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Hey, let's sing - Gospels & Spirituals - mit Audiodateien

School-Scout.de

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1. He’s got the whole world

1. He’s got the whole world in his hands,He’s got the whole wide world in his hands,He’s got the whole world in his hands,He’s got the whole world in his hands.

2. He’s got the little bitty baby in his hands ...

3. He’s got the whole world in his hands …

4. He’s got you and me brother in his hands ...

5. He’s got the whole world in his hands …

6. He’s got everybody here in his hands ...

7. He’s got the whole world in his hands …

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He’s got the whole world

1. He’s got the whole world in his hands,he’s got the whole wide world in his hands,he’s got the whole world in his hands,he’s got the whole world in his hands.

2. He’s got the little bitty baby in his hands,he’s got the little bitty baby in his hands,he’s got the little bitty baby in his hands,he’s got the whole world in his hands.

3. He’s got the whole world in his hands, …

4. He’s got you and me brother in his hands,he’s got you and me sister in his hands,he’s got you and me brother in his hands,he’s got the whole world in his hands.

5. He’s got the whole world in his hands, …

6. He’s got everybody here in his hands,he’s got everybody here in his hands,he’s got everybody here in his hands,he’s got the whole world in his hands.

7. He’s got the whole world in his hands, …

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7. We shall overcome

1. We shall overcome, we shall overcome,we shall overcome some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

2. We’ll walk hand in hand, we’ll walk hand in handwe’ll walk hand in hand some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

3. We shall live in peace, we shall live in peace,we shall live in peace some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

4. We shall overcome, we shall overcome,we shall overcome some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

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We shall overcome

1. We shall overcome1, we shall overcome,we shall overcome some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

2. We’ll walk hand in hand, we’ll walk hand in handwe’ll walk hand in hand some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

3. We shall live in peace, we shall live in peace,we shall live in peace some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

4. We shall overcome, we shall overcome,we shall overcome some day.Oh, deep in my heart I do believe,we shall overcome some day.

1 to overcome: to be stronger, to become master of the situation

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We shall overcomeBackground Information

We Shall Overcome is a protest song that became the most important songof the US civil rights movement. The song was originally composed byRev. Charles Tindley of Philadelphia. Tindley was an African MethodistEpiscopal Church minister who composed many hymns and lyrics.

Later Pete Seeger took the song into the folk tradition and this made thesong popular all over the world. This song, and songs based upon it, havesince been used in a variety of protests worldwide.

From 1963, the song was often associated with Joan Baez, who recorded itand performed it at a number of Civil Rights marches and years later at the1969 Woodstock Festival. On March 15, 1965, President Lyndon Johnsonused the phrase “We shall overcome” in a speech before Congress.

Farmworkers in the United States sang the song in Spanish during strikesand grape boycotts of the late 1960s.

The song also found its way to South Africa in the later years of the anti-apartheid movement.

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Poems

Stories

African-AmericanAuthors

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I, too, sing America

I, too, sing America.I am the darker brother.They send me to eat in the kitchenwhen company comes,but I laughand eat welland grow strong.

TomorrowI’ll sit at the tablewhen company comes.Nobody’ll daresay to me,“Eat in the kitchen”then.

Besides,they’ll see how beautiful I amand be ashamed –

I, too, am America.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

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I, too, sing America - Langston HughesWhen this poem was

published in the year1924 the situation ofthe African-Americanpeople in the USAwas much worse thanit is today. Then theAfrican-Americanpeople didn’t have thesame rights as whitepeople: they couldn’t

vote, they were not allowed to marry white peo-ple and had to use separate entrances to cinemas,hotels, bars... Since 1954 segregation has gradu-ally become illegal.Although African-American people have

achieved the same political rights they are still along way from achieving social and economicequality.

Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were JamesNathaniel Hughes and Carrie Langston Hugheswho was a teacher. Langston’s father, JamesHughes, was so upset about racism towards Af-rican-Americans that he left his family andmoved to Mexico.

Young Langston was cared for by his grand-mother, in Lawrence, Kansas while his motherworked to support the family. Langston’s Grand-mother was a great story teller. She told storiesthat made him feel proud to be an African-Ameri-can.

He was often left alone because his mom wasat work. Even though his childhood was diffi-cult and had lots of changes, he was able to usethese things in the poetry that he started to writewhile he was at school. He never forgot the sto-ries of his grandmother and tried to help otherAfrican-Americans when they were having prob-lems.

When Langston went to school in Lincoln, therewere only two African-American children in theclass. The teacher talked to them about poetry.She said that what a poem needed most wasrhythm. Langston later said that he had rhythmin his blood because, “as everyone knows, allAfrican-Americans have rhythm.” The children

made him the class poet. Later, at high school inCleveland, Ohio, he wrote articles for the schoolnewspaper and he edited the school yearbook andwrote his first short stories and plays.

When Langston Hughes was 17 he went tospend some time with his father in Mexico. Hewas very unhappy while he was there. Hughescould not understand how his father felt.

Hughes later wrote this poem:

The night is beautiful,So the faces of my people.The stars are beautiful,So the eyes of my peopleBeautiful, also, is the sun.Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.

Until 1926 Hughes did many different types ofwork. In 1923 he went as a crewman on the shipS.S.Malone and went to West Africa and Europe.He left the ship and stayed in Paris for a shorttime where he joined several other African-Americans who were living there. In November1924, Hughes returned to the U.S. to live withhis mother in Washington, D.C.. He got a job asa busboy, wiping tables and washing dishes at ahotel. This is why Hughes is sometimes calledThe Busboy Poet.

In 1926 Hughes began studying at Lincoln Uni-versity, Pennsylvania. He graduated with a Bach-elor of Arts in 1929 and became a Doctor of Let-ters in 1943. He was also given an honorary doc-torate by Howard University. For the rest of hislife Hughes lived in Harlem, New York.

Hughes became a famous American poet, buthe was always ready to help other people, par-ticularly young black writers. He tried to helppeople feel pride, and not worry about the preju-dice of other people. He also tried to help youngAfrican-Americans not to express hatred andprejudice towards white Americans.

On May 22, 1967, Hughes died at the age of65. His ashes are buried under the floor of theLangston Hughes Auditorium in the ArthurSchomburg Center for Research in Black Cul-ture in Harlem.

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THE NEGRO

I am a Negro:Black as the night is black,Black as the depths of my Africa.

I’ve been a slave:Caesar told me keep his doorstep clean.I brushed the boots of Washington.

I’ve been a worker:Under my hands the pyramids arose.I made mortar for the Woolworth building.

I’ve been a singer:All the way from Africa to GeorgiaI carried my sorrow songs.I made ragtime.

I’ve been a victim:The Belgians cut off my hands in the Congo.They lynch me now in Texas.

I am a Negro:Black as the night is black.Black as the depths of my Africa.

Langston Hughes

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Background information on Langston Hughes

Langston Hughes, perhaps the best-known of modern blackAmericans authors, was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1902.

He spent most of his childhood with his grandmother in Lawrence,Kansas, graduated from Central High School in Cleveland, and spenttwo years in Mexico with his father.

Then he attended Columbia University for a year, worked as a seamanfor almost two years, and went to Paris, where he earned a living innightclubs. He worked his way back to New York on a tramp steamer,worked as a busboy in a hotel in Washington, and was, as he calledit, “discovered by the newspapers”.

He won his first poetry prize in 1925, and became one of the leadingfigures of the Harlem Renaissance. After a successful literary careerextending over a period of more than forty years he died in 1967.

Almost a dozen volumes of poetry, five volumes filled with talesabout the urban folk-hero Jesse B. Semple of Harlem, about sixtyshort stories and two novels, two volumes of autobiography,numerous essays, some historical studies, several plays, and diversebooks of young readers demonstrate his outstanding position in blackAmerican literature.

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After several years abroad, the black writerJames Baldwin took a boat home to New Yorkin 1957. And after a few weeks there, he decidedto go south and describe what he saw for anewspaper:

My first night in Montgomery, I, like a goodreporter, decided to investigate the town a little.I had been warned to be very careful how I movedabout in the South after dark; but it was a pleasantevening, night just beginning to fall: supper-time.I walked past dark porches which were mostlysilent, yet one felt someone sitting there in thedark. It was very peaceful and I was very gladthat I had come south. I felt very much at homeamong the dark people who lived where I wouldlogically have been born.

In the years in Paris, I had never been homesickfor anything American – neither waffles, ice-cream, hot-dogs, baseball, movies, nor theEmpire State Building, nor Coney Island, nor theStatue of Liberty, nor the “Daily News”, norTimes Square. All of these things had passed outof me naturally. They might never have existedfor me, and it made absolutely no difference tome if I never saw them again. But I had missedmy brothers and sisters and my mother. I missedHarlem Sunday mornings and fried chicken andbiscuits. I missed the music. I missed the style. Imissed the way the dark face closes, the way darkeyes watch, and the way, when a dark face opens,a light seems to go on everywhere. Now, thoughI was a stranger, I was home.

The racial dividing lines of Southern towns arebaffling and treacherous for a stranger, for they

are not as clearly marked as in the North. I passeda porch with dark people; on the corner about ablock away, there was a restaurant. When Ireached the corner, I entered the restaurant.

I will never forget it. I don’t know if I candescribe it. Everything abruptly froze into whatstruck me as a kind of Marx Brothers parody ofhorror. Every white face turned to stone: thearrival of a messenger of death could not havehad a more devastating effect than the appearancein the restaurant doorway of a small, unarmed,utterly astounded black man. I had realized myerror as soon as I opened the door: but theabsolute terror on all those white faces paralyzedme. They stared at me, I stared at them. The spellwas broken by a woman. She rushed at me as ifto club me down, and she barked – for it was nota human sound: “What you want, boy? What youwant in here? Right around there, boy. Rightaround there.” I had no idea what she was talkingabout. I backed out of the door. And in the streeta white man appeared and silently pointed toanother door. It was the coloured entrance.

James Baldwin visits the South

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James Baldwin (writer)James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – November30, 1987) was an American novelist, writer, playwright,poet, essayist, and civil rights activist.

Most of Baldwin’s work deals with racial and sexualissues in the mid-20th century United States.

In 1953, Baldwin’s first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain,an autobiographical bildungsroman, was published.Baldwin’s first collection of essays, Notes of a NativeSon, appeared two years after. Baldwin continued toexperiment with literary forms throughout his career,publishing poetry and plays as well as the fiction andessays for which he was known.

In 1963 Baldwin was touring the South speaking about the Civil Rights movement.Baldwin’s next book-length essay, No Name in the Street, also discussed his ownexperience in the context of the later 1960s, specifically the assassinations of three ofhis personal friends: Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Baldwin (right ofcenter) with Hollywoodactors Charlton Hestonand Marlon Brando atthe 1963 Civil RightsMarch on Washington,D.C. Sidney Poitier(rear) and HarryBelafonte (right ofBrando) can also beseen in the crowd.

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JAMES BALDWIN

James Baldwin was born 1924 and grewup as the eldest of nine children in Harlem.His youth in the ghetto was over-shadowedby poverty, racial discrimination, and hisstep-father’s religious fanaticism.

Baldwin himself was converted andbecame a preacher of a storefront church,but later turned away from Christianitywhen he realized that the religion of theghetto was nothing but a fantasy revenge.After he graduated from high school in 1942he moved to Greenwich Village and beganto write.

In 1948, unable to live in America anylonger, he went into exile and stayed inFrance and Switzerland for eleven years.When he came home in 1957 he was a well-known author and soon became a leadingfigure in the struggle for civil rights. But hecould not endure the double role of writerand public spokesman and soon left hiscountry again. He lived for many years inthe South of France and died there in 1987.Five novels, two plays, a collection of short

stories and, above all, several volumes of essays have made Baldwin a leading figure of contemporaryAmerican literature.

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James BaldwinImportant dates

profession: author, writer, novelist

* 1924 NYC+ 1987 South of France

personal background:ghetto, Harlem, 9 children, poverty, racial discrimination(childhood)stepfather (religious, fanatic)

education: 1942 graduation, began to write

jobs: preacher then writer

exile: 1948 - 1957, France and Switzerland

goals/vision/aims: struggle for civil rights=> writer=> leading figure=>public spokesman

personal conflicts: double roleleft country again (=> South of France)

his role: novelist, essayist, reporternovels praised and condemned at the same timewell-known author and leading figure of contemporaryAmerican literature

some of his works: first novel: Go tell it on the mountain (1953)

stories: collection of short stories

play: The Amen Corner (performed in NYC 1965)

Look at these ideas and key words and give a short speech about James Baldwin infront of your class.

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Slaves

Segregation

Injustice

KKK - Ku Klux Klan

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The Atlantic slave trade startedsometime in the mid 16th cen-tury when African labour beganto replace Indian labour on theSpanish sugar plantations ofBrazil. From this time to the1860s slave traders transportedsome ten and a half million Af-ricans into the Americas; an-other two million did not sur-vive the sea crossing. This wasthe greatest enforced movementof people in the history of man-kind.

Slave ships followed a trian-gular trading pattern. On thefirst leg of their voyage, vesselsleft their European home portladen with a widely assortedcargo of manufactured goods.

From there the slaves werethen transported across the At-lantic to the Caribbean islandsor North American colonies, onwhat became known as the no-torious ‘Middle Passage’. Onarrival they were auctioned likecattle, the majority becomingfield hands on the large planta-tions.

As payment the slaver captainsgenerally took on board pro-duce such as cotton, sugar, cof-fee or tea before embarking onthe final stage of their voyagehome.

At first the Spanish, Portu-guese and Dutch were the mainslave traders but by the 1730sthe British Atlantic slave tradewas in full swing. For the restof that century (and until aboli-tion in 1807) the British becamethe world’s leading slave trad-ers. Between 1700 and 1810they transported about 3.4 mil-lion Africans. During this pe-riod Liverpool was the biggestslave trading port in the world.

The campaign to abolish theslave trade lasted twenty yearsfrom 1787 to 1807. This was thefirst, and one of the most suc-cessful, public campaigns inhistory. The Religious Societyof Friends (Quakers) set up acommittee to seek the abolitionof the slave trade in 1783.

The campaign to abolish theslave trade succeeded in chang-ing the attitudes of the Britishpublic, too. At first the slavetrade was not only accepted, butconsidered to be very important

in order to maintain the powerand prosperity of the Britishempire.

Leaflets showed how slaveswere crammed on board theships. When the potter JosiahWedgwood joined the abolitioncommittee, he produced acameo showing a kneeling Af-rican slave in chains framedwith the words “Am I Not aMan and a Brother?”

When Thomas Clarkson vis-ited Manchester, at the start ofthe campaign in 1787, a petitionwas signed by nearly 11,000persons, more than one fifth ofthe city’s total population.

Later in 1792 Manchester’spetition carried 20,000 signa-tures. The people of Manches-ter wove the cotton producedfrom the slave-labour planta-tions, but their support was instark contrast to the neighbour-ing slave trading port of Liver-pool.

On a visit to the latter, also in1787, Clarkson was threatenedwith his life. These methodsused by the abolitionists pavedthe way for future campaignsright up to the present day.

Slave ships

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The first African populations came to NorthAmerica in the 16th century via Mexico and theCaribbean to theSpanish colonies ofFlorida, Texas andother parts of theSouth. Out of the 12million people fromAfrica who wereshipped to theAmericas during thetransatlantic slavetrade, 645,000 wereshipped to the Britishcolonies on theNorth Americanmainland and theUnited States; another 1,840,000 arrived at otherBritish colonies, chiefly the West Indies.

In the year 2000, 12.1 percent of the total popu-lation in the United States were African-Ameri-cans. They were the largest racial minority group.The African-American population is concen-

African-American people in the USA

Racial segregation isthe term used to describethe separation of peoplebased on race. This hasbeen encouraged in manycountries and made law

in others. For example, the United States ofAmerica segregated African-Americans and Eu-ropean Americans for many years. In South Af-rica, native Africans and European settlers weredivided as well.

Racial segregation in the UnitedStates of America

When the United States of America was foundedby Europeans in the 1700s, slaves from Africawere used to work the land. In 1804 most of theNorthern states of America banned slavery andwished the Southern states to do the same. How-ever, the Southern states believed that slavery

trated in the southern states and urban areas.

In the 1860s, people from sub-Saharan Africa,mainly from West Af-rica and the CapeVerde Islands, startedto arrive in a voluntaryimmigration wave tolook for employmentas whalers in Massa-chusetts. This migra-tion continued until1921, but by that time,men of African ances-try were already a ma-jority in New Eng-land’s whaling indus-try. African-Ameri-

cans were working as sailors, blacksmiths, ship-builders, officers.

1.7 million people in the United States are de-scended from voluntary immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa.

Racial segregationwas right and part of their life; it was somethingthey did not want to give up. They could not agreeand the American Civil War began. PresidentAbraham Lincoln lead the North to victory overthe South and in 1865 slavery was bannedthroughout the whole country.

There was still much racism and African Ameri-cans were not treated fairly. There were manylaws that kept them working in hard jobs for lit-tle money, and laws that prevented them frommarrying European Americans.

Slavery had ended, butsegregation had not. BlackAmericans were not al-lowed to attend the sameschools as white Ameri-cans, but had to attendblack-only schools; theywere not allowed on thesame buses, but had to ride

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on black-only buses; theywere not allowed to eat inthe same restaurants orshop at the same stores asWhite Americans. Therewere black and white partsof towns and cities.

It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that thingsbegan to change. Martin Luther King, Jr. beganto fight for equal rights for blacks. He lead manyAfrican-Americans on marches to protest againstthe way they were treated. He was killed in 1968,

but he had convinced the government four yearsearlier to allow black Americans to vote in thepresidential elections. The government went onto force integration in high schools throughoutthe United States, making it illegal to have white-only schools. Black students had to be escortedin by armed police officers and it took many yearsfor the schooling system to change. It took manymore decades to get rid of all the racist laws.

African-Americans now have all the same rightsas European Americans, but there is still racismin the United States of America.

preconceptionBeliefs that you have about something

before you have had enough information or

experience to form a fair opinion.

stereotypeA fixed general image or set ofcharacteristics that a lot of people believerepresent a particular type of person orthing.

prejudiceAn unreasonable dislike, judgement or opinion formed

beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the

facts.

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Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the name of severalpast and present organizations in the UnitedStates that claim white supremacy. They alsostand for antisemitism, anti-Catholicism, racismand anti-Communism. These organizations usedterrorism, violence, lynching and cross burningto oppress African-Americans and otherreligious, social or ethnic groups.

The original Ku Klux Klan was created by sixeducated, middle-class Confederate veteransfrom Pulaski, Tennessee, after the end of theAmerican Civil War on December 24, 1865. Thename was constructed by combining the Greekword kyklos (= circle) with clan.

The Ku Klux Klan soon spread into nearlyevery southern state, launching a “reign of terror”against Republican leaders both black and white.

The organization was finally destroyed byPresident Ulysses S. Grant’s action under theCivil Rights Act of 1871.

In 1915, the second Klan was founded. It grewamid rapid changes in many major citiesabsorbing immigrants from southern and easternEurope.

Ku Klux Klan

At its peak in the mid-1920s, the organizationincluded about 15% of the nation’s eligiblepopulation, approximately 4 – 5 million men.Some local groups took part in lynchings andother violent activities. Violence occurred mostlyin the South.

What the clan did to people and in which wayit forced people to leave their home towns isshown in the following example:

Miss Allen of Illinois a teachers, whose schoolwas at Cotton Gin Port in Monroe County, wasvisited between one and two o’clock in themorning on March, 1871, by about fifty menmounted and disguised. Each man wore a longwhite robe and his face was covered by a loosemask with scarlet stripes. She was ordered toget up and dress which she did at once and thenadmitted to her room. The captain and lieutenantin addition to the usual disguise had long hornson their heads. The lieutenant had a pistol in hishand and he and the captain sat down while eightor ten men stood inside the door and the porchwas full with men; too. They treated her“gentlemanly and quietly” but complained of theheavy school-tax, said she must stop teachingand go away and warned her that they never gavea second notice. She took the warning seriouslyand left the county.

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year membership

1920 4,000,000

1924 6,000,000

1930 30,000

1980 5,000

2006 3,000

Eventually the African-American peoplesecured Federal legislation to protect their civiland voting rights. The Klans’ focus shifted toopposing immigration, and especially “busing”.

In 1971, Klansmen used bombs to destroy tenschool buses in Pontiac, Michigan.

Today the group exists in the form of isolated,scattered groups with a total membership of afew thousand.

The only known former member of the Klan tohold a federal office in the United States todayis Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of WestVirginia, who says he “deeply regrets” joiningthe Klan over half a century ago, when he wasabout 24 years old.

In spite of the large number of rival KKKs, themedia and popular discourse generally speaksof the Ku Klux Klan, as if there were only oneorganization.

The name “Ku Klux Klan” has since been usedby many independent groups opposing the CivilRights Movement and desegregation in the1950s and 1960s. Several members of KKK-groups were eventually convicted of manslaugh-ter and murder.

Today, researchers estimate there are 150 Klanchapters with about 3,000 members nationwide.

The following table shows the change in theKlan’s estimated membership over time. (Theyears given in the table represent approximatetime periods.)

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Lynching

There have been thousands of lynch parties in America in the last 100 years. In most of these cases,a mob of whites hanged a black American from the branch of a tree. They sometimes accused theirvictim of a crime - murder, rape, stealing 5 dollars - but sometimes nobody could remember thereason. The mob talked about “justice”. But there was no proper judge or jury. It was simplymurder, often preceded by sadistic torture.

The U.S. states with the worst history of lynchings include Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana,Arkansas, Tennessee, Florida and South Carolina.

Lynching 1930A mob of 10,000 whites tooksledgehammers to the county jailhousedoors to get at these two young blacksaccused of raping a white girl; the girl’suncle saved the life of a third byproclaiming the man’s innocence.Although this was Marion, Ind., most ofthe nearly 5,000 lynchings documentedbetween Reconstruction and the late1960s took place in the South. Somelynching photos were made intopostcards designed to show whitesupremacy. Today the images remind usthat we have not come as far frombarbarity as we’d like to think.

The Omaha Courthouse Lynching of 1919This infamous incident was part of the wave of racial and laborviolence that swept the U.S. during the “Red Summer” of 1919.As in the nation at large, it was a turning point in the history ofOmaha’s black community.

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Joe Simpson, who was the victim of California’s last lynching. Simpsonwas a co-owner of the Gold Seal Saloon in Skidoo. Simpson murderedJim Arnold, Skidoo’s leading citizen, during a drunken rage. Threedays later, on April 22, 1908, Simpson died at the hand of personsunknown by “strangulation” by a “rope with a slip knot on”.

This photo was taken by Dr. McDonald, a physician in employ of theSkidoo Mines Company, who exhumed Simpson to conduct anautopsy. He beheaded Simpson, opened the skull and inspected thebrain. He then boiled the flesh off the skull, and kept it as a curiosity.The skull eventually ended up in nearby Trona as a doctors officedecoration for years, then ended up in a private collection; where itstill is to this day.

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The Ku Klux Klan - a survey

Definition:

The Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist group that uses violence. Their attacks have beendirected at blacks, Jews, Catholics, immigrants and other minority groups. The name Ku KluxKlan comes from the Greek word “kyklos” (circle).

History:

1866 The KKK was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee. The first leader was Nathan BedfordForrest. The KKK began to attack Afro-Americans.

1882 The Supreme Court declared the KKK unconstitutional.

1915 William J. Simmons founded the new Klan in Atlanta, Georgia.

1920 The number of members varied from 1,5 million to 4 million

1930 The membership dropped drastically because of the world economic crisis.

1946 Samuel Green revived the Klan in Atlanta again.

1949 S. Green died and the Klan splitted up in many groups, e.g. “the Knights of theKKK” or “the New Order Knights of the KKK”

1979 There were only about 5.000 members.

Today The Klan sympathizes with neo-Nazis and other right-wing extremists.

What is the position of the KKK about blacks?

• They believe, that Afro-Americans are stupid and have a lower IQ than the white people

• They explain it, that the brain of black people are more similar to a monkey brain than to ahuman brain

• The blacks committed the most crimes because of their “character” and not because of thesocial differences and discrimination

• They say that M.L. King did “bizarre sexual perversion” etc.

Symbols of the KKK:

Fiery Cross: => the cross represents the ideals of the Christian Civilization

=> The fire shows that Jesus Christ is the light of the world;it was used to frighten blacks and their supporters

Blood drop: => symbolizes the last drop of blood that a Klansman will shedin defence of the white race

Klan Robeand Hood: => the mask stands for anonymity (and by that the selfless dedication

to our god, our nation, our race, our Klan Brothers and Sistersand our Klan Movement)

=> fact is that they wear it when they do something illegaland they also want to frighten people.

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African-Americansin theUSA

Famous people

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ROSA PARKS, “MOTHER OF THE CIVILRIGHTS MOVEMENT”

A black woman coming home from work refusedto give up her seat on a bus and helped to start thecivil rights movement.FIFTY years ago, in Montgomery, Alabama, in

the heart of America’s segregated South, a blackwoman got fed up with being discriminated against.Rosa Parks, a seamstress on her way home fromwork at a department store, refused to give up herseat on the bus to a white man as the law demanded.She was arrested and fined $10 for her “crime”,but that day, December 1, 1955, she also helped tostart the civil rights movement that led to equalrights for black Americans.Rosa Parks died on October 24, 2005, aged 92.

Her role in the civil rights movement has neverbeen forgotten. Her refusal to give up her seat wasa small gesture with mighty consequences. AfterRosa Parks’ arrest, blacks in Montgomeryboycotted the city’s buses for 381 days. Amongthose involved in the boycott was the youngpreacher, Martin Luther King. Thousands of peoplelistened to him in a meeting at the Holt StreetBaptist church on December 5, when he describedMrs Parks as “one of the finest citizens ofMontgomery” and called for a protest against herarrest.During the bus boycott, in which almost all the

blacks in Montgomery took part, 100 people werearrested. But victory for the civil rights activistscame on December 20, 1956, when the SupremeCourt ruled that the bus company had to endsegregation.Mrs Parks had been politically active for many

years before 1955. She worked with the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of ColoredPeople (NAACP), and she and her husband hadhelped to register voters. This was not the first timeshe had been in trouble with the bus company,either. In 1943, she had been thrown off a busbecause she refused to get on through the back door,as blacks were supposed to do.After the bus boycott, Rosa Parks remained active

in the civil rights movement. She travelled the US,giving lectures on the civil rights movement. In1999 “the mother of the civil rights movement”,as she was often called, was awarded theCongressional Gold Medal, America’s highesthonour for civilians.

BLACKS suffered many

injustices before the 1964 Civil

Rights Act officially ended

segregation. They could not

vote, and their children had to

attend black-only schools

which were poorer than white

schools. They were barred

from many jobs, and even in

the army, blacks served in

segregated units. They were

separated in public areas like

restaurants, and on trains,

there were segregated

carriages.

Montgomery’s buses werea typical example of thehumiliation blacks sufferedunder the segregationlaws. Most of the peoplewho used the city’s buseswere black, but the firstfour rows were reservedfor whites. Blacks wereallowed to sit in the middleseats unless whitesneeded a place. Thenblacks had to move to theback seats, and if therewas no room, they had tostand or even get off. Ifwhites were sitting at thefront, blacks had to get onthe front to buy their ticket,then leave and get onthrough the back door.

Later Mrs Parksremembered: “Atthe time I wasarrested I had noidea it would turninto this. It was aday just like anyother day. Theonly thing thatmade it significantwas that themasses of thepeople joined in.”

Montgomery’ssegregation laws werecomplex: blacks had topay their fare to thedriver, then get off andreboard through the backdoor. Sometimes the buswould drive off beforethe paid-up customersmade it to the backentrance. If the whitesection was full andanother white customerentered, blacks wererequired to give up theirseats and move fartherto the back; a blackperson was not evenallowed to sit across theaisle from whites.However, two-thirds ofthe bus riders inMontgomery were black.

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