zeitsch rift fO...zeitsch rift fO r menschenrechte for till rights PPl Menschenrechte in...

zeitsch rift fO r menschenrechte

for till rights

PPl

Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika Mit Beitriigen von

Helen Ahrens Sonia Cardenas Sergio Costa Pablo de Greiff Veronika Haasz Guilherme Leite Gonltalves Armin Paasch Nina Schneider Rachel Sieder Marla Teresa Sierra Inga Winkler

herausgegeben von Tessa Debus Regina Kreide Michael Krennerich Karsten Malowitz Arnd Pollmann und Susanne Zwingel

WOCHENSCHAU VERLAG

zeitschrift fOr menschenrechte journal for human rights

Herausgeber Tessa Debus I Regina Kreide I Michael Kreonerich I Karsten MaJOWltz Arnd Pollmann I Susanne Zwingef

Wissenschaft- Zehra Arat (Purchase Colfege New York)

Ifcher Beirat Heiner Bielefeldt (FriedrichwAlexanderUniv Erlangen-Numborg) Marianne Braig (Freic Universit~t Berlin) Horst Fischer (RuhrwUniversftrtlt Bochum) Rainer Forst (Johann WOlfgang Goethe-Universitat FrankfurtlM)Kar~Peter Fritzsche (Otto-von-Guertcke-Unversilit Magdeburg) Brigitte Hamm (fnstitut fur Intwicklung und Frieden Duisburg) Rainer Huhlo (NOrnberger MenschenrechtszenfrUm) Paul Martin (Human Rights Center Columbia Unfversify) Anja Mihr (Utrecht University)

Uta Ruppert (Johann Wolfgang GoetheUniversitat FrankurlM) Rainer Schmaz~8runs (LeibniL Universfat Hannover) Beale Wagner (Deutsche GesellsChaft fUr die Vereinten Naliotien Berlin) Annette Zirnmer (WesttJllsche Wifhefms-Universitttt Munster)

ReaakUons- Redaktion zeitSchrrft fOr menschenrechte co NOrnberger Menschenrechts~ anschriff zcntrUlll Hans~SaChs-Pjatz 2 90403 Nurnberg zfmrmenschenreCheorg Reviewverlahren Die eingereichten Boitrage durchlaufen eln Reviewverfahren

FinanzieU unterstOtzt wird diese Ausgabe durch das 8undesministerium fOr Wirtschafticho Zusammenarbeit und EntwickIung (8M2) und das Sektorvorhaben Menschenrechte umsetshyzen In der Entwicklungsusammenarbeit das die Deutsche Gesellschsft fUr InternatronajeZusammcnarboit (GIZ) im AUftrag des 8MZ durchfUhrt

Bezugsbedingungen Es erschoinen zwel Hefte pro Jahr Preise Eltlzeheft euro 1980 Jahres aboprels euro 3400 Sonderpreis fOr ReferendareStudierende (gegon Vorlage einer entspreshychenden Bescheinigung) Jahresabo euro 1700 aile Praise agl Versandkosten KOndigung Acht Wochen (bis 3110) vor Jahresschluss Bankverbrndung Postbank Frankfurt Konto-Nr 0003770608 BLZ 500 100 60 Zahlungsweise Uoferung gagen Rechung oder Lastschrihgewunschte Zahlungsweise angeben

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AnzeigeoleitlJng Brigitte Bell Toi 062011340279 Fax 062011182599 bngittebellWoChenschauverlag de

ISSN 1864-6492 ISBN 978-3w89974742~3 Wwzeitschriftfuerrnenschenrechtede The journal is avaHablo at EBSeO

waCHEN WOlttlenschau Verlag AdoffDamaschke StreBe 10 bull 65824 SchwalbachfTs- SCHAU_ Tel 06196106065 Fax 06196186060 info wochenschaJJ~verragdeVERLAG WWNwocnenschau-vellagde

Inhalt I zfmr 2 I ltUc_--I INHALT

Editorial 5

Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika

Sonia Cardenas Forking Paths and SOCial Complexity Rethinking Human Rights Progress in Latin America 11

Helen Ahrens Die Zukunfi als Herausforderung des Rechts -Gedanken zur (Menschen )Rechlspolitik in Lateinamerika 26

Rachel Sleder Maria Teresa Sierra Indigenous Womens Access 10 Juslice In LaUn America 36

Sergio Costa GUilherme Leite Gonalves Human Rights as Collective Entitlement Afro-Descendants in Lalin America and the Caribbean 52

Nina Schneider Brasllianische Wahrheitskommission nach zahlrelchen Kompromissen endlich ratitizierl 72

Gewelt Gedenken und Gerechtigkelt Ein Gesprach mit dem peruenischen Philosophen Salomon Lerner Febres 88

Hintergrund

Pablo de Greiff Some ThQughts on the Development and Present State of Transitional Justice 98

Veronika Haasz Die Nationalen Menschenrechtsinstitutionen als Grundsleine starker innerstaatlicher Rechtsschutzsysleme 130

Armin Paasch Ole Rolle der Menschenrechte in der EUmiddotHandclspolitik -Eine kritische Bcsrandsaufnahme 146

Inga Winkler Die Leitprinzipien zu Wirtschafi und MenschenrechlenshyFortschritt oder Ruckschritl im Bereich der menschenrechllichen Verantwortung von Unternehmen 164

Forum

Lehren aus der Hungersnol in Afrika - und die Bedeutung der Menschenrechte In der EntwlckiungsLusammenarbeit Interview mit dem Bundesminister Dirk Niebel 184

3

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Tour dHorizon

Hollman Morris Lateinamerika Ein Volk ohne Beine das I~uft Rede anlasslich dor Verleihung des Internationalsn Nurnberger Menschenrechtsprerses 2011

196

Buchbesprechungen Thomas Poggs Wellarmut und Menschenrechte (von Harming Hahn) 204 Pefer Schaber Instrurnentalisiorung wid WOrde (von TfltJana HCrnleuro) 207 Carmen Meinert HanS-Bernd 2611ner Ms) Buddhist ApproacheS to Human Rights DissonartcBS and Resonances (von Benedikt Borst) 214 Sonja Grimm Erzwullgeno Deuromokralic PobMche Neuordnung nach

mifitarischer intervention umer cxtencr AufSlCh von Brigitte WOiffen) 218 Abstracts

222 Autorinnon und Autoren

228

Editorial J zfmr 2 12011 I

EDITORIAL

Wer die Menschenrohrsbrilk aufsenr und nach Lateinamerika scham benotigt

Gleitsichrglaser Was von der Fernealsdnevcrgleichsweise homogeneRegion erscheinen mag entpuppt sich bel naherem Hinsehen als dne Vielzahl recht umersdliedlkher Lander Umgekehrt kann die landerspezifische Binnenperspektiveden Blick aufgesamt

lateinamerikanische Entwick1ungen StruktutproblerneundZusarnmenhangeverstellen Vor altern aber benotigen Beobachter die Bereitschaft Ambivalenzen zu erkennen sonst wird ihnen mit dlr MenschenrechrsbriUe schnell schummrig vor den Augen

Schon auf den ersten BBck fallr auf dass Rechrsnormen und polirtsche Praxis in der Region teils stark auseinandeddaffen Dennoch sind Menschenrechrs- und Vcrshymssungsnormen In Lateinamedka weit mehr als nur Papierdger Ais Bezugspunkte fur das Wirken nadonaler und rransnationaler Menschenrechtsbewegungen in und zu Lateinarnerika sind sie von unschatlharem Wert und konnen auch von staarlicher Seire nichr vollig ignorierr werden Zugleich handelt es sich bei den Menschenrechten niehr einfach urn elnen Imporr aos clem globaJen Norden

Wenig bek1nnr is ltlass aus Lareinamerika wichtige Impulse fur die Enrwicklung des globalen Menschenrechrschu7es ausgjngen und ausgehen Lueinarnerikanische Eingaben beeinllussren beispielswcise ganz enrscheidend die Arbeiten an der Allgemeishynen Etklarung der Menhenrechre (AEMR) von 1948 und wirkten nachdrucklich darauf hin dass neben den burgerlichen und politischen auch wirrschafiliche soziale und kulturelle Menschemeclue in die Erk1irung aufgenommen wurden Auch spater radfitienen die aUermeiscen lateintmcrikanischen Staarcn wichtige Kernabkommen des UN-Menschenredusschurzes den Zl vilpakt und den Sozialpakt die Konvencionen gegen Rassismus und gegen die Diskrjrninierung der Frau sowie die Kinderrechts- und die Behindcnenrelthtkonvenrion Ober do Durlencl lateinamerikanischer Staaten sind sogarVerrragsparteiender bisiang nur maBjg rarifizierrcn UN~WanderarbeitelkonYemion

von 1990 die 2003 in Kraft nat Die UN-Konvention gegen das lIVerschwindenlassen von 2006 seir Dezember 20 lOin KIafi1 ging maRgcblkh aufTniriativen aus Lareinameshyrika wruck und weisr don bereits ecliche RarHlkarionen auf Zudem haben zahlreiche latcinamerikanische Staatcn das noch nichr in Kraft getfetene neue ZusatzprocokoJI des UN-Sozialpakres von 2008) das einen Bcschwerdemechanismus Yorsiehc gczcichnet oeier sogar wie im Faile von Ecuador E1 Salvador und Argentinien) rarifiziert

Hinzu kommt dassder fmeramerikan1sche MenschentechtsschurL weir cmwickelt

5 4

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Rachel Sieder Marla Teresa Slerra

Indigenous Womens Access to Justice in Latin America

While women all over [he world encounter barriers in accessing justice there arc

particular challenges for indigenous women most ofwhom face triple discrimination

on the basis of their erhnidty gender and class Indigenous women in Latin Amerka

encounter a varielY of alternatives when seeking redress justice and guarantees of

their human rights These include different COUrt and non~judidal conflict resojution

forums within the formaJ state system and a variety ofnon-state justice mechanisms

including community and somerimes regionally-based indigenous justice systems In

COntrast to Africa and Asia formal recognition of non-stare Jega systems is a relashy

tively recem phenomenon in contemporary latin America This article considers me

impact of thi) process of recognition and refiCltts on indigenous womens prospects

for securing greater access to justice within conrexts oflegal p[uraJity It considers the

principal barriers to womens access to Justice and rights tn state and non-state jusdce

sysrems and also highlights dIe cfforrs ofindigenous women to secure their rightS and to cha1lenge gender discrimination

We wish to make a number of preliminary temarks First debates on the rights

of indigenous Women cannot be abstracted from the COntexts within which those

women live for it is within those COntexts thac their rights are guaranteed or denied

in ptactice It is crucially important to analyze dHemmas and problems in [he specific

CQnt~tS within which they occur and not to generalize about indigenous women

as SOme kind ofgeneric category Second we insist thac dehates on how to guarantee

rights and access to justice for indigenous women mUSt be located within the broader

discussion about how to guarantee the collective rjghts ofindjgenous peoples as indishy

genous women themselves have demanded Third in analyzing batriers to indigenous

womens access to rights and justice it is important not to exetcise a colonial gaze

Jndigenous women are not only victims whose rights are being denied they are also

actors with agency and voice who have developed diverse strategies to improve gender

Sleder and Maria Teresa Sierra arc senior research professors af the Centro de Jnvestigadones y E~rudjos $uperiores enAmropologia Social (c[ESAI) in MexicuCiry This wide is an abridged version of a longer paper which was published as Indigenous Womens Access [0 Justice in Latin AmeriGl Bergen Cbr Michelsen [mciwte 2010

Menschenrechte in laleinamerika I SiederlSierra I

justice within ongoing processes of political socioeconomic and cultural change

Indigenous women and meir organizations have been at the forefronr of struggles

for rights and justice in legally plural systems Indigenous men and non-indigenous

men and women are also supporring proccsses of criricll refleclion on gender relashy

tions which are in turn becoming more and more common across Latin America

FinaUy we maimain that indigenoID womens access to justice cannot be improved

by institutional innovations alone or hy championing de-contexrnaliud discourses

of rights me Struggle to guarantee their rightS in practice is inextricably linked ro

hroader Struggles against inequality poverty racism and discrimination

Legal plurality in Latin America

The legacy of colonialism and the persistence of semi-autonomous spheres of

indigenous government has Ineant that legal pluralism - the exisrence of multiple

norms institutions practices and beliefs for regulation and conflict resolution

within a single jurisdiction - have long slnce characterized Larin Ametican socieshy

des Indeed the majority of indigenous people have for centUIles made recourse to

semi~autonomous spheres ofjndigenous justice on the one hand and to state justice

institutions on the other Beginning in the mid-1980s alrernarive justice systems

began to be formally recognized within narionallaw This was in parr a response by

govcrnmems to growing demands hy indigenous movements for greater autonomy

and recognltion of their customary forms of governance Additionally it ref1eacd

effares hy multilateral agencies and international donors to strengthen non-state

justice systems as a means ro increase access to justice) parricularly for I he most

marginalized sectors of rhe population

During the 1980s and 1990s advances were made in rhe constitutional recognition

of legal pluralism and multiculturalism These developmems were unprecedenred

by recognizing the right of indigenous dtizens to apply their own forms of law they

effecrively breIlaquo with the rradition of legal monism which had prevailed since rhe nineteenth century New constimtions defined rheir respective narioru as Imulti_ ethnic or multicultural and the states ili pluri-culrural Pluralism and respect for

cuJrural diversity became central tencrS of consdmtionallaw in the region enabling

rhe explicit recognition of special rights regimes fOr indigenous and Afro-Larin poshy

pulations (Yrigoyen 2010 R) This shift in Latin America lined within a more

genera global trend towatds righlS-bascd consticudonalism The International Labor

Organization Convention 169 on the Rights of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in

37 36

middot ztmr212011Imiddot

Independent Countries was rarified by most Larin American scares during rhe 1990s

and significantly shaped consrltutional provisions concerning indigenous peoples and

their justice systems The ongoing discussions within (he UN Working Group on

the Dedaradon on the Rjghts of lndigenous Peoples also influenced consrirucional

deveJopmems However~ the constimtional reforms of the 19805 and 19905 invariashy

bly ell short of full recognition of indigenous peoples collective rights ro their own

forms oflaw While the new constitutions recognized pluralism and cultural divcrsiry~ [hey also rolled back the social rights provisions of (he previous corporatisr model

which had existed - albeit unevenly - in coumfies such as Mexico and Peru In orher

words although they partially recognized specific rights lOr indigenous people they

also cemented a neoliberal economic paradigm This proved particularly derrimemal

to me regions indigenous peoples Reforms to individualize property fighrs removed the protections provided by the communal or collective land titles awarded through

previous agrarian reforms Also the opening up of the regions economies ro direCt foreign invescrnenr and promodon ofan export~orienred modd of development meanr

rhar indigenous tertitories wete increasingly subject to exploitation byout1ide interests ptospecting for oil minerals or natural resoutces

It was nor until thedrafdngofnew constitucionsduringthe2000s (hat the recognition

ofindigenous norms aurhorities and jurisdictions Was specified effecdvely codjfying

spheres ofautonomy for indigenous justice systems The current phase of recognition

of indigenous justice systems which Yrigoyen defines as plurinational constitutionashy

lism centers on rNo consdrucm processes that of Bolivia (2006-2009) and FA~Iador (2008) (Ytigoyen 201 J) Both constitUtions enunciate a new pact between indigenous

peoples and non-indigenous peoples in countries where jndigenous people are either

a majority or a sizeable minority of the overall population Tbe emphasis is much

less on recognition ofindigenous peoples by the stare or dominant non-indigenous

society and is much morc - rherorically at Jt3st - on a redrawing of the stare irselpound emphasizing indigenous peoples rights to autonomy and self-derennination Both

constituent proccsses were highly inflllenced by rhe approval ofthe UN Declararion on

the Rightsoflndigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2006-2007 The Declaration emphasizes

indigenous peoples inremadonal tights to self-determinadon and sovereignty The

new charters in Fltwdor and Bolivia initially recognized parity between indigenous justice systems and other forms of law although the jurisdiction of indigenous law

was subsequently limited 00 some degree in political negotlarions to secure approval

of rhe constitutions In borh counrries but particularly in Ecuador the cOnstirULjons

Manschenrechte in Lateinamerika ISiederlSierra ----shy

specifically SL1te thar indigenous governance systems musr guaranree gender parity and indigenous womens righcs to full participation (in line with natlonallegJsiation prohibiting gender discriminarion) These clauses were rhe resulr of mobililllrion by

indigenous women who lobbied rhe consrituent assembly ro ensure that recognition of Indigenous autonomy would also guarantee rheir rights to gender equity2

Recognition of coliective rights and womens rights

Paradoxically advances in rhe narional regional and imernational recognition of womens righrs and indigenous peoples rights have generated new contradictlom which in some cases have limired the official recognition of coUectivc indigenous rights In some nationaldebares on recognition lOr example in Mexico~ womens rights

and human tights have been specifically invoked by political elilaquos in otder to juStifY limirs on indigenous jurisdicrions and autonomy (the argument being rhar recognizing greater autonomy for indigenous jurisdicrions would effecrively (abandon indigenous women ro discrimination and violence at the hands ofindigenous men) fhis signals

the rensions provoked by liberal visions of rightS centered on indigenous women [hat fall to rake into accounr (he broader conrex( of the collective righrs of the indigenous peoples ro which those women bdong as well as dier socio-economic situation

Howcver it should also be noted that while many indigenous people demand rheir recognition borh as individuals andas collectives with righrs rhis does nor necessarily mean that aU indigenous people- and particularly all indigenous women -exdusivc1y favor indigenous justice systems Plaintiffi often demand more effective scare justicel

or engage in forum shopping 1 combining recourse to their communal aurhodues to indigenous movemenrs and to stare jusrice jnsriturions in order to try and seeue redress While indigenous jurisdictions and justice institurions continue to be the main peinr of reference fot resolving conflicts in many communities in some plac(s women are resorting to state juscice insritudons when their own indigenous communal authorities fail to meet their demands or even to hear rheir complaims Such tactical resort to smre justice institutions by indigenous women is by no means new bur whar is relatively Ilovd is rheway in which rhtyare invoking internarional human rights and

conceprs of gender righcs and gender parity n order to challenge inequitable power rclarions within rheir own communities~ as wdi as withjn the wider society For exa

mple women organized within the Zapadsra autonomous municipalities in Chiapas

2 For dii~ussiQn of indigenous womens organiJing ilnlund the constitution in Ecuador set langlKucia

2009 SiederSlerra 20 Hi 38

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40

Mexico have invoked the Zaparisr3 Womens Revolurionary bw in order fO favor

their demands for greater gender equalil) This charter sets OUt indigenous womens rights [0 3ucoflomy- for example ro decide who to marry or how many children to

have shy in the brooder conrext ofzapatisra demands that the Mexican state recognize tbeir autonomy as indigenous peoples (Hernandez Castillo 2004)

Indigenous womens re-signification and relppropriation ofhurnan rights discourses and instruments within their own cultural and social frames of reference challenge

sirnpHstic dichotomies which counrerpose culmreraquo and rights Culrure is nor starkor

homogenous and does not exist outsjde ofthe forces of economic politics and history It t~ constantly shaped and reshaped by peopies~ actions and struggles over meaning However [his is not to deny rhat conflicts exist herween the recognition ofgroup rights

and rhe rights ofwomen ro non-discrimination and freedom from violence Women in all societies face patriarchal dorninarion and vioJence and indigenous justIce systems

can and offen do discriminare against women and block (heir access to jLL~tice JUSt as official justice systems do In rhe next section we analyze these impediments to access to justice before rurning to examine how indigenous women can access justice within plural legal systems in order to combat violence and discriminarion

Barriers to indigenous womens access to justice

Indigenous women actoss Latin America face significant barriers to accessing justice~ both within indigenous sysrems and in the formal state sector As has often been observed the vast majority of indigenous -Omen face rriple discrimination because of rheir gender rheir ethnidry and their socioeconomic marginalization While the

reasons for the Jack ofaccess ro justice or the batriers involved areofren highly contexrshyspecific a number ofCOOlmon contriburing faclms can be identified

POVERTY

Indigenous women are amongst the poorest and most vulnerable sectors ofLatin Ame~ dean society They shoulder a rriple burden ofreproductive domestic and productive labor and in common wirh most non-indigenous women across the continent~ ate

concentmted in low income low statUS and unstable forms of employment Poverty affects indjgenous households disproportionately and indigenoUs women and children within those households in particular These patterns of ethnic exdusion and ine~ qualiry are also reflected in gender differentials Indigenous women ate less educated

and less likdv to finish schooj than men earn less and accumulate less properry over

Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika ISiederJSierr~a__

their liferimes tban men and are more likely to be tbe sole head of bousehold and responsible fOr the care of children and elderly relatives

The poverty affecring indigenous communities and households contributes to the

kinds of conflicTS rhat occur which in themselves reveal rhe impact of poverry and marginalizarion on indigenous families and on women and girls shy the mosr disad~ vantaged of this disadvantaged sector Womens poverty and marginalizarion directly

and indirectly arrecrI their prospecti for accessing justlce services Illiteracy and a lack

of eduOltion reduce womens awareness of their rights and their abmry to exercise Dr

defend them In family conflicts such as spousal separation or inheritance dispuces low literacy levels mean rhat WOmen are ofren defrauded of thdr statutory rights to

child maintenance or properry Lack of knowledge and understanding combined with lack of disposable income also mean that women often do not seek help in the official justice system feadng they may have to pay lawyers) fees or bdbes For indi~

genous women particularly seeking help outside their communities may also mean condemnation by relatives and community members who reject out~ide inrervemion particularly in cases of jntra~familia) dispures And even if their families do suppOrt them the multiple demands on womens time including income generation child~ rearing and domestic duties often mean rhat it is extremely djfficult for them to lake

advantage of rhe Justice services chat do exist

VIOLENCE

Indigenous women facevioJenceof many kinds- in addiTion to the mulriple structural violence that marginalize them~ they also suffer direct physi(al psychological and sexual vioJence carried out by a range ofstate and non~state actors for many different reasons However perspectives which emphasize a narrow definition ofttgender-based vio)ence which rend to dominate the field and characterize mos( smdies3 - are

insufficient Rather ir is important ro undersrand the imersectionaHry of violence affecting indigenous women They are not subjecc co physical and sexual violence

simply because of their gender but because of their ethnJctry~ class and hiscory Tht International Forum of Indigenous Women for example has emphasized the need for a perspective on violence against indigenous women whkh smdics violence in

3 Aida HernandeJ Castillo (2004) quesriofLl the narrow perspecdve ofwhat she referS (0 as hegemonic feminism even ifdominmt femini~t interpremiom do tm cultUral and social (Omens into account when discussing gender isrues they tend not to reltognile the specific need If indigenou$ women A femjnj~t agcrtda might mess the need to physically remove women from oontexts of innafamilial vlolence but for many indigenous women remnltal fmm their sociocultural context emails denial of their collective rights to land or tCUI(Ory

41

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42

relation LO aspects of identity beyond gender using an approach that aCCOUnts for the ways that identities and systems ofdomination interact to create the condhions

ofwomens lives The fOrum also insists that full recognition of indigenous peoples collective rights is the key co reducing viofena against intiigenou5 WOlUen (Jnterna~ tional Indigenous Womens Forum 2006 12)

VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY AND THE COMMUNITY

Physical violence is aeommon cause for womens appeals to both stare courts and comshy

munity justice furums Many indigenous women shy in common with non~indigenous women shy are subject to daily forms of domestic violence Marital violence is related to

male alcoholism male adultery jealoUSJJ and also to patterns of pardvirilocal residence (when the couple live with the mans parenes) which is a source of numerous conflicts and aggression While such phenomena have existed for many years they can be aggra_ vated hychangingeconomkdrcumsmnces_ eg joblessness or income insecurity -and increa~ed poverty may thnaten prevaiJing models of ma~culinity and aggravate male

alcoholism and violence Economic migratioH) which divides families and couples also contributes towards accusations ofinfideHty in turn feeding gender-based violence

Natural1zedgender ideologies mdexpecnuions of appropriate behaviorcontribute tOlhards such violence hwbands tend to JUStify violence on the grounds thar women do not fulfiU their roles as mothers and wives Female spouses 1n lurn may cry to

defend themselves Itom violence carried out by [heir male partners by appealing [0

community-sanctioned concepts of acceptablc behavior This often results in them playing on their victim status rather than being able to demand their rights to live free ftom violence Family members and community justice authorities invariably

encourage women to reconclle with their male panmrs and forgive them thereby rcjnforcjng gender inequalities and privileging the maintenance of family life over

womens wishes if thc women in question no longer want [0 livc with violent men4

This is in fact ofren no different when women resort (0 state justice with mestizo authorities who also tend fO defend a maJe point ofview However it is also jmporshy

tant to point out that while agreements mediated by community authorities tend TO

reinforce tradidonal gender roles for exampJe entreating women to respect their husbands and miXt their domestic obligations - they do jndude written commjtshy

4 ft should be rerognked (hat wbile leaving violent male partners may be necessary for indigenous women abandonment of tbeir community may entail enforced culrtlrU 3-imiladon and _ ruCJUSC

of their highly di~3dvancageou$ position in Ociery ~~ may expose Ihem [0 Dew forms of vio1eoce and inequality in urhan seltinli$ (Collier 20(9)

Menschenrechle In Lateinamerika ISIederSie=a_---j

menrs rha[ male PO will respect [he physical and moral integrity of rheir female parrners Violent behavior has always been challenged by indigenous women Today it is increasingly questioned within indigenous communities in part due to the efforts

oforganized indigenous women and men [Q combat patriarchal violence and in part because of broader jnrergenerational and socioeoonomk changes which have led younger women to question male authority based on violence (Camus 2008 Mejia

2008 Pequefio Bueno 2009)

VIOLENCE BY STATE ACTORS

Violence hy state actors against indigenous women occurs in a number of different contexts Broadly spealUng three scenarios can be identified

(1) The violence and discrimination exercised on a daily basis within Indigenous peoples everyday encounters with rhe scate such as wichin the judicial system For example in her study of rape victims in Bolivian ltOUrts Rosallna Barragan signals rhe psychological violence and discrimination which indigenous women plaintiffS routinely endure (Barragan cr1 2005)

(2) Stare violence exercised against indigenous peoples when rhey demand their coHecdve rights for example to territory and natura) resources or to challenge certain economic development projects such as mining or hydro~elcctric dams With rhc increa~ing profitability ofextractIve indusrties such violence has become increasingly ampequenr resulting in the deaths of indigenous people in protesrs ill Guatemala Peru and Colombia in recent years This is a direct consequence of the lack of respec[ by staresofinrugenous peoples collective rights toautonomyandfree prior and informed consu1ration about development projects which affect (heir terriLories and way of life as specified in rhe UNDRIP

The increased violence that occurs in tones of contention that have been militarized as a stare response to armed conflict or organizcd crime Systematic rape of indigenous women by soldiers was a fearure of rhe counterinsurgency wars in Guatemala in the 1980s and Peru in the 1990 Today in Mexico rape of indigenous

women has occurred in theconrexrofthe governmenrs milirarization ofcerrain regions of the country in response to organiud crime (HernandezCastilloElizondo 201OJ

VIOLENCE EXERCISED BY NON-STATE ACTORS

Indigenous men and women are parcicularlyvulnerable to violence bynon~srate actors such as paramilitary forces and private armies associated with powerful economic interests and organized crime Paramilitary forces are used to force indigenous peoples

43

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offland prorecting the economic and political elites who seek to control those lands

Physical violence and the vioJence ofprevailing forms ofeconomic development are inextricably linked Stare are directly responible for the lack of prorelttion genous women (and all citizens) against such violence

DISCRIMINATION AND RACISM

Structural forms ofdiscrimination against indigenous people and particularly against

indigenous women are compounded within the official justice system by structural

weaknesses and institutional deficiencies and by the racist perceptions and ampscrimishy

namry atticudes of many justice system offidals Access to stare justice services has marginalJy improved throughout the last decade as a result of differenr reforms and jnnovarions with flew instimtions -SOme aimed specificaIJy at indigenous women

extendingthdr reach CO rural communities However as has heen widdy documented indigenous peoplelivingin rural areascominue to face harriers ofgeographical ruscmce

cost language and discrimination when seeking to access the formal justice system

Indigenous womens extreme poverty and iHireracy and their consequem jnabiliry to navigate cbeirwaythrough the system and demand theirdghts have meanr frequent miscarriages ofju~tke Lack ofinterprerers and the f~ct that indigenous women are

often monolingual also gravely prejudices due process guaranrees in criminal cases

Like the majoriry of the poor they lack adequate defense servlces when criminal

charges are broUght lgainst them - despite srate obligations to provide a criminal defense lawyer ro those who cannot afFord ro hjre one the quality and performance ofstare defenders is ohen very poor

LACK OF WOMENS VOICE AND PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING FORUM

Women are underrepresented at all levels of political office across Latin Americ1

national regional municipal and ommunai Whilsr me presence ofindigenous wo~ men in borh official and non-srate governance systems has improved in recem years

pheres of polirical deciion making m tend ro be dominated by men This lack of politic1l representation is reflected in barriets to access to justice The mere presence

ofwomen in political office does not guarantee more effecciveenforcementofwomens

rights or concerted attempts to teduce gender inequa1ities within sociely However he preence of indigenous women in public liIe j a powetful actor challenging t1lshyditional gender jdeologies The role ofindigenous women as leaders oflocal regional

and national social movements has been a crudal faeror in womens gains in poJitjca[

Menschenrechte in lateinamerika 1SiederlSierra bull

and judicial spheres Through their leadership roles women have pioneered changes

in gender relations within their communities and societies in the face of persistent

gender and racial discrimination In some contexts indigenous women leaders emshyphasize the primordial importance of securing collective righrs For their peoples and do not en unciare a gender perspective ai such In other contexts women leaders also

emphasize the importance ofreflecrlng on gender relarions within their communiries

In both cases they are challenging rraditionally ascribed gender roles and in so doing indiretdy and directly changing the namre of communiry justice systems

INDIGENOUS JUSTICE SYSTEMS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES FOR INDIGENOUS WOMEN

PaxrJarchal ideologies which reinforce gender inequalities are presem in both official and non-state justice systems However dearly indigenous justice systems offer a numher of benefits and challenges for indigenous women in Latin America The nashyture of indigenous justice systems varies enormously according to specific historical environmental l oulturatand poHticai contexts Nonetheless research on these systems

has long emphasized a series of benefits they offer indigenou peoples induding linguistic and culrural accessibHiry speed COSt physical proximity and the absence of ethnic discriminarion While womens voice is not guaranteed and gender bias remains (women are notablyabsenr inmost communal authority systems) indigenous justice puts more emphasis 00 dLalogue IjsteHJog to the plaindffs and often to a broad range of parries jovolved in disputes and tries ro reach conciliated solutions When

indigenous women have aocess to their own justice sysrems they do nor have ro bce the discrimination racism and inefficiency they experience wirhin rhe S[lte justice system Prevaiiing cultural modds and imeracrive patterns within community jlmice

forums are hased on common discursive frames ofreference andin general women are aware of the norms procedures and aurhorities wtthin their communities available to them in ltasfS of disputes Communal justice proceedings aurhorities invariably place an emphasis on listening to the parries in a conflict and realthing conciliared

scrrlemenrs In general indigenous justice systems emphasize (he reparation of harm or damage through recognition ofwrongdoing but also through financial compensashytion or reparulons in kind Ifa case is not resolved satisfactorily this affeC[s not only

f

~j

F

r

5 There is an extensive ethnographic literature on indigenous jusrice systems in Latin America See for example ChavcuGarda 2004 ChenamlSierra 1995 Collier 9T3 FernAndez 200G Garcia 2002 Martinez 2004 Nader 1990 Orellana llalktt 2004 Padilla 2OOS PefiaJumpa 2004 Sanchez2010 Seder 1997 Sierra 2004 Stavenhagettllrurralde 1989]ervCl) 2008

45

44

zfmr 2 12011

the parties to a dispute bur also their families and often rhe whole community For

this reason the communiry as a whole often acts as a guarantor of the resolution or

agreemem reached in a se[[iemem Resolution within the community also ensures the

following up ofcases and [he continued accessibility ro authorities for the plaintiffs6

Evidently recourse to indigenous justice systems offers significant benefits in terms of

access to justice procedures take place in the plaintiffs native language and within their

own communities and frames of cultural reference Yet this does nor of course guaranshy

tee harmonious inter-communal relations or prevent gender bias and discrimination

Women are effectively being judged by the men of their communities or on occasion

by their own families in accordance with patriarchal srrucrures and ingrained gender

ideologies This tends to mean rhat certain violarions of indigenous womens rights are

not dealt wirh adequarely by communal authoriries For example in disputes over land

and inheritance indigenous authorities often favor male dependenrs even when national

legislation mandates non-discrimination In cases where women appeal ro communal

authorities ro ensure rhat men contribure rowards the maintenance of their children in

cases ofabandonment often little is done to ensure they meer their payments In cases

ofviolence sexual and non-sexual available evidence suggests thar rhe vasr majority of

indigenous women lack adequate access to justice borh in state and non-srate justice

systems (ASIESOACNUDH 2008 Calla et a1 2005) In many senses a culture offear

shame and silence prevails in cases ofsexual abuse and rape as it does in non-indigenous

contexts the world over Although it is difficult ro generalize indigenous justice sysrems

generally do nor adequately guarantee adequate access to justice for indigenous women

and girls when such abuses occur Spousal violence and abuse is frequent and commonshy

place but for a number of reasons women victims ofsuch abuse lack adequate access to

jusrice wirhin indigenous justice systems Firsr economic dependence on men means

thar women are generally reluctant to denounce such violence Second rhe exisrence of

a parriarchal culture where women are supposed to be submissive and obedient ro rheir

husbands also mitigates rheir access ro justice Third in addition rhe social sancrion

against women who speak ill oftheir parmer is srrong - denouncing violence may mean

women are signaled within the communities as bad wives These factors all point ro a

profound lack ofaccess to adequate recourse for women and girls suffering physical and

sexual violence Indigenous women activisrs and the movements they form increasingly

focus on how to ensure rhar community justice systems guarantee respecr and prorecshy

6 These general features are reponed in mosr research on indigenous jusrice sysrems in Larin America HowfVer rheir specific narure depends on [he conreXI

46

Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika 1SiederSierra III

cion for women and girls In some places these efforrs are supported by changes within

the official jusrice system which in recenr years has seen the inrroducrion of differenr

institutions aimed at improving womens access ro jusrice and ensuring rhat states meer

their international obligations ro guarantee gender equality

Strategies to increase indigenous womens access to justice in the region

For rhe majority of indigenous women in Larin America the defense of indigenous

peoples colleaive rights is rhe framework wirhin which rhey conceptualize rheir

righrs as women7 Indigenous womens demands also occur wirhin the context of the

prom orion of rights consciousness by many acrors - srare international NGOs and

social movements Gender relarions are socially and historically consttucred within

specific contexrs and places Across Latin America ar borh local and regional levels

a culmrally sensitive gender perspeC[ive and certain critiques of hegemonic liberal

feminism are gaining ground (Cumes 2009 Mendez 2009 Sanchez 2005) Although

different languages exisr ro talk abour indigenous womens rights - from righrs-based

discourses ro demands based on complemenrarity and cosmovisiOrt - there is a conshy

sensus regarding rhe centrality of identity politics The FIMI Report (International

Indigenous Womens Forum 2006) is especially clear in stressing for example rhe

need ro undersrand gender roles and indigenous womens perspectives when dealing

with domesric violence and community discriminarion rowards women Nevertheshy

less many of rhe programs developed by official insritutions and NGOs thar aim to

suppOrt womens righrs in indigenous regions of Larin Ametica rend to promote a

liberal vision of righrs without raking cultural values into account

It is not easy ro undersrand thar for indigenous women confronting gender oppresshy

sion somerimes rhe besr solurion is not ro leave rhe abusive husband rhis could imply

grave consequences for the woman and her family for example ro be subject ro social

ostracism or to lose access to land and the family home and ultima rely membership

of her cultural group Imprisoning men may in fact increase womens difficulries in

maintaining rheir families For rhese reasons womens organizarions are lookingfororher

legal remedies to confront domestic violence drawing on their own cultural models

based on conciliation and dialogue and at rhe same rime incorporating a crirical view

7 See (he Complemenrary Repon ro me Smdy of Violence againsr Women Mairin IWANKA RAYA

prepared by FIMI (2006) Cnnningham (2003) 8 The rerm cosmovisi6n refers to indigenous peoples worldviews

47

I_ zfmr212011

48

ofsome traditions and customs drawing on the very language ofrights (International

Indigenous Womens Forum 2006 32) A critical and culturatly sensitive perspective

on indigenous womenls righrs seems to be the only effective way to develop straregies

to discuss violence and discrimination within communities and to guarantee womens

access to justice both to indigenous community and state judicial insdtutions

Justice reforms to promote gender equality and governmental efforts to improve

indigenous womens access to jusrice in Guatemala Ecuador Peru Mexicogt Bolivia

and other countries have meant an increased number offorums to which indigenous

women can make recourse) ouch a for example ombudsmans offices the govern~

mental Deftnsoria de fa Mujer lndigena (DEM) in Guatemala Comari de fa Mujer in Ecuador Casas de Refugio in Peru Defensorias de fa Mujerin Bolivia or Indigenous

Womens Healrh Centers in Mexico (Franco ValdiviaGonzalez Luna 2009 ungl

KuciJ 2009) However while rhese institutions and other multicultural poiiltles dishyrected at indigenous women open alternarives ro deal with gender discrimination and

oppression rhey do not necessarily guarantee indigenous womens access to jusrice in

aU spheres particularly criminal justice

Social movements and indigenous organizations are also promoting new fOrms of

access to justice offering conciliation services and legal aid or supraltommunal jusrjce

forums that are nor officially recognized by the state These also provide new alternatives

fur indigenous women to seek justice within their wmmunirjes or to navigate between

different legal forums This is the C2lte of rhe acaid indJgenas (non-governmental

indigenous mayotalties) in Gremala (SiederlMacleod 2009) the Zapatista honor

tribunals in the Juntas de Buett Crobierno in zaparisra communities in Chiapas Mexico

(Mora forrhcoming) rhe Regional Coordination ofIndigenous Authorities in Guerrero

(Sierra 2009 20 10) and [he successful organization in Chlmborazo Ecuador to secufe

specific dauses against gender violence wirhin the new pind-national constirution

(LanglKucia 2009) These efforts and initiatives to increase womens access w justice

underline the fact [hat gender equity is a lcgitimare pan of the agenda of indigenous

movements something which was not necessarily [he case in me pasr Indigenous

women ltlre nor only victims ofdomestic violence they have also developed strategies

to confront oppressive and intolerable conditions as is the case with legal remedies

and new initiatives co confront gender violence (lnrernational In(tigenous Womens

Forum 2006)

Menschenrechte in Laleinamerika ISiederSierra-__

ConcluSions

Indigenous peoples in Larin America suffer systematic lack ofaccess to justice in state

legal systems srrucrural exclusion and discrimination parricularly affect indigenous

women In this article we have analyzed rhe challenges and benefits for indigenous

women when they try to access justice in indigenous legal systems We have stressed

the need to consider normarive frameworks legal awareness access to appropriate

juscice forums and the achievement ofsatisfactory remedies The gradual recognition

oftegal pluralism~ as well as the incorporation of international standards on womens

rights within sratutory law is shaping the prospects for improved access to justice

for indigenous women across [he continenr The recognition of indigenous peoples

collective righrs and particularly rheir righrs to autonomy is the framework within

which ro advance indigenous womens demand fOr gender equity and more dignified

lives As we have argued here the struggle to guarantee indigenous womens rights

in practice is inexrricably linked to broader struggles against inequality poverty rashy

cism and discrimination Indigenous women face multiple forms of oppression and

discrimination (on the hasis oftheirerhnicity dass and gender) and confront different

obsrades in order to access justice While the reasons for lack or access ro justice or

the barriers involved in specific cases depend on rhe context j we have identified a

number ofcommon contriburing factors poverty discriminarion violence exercised

by state and non state anors and lack of womens participarion in public life We

have also stressed that indigenous women are nor only victims they are also actors

generating important and innovative social practiccs to combat gender oppression

and access ro jusrice

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Coordinadora de la Mujer y Defensor del Pueblo 45middot197 CaHa Pamela et a1 2005 Rompiendo silencim una aproximacion a la violencia sexual y a1 maltrato

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Camus Manuela 2008 La sorpresita del Norte Mlgradon international y comunidad en Hueshyhuetenango Gut(cmala INCEDES-CFDFOG

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y poHucas de mujeres cn America Larina fCU3cior FLACSO 29-52 Cunningham Kain Mirtlll 2003 Us muJetes indigeffiis en el derecho internacional in Rev Meshy

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Vkrimas Sujeros y Ac(ores Lima InnitHto de Defensa Legal Garda Feruando 2002 Formas indfgenas de adminimar jus[icia Ecuador fLACSo Hernandez Castillo Rosalva Aida 2004 E1 derecho positive y la cosrumbre juridica las mujeres

indfgenas de Chiapas y sus luchas por el acceso a la jusdcia in Torre~ Marra (cd) Violenda contra las mujeres en cont(X(()s Urb3no~ y rurales Mexico Colegio de M6xko

Hernandez Cruaillo AidaOrtizmiddotElizondo Hector 2010 Peritaje amropologioo wbre el caw de Ines Fernandez Ortega ante La Corte lnterameriClnadeDerechos Humanos (unpublished document)

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Martinez Juan Carlos 2004 Derechos indfgenas en los juzgados Un anilisls del campo oaxaqueno en la region mlxe OaxacaMexico Fondo Editorial lEPPO

desde ia neccsidad in Hernandez R Aida (ed) e historias de resistencia procesm orgnlizariv05 y nuevas idemida Mexi CIESAS 2008

Mendez Gerogina 2009 Miradas de genero de las mujetes indlgenas en Ecuador Colombia y Mexico in Pequeno Andrea (ed) Participacion y poHticas de mujere5 indtgenas en Am~rica Latina Ecuador FLACSO 53middot72

Mora Mariana (furthcoming) La jillticia zapari5ta frente lali logicas de la guerra de baja imensidad in Sierra TeresalHernandezAidaSieder Rachd (eels) De las rdormas multiculrurales al fin de reconocimienro Jusdda puehlos indfgenas yviolencia en Mexico yGuiltemala Mexico CIESAS

Nader Laura 1990 Harmony Ideology Justice and Conlrol in iI Zapol1X Mountain Village StilnshypoundOrd University Press

Orellana Halkyer Rene 2004 Interlegalidad y campos iurfdicos Discunm y derecho en la conshyEiguraci6n de orden~ scmiauronomos en comunidades quechlla~ de Bolivia Univeuiry of Amsterdam (Phd th~is)

Padilla Guillermo 2008 La Hisroria de Chico SultXsos en (OtnO al pluralismo juridico en Guatemala un Dais mayorlnulamente indigena in Huber Rudolf et 1 (cds) Hacia Si~remas Jurldkos I)lushy

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Menschenrechte in Lateinamenka ISiederISierra__

raies Rdh~jones y cxperiencias de Coordinaci6n entre e1 derecho esratal y d derecho indigena Mexico Konrad Adenauer-S[iftung

Pena Jumpa Antonio Alfonso 2004 Poder judicial comunal armara en el sur andino Bogotal Colombia [LSA

Pequeno Bueno Andrea 2009 Violencia dt ~nero y mecanismos de resolud6n cofIluniraria en comunidadcslndlgenas de fa sierra eCll3foriana in MiriamKucia Anna (cds) Mujeres

indigenas r junicia ancestral QuitofEcuador UNJFEM 8189 S~nchC7 Esther 2010 Jusdcia y Pueblos lndlgenas de Colombia Bogota Univenidad Nacional de

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Mexico UNIFEMfInsritutode LlderaztO Simone de Beauvoir Siecier Rachd 1997 CUStomary Law and Democratic TrnnsJrion tn Guatemala London Institute

of Larin American Srudies Siider RachdMadcod Morna 2009 Genero dtreclw y oosmovision maya en Guatemala in

nl~acaro5 No 31 51-72 Sierra Maria Teresa (eamp) 2004 Hadendo JU$ticia Imetlegalidad derecho y genero en regionegt

indigenas Mexico CIESASICimlra de DipuradosJGrupo EdilOrial Miguel Angel Porrua Sierra Maria Teresa 2009 Las mujere$ indigenas ante Iii justkia comunicaria Perspectivas desde la

inrerculruralidad y los derechos in Desaaaos VoL 31 73-88 Sierra Marfa Teresa 2010 Justkia comunitaria reivindicaci6n de dCf(~cho~ y apuestas comraheshy

gem6nicas emrc la regulacion y la Itnancipadcin La experienda de la pulida comunitaria de Guerrero (unpublished paper)

Sravenhagen Rodolfollturrnlde Diego (eds) 1990 Emre la ley y la cosrumbrc El derecho consushyerudinado indigena en America Larina Mbiro Insciruro Indigenisra InrcramerianoInsrituto

Inreramericano de Derechos Humanos 1erven Adriana 2008 La experiencia organiutiVAde Cuerza1an Mexioo PhD thesis Mexico OESAS VindnillaJairne 2009 Las mujeres en b justioa comuniraria vcrimas sujero y actoras Un (Studio

comparuivQ cnffe Ecuador y Peru in Lang MiriamlKuda Anru (ed) Mujeres indlgena$ Y ancestral QuifoEcuador UNJFEM 73middot79

2011 Derecho y jurisdiccion descolonizaci6n in Garaviro

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Buenos Aires

51

zeitschrift fOr menschenrechte journal for human rights

Herausgeber Tessa Debus I Regina Kreide I Michael Kreonerich I Karsten MaJOWltz Arnd Pollmann I Susanne Zwingef

Wissenschaft- Zehra Arat (Purchase Colfege New York)

Ifcher Beirat Heiner Bielefeldt (FriedrichwAlexanderUniv Erlangen-Numborg) Marianne Braig (Freic Universit~t Berlin) Horst Fischer (RuhrwUniversftrtlt Bochum) Rainer Forst (Johann WOlfgang Goethe-Universitat FrankfurtlM)Kar~Peter Fritzsche (Otto-von-Guertcke-Unversilit Magdeburg) Brigitte Hamm (fnstitut fur Intwicklung und Frieden Duisburg) Rainer Huhlo (NOrnberger MenschenrechtszenfrUm) Paul Martin (Human Rights Center Columbia Unfversify) Anja Mihr (Utrecht University)

Uta Ruppert (Johann Wolfgang GoetheUniversitat FrankurlM) Rainer Schmaz~8runs (LeibniL Universfat Hannover) Beale Wagner (Deutsche GesellsChaft fUr die Vereinten Naliotien Berlin) Annette Zirnmer (WesttJllsche Wifhefms-Universitttt Munster)

ReaakUons- Redaktion zeitSchrrft fOr menschenrechte co NOrnberger Menschenrechts~ anschriff zcntrUlll Hans~SaChs-Pjatz 2 90403 Nurnberg zfmrmenschenreCheorg Reviewverlahren Die eingereichten Boitrage durchlaufen eln Reviewverfahren

FinanzieU unterstOtzt wird diese Ausgabe durch das 8undesministerium fOr Wirtschafticho Zusammenarbeit und EntwickIung (8M2) und das Sektorvorhaben Menschenrechte umsetshyzen In der Entwicklungsusammenarbeit das die Deutsche Gesellschsft fUr InternatronajeZusammcnarboit (GIZ) im AUftrag des 8MZ durchfUhrt

Bezugsbedingungen Es erschoinen zwel Hefte pro Jahr Preise Eltlzeheft euro 1980 Jahres aboprels euro 3400 Sonderpreis fOr ReferendareStudierende (gegon Vorlage einer entspreshychenden Bescheinigung) Jahresabo euro 1700 aile Praise agl Versandkosten KOndigung Acht Wochen (bis 3110) vor Jahresschluss Bankverbrndung Postbank Frankfurt Konto-Nr 0003770608 BLZ 500 100 60 Zahlungsweise Uoferung gagen Rechung oder Lastschrihgewunschte Zahlungsweise angeben

Erscheint im Wochenschau Verlag Dr Kurt Debus GmbH Verleger Bernward Debus Ur~ula Buch

AnzeigeoleitlJng Brigitte Bell Toi 062011340279 Fax 062011182599 bngittebellWoChenschauverlag de

ISSN 1864-6492 ISBN 978-3w89974742~3 Wwzeitschriftfuerrnenschenrechtede The journal is avaHablo at EBSeO

waCHEN WOlttlenschau Verlag AdoffDamaschke StreBe 10 bull 65824 SchwalbachfTs- SCHAU_ Tel 06196106065 Fax 06196186060 info wochenschaJJ~verragdeVERLAG WWNwocnenschau-vellagde

Inhalt I zfmr 2 I ltUc_--I INHALT

Editorial 5

Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika

Sonia Cardenas Forking Paths and SOCial Complexity Rethinking Human Rights Progress in Latin America 11

Helen Ahrens Die Zukunfi als Herausforderung des Rechts -Gedanken zur (Menschen )Rechlspolitik in Lateinamerika 26

Rachel Sleder Maria Teresa Sierra Indigenous Womens Access 10 Juslice In LaUn America 36

Sergio Costa GUilherme Leite Gonalves Human Rights as Collective Entitlement Afro-Descendants in Lalin America and the Caribbean 52

Nina Schneider Brasllianische Wahrheitskommission nach zahlrelchen Kompromissen endlich ratitizierl 72

Gewelt Gedenken und Gerechtigkelt Ein Gesprach mit dem peruenischen Philosophen Salomon Lerner Febres 88

Hintergrund

Pablo de Greiff Some ThQughts on the Development and Present State of Transitional Justice 98

Veronika Haasz Die Nationalen Menschenrechtsinstitutionen als Grundsleine starker innerstaatlicher Rechtsschutzsysleme 130

Armin Paasch Ole Rolle der Menschenrechte in der EUmiddotHandclspolitik -Eine kritische Bcsrandsaufnahme 146

Inga Winkler Die Leitprinzipien zu Wirtschafi und MenschenrechlenshyFortschritt oder Ruckschritl im Bereich der menschenrechllichen Verantwortung von Unternehmen 164

Forum

Lehren aus der Hungersnol in Afrika - und die Bedeutung der Menschenrechte In der EntwlckiungsLusammenarbeit Interview mit dem Bundesminister Dirk Niebel 184

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