd-Jones H 45 476locus amoenus 79ndash in Euripides IA 79ndash in Gold Leaves 79Longus Daphis and Chloendash and Echo 496ndash myth in 495ndash96ndash and Syrinx 495 127 495 233 34 495 35 8 11 495 323 496Loraux N 95lycanthropy 363ndash64Lycurgus king 40ndash41Lykaon 366ndash69Lykomids and Orphism 138ndash39

maenadism 251ndash77ndash bassarai 274ndash chase of 41ndash Dirce as 215ndash euaihoi 271ndash72 275ndash76ndash in Elis 266ndash68 270ndash falling 265ndash66 274ndash76ndash fire handling 254ndash56ndash function of 268ndash70ndash head shaking 262ndash63 276ndash iconography 253ndash and initiation 266ndash69ndash immune to pain 256ndash no levitation 256ndash loose hair 261 276ndash Macedonian 271ndash75ndash and lsquomadnessrsquo 265

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

555Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash maidens 272ndash not mass hysteria 257ndash58ndash and milk 169ndash music in 262ndash64ndash myth and ritual in 252ndash59ndash narthecirckophoros 206 272ndash73ndash at night 262 276ndash old women as 240 268ndash omophagia 258ndash60ndash oreibasia 260ndash61 273ndash75ndash ritual of 259ndash66ndash Roman 275ndash77ndash snake handling 252ndash54ndash threefold 32 272 275ndash76ndash Thyiades 33 269 273ndash74ndash torches 275ndash76ndash Vergil on 276ndash77ndash violence 36ndash37ndash whirling dances 263 276magic 128ndash33ndash and curse tablets 129ndash33ndash against females 129ndash and Getty Hexameters 165ndash74ndash and politicians 128ndash not lsquounlicensedrsquo religion 128ndash29ndash magoi 70ndash71 298ndash99ndash Near Eastern influence 129ndash singing 166 411ndash and souls 201ndash wandering 298ndash99Malinowski B 430 525Mannhardt W 42 432 434 525mantis etymology 149 see also seersMarathon 93ndash94Masson O 126Megistias Spartan seer 150Melampus 107 151Menander fragments ed Kassel-Austinndash Dyskolos 387 240ndash Perikeiromene 287ndash88 237ndash Sikyonios 3 ff 240Meropis fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 4BD 169

Meter ndash Hipte 286ndash Oureia 73Meuli K 303 327ndash28Minyas fragments ed BernabeacuteDaviesF 1 188Minyads 32 39 248 267ndash68Moiraindash and Eumenides 338ndash39ndash pregnant animals 338monthsndash Agrionios 38ndash39ndash Batromios 341ndash Boedromion 226ndash Bouphonion 330ndash Elaphebolion 377ndash Eumenideios 76ndash Ilaios 522ndash Koreios 76ndash Metageitnion 350ndash51ndash Thyios 33Mopsosndash warrior 150 162ndash wandering 296ndash97Mounichos 127Muumlller F M 420 429ndash30 524Muumlller K O 41 429 443 520ndash21Murray G 525 536Musaeus and Eleusis 204Muses declining position 423mystai 70ndash72Mysteries see also Eleusinian Mysteriesndash Bacchic 72 206ndash date of 221ndash Hecate 71ndash Kore 77ndash Orphic 223ndash Samothrace 71 223mythndash and Ancient Near East 431 528ndash importance of XIVndash collective importance 421ndash24ndash definition of 424ndash26 528ndash lsquogood to think withrsquo 529

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

556 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash historiography of 427ndash32 511ndash31ndash and history 432 447ndash62 529ndash30ndash of Hittites 294ndash95ndash Indo-European background 528ndash and mythography 475ndash77ndash mythos 422 474ndash mythus 519ndash as narrative 422 521 528ndash nature interpretation of 430ndash and novel 491ndash96ndash as old wivesrsquo tale 240ndash41 249ndash and personifications 497ndash509ndash and propaganda 463ndash74ndash part of religion IX 523ndash and ritual 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

530ndash31ndash lsquostrongerrsquo lsquosofterrsquo versions 384ndash traditionaluntraditional 409ndash22 431

528Mythographus Homericus 513mythographyndash and cultural capital 514ndash in Enlightenment 517ndash20ndash handbooks of 412ndash in Middle Ages 514ndash17ndash in nineteenth century 520ndash23ndash and polis religion 141ndash42ndash in Renaissance 516ndash17

Natalis Comes 516ndash17Neanthes 220 361Nilsson M Pndash and Ancient Near East 280ndash on gods 13ndash16ndash on heroes 85ndash86ndash influenced by Mannhardt 434 525ndash no magic 128ndash on MinoanMycenaean religion 280ndash on myth (and ritual) 25 36 434 523ndash on Orphism 134ndash35ndash on Persephone 82 343ndash on poets and philosophers 10 144ndash on pregnant animals 337ndash on propaganda via myth 463ndash64ndash and ritual 525ndash on sacrifice 337nine years 58 365ndash66

Nock A D 537Norden E 134 136nurses 240ndash41 250Nymphs 13 457

oracles ndash Athenian 127ndash and books 127ndash28ndash and emotional atmosphere 161ndash and kings 127ndash of Laios 127ndash Sibylline 127 161ndash Spartan 126ndash27ndash speak 126Orpheus ndash from Camarina 76 138ndash and Eurydice 138ndash and Inca Manco Capac 427 518ndash oldest poet 145Orphic Argonautica 70513 170ndash Attic poetry 77 137ndash Gold Leaves 61ndash83 197ndash213ndash Hymn on Demeter 139ndash Hymns 68 72 138ndash Katabasis 137ndash38 202ndash Physica 138ndash Theogony 137ndash39Orphicorum Fragmenta ed Bernabeacute

Graf-Johnston1B 13920ndash21B 20582B 20589B 77 137139B 69187B 205200B 205390B 139421B 178474B = 1GJ 72 77 80 199

201ndash03 205475 ii19B = 8GJ 67 78 199 203476B = 2GJ 79ndash80 178 202ndash03477B = 25GJ 203478ndash80B = 10ndash14GJ 203481B = 16GJ 80481ndash84a = 15 18 29GJ 203

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

557Index of Names Subjects and Passages

485ndash86B = 26abGJ 78 80 199487B = 3GJ 199 200 211488B = 5GJ 60 64 73 78ndash79

81ndash82 199 209489B = 7GJ 199490B = 6GJ 199489ndash91B = 6 7 9GJ 61 73 78 80 82492B = GJ4 73 77493B = 27GJ 67 69 72 79ndash80 205

211493aB = 28GJ 64 72494B = 17GJ 199495B 74496B = 30ndash31GJ 72 80 211528B 73531B 138567B 72576B 72 206578 i23B 67578 i18 22B 68653ndash64 140708B 138717B 137810B 138870B 76 1381103B 1381104B 70Orphism 70ndash72 133ndash41ndash anthropogony 208ndash and books 135 140ndash41ndash close to Eleusis 205ndash Earth and Heaven in 204ndash05 208ndash Egyptian influence 203 206ndash08ndash and Empedocles 140ndash eschatology 197ndash213ndash gods 61ndash83ndash initiates ranks of 205ndash06ndash and Lykomids 138ndash and meadows 211ndash and memory 202ndash03ndash orpheotelestai 140ndash priestesses 80ndash purity from ancestral guilt 212ndash and Pythagoreanism 220ndash not a sect 136 139ndash not in tragedy 130ndash wealthy menwomen 80 139Otto W F 10 29ndash45 526 535

Paeocircn 6 168Palaephatus 512 Pandora 502Panyassis fragments ed Davies BernabeacuteF 5D = 8B 33F 13DB 505F 22bD = 27B 293Parker R VIII-IX XI 15 54 67 76

139 345ndash on Demeter Chloe 141ndash on hero cult 92 96ndash on KaresKeres 37ndash on magic 128 146ndash and myth IXndash on polis religion XI 125Parthenius 476 511ndash12Parthenos goddess 382 413Pausanias 1237 3891331 3891404 5031413 3861431 376 382222 2162114 3382174 5032205 5072226 3872296 2172351 3862357 23931810 5033193ndash4 503438 472454 4724276 472515 4875117 5035153 5075171 504682 3606202ndash3 23862210ndash11 3776261ndash2 33682 360759 503

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

558 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

7193 3787211ndash5 37872510 1187265 3867271 118823 367826 3608387 361931 359123ndash4 359171 3799243 1189258 3439263 1279351ndash3 508103311 42Pegasus 22 486Pelarge 343Pelops shoulder 368pentekonter 449Persephone 74ndash83ndash and corn 74ndash as despoina 79ndash etymology 74 130ndash garden 170ndash71ndash in Gold Leaves 78ndash close to hera 344ndash and Hermes 131ndash receives rams 309ndash spelling name 75ndash76 137 170ndash She with P 131ndash and torches 172ndash taboo name 78 170ndash71 199Pherecrates fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 28 317F 76 501F 186 245Pherecydes fragments ed Fowlerndash no theogony 141 F 52A 141 F 53 204 F 90b 34 F 90d 33 F 148ab 43Philipndash AP 922 = XXXVI GP 344

Philippus Comicus fragments ed Kassel-Austin

F 1 109Philochoros fragments FGrH 328 ndash and Mysteries 66ndash Fragment 5 507 77 138 173 507Philodamos ed Furley-Bremer17 33Philodemus On Piety ed Obbink ndash on Iphigeneia 386ndash87Phineus 127 505Phoronis fragments ed DaviesBernabeacute ndash on Dactyls 50Photius ed TheodoridisPindar fragments ed Maehler Ruther-

fordndash Olympian Odes 314 18 170 42 500 696 170 927 170ndash Nemean Odes 38 171 Paeans 7c(a) 149ndash Pythian Odes 397ndash99 32 33 4 458 5 458ndash60 524 170 9 453ndash58 953 170 1122 384 399 405 122 170ndash Fragments F 30 504 F 52a 504 F 75 505 F 95 171 F 129 170 211 F 165 173Pisander fragments ed BernabeacuteF 8 176Plataia 6 35

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

559Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Plataiai graves at 94ndash95Platondash on lsquoold wivesrsquo talesrsquo 249ndash Cratylus 397CD 339 404CD 199ndash Gorgias 527A 241ndash Laws 6782C 362 19887D 249 12957D 168ndash Minos 315C 362ndash Phaedo 69C 206ndash Phaedrus 229A 499 244B 238ndash Politicus 279ndash80 168ndash Republic 364B-365A 139 160 377ndash78 240 249 621AB 203Plato Comicus fragments ed Kassel-

AustinF 204 109Plinyndash NH 881 361Plutarchndash Antony 245 38ndash Coriolanus 381ndash3 119ndash De genio Socratis 578B 215ndash Demosthenes 19ndash20 161ndash Nicias 42 157ndash Pelopidas 21ndash22 384ndash Theseus 20 42ndash Timoleon 39 193poets against seers 153polis religion XIndash Athenocentric XII 212ndash debate about XI-XII 125ndash46ndash and magic 130ndash33ndash margins of XII 125ndash46polis talisman 215ndash16ndash and kings 216ndash17 526

Polyidos of Argos 127Polyxena 332 352ndash57 400 405Porphyryndash on human sacrifice 350 353ndash on images 120ndash On Abstinence 27 508 254 350 3254 205Poseidon X 6 21ndash27ndash and Apollo 25ndash and Artemis 386 ndash Asphaleios 22ndash23ndash and Athena 25ndash Hippios 22 281ndash horse sacrifice 320ndash Isthmios 488ndash and Kaineus 24ndash Mycenaean 7 21ndash Phratrios 23ndash Phykios 341ndash Phytalmios 23 437ndash and sea 24ndash25ndash Temenites 341Posidippus ed Austin-Bastianinindash on Greek religion 271ndash on maenadism 271ndash75 44 271 55 248 63 90 128 271Potnia 6Praxidikai 133Preller L 41 521ndash22Pride of Halicarnassus 476ndash90priestesses old women as 238ndash39ndash maiden 345 383 385 495ndash key-holders 389 406Proitids 32 40ndash41 107 267 307Prometheus Oriental background 283propaganda and fake news 463ndash64 Propp V on folktale 440ndash42Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash tie with Demeter 221

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

560 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

Pythia 153ndash54ndash old woman 238ndash39

Rhadamanthys 489Rhea and pregnant animals 340Rhodopeis 492ndash93Riedweg C on Gold Leaves 198 203ritualndash Cambridge ritualists 56 525 536ndash historiography of study 432ndash35ndash logic of 347ndash48ndash and myth 30ndash31 56 256ndash57 427ndash45

524ndash25ndash Myth and Ritual School 436ndash of reversal 57 107 111 439ndash terminology of 432ndash33rivers as gods 14Robert C 465 471 523Rohde E 41Roscher WH 522Ruumlpke J and Lived Ancient Religion

XIndashXII

sacrificendash adorning victims 310 396ndash98ndash animal 303ndash35ndash and barley groats 312ndash13ndash beginning of 406ndash07ndash birds 308ndash blood 316 398 407ndash08ndash cakes 339 382ndash and castration 309ndash chthonic 322ndash23 337ndash cockerels 308ndash counter clockwise 312ndash cow 305ndash06ndash deer 334 382ndash83 400ndash01ndash distribution meat 319ndash20ndash dogs 308ndash dramatisation 313ndash emic interpretation 323ndash27ndash and ephebes 311 314ndash15 355ndash56ndash etic interpretation 327ndash33ndash fish 308ndash foundation 280ndash gallbladder 317

ndash gender of victims 338ndash as a gift 326ndash goats 307ndash08ndash and gratitude 325ndash26ndash no guilt 330ndash horses 320ndash human 321 349ndash415ndash and hunting 328ndash30 333ndash kanephoroi 310 312 329ndash king as sacrificer 381 399ndash knife 314ndash15ndash and Levant 328ndash libation 319 322ndash23ndash lifting victim 314ndash15 399ndash400 405ndash lustral water 312ndash mageiros 319ndash of maidens 379ndash80ndash Minoan 333ndash music at 310ndash11ndash Mycenaean 5 333ndash normative 304ndash20ndash oath 321ndash obeloi 318ndash ololygecirc 315 411ndash osteological evidence 305ndash pelanos 318ndash of Persian princes 373ndash perversion of 324 471ndash piglets 307 320ndash21ndash pigs 306ndash and prayer 313ndash pre-battle 332 385 395 398 401ndash pregnant animals 337ndash48ndash preliminary 321ndash procession 310ndash12 396ndash97ndash and purification 312ndash13ndash purificatory 320ndash21ndash ram 77ndash regional variation 305ndash lsquosecularrsquo approach to 335ndash selection of victims 309ndash sheep 307ndash08ndash in Sparta 310ndash sphageion 398ndash splanchnaoptes 317ndash18ndash step-by-step accounts 304ndash05ndash stunning of victim 314ndash and tail 307 317

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

561Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash and thighs 307 316ndash thyosphazo difference 353ndash54

393ndash94 404 409ndash unblemished 379 397 404ndash victims special 397ndash80ndash voluntariness of victim 311 314 355

397ndash wineless libation 323 338ndash39ndash by women 329ndash and wreaths 310 339Salmakis 480ndash84Sappho fragments ed Voigtndash and Charaxos 492 F 17 32 F 140a 168 293 298Sarpedon 283Sayce A 288scapegoats ritual 281 288ndash89ndash fairest as sacrifice 378 404ndash feasted 351Schmidt M 492Schwab G 428Scullion S 346ndash47secrecysecrets 215ndash30ndash of Pythagoraseans 217ndash22ndash of Theban hipparch 215ndash17seers 126ndash28ndash and Apollo 149ndash50ndash in Athens 157ndash60ndash augury 148ndash Bakis 126ndash27ndash Calchas 148 378ndash engastrimythoi 160ndash fame of 153ndash female 128 153ndash55 160 271ndash and hepatoscopy 148 317ndash and kings 151ndash53ndash Musaeus 127ndash in Old Testament 162ndash63ndash and poets 153ndash and sacrifice 398ndash Simmel on 221ndash in Sparta 156ndash Telmessian 162ndash Trojan 150ndash51ndash wandering 162ndash63 296ndash97

ndash as warriors 150ndash51 161ndash62ndash young 151Segal Ch 261Semele 31ndash34ndash grave 35Servius 514Seven against Thebes 87Sibyl 154Simonides fragments ed Page Daviesndash new Simonides 93ndash100ndash on war dead 93ndash100 Fragment 542 153 557 352 608 380Slings S 476Smith J Z 333Smith W Rndash influenced Durkheim and Freud 433ndash and Frazer 433 524ndash inspired Jane Harrison 433ndash on myth and ritual 433 524Solon fragments ed WestF 4a 464F 11 168F 36 133Song of Release 443Sophocles fragments ed Radtndash secrecy Oedipusrsquo grave 216ndash Ajax 1283ndash87 470ndash Antigone 690 200 891ndash93 200 1001ndash02 173 1199 382ndash Electra 157 376 566ndash69 377ndash Oedipus in Colonus 1530ndash32 216ndash Oedipus Rex 965 173ndash Polyxena F 522ndash28 353 F 535 382

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

562 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Trachiniai 219 271ndash Fragments 269a51 133 353 173 535 382 879 201soul and body 175ndash83ndash of the dead 180ndash83ndash and eidocirclon 182ndash83 ndash of the living 175ndash80ndash in pre-Socratics 177ndash78ndash psychȇ 176ndash79ndash and thymos 179ndash80ndash winged 181 194 200Sourvinou-Inwood C VIIIndash definition Greek religion 142ndash43ndash Durkheimienne 143ndash on Orphism 135ndash36ndash on Persephone 83ndash on polis religion XI 47 99 125 128ndash on Pride of Halicarnassus 477 482Spartoi 478Spiro M definition religion 143statues 101ndash22 ndash agency becomes unacceptable 118ndash19ndash aniconic 117 122ndash archaic 107ndash10 116ndash17ndash bound 57 111 117ndash Christian polemics 120ndash21ndash chryselephantine 112ndash13ndash Daedalic 108ndash10ndash dangerous 412ndash fallen from heaven 110ndash fluidity between statue and divinity

105ndash06ndash healing 118ndash of Hecate 119ndash of Lysander 113ndash of olive wood 107ndash of pear wood 107ndash polemics against 119ndash20ndash speaking 114ndash15ndash sweating 113 115 119ndash terminology 101ndash04ndash in theurgy 119ndash20ndash turning 115ndash16

ndash of Vesta 114ndash weeping 115Stephanus Byz ed Billerbeckα 80 488η 51 51κ 82 488λ 56 51Stesichorus fragments ed Davies

FinglassF 135ndash36D = 118F 352F 215D = 178F 382 386F 223D = 85F 325Stilbides 150Strabo8615 4866112 452742 413871 4691039 22410319 478Strato fragments ed Kassel-AustinF 1 305 313supplication 104symbola 67

Teiresias still has noos 182 203Telchines 50Telenikos Athenian seer 150Teneros 127Tethys and Tiamat 132ndash33Theo(a)genes statue of 111 118Theoclymenus ecstasy of 149 Theocritus291 246640 2467126ndash27 2462630 211Theognis649ndash50 181Theophrastus fragments ed Forten-

baughndash Characters 283 233 500 F 584A 325 331 362 507

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

563Index of Names Subjects and Passages

theopropos 149theos 3ndash4 21Theos and Thea 67ndash68 78 139 199Thesmophoria 65ndash66 69 260ndash in Clement 77ndash obscenities 244Thetisndash and Dionysos 40 79ndash and Hephaistos 57ndash58ndash wedding with Peleus 132 501Thucydides125 3132253 2196281 2276691ndash2 321Thyone 32ndash33Triptolemos genealogy 204ndash05Troeltsch E 136Trojan War and initiation 421Turner V IXTyphon 290Tyrtaeus fragments ed West202 32

underworld euphemism for 199taboo on names 76 78 131 170ndash71Usener H ndash and Christianity 536ndash influenced by Cambridge group 433

536ndash influenced Gernet 526ndash influenced W F Otto 30ndash on myth and ritual 31 522ndash24 535ndash36ndash on Python 522

Varro on metamorphosis 360ndash61Vatican Mythographers 515ndash16Vernant J-P IX 45ndash on gods 17ndash on myth 431 527ndash on sacrifice 331ndash33Versnel H Sndash on Apollo 149 457ndash on the Bacchae 36

ndash on human sacrifice 380ndash on myth and ritual 31 441ndash44Vico 519Vidal-Naquet P VIII

Wagenvoort H VIIwarriors two commanders 150Watkins C 171Weber M 136weddingndash bath 396ndash collective 438ndash gesture 354ndash55ndash rituals 394ndash95 455ndash56(were)wolves 360ndash70West M L 136 281ndash82Wilamowitz-Moellendorff U vonndash on gods 9ndash12 30ndash on Endymion 457ndash on Jane Harrison 536ndash on Iphigeneia 385ndash on mythology 431 525ndash on Orphism 134Wilhelm A 99Winds 6 12wine mixedunmixed 242ndash43 507women XIIndash as bogies 250ndash new cults 80 234ndash old 231ndash50ndash as porters 233 410 500ndash as story tellers 248ndash50ndash terrifying 244ndash vetula-Skoptik 243ndash45ndash and wine 254ndash as witches 244 245ndash47

Xenophanes ndash on anthropomorphism 106ndash criticises 153Xenophonndash Anabasis 1210 359 454 173 395 5629 148

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages

564 Index of Names Subjects and Passages

ndash Lak Pol 41ndash3 219ndash Memorabilia 27 237

Zagreus 43 72Zeusndash Akraios 477ndash Ampeleites 286ndash Aphesios 327ndash Areios 286ndash Basileus 479ndash Boulaios 18ndash Bouleus 65ndash66 341ndash Eleutherios 95ndash Eubouleus 65ndash67ndash Eumenes 76ndash and Ganymedes 530

ndash Herkeios 15ndash and Horae 499ndash Idaios 72ndash and Kouretes 478ndash79 525ndash Kretagenes 479ndash80ndash Ktesios 15ndash Lykaios 358ndash70ndash Meilichios 15ndash16ndash Olympios 327ndash Osogo(llis) 285ndash Patroios 16ndash Phratrios 16ndash Phyxios 327ndash Polieus 341ndash42 345ndash Sabazios 286ndash Soter 16ndash Strategos 286ndash Stratios 285

• Cover13
• Titel13
• Preface
• Contents13
• Abbreviations
• Section I Gods and Heroes
• • 1 The Greek Gods in the Twentieth Century
  • • Index of Names Subjects and Passages