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SAMUM – Earth Care Final Data Meeting -
ESA Estec, 03.04.2007 -
Michael Esselborn, DLR
HALO Mission on Midlatitude Cirrus ML - CIRRUS
Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre
Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Petzold
with input fromMartina Krämer, Manfred Wendisch, Marc Rautenhaus, Christiane
Voigt
Slide 2
Overview>
Mission status
>
Science background
>
ML-CIRRUS Consortium and Responsibilities
>
Mission Objectives and Examples
>
Scientific Payload
>
Mission Preparation
Status of Mission Preparation
Slide 3
ML-Cirrus awaits certifications
Slide 4
The HALO mission ML-CIRRUS is part of the HALO demonstration missions which will demonstrate the capabilities of the new research aircraft HALO for performing complex atmospheric research studies.
ML-CIRRUS focuses on the investigation of natural cirrus clouds and on cirrus clouds modified by aviation.
The mission is a joint activity of several German research centres and universities.
The ML-CIRRUS Mission requires availability of HALO with certified noseboom, Lidar
window, liquid cooling system, dropsondes, 4
types of inlets, and underwing-PMS-carrierersBecause if delayed availability of these basics, and season-dependent
other missions, ML-CIRRUS is not yet scheduled, possibly in autumn 2010.
HALO will operate from OP, in total 70 flight hours are available. Falcon will operate parallel to HALO for specific flight missions in the Shannon area at the eastern border of the North Atlantic Region NAR, 25 flight hours are available.
Mission status
Slide 5
Cirrus clouds are important modulators’ of Earth-Atmosphere system, e.g. radiative fluxes
Lat cover?
tau?
Ice water con tent
particle size distribution?
particle shape as a function of size?
Slide 6
cirrus formation in a warm conveyor belt calculated using the trajectory tool LAGRANTO [Spichtinger
et al., 2005a].
Colours: pressure; Black lines: potential flight routes.
Cirrus clouds are important modulators’ of Earth- Atmosphere system, e.g. atmospheric dynamics
strong
updraft
pressure/hPa
Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) cirrus
High pressure cirrus region
moderate updraft
Slide 7
180 200 220 24010-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
CIRRUS SOLVE POLSTAR CRYSTAL-F EUPLEX INCA-NH INCA-SH SCOUT
HN
O3/H
2O m
olar
ratio
in ic
e
T (K)(Voigt, Schlager, Ziereis, Kärcher, Schiller, Krämer, et al., 2006)
Cirrus change atmospheric composition•
e.g. HNO3 uptake: function of temperature and particle sizes
(Schäuble, Voigt et al., ACP, 2009)
Slide 8
HALO-ML-Cirrus Mission Aviation Induced Cirrus (AIC) - Main Goals
Provide observations on AIC to verify that air traffic induces measurable changes of the cirrus cover at time scales of minutes to days. Provide test cases for model simulations of the contrail cirrus formation within and in the lee of major aircraft flight corridors.Determine the quality of meteorological prediction models required to compute the meteorological fields on which AIC formation depends.Investigate the ice particle dynamics and aging processes from particle nucleation until particle aggregation, sedimentation, turbulent mixing, dilution, and dry-out.Look for information which helps to decide whether the AIC is mainly due to contrails (water vapour
emissions or aerodynamically induced) or mainly due to
particle emissions. Find out about the potential of heterogeneously formed ice particle to re-nucleate. Find out about the relationship between contrail properties and the source aircraft.Determine the radiative impact of contrail cirrus and cirrus on
terrestrial radiation.
Look for information which properties determine the role of soot
in ice formation.
Slide 9
HALO-ML-Cirrus Mission Natural Cirrus Cloud (NCC) - Main Goals
Investigation of representative natural mid latitude frontal cirrus and high-pressure system cirrus.Measurement of microphysical, chemical, and radiative properties
of cirrus
including in-cloud as well as clear-sky supersaturation using improved instrumentation.Investigation of the development of macroscopic, microphysical, chemical, and radiative properties during the lifetime of cirrus clouds.Estimation of the radiative properties of natural mid latitude cirrus in order to determine the impact of “anthropogenic perturbations”
(e.g. contrails, additional
heterogeneous IN) more precisely.Reality check for cirrus cloud forecast models in comparison with measurements.Probing the chemical processing of air (halogen activation/denoxification) in orographically induced lee wave cirrus.
Slide 10
DLR -
IPA
Mission coordination, coordination of Aviation Cirrus part.
Operation of Lidar, dropsondes, NOy
, aerosol microphysics, mass spectrometry, air mass tracers PERTRAS, CO, O3
,CO2
Coordination of forecast team with significant contributions from ETH-Z.
FZJ
Measurement of water vapour, cloud microphysics; coordination of Synoptic Cirrus part.
FZK
Measurement of cloud microphysics.
MPI-C
Aerosol mass spectrometry.
IfT
Leipzig
Operation of Counterflow
Virtual Impactor, measurement of cirrus particle residuals.
Univ. Mainz Measurement of cloud microphysics.
Univ. Leipzig Radiation measurements (formerly Univ. Mainz).
Univ. Frankfurt
Measurement of ice nuclei.
Univ. Heidelberg
Operation of a DOAS system.
ML-CIRRUS Consortium and Responsibilities, DFG support
Slide 12
Diurnal cycle of Meteosat-dervived
cirrus cover in phase with traffic over North Atlantic Region
Lidar
measures optical depth and identifies structures which can be explained by contrail cirrus
CALIPSO shows large scale cirrus structures with indications for
avaqiton impact
Examples
Slide 13
Cirrus cover identifcation from Meteosat Data
(Krebs, Mayer et al., 2007)
NAR EUR
MeCiDa algorithm detects cirrus- cover τ>0.2 at day and night from the 7 Seviri-IR channels, 15 min, 3-5 km resolution
Slide 14
ATD und MeCiDa
for 3 days
Slide 15
Time/h0 6 12 18 24
Cirr
us C
over
0.370
0.375
0.380
0.385
0.390
0.395
0.400
0.405
ATD
/(km
-1 h
-1)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Annual mean cirrus cover and air traffic density (ATD)
Δc ≅
1 %
2 to 6 h delay
Δc ≅
1 % is about 2 x more than expected line-shaped contrails cover (Marquardt et al., 2003)
Can we explain amplitude and delay time?
Amplitude of OLR-signal: 30 x larger than predicted!?(Graf et al., 2009)
Slide 16
Cirrus mapping Falcon flight on 18-10-2008 3-D View of HSRL Backscatter ratio at 532 nm
(M. Wirth et al., 2008)
Slide 17
complete layer without hot spots
Cirrus Mapping 18-10-2008 Backscatter and optical depth: Contrail cirrus
(Wirth et al., 2008)
Slide 18
Lidar-HSRL-tau can be explained by cirrus from ECMWF superposed by contrails from CoCiP model
(Schumann and Wirth, EGU, 2009)
Slide 19
CALIPSO: Synoptic cirrus in November 2007 over NAR:
extending 1000 km N-S and 5 km vertically
(data collected by S. Kox)
Slide 20
CALIPSO: Contrail Cirrus over the NAR?
(S. Kox, K. Graf, A. Dörnbrack, M. Rautenhaus, U. Schumann)
Slide 21
CALIPSO: Contrail Cirrus over the NAR?
Slide 22
HALO Range
for return flights to OP without re-fuelling stops.
Assumptions:full payload including 4 persons on board;max fuel 35000 lbconsumption 3000 lb/h
Slide 24
Generic HALO flight pattern for the outbound NAR survey flight traversing the North Atlantic Region (NAR), heading to Gander (CYQX) for an overnight stop; refuelling stop is planned for Shannon (EINN).
Slide 25
Generic HALO flight pattern for the inbound NAR survey flight flight leeward of the main traffic routes, taking off from Gander, heading to Oberpfaffenhofen.
Slide 28
Study regions for WCB cirrus (red) and HP cirrus (green):Different velocity regimes of cirrus clouds in the vicinity of a
warm conveyor belt
[from Spichtinger et al., 2005]. Reddish colours
indicate stronger vertical updrafts, triggered by the warm conveyor belt, whereas bluish colours
indicate
low vertical updrafts, associated with the companioning high-pressure system.
Slide 29
Generic HALO flight pattern for a WCB flight, combining the probing of the WCB inflow region and the cirrus region.
Slide 30
Vertical profile of the flight pattern for a combined remote sensing and in-situ probing of cirrus clouds.
Lidar-MTP level FL 400, including dropsonde release
cloud topcloud centre
cloud base
Albedometer level FL 270
WCB cirrus at FL 300
horizontal extension
altit
ude
/ hft
Lidar-MTP level FL 400, including dropsonde release
cloud topcloud centre
cloud base
Albedometer level FL 270
WCB cirrus at FL 300
horizontal extension
altit
ude
/ hft
Vertical profile for Cirrus RS and In-Situ Flight
Slide 31
April
Sufficient cloud ice water content at 300 - 200 hPa in all seasons
(M. Rautenhaus)
November
Slide 32
Active aerosol & cloud remote sensing H2O DIAL + HSR channel
DLR -
IPA
H2
O and cirrus profiles
Aerosol properties Aerosol/ice size distribution,
DLR-IPA interstitial aerosol properties,
SP-2, absorption photometer DLR-IPA soot particle number and mass Aerosol mass spectrometer
MPI-C
aerosol chemical composition
Activated aerosol fraction INC and frost point hygrometer
Uni
F
potential ice nuclei fraction
Cloud microphysics & optics Small ice detector
FZK
cirrus particle morphology
Cloud Combination Probe
Uni
MZ
ice particle size distribution Cloud and Precipitation Probe FZJ
Cloud residuals CVI + aerosol microphysics
IfT
ice cloud residual properties
Water vapour, total water FISH
FZJ
H2
O and IWC HAI FZJ/FZK/HD H2
O -TDL, gas-phase H2
O ISOWAT
FZK
gas-phase H2
O
ML-CIRRUS Instrumentation and Support
Slide 33
Energy Budget: SPARM (solar, spectral)
LIM
radiances, irradiances
Pyrgeometer
(terrest., integral)
DLR
Trace gases
LIMB DOAS Uni
HD H2
O partitioning, extinction, CO2
, CH4, NO2
, OClO, BrO O3
, CO
DLR-IPA air mass tracers PERTRAS
DLR-IPA perfluorcarbon
air mass tracer
gaseous and
particulate NOy
DLR-IPA aviation tracer, cirrus effects on O3
AIMS (ionisation MS )
DLR-IPA
heterogeneous chemistry
Meteorology: dropsondes
DLR-IPA
vertical profiles of p, T, RH, wind
microwave temperature profiler DLR-IPA
T profile in-situ vertical wind, p, T, RH
HALO
Cirrus and Contrail Forecast: Contrail-Cirrus prediction tool
DLT-IPA
Natural cirrus prediction ETH-Z and flight planning
ML-CIRRUS Instrumentation and Support
Slide 34
Demonstrator for the Spaceborne Mission Water vApor
Lidar Experiment in Space
Instrument Features:
•
simultaneous H2
O measurement at four wavelength (coverage of boundary layer to lower stratosphere; humidity measurement inside cirrus clouds)
•
aerosol characterisation: backscatter, extinction (HSRL), depolarisation, colour ratio
Multi-wavelength LIDAR WALES
Slide 35
ML-CIRRUS Instrumentation and SupportHALO Inlets:
L: Counterflow
Virtual
Impactor
R: Interstitial
aerosol inlet
L: Standard trace
gas inlet
R: HAI (H2
O -
TDL)
Slide 36
SID3
CAPS
MTP
CCPCAS-DPOL
UHSAS-A
ML-CIRRUS Instrumentation and Support
Slide 37
Floorplan
Slide 38
Rack # Instrument Partner Measured property
#5, 6, 14, 15
H2
O DIAL + HSR channel
DLR-IPA H2
O profile, 100m vertical
resolution, 1 km horizontal resolution; vertical
profiles
of aerosol/cirrus
properties
such as extinction, depolarisation, lidar ratio
and colour
ratio, vertical
resolution
15 m, horizontal resolution
20 m.
#1 CVI inlet
+ aerosol microphysics
IfT microphysical
properties
of cloud
residual particles
#2 IN counter
FINCH Uni F, IAP ice
nuclei
activation
#3 FISH FZJ water
vapour
mixing
ratio
#3 H2
O -TDL HAI FZJ, FZK, PCI water
vapour
mixing
ratio
#3 ISOWAT FZK water
vapour
mixing
ratio
#9 SP-2 DLR-IPA number
concentration
of soot
particles
#9 SPARM LIM irradiance
solar
#11 gas +
particulate
NOy DLR-IPA NO, NOy
mixing
ratio
#12 ALABAMA MPI-C, IAP aerosol chemical
composition
#17 AIMS DLR-IPA SO2
or
HCl, HNO3
mixing
ratios
by
mass
spectrometry
#18 AMETYST DLR-IPA particle
number
concentration
and size
distribution
(D = 5 -
300 nm) by
multi-
channel
CPC and Twin-DMA;aerosol absorption
at 460, 530 and 660 nm by
multi-wavelength
PSAP;size
distribution
of total and of non-volatile
aerosol by
thermodenuder methods
Slide 39
Rack # Instrument Partner Measured property
#19 AMTEX DLR-IPA O3 mixing
ratio
#19 AMTEX DLR-IPA CO mixing
ratio
#19 PERTRAS Sampler DLR-IPA Air mass
tracer
sampling
system
#20 Dropsondes DLR-IPA Dropsondes alternative to PERTRAS
#20 PERTRAS Release (opt.) DLR-IPA/UniW Air mass
tracer
release
system
#21 Mini DOAS (Boil
room) IUP UV (NO2
, O3
, SO2
, HCHO, BrO, OClO, HONO)
PMS UHSAS DLR-IPA size
distribution
of accumulation
mode particles
by
optical
methods
PMS CAS-D DLR-IPA size
distribution
of accumulation
mode particles
and of cloud/dust
particles
by
optical
methods
PMS CAPS FZJ size
distribution
and morphology
of ice
crystals
and aerosols
PMS SID KIT ice
crystal
shape
and size
distribution
PMS CCP IAP Ice
crystal
shape
PMS MTP DLR-IPA/IMF temperature
profile
DFG funded
projects/instruments
are
highlighted.
Slide 40
Certification
Timeline Instruments:
Completion of certification documents for submission to MPL expected for end of February 2010.
First iteration of documents for in-cabin experiments (NOy, DLR Mass Spectrometer) and PMS instruments with MPL in preparation.
Lidar certification documents finished and submitted to MPL, awaiting response.
Mission certification pending, progress after next meeting with MPL.
Next Steps
Rack integration test scheduled for 28 -
29 October 2009.
Final adjustments for cabin layout and inlet configuration after
the instrument integration test.
Status
Slide 41
Support required from DFG HALO SPP Phase 2
ML-CIRRUS will provide an extensive data set on aerosol -
cirrus interaction and resulting radiative effects.
In Phase1 of the HALO SPP, DFG supported the development and application of several instruments on board of HALO and the testing of instruments at AIDA.
As part of Phase 2 of the HALO SPP, the ML-CIRRUS consortium requires support in the post-campaign phase:
o
HALO flight planning support tool.o
Joint data analysis tools for fixed instrument combinations for specific research subjects (aerosol, water, clouds, radiation).
o
Instrument testing, e.g. in AIDA chamber, for given instrument combination.o
Support of the data analysis process after the experiment
o
Development of cirrus modelling (e.g. 3d effects, WCB, sedimentation, nucleation etc.)
o
Comparison to other remote sensing data (Meteosat, Calipso, ATSR, ground- based Lidar, etc.)