olfic.org · ˇ ˆˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˆ ˚ ˜ ˘ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˛ ˝ ˛ ˝ ˆ ˇ˘˛! " ˆ˙˝ ˛˚˙˜˛
˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝ ˇ ˇ · 2007-07-29 · Title (Microsoft Word - 13 Le ph\351nom\350ne d'induction...
26
! " # $ $ % &’ ( )( $ & $# ( # $ * # $% * + , # , % * # $ % * $ - # $% ./ 0 # $# , & $ ( .( 1 $2 ’ % ’ 2$ ,% ’ $ 22 3 2$ ,4 % ( 1 5
Transcript of ˘ ˇ ˆ˙˝ ˇ ˇ · 2007-07-29 · Title (Microsoft Word - 13 Le ph\351nom\350ne d'induction...
!"# $
$%
&'(
)(
$
&$#(
#$
* #$ %
* +,#,%
* #$ %
* $-#$%
./
0#$#,&$
(
.( 1
$2
' %
'2$,%
' $2232$,4%
(15
+(
'#,%
* +$6%
* +$6%
* +%
)( 76
8 7 (&
∧= %
$ $ 9%
$ %
.(: 1
$2
(#&
#$%
)#2$ $#
8,%
)( '
(;
'2#4
$%
' 1 %
1 #
τ− #
$1#
τ= %
'
τ==
'$ τ
τ ' &
8$8 (
( ' <
• 1
<<(<<&<
τ−∧+=
<$
<(<<&<
∧+= τ
+
<(<<&<
∧+=
σ
τ
• )4
* <8 <
#4 <
8
#8
<<
∧ %
+ <%< ⊥=
σ # <<= <
66
∧+=
* '# <<
66 ⊥<<
= # )= #
' )%= −= # >%=? −σ # <
66 @%? − %
$ 4 A%=?< −−
3
B?<
# A< @%=? −−⊥ %
* )# <%%< <
66
σσ ≈= %
( ' %
• 1
<(&
τ−∧+=
& $(
+
(&<
∧+= σ
C %< ρ+= # ==ρ &
#,$2# = D− (
+ (&
∧+= σ
• '' <
+=
A%=?< −−
# %? −
+ (&
∧+= σ %
E
.( F4( 7&(
• '2
'
%
'
∧+=σ
+
⋅∧+⋅=⋅(&
σ
>&
66 (
⋅∧+⋅=
(&
σ
C
λ
+=+= <
+ ⋅∧+⋅∇−=
(&
λσ
> +−= #$ ⋅∧=
(&
' += &)0(
• 7
'
∧= #$
λ
= %
8#
'
$%
• F
⋅=
# ⋅=
%
• BF4
*
'
λ
= #
⋅
∧−=⋅∧ λ
(&
+
φδ
λλ
−=⋅−=
⋅∧−=⋅
∧−=
>
φ−= %
A
* #
φ−=
# φφ =
φ−= %
• 1
* +
&( '
∧=
&( ;48#G8
%
&( # == => %
' += #$$ =<
BF4
φ
λ
' =>φ # =<−=
φ%
* +
&( '
∧=
+2## 9
+2##H2#I%
&( > ####
& ==−=
φ(
&( > 1
#
$ &
$5( =>−=+=
φ%
(:
' 1 (#&
$2%
'
∂∂−∇−=
• '2
' (&
∧+= σ
+1
⋅∧+⋅∂∂−+⋅∇−=⋅
σ
>#)0
=++= &
= (
'$,%
• :
'
∂
∂−=
%
* %
* ; 1 G# 2 $
15
• F
⋅∂∂−=
' += # + 1G#
%
# : $ $
%
' += = ⋅∂∂−=
#1G%
• BF4 1#
' ⋅∧∇−=⋅−=⋅∂∂−=
>
φ−= %
• 1
'
= %(%& πµφ = &)0(
'2J%
)# (& 8=%
φ # => %
(
$2%
'
∧+
∂∂−= #G
φ−= &(%
K
E(
•
'
φ−== #
φ−= # 1
112$%
• 0
>8 1 φ #8 1 φ #$
(&
φφφ −=−==
#$
1%
($
81
* 'G8F4%
* 0 #,#
$ # 1 2
1
./
'1 4
#$$# $%
)# 1 8 #
%
0 1 # $
# # # G
$# 1%
+8#2$1
(&
∧+= σ
∂∂−∇−=
∂∂−=∧∇
!")(
1
%
D
.(1
(
1
'%
)# 11φ $# =1 >
φ#
=< %+$
$%
)# $ #
1%
'#$ 1 = <φ #
1%
(F
# φ # =>−=
φ#
%
F
∧= %
+%
7#24
>!* 7"#1
5
!# )(L
(
$
%
(1
ω
%ω
M
'-
+−=
'N
φφ −≈−= &(
' %ωφ =⋅=
+ %ωω=
(.
• )4
* $# == %
+ −=
;4%
#,%
*
' =≠
+4
C %
• B$ 1
*
' !-%
$# #
+$ %(& −=−
+O % %
+
%=
' %= %
*
" −=−= O
C += %
+ % " −= %
• B$O& (
' θδ #$ =
+ 4#
##
% +== ∆ =
ω# ## −=
+ $$ δδ −= %
=
CC1/
$ −== φδ &(
+ " =# %
• .
'8$%
C
& P(
.(C
C4
& Ω
θ'
''# #*%
$ &$ (
&
%
()44
• > #$8,$# 18$$%
• 7 G8 $ #
$*$%
(
' %ωθ = $ =ω %
• ;
* $
' =
φ−= #$ 1 φφφ += %
' & ( *#
=φ %
)# ' +=+Ω−= (&(& =φωφ
'N '==φ Ω−= ω &!"(
)#$
(&=
φ=+
* J
' (& ϕ+=
+1 ϕ = # %(& =φ−=+
• C
* ;
&( ' & '#(&=φ−=∧=
&( )
'θφ
∂∂=∆ #
' $θ 1
(& ' Ω−= θφ (&= Ω−−=∂∂ θφθφ
5
* C4
( )
=
=
==
(&
<(&
#
+−=
+−−=
−=×=>< ∆
φφ
φφ
>< ∆#
Q*8*ω $$
>< ∆#
ω
(F
•
' =># &
#(
• $&Q*8*(
##
% −>=< ∆
ω
• +
* ==
ω
Ω ω
>< ∆#
> ## > 2%
> =## < 2%
> = ### << 1 2%
* >2
82
> 8# ω ## <>< ∆ # =<
ω #ω $G8=%
>2 ω #ω $8G8 %
$# 82%
; $## >= & =>
ω(
= ### << # 2
%
E($
' ≠= ωθ
• $
##% −= ∆∆θ
• B
* 2
&( θ &θ $$ ( (
&( ' ωθ >=<
* $2
&( ' ωθ =><(
&( ω $$ (( >>
θ
•
' ##
% −>=< ∆∆
ω
•
; 8 ==ω # =>
ω# ## >=
' $
%
A(
.297
'22, %
) # 2 # Ω= =
#
)%= Ω=
G1221#
Ω= =# *
%= Ω=
+= #%
(F(+
$& (
2 $2#$
&$$2(
(
• P
* F8#8
%= ω=
'$:%
* %
$#
' 4 $# G
)#G2&$(#
F%
• F
*
7 $%
*
; F%
# $%
)
FF
'
%
E
C & F
7 8$(
;,
#
%
F&(
! )(2
(
• :
' 82
−==
φ
• 7
'2&!"(
*
' +=
' =
φ−=
φ−= %
*
4%
(
• '
(&
∧+= σ
• C1/IF4
∂∂−=∧∇
#Γ 1
φ−=⋅Γ
(C$
R (#&
$2$ #
$
* ' 4
(& ∧+=
* C1/IF4
∂∂−=∧∇
A
.(BJ
' 8=J%
'2$%
()44
* $
* ,$
%
(>4
8 +& 4
#
4 %
'
∂∂−=∧∇
# 4
4
%+ θθ &
(###& //= %
')0 &
=µ= %
(
%
'41
' ⋅∂∂−=⋅∧∇=⋅
+
= %%%
πµπ −=
+ θµ
=−= %
E(
6−
6
' )%λ= #
)
)
)))))#
==
%% λµµλλ −=
−==∆
)
#
=
6
6
=E
λµλµ −=
−=
−∆
+#
∆∆ = #% θ
>
=
E
λµθ −=
λµθ =
−=
) == # ==θ =
0 +∞→ # "ωθ = == %
'
"
λµω =
= %
$ $ $ $
8=%
(S
Qθθ
+
,-
-
2
+#+,2%
• '+8$ =ω %
* )44
+G8#$ 1# %
7+$$+%
' 7%
*
' =+ = &4(
+F4#
φ−= # (Q&
Q% =
θθφπθθπφ −=−××= N
%
=
=φ
)# (Q& == ωθφ −=
) 7
⋅∧=⋅
+
=
=
Q
Q
=
Q
%(%&Q%(QQ%&
ωθ
θθ θθ
&
&
−=
⋅∧+⋅∧=⋅
)#1 (Q& == ωθφ −=
K
*
+8 Q+ 81+&#
#% =∆ Qθ %
&B# +&#
#G1(
'
∧=
+
#
&&
&
%%%
((%&%&
((&%&
−=⋅∧∧=
⋅∧∧=
# =φ# −=
'$$1$
θθφ
∂∂=Q
#
* C$
' =
=
QQ ωωωϕ
=+∆ %
N QQ θω = %
+ ( )τωω 6
= Q −−= N
=
φτ ∆= %
* +
G8 4%
)2 # 1 $ ,$# ==
φ#
== #1%> #4$
>$ 2#, %
=→ # =Q ωω = #18
%
* .
QQθθ ∆== %
& Qθ∆= % (
P =
'8+
= ##
% +=∆
ω
+ = φ## −=−=
&$+8+,# Q## ++ ## −= (
D
+ === ωφω # −=×=
'$ += #$ 5
• ) == # =Q== θθ
=> # $ $ +#
+∞
=∆=
θθ
' Qθ∆
' (Q& = θθφ −= # (Q&
Q
= θθφθ −=∆
%
+# (Q&
Q
= θθφθ ∆−∆=∆
% " %
) =Q ="θ %
# =Q ≠"θ ##
'
> "Qθ # Qθ∆ %%T
+N Qθθ ∆=∆ .
$$ = %
+(C$
' (&(& == −= %
':%
(F#
' ====E
µµφ =−=−==
+
E
==µ=
(C
+
M
)4
'$
# & 2(%
+
' =% ==− %+ % =
+ # =%E =+ %
' $ %E
'E
=
== Q*8*
E
=
=
()
+
' = %
• C = −=−
• C =E =+
+E
= = #N =
E
=−=
'$ U
(>$(
• $ (( < +∞→σ %
+$M9VW'%
;$# WA#E<( #$
%
#$ WD#=(
D '9. #
DWA °−==(
• CR1
=
#8 2
O8$8%
& # ,(
> < # =
−=
> > # =
+=
∧=+
=(& µ
C$1%
• * >
#
1&Q*8*$2(
=
=
.
.(( −=
=(
=.
(& ."( =
B/)%
&)1#:2(
* >1&1(
&( ; $ , 1 8
%
&( $ 2#2%&(
8%
(
• X28FI
+& (
• > %
;#28.I&
2(
? µ
%
T
# !$" $ %
$ , $
$2%
&B$.>#.> (
()
• B• ;%• >V & 1(
• $'%
Y#2&U(#$$
$ %
> &U(# ,
G8,$%
* 2
'
φ−== #$ += 1φφ
+
1φ−=+
* 2
'
1φ−= # Q*8* =φ
78==Z%
F(
'%
(>+ %
•
φ−==
# 1 & =φ #Q*8* & −=
•
&
) &
&
⋅∧+= (&
> & +=
• C$'O
&
& =+
# ( )τ6
& −−=
)$
= #
=τ
• ;
' ( ) = 6 <−−=−= − τ
&
• .
= =++
(>22%
•
'
φ−== #$ +=+= 11 φφφφ
+ &
−=
Q*8* +−= &
C8 −= = # ==& # ==
8 += = # ==& 22# =(=& == −
+ & −=
•
&
&
−=+=
&
& =+
# ((&& & ω−=
• .
=(&
=++
(>%
' 2
&
+= # Q*8* $
&2(
L(./
&
ω
' 8 −= = # 8 $ =ωω = #
%) == # %
&' +∞=σ (
()4
$& 7(
' 7 $
%
#$$=%
(
+8+&#
#% =
φθ ===∆
& G8 # Y
$1$(
(
'
++== )$
= # =
⋅=+
+ # # (&
∧+= σ # #
∧−=
E
' &
ωω θ −=∧−=
ωφωω =
=
QQ ==−= −
)# =
= =++ ωφ
Q*8*$ =
= =++ ωφ
E(;
'Y11
=
= =
++
∆
%
φ
+ τ6=
−= N
∆
+=
%
=φ
τ
#ω #8 += = =(=& == + # =(=& == +ω %
+ ==== =+ ωφ #
===
ωφ−= %
A(@
' %∆
= =φω
+ τωωωω 6
= (&
−−+=
)$
∆
+=
%
=
=
φ
ωω
'$ ω S
ω
=ωω
9(.,
' 4 8 4
$ &(#&(#& =
' $ # # −=
8 7 (&
∧+= %
A
(
'C1/ ==⋅∇
#
∂∂−=∧∇
• >4#$' (#&
B &4
%'
4 %)# θ
(#&(#& = %
&'S8(
• +C1/F4#
1#
φ−=⋅∂∂−=⋅
)$
=%QQ%(#Q&
ππφ ×=×= N 4
&4(
)#
%% ππ −=×
θ
−=
(G
• + 4#(& ∧+=
>
∧
+
−−=
+−
&
&
=
=
=
=
θθθθ
Q*8*G
=
−−−=+
−=−
=
&
θθ
θθ
• '$$ = ==
)$#G =θ
)$1#
== = #
= %
+ 0 += (#&(#& =
=
• ) == #$ = = # == = # (=#& ==
=θ # == =& %
• 1>Y$# $
$ $&= (8#
$5
(@
' θσ =%=∆
>
%
=
= ==∆ θσ
φπ
σ ∆=∆=∆ ∆
=
E(;,
2 1
&1(
