Kernenergie und UmweltKernenergie und UmweltGraz Graz

SS 2009SS 2009

Prof.Dr. Prof.Dr. H. H. BBööckckVienna University of Technology /AustriaVienna University of Technology /AustriaAtominstituteAtominstituteStadionalleeStadionallee 2, 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria1020 Vienna, Austriaboeck@ati.ac.atboeck@ati.ac.at

VorlesungsinhaltVorlesungsinhalt

Module 00: Geschichte der Kernspaltung - History of nuclear fissionModule 01: Überblick zur Nukleartechnik - Overview Nuclear EngineeringModule 02: Druckwasserreaktoren - Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR)Module 03: Der Three Mile Island Unfall -Three Mile Island Accident (TMI)Module 04: Druckwasserreaktoren russischer Bauart - WWER ReactorsModule 05: Der Europäische Druckwasserreaktor - European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)Module 06: Siedewasserreaktoren- Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)Module 07: Schwerwasser-moderierte Reaktoren - Heavy Water Moderated Reactors (CANDU)Module 08: Gasgekühlte Reaktoren - Gas Cooled Reactors (Magnox, AGR)Module 09: Hochtemperaturreaktoren - High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTR)Module 10: Der Tschernobylreaktor - RBMK Reactor (Chernobyl)Module 11: Flüssig Metall gekühlte Reaktoren - Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR)Module 12: Reaktoren der Generation IV- Generation IV ReactorsModule 13: Behandlung radioaktiver Abfälle - Radioactive Waste ManagementModule 14: Kernenergie im Vergleich mit anderen Energieträgern –

Nuclear Energy vs other Energy sources

Module 00Module 00HistoryHistory of Nuclear Fissionof Nuclear Fission

Helmuth BöckAtominstitute of the Austrian UniversitiesStadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austriaph: ++43-1-58801 14168fax: ++43-1-58801 14199boeck@ati.ac.at

PrewarPrewar UraniumUranium• Before 1939 radium was more used than

uranium in medical applications• Uranium mostly used in ceramic industry,

total world consumption less than 100 tons80% coming from “Belgian Congo“ mainlyfrom Kantanga mines

• In 1942 USA bought 1200 tons of high grade ore from „African Metal Corporation“

• In 1943 USA bought all available uranium to be used in the Manhatten project but also during post war weapons development

• As a return Belgium was supported after thewar by the USA and UK in developing themajor nuclear research centre in Mol

• Further a research reactor was donated to the former „Belgian Congo“ at the University of Leopoldville now Kinshasa/Dem.Rep. of Congo after First Geneva Conf. 1955

WorkingWorking DeskDesk of Otto Hahnof Otto Hahn

1938 December: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann and Lise Meitner discover nuclear fission by irradiating uranium with neutrons

1939 Lise Meitner1939 Lise Meitner•Born 7.11.1878 in Vienna•1906 PhD at the University of Vienna

•Since 1907 cooperation withO.Hahn in Berlin

•1922 Professor at the University of Berlin

•1933 lost her job•1938 emigration to Sweden•Employed at the Nobel Institut in Stockholm until her retirement in 1960

•Died 27.10.1968 in Cambridge/England

1939 Albert Einstein1939 Albert Einstein

• Albert Einstein urged fellow scientist Leo Szilard to write President Franklin D. Roosevelt to warn that the U.S. must not fall behind Germany in atomic bomb research

1941 Glen 1941 Glen SeaborgSeaborg• Born in Ishpeming, Michigan on

19th of April, 1912• 1934 graduated at University of

California, completed his Ph.D. at Berkeley, helped to developplutonium in uranium reactors. Discovered 10 new elements

• 1946 Seaborg was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at theUniversity of California and fiveyears later was awarded the Nobel prize for his discovery of plutonium

• Died Feb. 25th, 1999

1942 Edward Teller1942 Edward Teller• 1908 Born in Budapest, Hungary• 1930 University training in Germany

and completed his Ph.D. in physicsunder Werner Heisenberg

• University of Leipzig 1935• Teller came to the US until 1941, a

professorship at George Washington University.

• 1941 U.S. citizen• Joined the Manhattan Project • 1946 professor of physics at the University

of Chicago• 1954 to 1958 Associate Director at the new

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory • 1975 professor of physics at the University

of California• September 9, 2003 died at age of 95

1942 1942 DecemberDecember 2: Chicago 2: Chicago PilePile (CP) 1(CP) 1

A team led by EnricoFermi achieves the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction at the University of Chicago.

CP 1 CP 1 PilePile

CP 1 CP 1 PilePile

• Trinity Site, Alamogordo Test Range Jornada del Muerto desert

• Yield: 19 - 21 Kilotons• Detonation time: 5:29:45 a.m. (Mountain War Time)• Pu-implosion bomb

19451945 July 16: July 16: TrinityTrinity TestTest

1945 1945 JulyJuly 11: Jumbo 11: Jumbo PuPu--Implosion BombImplosion Bomb

•Jumbo weighed 214 tons, 10 m long, 4 m large, walls35 cm thick. •Jumbo was raised up on a tower 30 m from Ground Zero to be exposed to the effects from the Trinity Test.•5h29min45s: 32 detonationfired simultaneously - shockwaves

28 hours after detonation28 hours after detonation

Aerial View of the Trinity Test SiteAerial View of the Trinity Test Site

1945 September: Oppenheimer1945 September: Oppenheimerand and GrovesGroves at at TrinityTrinity SiteSite

In September 1945, many particpants returned to the Trinity Test site for news crews.

Here Oppenheimer and Grovesexamine the remains of one the bases of the steel test tower.

Cost of the Manhatten project about 2.109 US$

1945 August 6: Little Boy Hiroshima 1945 August 6: Little Boy Hiroshima (U (U GunGun--typetype bomb)bomb)

1945 August 9: Fat Man Nagasaki1945 August 9: Fat Man Nagasaki(Pu(Pu--Implosion bomb)Implosion bomb)

The rapid spontaneous fission rate of plutonium 239 necessitated that a different type of bomb be designed. A gun-type bomb would not be fast enough to work. Before the bomb could be assembled, a few stray neutrons would have been emitted, and these would start a premature chain reaction - leading to a great reduction in the energy released.

German Nuclear Bomb German Nuclear Bomb ProgramProgram duringduring WW IIWW II

•• TwoTwo reactorreactor modelsmodels bulitbulit , , oneone at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (Virus at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (Virus House, House, oneone at Heisenberg in Leipzig), at Heisenberg in Leipzig), uraniumuranium fromfrom JoachimstalJoachimstal

•• Walther Bothe Walther Bothe measuredmeasured C cross C cross sectionsection to to bebe 6.4x106.4x10--2727 cmcm22 ,,moremorethanthan twicetwice thethe valuevalue of of FermiFermi, German , German conclusionconclusion: C : C isis notnot possiblepossible, , thisthis was was thethe end of German end of German graphitegraphite reactorreactor

•• Germany Germany hadhad no no cyclotroncyclotron whilewhile US US hadhad 9 in 9 in operationoperation and 27 and 27 underunder constructionconstruction

•• GermansGermans confiscatedconfiscated in 1940 1200 ton in 1940 1200 ton uraniumuranium oreore in in BelgiumBelgium•• Summer 1941: German Summer 1941: German effortsefforts dependdepend on on UUnatnat and Norsk Hydro and Norsk Hydro

heavyheavy waterwater, , onlyonly aboutabout 130 130 ltlt availableavailable in Leipzigin Leipzig•• German bomb German bomb racerace endedended on 20.2.1944 on 20.2.1944 withwith sabotagesabotage on a on a shipship--

ferryferry at Lake at Lake TinnsjTinnsjöö/Norway/Norway sunksunk, , withwith 26 26 personspersons drowneddrowned and and DD22O O barrelsbarrels lost lost intointo thethe lakelake

•• April 45 material April 45 material capturedcaptured byby US Army US Army nearnear Stassfurt/GStassfurt/G

German Nuclear Bomb German Nuclear Bomb ProgramProgram duringduring WW IIWW II

•• Heisenberg Heisenberg ruledruled UU--235 235 separationseparation impossibleimpossible, Gustav , Gustav Hertz Hertz whowho developeddeveloped gaseousgaseous diffusiondiffusion was was dismisseddismissed as as nonnon--AryanAryan, his , his methodmethod was was usedused in in thethe Manhattan Manhattan projectproject

•• Manfred von Ardenne and Manfred von Ardenne and HoutermansHoutermans workedworked in in German Postverein and German Postverein and favouredfavoured Pu as bomb material, Pu as bomb material, butbut Pu was Pu was nevernever producedproduced in Germanyin Germany

•• FurtherFurther German German effortsefforts to to buildbuild a a reactorreactor withwith UUnatnat and and DD220 , 0 , invasioninvasion to to NorwayNorway

•• 24.4.1945 Sowjet 24.4.1945 Sowjet soldierssoldiers foundfound 250 kg 250 kg UUnatnat, 3 , 3 tonstons of of UOUO22 and 20 and 20 ltlt DD22O in Berlin O in Berlin –– Kaiser Wilhelm InstitutKaiser Wilhelm Institut

1945: Haigerloch Experiment1945: Haigerloch Experiment

•23.4.1945 US Army entered Haigerloch

•664 Unat cubes on 78 chains submersed into a tank with 3m diameter filled with D2O

•Criticality never achieved

Plutonium as ExplosivePlutonium as Explosive

•• 22--3 3 neutronsneutrons per per fissionfission eventevent•• Neutron Neutron energyenergy approxapprox 1 MeV1 MeV•• Energy Energy releaserelease 0,9 MeV per 0,9 MeV per nucleonnucleon•• One One generationgeneration 1010--88 s s •• 10 kg of Pu 2.5x1010 kg of Pu 2.5x102525 atomsatoms•• EachEach neutronsneutrons producesproduces 2 2 newnew neutronsneutrons•• 56 56 generationgeneration areare necessarynecessary forfor 225656 = 10= 102525

•• 56 56 generationgeneration timestimes 1010--88 = 0.56 = 0.56 μμss•• PuPu--bombbomb withwith 10 kg and 10 kg and densitydensity 19kg/dm19kg/dm33

•• VolumeVolume 530 cm530 cm33, , diameterdiameter 10 cm10 cm•• IfIf onlyonly 10% of 10% of PuPu--nucleinuclei areare fissionedfissioned = 2.5x10= 2.5x101515 MW MW

equalequal to to aboutabout 20kt TNT20kt TNT

CriticalCritical MassesMasses…of some metallic spheres without and with a reflector of 10cm Unat

Isotope (phase*) unreflected reflected

U-233 16 kg 5.7 kg

U-235 48 kg 15.7 kg

Pu-239 (α) 11 kg 4.5 kg

Pu-240 (α) 40 kg 19.6 kg

Pu-240 (δ) 60 kg 35 kg

Pu-242 (α) 95 kg 48 kg

Pu-242 (δ) 146 kg 73 kg

*The phase represents different densities of the metal

Energy Energy DistibutionDistibution releasedreleased fromfrom a a typicaltypical BombBomb

• Pressure: 50%• Thermal radiation, heat: 35%• Prompt radiation (gammas, neutrons): 5%• Delayed radiation (fission products): 10%

1946 July: 1946 July: US US

Weapons Weapons TestTest

U.S. begins atmospheric and underwater tests of weapon designs in the Marshall Islands.

1950 January to 1951 November 11950 January to 1951 November 1

President Harry S. President Harry S. Truman authorizes Truman authorizes accelerated research accelerated research on a hydrogen bomb. on a hydrogen bomb. Battlefield effects of Battlefield effects of blast and fallout are blast and fallout are studied during studied during Operation BusterOperation Buster--Jangle in Nevada, Jangle in Nevada, where soldiers are where soldiers are exposed to a 21exposed to a 21--kiloton test six miles kiloton test six miles away. away.

1952 October 3: First UK A1952 October 3: First UK A--bomb Test bomb Test

• In the Monte BelloIslands, Australia

• The device tested was a plutonium implosionbomb similar to the FatMan using UK and Canada supplied Pu

First HFirst H--Bomb Tests: USA, USSRBomb Tests: USA, USSR1.11.1952: The U.S. tests the world´s first hydrogen bomb, code-named Mike, at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, 10,4 MT bomb weigth 65 tons, too heavy due to liquid D2 and T3, 1954- Bravo test, dry H-bomb LiD 15 MT

22.11.1955: The Soviet Union successfully tests a hydrogen bomb, detonating a 1.6-megaton device dropped from the air in the Semipalatinsk Test Range, Kazakhstan

EBR 1 :First EBR 1 :First ReactorReactor GeneratingGenerating ElectricityElectricity

At that time little was known how to build reactors to produce useable quantities of electricity. Because of the post-war shortage of available uranium, the Atomic Energy Commission wanted to test whether a reactor could "breed" more fuel than it consumed while still serving as a source of power. This objective led to many "firsts" in the development of the EBR-I. Built in Arco/Idaho

EBR 1: First EBR 1: First ReactorReactor GeneratingGenerating ElectricityElectricity

Construction started 1949, December 20, 1951 EBR-1: First atomic reactor in the world to generate usable amounts of electricity (four light bulbs) located 18 miles southeast of Arco, Idaho, it used Pu as fuel and liquid sodium as coolant

First First ReactorsReactors in USSR and UKin USSR and UK

• USSR: First NPP 1954 in Obninsk, 5 MW, 110 kM SW of Moskawa

• UK: 1955 Calder Hall UK, 2 blocks each 50 MWe, in Sellafield North Cumbria, 2004 shut down

December 8, 1953: December 8, 1953: ““Atoms for Peace"Atoms for Peace"

President Eisenhower addressed the United Nations General Assembly with his now famous speech. He urged that nuclear nations begin making joint contributions of nuclear material to an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to be established under the United Nations.

FoundationFoundation of of thethe International International AtomicAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA)Energy Agency (IAEA)

October 1956: The IAEA formally was established to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and promote the broadest use of nuclear electric power.

ComprehensiveComprehensive Test Test BanBan Treaty Organisation Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) Vienna(CTBTO) Vienna

ReferencesReferences

• www.nukeworker.com/pictures• www.nuclearweaponarchive.org• www.atomicheritage.org• www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/effects/effects

1.pdf• http://www.nuclearterrorism.org/• http://www.nti.org/• www.nti.org• Richard Rhodes “The Making of the Atomic Bomb”

Simon&Schuster Paperbacks ISBN 0-684-81378-5• John Cornwell “Hitler’s Scientists” Viking Publ. ISBN-0-

670-89362-5• Rainer Karlsch: „Hitler´s Bombe“