Brennstoffe aus solarthermischen Prozessen – Stand und Perspektiven

Workshop Gemeinsame Initiative Energiesystem 2050 –FT3, Jülich, 3. Mai 2015

Dr. Martin Roeb und Dr. Christian SattlerMartin.roeb@dlr.de

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• Background: Political, Economical, Ecological, Technical• Concentrating Solar Systems• Solar fuels technology scale-up• Project examples• Outlook

Introduction

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• Goals of the EU until 2020 (20/20/20)• 20% higher energy efficiency• 20% less GHG emission• 20% renewable energy

• Goal of the EU until 2050: • 80% less CO2 emissions than in 1990

• G7 Goals, Elmau, Germany• 100% Decarbonisation until 2100• 100 bln $/year for climate actions in developing

countries, large share by industrial investment

Political Drivers: Examples – EU Sustainable Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan 2007) G7 Goals (2015)

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Development of EU GHG emissions [Gt CO2e]

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Temperature Levels of CSP Technologies

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Paraboloid: „Dish“

Solar Tower (Central ReceiverSystem)

Parabolic Trough / Linear Fresnel

3500°C

1500°C

390°C

150°C50°C

Solar Towers

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‐PS10, Ivanpah, Torresol‐PSA CRS, CESA‐1, ‐Solar‐Two, Daggett, 

8 km = 5 mls.377 MWe

http://www.ivanpahsolar.com/

CSP Market Development according to IEA

0,7

0,9

1,6

0,1

0,1

0,1

0,6

9.2

4.0

2.5

0.60.4

0.8

20162015

7.6

3.21.9

0.0

31.4%

2017

10.9

4.2

2.5

1.00.61.0

2.5

0.3 0.30.6

2014

5.9

2.5

2.2

0.2 0.3

2013

4.2

1.4

2.2

0.2 0.2

2012

2.8

0.8

CAGR: 31.4%USSpainChinaIndiaOther OECDOther non-OECD (~MENA & South Africa)

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Potential Solar High Temperature Applications underInvestigation

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Reforming of natural gas

Gasification of coal and biomass

Water and CO2 splitting

Thermochemical storage

Recycling of sulfuric acid

Processing of ores

Calcination / Cement production

Ammonia / Fertilizer Production

Metal Smelting and Recycling

Glass production

High Temperature Electrolysis

Potential of Solar Energy

Power/fuel production of solar plant of the size of Lake Assuan equals (energetically) the entire crude oil production of the Middle East!!

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Principle of Solar Fuel Production

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Kohlenstoffdioxid(CO2)Wasser (H2O)

Synthesegas (H2 + CO)

Wasserstoff (H2)

Flüss. Kraftstoff z.B. Fischer-Tropsch-Anlage

CSPPhotovoltaik

Windenergie Geothermie

Transport

Solar hydrogen production:From raw material to fuelWater +

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12

Efficiency comparison for solar hydrogen production from water (Siegel et al., 2013)*

Process T[°C]

Solar plant Solar-receiver+ power [MWth]

η T/C

(HHV)

η Optical η Receiver

ηAnnual

EfficiencySolar – H2

Elctrolysis (+solar-thermal power)

NA Actual Solar tower

Molten Salt 700

30% 57% 83% 13%

High temperature steam electrolysis

850 Future Solar tower

Particle 700

45% 57% 76,2% 20%

Hybrid Sulfur-process

850 Future Solar tower

Particle 700

50% 57% 76% 22%

Hybrid Copper Chlorine-process

600 Future Solar tower

Molten Salt700

44% 57% 83% 21%

Metaloxide two step Cycle

1800 Future Solar dish

Particle Reactor

< 1

52% 77% 62% 25%

*N.P. Siegel, J.E. Miller, I. Ermanoski, R.B. Diver, E.B. Stechel, Ind. Eng.Chem. Res., 2013, 52, 3276-3286.

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Technical Optimization in all Dimensions necessary

104 – 102 m Solar Plant

Site

Solar field

Simulation

Environmental impact

102 – 101m Receiver

Design

Simulation

Construction

Testing

Next-Generation-

Development

101 – 10-2m Receiver-

components

MaterialsDesign

Heat and

Mass transport

Simulation

Testing and

Development

10-2 – 10-8 m Reactive Systems

Simulation

SynthesisChemical Charactristics

Physical Characteristics

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Solar Field Development

The field has to bedesigned for itsapplication:• Location• Concentration ratio

to achieve theProcess temperature

• At high concentration(1000 suns) secondary opticshave to be taken intoaccount

T (K)E.A. Fletcher, R.L. Moen, Science, 197 (1977) 1050-1056.

M. Schmitz et al., Solar Energy 80 (2006) 111–120.

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Scale evolution

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TGA Lab-scale furnace test rig

Solar receivers

Example how a technology is developedThe HYDROSOL concept

1. Water Splitting

H2O + MOredMOox + H2

2. Regeneration 

MOoxMOred + ½ O2

O

H H

O O

900 °C

1300 °C

Net Reaction: H2O  H2 + ½ O2

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HYDROSOL Development

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Hydrosol I2002 – 2005

Hydrosol Plant - Design for CRS tower PSA, Spain

• European FCH-JU project

• Partner: APTL (GR), HELPE (GR), CIEMAT (ES), HYGEAR (NL)

• 750 kWth demonstration ofthermochemical water splitting

• Location: Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain, 2016

• Use of all heliostats

• Reactor set-up on the CRS tower

• Storage tanks and PSA on theground

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Sulfur-based thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production: on-sun operation on Solar Tower Jülich

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Radiation shield

Solar absorber behind quartz glass window

Secondary concentrator

• 07 – 09/2015: Assembly of pilot plant on research platform• 09 – 10/2015: Initial operation with water/first test with sulphuric acid

• Water volume flow: 600 ml/min• Absorber temperature: ~1200 °C @ 50 kW solar power on aperture• Gas outlet temperature (steam): ~1000 °C• Lessons Learned: e.g. reactor temp. too low, secondary cooling not

sufficient, system is generally resistant to sulphuric acid• 11/2015 – today: Modification of pilot plant/preparation of 2nd on-sun test

• E.g. enhanced secondary cooling, changed catalyst location

Solar Ammonia Production

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Haber‐Bosch ProcessNH3

H HO

H H

Ce2Ox

O

1100°C 1400°C

H2From water

CuOx

N N

O O

O O

880°C 840°C

N2From air

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O2

CuOx+1

CuOx

N₂

Oxidation

Reduction

Qin (Concentrated Solar Power)

Qout

Copper Oxide

Air

Tred: 880°C, Tox : 840 °C

11kW/Kmol of Air

Air separation based on model material: Copper oxide

DLR Strategie-Projekt: Future Fuels –Flüssige Energie für Strom, Wärme und globalen Transport

• DLR Strategie-Projekt Future Fuels vernetzt 8 Institute in6 multilateralen Teilprojekten,um das Potential zukünftiger flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe zu untersuchen

TP 0 Koordination

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EU STAGE-STE - Task „Technology assessment of

solar thermochemical fuelproduction“

- Entwicklung von Flowsheets- Bewertung von Technologien

für verschiedene Szenarien- Einordnung in die

europäischen Energieprogramme (SET Plan)

- Ökonomische Analyse

Flowsheet einer thermochemischen Wasserstoffanlage

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OutlookSpecific Solar Fuel Demonstration Tower needed!

CRS Tower PSA, Spain Solar Fuels Tower, Location?2008 and 2016 2020

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• High concentration > 1000• Heliostats fit to receiver size• Field control adapted to fuel production processes

EU Project Sun-to-Liquid – Current state of field design

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Thank you very much for your attention!