Historia 5º RIEB Alumno 2011-2012

8/6/2019 Historia 5 RIEB Alumno 2011-2012

1/194

Hot|arom

]wo`|an

rmla


2/194


3/194

Hot|arom]wo`|a nrmla


4/194

Hot|arom. ]wo`|a nrmla ewg lgtmrraccmla var cm Lorgddo` Ng`grmc lg Im|gromcgt Glwdm|ouat (lnig/# lg cm Twbtgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo` Btodm.

Tgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo` Vbcodm

Mca`ta Cwkmiboa Orm{bmc

Twbtgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo` Btodm

Kat Egr`m`la Na`{cg{ T`dhg{

Lorgddo` Ng`grmc lg Im|gromcgt Glwdm|ouat

Imrm Glo|h Bgr`clg{ Rgygt

Daarlo`mdo` |dòda)vglmnnodm

Imrm Drot|o`m Imr|`g{ Igrdmla# M`m Cocom Raigra U{}wg{#Mcgxot Na`{cg{ Lwc{molgt

Mw|argt

Dmrcat Mcbgr|a Rgygt \at}wo# Micdmr Dmrvoa Vrg{# Colom

Cg|odom Ataròa Im`{mà# Lmògc Mcm|arrg Rgygt# Carg`mCcm`gt Mrg`mt# Tgrnoa Iorm`lm Vmdhgda# Imroa RmemgcU{}wg{ Acougrm

Rguoto` |dòda)vglmnnodm

Lmuol Mdgugla Tm`|omna# Gco{mbg|h T`dhg{ Tm`|at

Daarlo`mdo` glo|aromc

Lorgddo` Glo|aromc# LNIG!TGV

Mcgkm`lra Var|occm lg Bwg`# Vmbca Imr|`g{#

Gt|hgr Vrg{ Nw{i`

Dwolmla glo|aromc

Vmbca Mumcat ]wo`|gra

Vralwddo` glo|aromc

Imr|` Mnwocmr Nmccgnat

Earimdo`

Iòdm Hwo|r`# Mbrmhmi Ig`gt @g{

Odaànrmem

Lom`m Imy` Vrg{# G`ro}wg Imr|`g{ Har|m

Var|mlm

Lotga lg dacgddo`; Dmrcat VmccgoraOcwt|rmdo` lg var|mlm; Kwco` Ddgra

Vroigrm glodo`# 26=6

Tgnw`lm glodo`# 26==. (Dodca gtdacmr 26==)26=2/

L.R. Tgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo` Vbcodm# 26=6

Mrng`|o`m 28# Dg`|ra#65626# Ixoda# L.E.

OTB@; ?>8)56>)


5/194

Vrgtg`|mdo`

Cm Tgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo` Vbcodm# g` gc imrda lg cm Rgarim O`|gnrmc lg cmGlwdmdo` Btodm# vcm`|gm w`m vravwgt|m o`|gnrmlm lg cobrat lg |gx|a lgtlgw` `wgua gà}wg }wg hmdg `mtot g` cm vmr|odovmdo` lg cat mcwiàt vmrm gclgtmrracca lg cmt daivg|g`domt btodmt vmrm cm uolm y gc |rmbmka. Gt|g gà}wgo`darvarm daia mvaya \gdàcanmt lg cm Oàrimdo` y Daiwòdmdo` (|od/#im|gromcgt y g}wovmiog`|at mwloauotwmcgt g oàri|odat }wg# kw`|a da` cmtbobcoa|gdmt lg mwcm y gtdacmrgt# g`ro}wgdg` gc daàdoiog`|a g` cmt gtdwgcmtigxodm`mt.

Lgtvwt lg umromt g|mvmt# g` gt|g dodca tg da`tacolm cm Rgarim g` cattgot nrmlat y# g` da`tgdwg`dom# tg vrgtg`|m gt|m vravwgt|m daivcg|m lg

cat wguat cobrat lg |gx|a# }wg mbmrdm cm |a|mcolml lg cmt mton`m|wrmt g` |alatcat nrmlat.

Gt|g cobra lg |gx|a o`dcwyg gt|rm|gnomt o`àumlarmt vmrm gc |rmbmka gtdacmr#lgim`lm`la daivg|g`domt ladg`|gt arog`|mlmt mc mvraugdhmiog`|a lg lot)|o`|mt wg`|gt lg oàrimdo`# gc wta o`|g`toua lg cm |gdàcanm# cm daivrg`)to` lg cmt hgrrmiog`|mt y lg cat cg`nwmkgt }wg òat y kug`gt w|oco{m` g` cmtadoglml lgc daàdoiog`|a. Mc iotia |ogiva# tg bwtdm }wg cat gt|wlom`|gtml}wogrm` hmbocolmlgt vmrm mvrg`lgr lg im`grm mw|àim# y }wg cat vmlrgtlg miocom umcarg` y mdaivmg` gc dmiboa hmdom cm gtdwgcm igxodm`m lgcw|wra.

Tw gcmbarmdo` gt gc rgtwc|mla lg w`m tgrog lg mddoa`gt lg dacmbarmdo`#daia cm Mcom`{m var cm Dmcolml lg cm Glwdmdo`# mt daia da` ic|ovcgt md|a)rgt g`|rg cat }wg lgt|mdm` mtadomdoa`gt lg vmlrgt lg miocom# oùgt|onmlargtlgc dmiva lg cm glwdmdo`# arnmòtiat gumcwmlargt# imgt|rat y gxvgr|at g`lougrtmt lotdovco`mt. \alat hm` `w|rola gc da`|gòla lgc cobra lgtlg lot|o`|mtvcm|marimt y m |rmut lg tw gxvgrog`dom. M gccat# cm Tgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo`Vbcodm cgt gx|og`lg w` tg`|ola mnrmlgdoiog`|a var gc daivraiota lgiat)|rmla da` dmlm òa rgtolg`|g g` gc |grro|aroa `mdoa`mc y da` m}wgccat }wg tgg`dwg`|rm` wgrm lg c.

Tgdrg|mrm lg Glwdmdo` Vbcodm


6/194

Daàdg |w cobra

\gimt vmrm rgegxoa`mr#

cat dwmcgt mcwlg` m cm uolm

da|olom`m# cm tmcwl# cm tadoglml#

cm |gdàcanm y cat umcargt lg

dmlm vadm# g`|rg a|rat |gimt.

\gimt vmrm daivrg`lgr gc vgroala#

la`lg m`mco{mrt cat mda`|gdoiog`|at

y vradgtat hot|rodat lg dmlm bca}wg.

G` gccat hmccmrt umroat mvmr|mlat a tgddoa`gt }wg g`ro}wgdgr` gc gt|w)loa lg cm hot|arom;

Gc cobra }wg |og`gt g` |wt imàt vrg|g`lg mdgrdmr|g m cm hot|arom lg Ixoda#lg im`grm }wg vwglmt gt|wlomrcm y daivrg`lgrcm. Vrgvrm|g var}wg m ca cmrnalg twt vno`mt rggxoa`mrt tabrg }wo`gt taiat# lg l`lg ugòiat y hmdoml`lg umiat.

Daàdgrt hgdhat hot|rodat }wg um` lgtlg cat vroigrat iaig`|at lg cmuolm o`lgvg`log`|g lg Ixoda hmt|m cmt |rm`tarimdoa`gt lg e`mcgt lgc toncaxx y vro`dovoat lgc xxo. Var igloa lg c`gmt lgc |ogiva y imvmt# olg`|oedmrtdw`la y g` l`lg adwrrogra` dmlm wà lg cat vgroalat gt|wlomlat. \mibo`valrt mdgrdmr|g m cat dmiboat y da`|o`wolmlgt g` cm vac|odm# cm gdaàim# cmdwc|wrm y cm uolm da|olom`m lg `wgt|ra vmt.

Gc cobra dwg`|m da` do`da bca}wgt. Dmlm wà gt| o`|gnrmla var |rgt vmr|gt;

Vmàrmim lgc vgroala# w`m brgug o`|ralwddo`

tabrg cat |gimt }wg gt|wlomrt g` dmlm bca}wg.

=7

Lg mdwgrla da` gc vroigr y c|oia

mda`|gdoiog`|a lg cm c`gm lgc |ogiva;

m/ Mvraxoimlmig`|g dw`|at mat lwr gc

vgroala }wg gt|wlomrt g` gt|g bca}wg1 Gxvrtmca

|mibo` g` cwt|rat y ldmlmt.

b/ Dwc grm gc tot|gim lg nabogrà g` Ixoda

dwm`la \gxmt vradcmi tw o`lgvg`lg`dom1

d/ Dwc lg cat tonwog`|gt mda`|gdoiog`|at

adwrro vroigra; cm o`|grug`do` ar|gmigrodm`m

a cm Nwgrrm lg cat Vmt|gcgt1

l/ Iog`|rmt gc vwgr|a lg Ugrmdrw{ grm bca}wgmla

var cm mrimlm erm`dgtm# }wg a|ra vmt oùmlo

Erm`dom1

2. Abtgrum cat imvmt lg cmt vno`mt =< y =7.

]w dmiboat abtgrumt rgtvgd|a lg cm gx|g`to`

lgc |grro|aroa igxodmà1 Gxvrtmca var gtdro|a g`

|w dwmlgrà. Mc |grio`mr daivmr|g da` |w nrwva

|wt olgmt.

Dw`layl`lgvmt1=. Abtgrum cm c`gm lgc |ogiva lg cmt vno`mt =2 y =4 y rgtva`lg cmt

vrgnw`|mt.

=26 =67 ?6=7

46

Roa

Nrm

lg

Ra

Iot

tottov

vo

Imr Dmrobg

mo`r

aeoc

mD

gl

aec

aN

Admà Vmdda

Nacea lg Ixoda

Ra Nocm

Ra B

rmua

Ra

Daca

rmla

GT\MLAT W@OLAT LG MIRODM

IXODA

Dmcoearòm

@wguaIxoda

Ci o|g mvraxoimla

\grro|aroa igxodmàvgrlola g` cm nwg rrmda` Gt|mlat Wòlatlg Mirodm

lg cat |g rr o|aroat

6 766 =666 ji.

Gtdmcm =;44766666

T oib a c a n m

Ixoda lgtvwt lg cat \rm|mlatlg Nwmlmcwvg Holmcna# =85 y =?87 cm lgwlm gx|gr`m:

gt lgdor# gc lo`gra }wg wgt|ra vmt lgbm m bm`dat

M}wmvrg`lgrt m olg`|odmrcat

vrabcgimtgdaìodat lgIxoda

y twtda`tgdwg`domt# |mibo`m

rgdaàdgrcm oivar|m`dom lgcat

|rm|mlat}wg Ixoda hm rimla da`

a|ratvmtgt.

Vot|m= Vmrmlg|gd|ougt

Gt w` lgrgdha btoda lgc }wg na{m` |alat cat

òat y cmt omt# vmrm earimr tw vgrta`mcolml#

mt daia twt dmvmdolmlgt etodmt y ig`|mcgt#

lgtdwbrg dwc gt daivcg|m`la cm vmcmbrm.

QQlQQ QQ mQQ oQQ `

Boccg|glg7666vgtat}wg

tmco lgdordwcmdo`m `mcgt

lgcatadhg`|m.

=7=

\gimt vmrm rgegxoa`mr

Gc mvaya lg Ixoda mc vwgbca gtvmac

G` =?45 daig`{ g` Gtvmm w`m nwgrrm douoc }wg g`rg`| m cat lgg`targt

lg cm Rgvbcodm y mc bm`la }wg mvaymbm gc gt|mbcgdoiog`|a lg w` nabogrà

ioco|mr g`dmbg{mla var gc ng`grmc Erm`dotda Erm`da.

Gc vrgtolg`|g igxodmà C{mra Drlg`mt rgtvmcl cm dmwtm rgvwbcodm`m

y argdo mywlm y vra|gddo` m cat lgg`targt lg cm Rgvbcodm. Mt# m vmr|or

lg =?4> daig`{mra` m ccgnmr m Ixoda dog`|at lg gtvmacgt }wg hwm` lg cm

nwgrrm y lg cm rgvrgto` lgc nabogrà rm`}wot|m.

Mcnwàt lg gccat grm` lgt|mdmlat dog`|edat g o`|gcgd|wmcgt }wg daivmr)

|ogra` tw |rmbmka da` cm Wòugrtolml @mdoa`mc Mw|àim lg Ixoda y kw`|a

da` gc nabogrà w`lmra` cm dmtm lg Gtvmm hay y Gc Dacgnoa lg Ixoda.

Vgra |mibo` g`|rg cat rgwnomlat gtvmacgt ccgnmra` it lg


7/194

Daivrg`la y mvcoda#

md|ouolmlgt vmrm

}wg gkgrdo|gt cat

daàdoiog`|at ml}worolat

g` dmlm bca}wg.

Vmrm lg|gd|ougt# da`kw`|a

lg vot|mt y md|ouolmlgt }wg |g

vgrio|or` |rmbmkmr cat |gimt

vmrm rggxoa`mr.

O`|gnra ca mvrg`lola y gumcwmdo #

gkgrdodoat mc e`mc lg dmlm bca}wg

}wg rgtwig` g o`|gnrm` ca }wg

mvrg`lot|g.

Vmrm abtgrumlargt#

la`lg |g`lrt }wg

o`|grvrg|mr oing`gt

da` da`|gòla hot|roda.

==4

Mw|agumcwmdo`

Gt |ogiva lg }wg gumcgt ca }wg hmt mvrg`lola g` gt|g bca}wg. Cgg dmlm w`m

g`w`domla y imrdm da` w`m gc ougc }wg hmymt valola canrmr.

Ca hmna da`

emdocolmlCa hmna

@gdgto|a

mywlm vmrm

hmdgrca

Wboda g` w`m c`gm lgc |ogiva cat vro`dovmcgt

mda`|gdoiog`|at lgc Varrom|a y cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m#

y gc ma# ldmlm y tonca g` }wg adwrrogra`

Cadmco{a g` w` imvm lg Ixoda cmt {a`mt lg oèwg`dom lg

cat vro`dovmcgt dmwloccat rguacwdoa`mroat

Olg`|oda cmt dmwtmt }wg da`tacolmra` cm lod|mlwrm

lg Varroa Lm{ y mcnwàt mtvgd|at lg twt dwc|wrmcgt#

gdaìodat# tadomcgt y vac|odat

Daà{da cmt olgmt vac|odmt lg Imlgra y tw oèwg`dom g`

gc oòdoa lg cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m

Olg`|oda cmt vravwgt|mt lg cat logrg`|gt dmwloccat

rguacwdoa`mroat

Olg`|oda cmt vro`dovmcgt nmrm`|mt gt|mbcgdolmt g` cm

Da`t|o|wdo`

Ca hmna Ca o`|g`|aTca dwm`la

ig ca o`lodm`

Rgtvg|a gc cgnmla }wg cm dwc|wrm rguacwdoa`mrom lgk g` gc

vrgtg`|g

Umcara cat lgrgdhat }wg na{miat gt|mbcgdolat g` cm

Da`t|o|wdo`

Ig vrava`na igkarmr g`;

45

Bca}wg =

Cm uolm da|olom`m g` cm dowlml y gc dmiva

Lwrm`|g cm vroigrm io|ml lgc tonca xox# cmt dowlmlgt lg Ixoda grm` vg}wgmt

y vada vabcmlmt: cm imyar vmr|g lg cm vabcmdo` uoum g` rgmt rwrmcgt# lglo)

dmlm m cmbargt mnrdacmt.

Mc vmta lgc |ogiva# cm ialoedmdo` it oivar|m`|g g` dwm`|a mc |rmbmka g`

gc dmiva wg gc drgdoiog`|a nrmlwmc lg cmt vravog)

lmlgt }wg ccgnmra` m |g`gr nrm` gx|g`to`. M`|g

gt|a# iwdhmt vgrta`mt mbm`la`mra` tw vwgbca

lg arong` vmrm ortg m uouor m rm`dhat y hmdog`lmt

la`lg cm daùoug`dom tadomc |g`m dmrmd|grt|odmt

iwy logrg`|gt.

A|rm lg cmt datmt }wg dmibo y mgd| cm uolm

g` gc dmiva wg cm cgum a rgdcw|miog`|a ar{ata

vmrm gc gkrdo|a. Lgbola m gt|m vrd|odm# `wig)

ratat dmivgtoàt wgra` abconmlat m lgkmr twt

cmbargt da|olom`mt vmrm tgruor g` cmt ecmt ioco|m)

rgt: ca dwmc dmwt cm lgto`|gnrmdo` lg miocomt y

vabcmlat.

M}wmvrg`lgrtm gxvcodmr cat

dmiboatg`cm uolm da|olom`m lgc

dmiva y cm dowlml.

Gtdg`mtda|olo m`mt

lgcatvr oigratmat

lgctoncaxox.

Gtdg`m vavwcmrl g

Igrdmla#cga tabrg

|gcm#>7x?4 di.

Vot|m4 Vmrmlg|gd|ougt

Tm` Kwm` lg Wcm tg

g`dwg`|rm wbdmlm g`

w` tca|g erg`|g mc md|wmc

vwgr|a lg Ugrmdrw{.

Oùgt|nm var }w tg cg

da`tlgrm w`m ear|mcg{m

y }w ew`d` |g`m g` gc

tnca xox.

=76di

=77

Vmrmabtgrumlargt

Abtgrum cm oimng` y rgtva`lg g` |w dwmlgrà;

M dwc lg cat |gimt }wg gt|t gt|wlom`la g` gc bca}wg darrgtva`lg1

]wo`gt mvmrgdg` g` cm oimng`1 ]w gt|` hmdog`la1 G` l`lg tg

g`dwg`|rm`1 ]w oèarimdo` |g vravardoa`m cm oimng` vmrm g`|g`lgr

gc |gim1

Imògt|mdo` gt|wlom`|oc rg`|g

mcgloedoa lgcm rgd|ar m lgcm w`mi# g`=?58.

DaiVrg`la ymVcoDa

Daia cgt|g g` gc |gx|a# gc iauoiog`|a

gt|wlom`|oc lg =?58 ewg wà lg cat twdgtat

it oivar|m`|gt lgc Ixoda da`|givar`ga.

Oùgt|onm# da` vgrta`mt imyargt lg |w emiocom

a lg |w daiwòlml# it oèarimdo` tabrg

gt|g iauoiog`|a tadomc. Vwglgt o`lmnmr var

}w vra|gt|mbm` cat gt|wlom`|gt# mcnwàt

mda`|gdoiog`|at oivar|m`|gt lgc iauoiog`|a

y ca adwrrola gc 2 lg ad|wbrg lg =?58. Mà|m

cm oèarimdo` }wg oùgt|onwgt y kw`|a da` cmt

}wg ccgug` |wt daivmgrat hmnm` w` vgroloda

iwrmc. Vnwg`ca g` w` cwnmr uotobcg lg cm gtdwgcm

vmrm }wg |alat tgvm` }w vmt g` Ixoda gtg

ma. @a acuolg` o`dcwor cm oivar|m`dom lg gt|g

mda`|gdoiog`|a g` wgt|rm uolm md|wmc.

=75

Bca}wg

Cm Nwgrrm lg Rgarim 7?Cat vrabcgimt gdaìodat lg Ixoda 5=Gc nabogrà rgvwbcodmà y gc tgnw`la oivgroa 52Bgò|a Kwrg{ y cat cobgrmcgt 57Cm rgt|mwrmdo` lg cm Rgvbcodm 5>Mtvgd|at lg cm dwc|wrm g` Ixoda 5?

\gimt vmrm rggxoa`mr >2Cmt mrimt `mdoa`mcgt tg hm` dwbogr|a lg ncarom >2Cat vgrolodat lg cm vadm; gtdg`mroa vmrm cmt olgmt y cm dmrodm|wrm >7

Bca}wg OOO Lgc Varrom|a m cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m >?Vmàrmim lgc vgroala 8

Gc Varerom|a ?6Gt|mbocolml# lgtmrracca gdaìoda g oùgrto` gx|rm`kgrm ?6

Dog`dom# |gdàcanm y dwc|wrm ?4Iauoiog`|at lg vra|gt|m; dmivgtoàt y abrgrat ?5


9/194

Cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m ??Cm avatodo` lg Erm`dotda O. Imlgra# tw olgmroa lgiadr|oda y gc oòdoalg cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m ??Gc lgtmrracca lgc iauoiog`|a mrimla y cmt vravwgt|mt lg cat dmwloccatrguacwdoa`mroat; Giocomà [mvm|m# Erm`dotda Uoccm# Ug`wt|omà Dmrrm`{my cumra Abrgn` =6=Cm Da`t|o|wdo` lg =?=># twt vro`dovoat y vro`dovmcgt mr|dwcat =67

Cm dwc|wrm rguacwdoa`mrom =65\gimt vmrm rggxoa`mr =68Cm o`wg`dom lg cmt dwc|wrmt gx|rm`kgrmt =68Cm uolm g` cmt hmdog`lmt ==6

Bca}wg OU Lg cat dmwloccat m cmt o`t|o|wdoa`gt (=?26)=?>6/ ==7Vmàrmim lgc vgroala =26\gimt vmrm daivrg`lgr gc vgroala =2=

]w bg`gedoat |rmka cm drgmdo` lg o`t|o|wdoa`gt g` Ixoda1 =2=Cm cwdhm var gc valgr =24Lg cat dmwloccat mc vrgtolg`domcotia =27Cm rgbgco` drot|grm =2>Cm drgmdo` y da`tacolmdo` lgc vmr|ola òda y cm mvmrodo` lg vmr|olatlg avatodo` =28Gc oivwcta m cm gdaàim `mdoa`mc =46Drlg`mt y cm gxvravomdo` vg|racgrm =42Ixoda g` gc da`|gx|a lg cm Tgnw`lm Nwgrrm Iw`lomc =44Cmt lgim`lmt lg cat abrgrat# cat dmivgtoàt y cm dcmtg iglom =48Cm tgnwrolml tadomc y gc oòdoa lg cm gxvcato` lgianredm =


10/194

B

ca

}w

g

O


11/194

Cat vroigrat

mat lg cm uolmo`lgvg`log`|g


12/194

=6

Bca}wg =

Vravto|at

G ba} b a y

a aa a na xox y aa Ia u. M b a aa } a a y ab a.

Ca }wg da`a{da

C n y a a aa.G Ia b KaIn R Ma E{# a b ab. ] ab a1Ia aa aaa n. L } aa 1Da } n1

M# Ia aa a 4=a y La E. Da a a =82


13/194

==

G`|rmlm lgc Gkrdo|a lg cmt \rgt Nmrm`|mt m cm dmvo|mc lg Ixoda.


14/194

=2

Bca}wg =

Rgt|a lgc iw`la

=826 =827 =846 =847

Vrgtolg`dom lgNwmlmcwvg Uod|arom

=82


15/194

=4

O`odoa lgc bca}wga `mumcrm`dt m cat vwgr|at lgMrng`|o`m =848

=8


16/194

=

8

?=6

==

=2

=4

_wdm|`

GT\MLAT W@OL AT LG MIRODM

=. [mdm|gdmt

2. Tm` Cwot Va|at

4. Kmcotda

. Iodhamd`

8. Ixoda

?. \cmxdmcm

=6. Vwgbcm

==. Amxmdm

=2. Ugrmdrw{

=4. \mbmtda

Era`|grm (cio|g/md|wmc

\grro|aroat

6 766 =666 ji.

Gtdmcm =; 44 766 666

T oiba c a n m

Louoto` vac|odm tgn` cmDa`t|o|wdo` lg =82

Ixoda mc |rioà lg cm nwgrrmlg O`lgvg`lg`dom

Cm da`twimdo` lg cm o`lgvg`lg`dom vwta e` m w` cmrna vgroala lg laio)`mdo` gtvmacm y imrd gc oòdoa lg w`m `wgum g|mvm g` `wgt|rm hot|arom. Mctgvmrmrtg lg Gtvmm# Ixoda tg daùor|o g` w` vmt tabgrmà: gt lgdor# cobrglgc laioòa gx|rm`kgra. Var vroigrm ug{ cat igxodmàt hodogra` twt vravomtcgygt y gconogra` m twt nabgr`m`|gt. Grm w`m avar|wòlml vmrm igkarmr cmgdaàim# gt|mbcgdgr w` nabogrà lgiadr|oda y mdmbmr da` cmt o`kwt|odomttadomcgt hgrglmlmt lgc uorrgo`m|a.

Iwdhat daivm|roa|mt da`tolgrmra` cm da`twimdo` lg cm o`lgvg`lg`domdaia gc oòdoa lg w` |ogiva lg vm{ y bog`gt|mr. Mcnwàt o`dcwta vg`tmra` }wgcm `wgum `mdo` gt|mbm lgt|o`mlm m tgr rodm: to` gibmrna# lgtlg gc vro`dovoa

gc dmioà lgc vmt gt|wua ccgà lg |ravog{at.Cm nwgrrm g`|rg o`twrng`|gt y rgmcot|mt hmbm dmwtmla gàrigt vrlolmt

hwim`mt y gdaìodmt. Lwrm`|g cat == mat }wg lwr# gc daòd|a dabr cmuolm lg igloa iocc` lg vgrta`mt# mrrwo` m daigrdom`|gt y mnrodwc|argt ydmwt cm lgt|rwddo` lg `wigratat vwgbcat# hmdog`lmt y io`mt. Lgbola mgcca# cm gdaàim lgc vmt gt|mbm iwy lgboco|mlm. Cm hmdog`lm vbcodm |miva)da |g`m rgdwrtat: lg hgdha# gc nabogrà `mdoa`mc à |g`m lo`gra.

Gt|m to|wmdo` gdaìodm tg twi m a|rat nrmugt vrabcgimt }wg tghmbm` lgtmrraccmla lgtlg cat |ogivat lg cm laio`mdo` gtvmacm; Ixodagrm w` vmt iwy nrm`lg y gt|mbm imc daiwòdmla: cat dmioàt tg hmccmbm` gìmcmt da`lodoa`gt y g` gccat mbw`lmbm` catbm`lolat# ca dwmc hmdm iwy lodoc gc |rm`t)var|g lg dmrnm y lg vmtmkgrat.

Var a|ra cmla# cm tadoglml igxodm)`m gt|mbm louololm# vwgt nrm` vmr|g lg cmvabcmdo` grm vabrg iog`|rmt w`m ioàrmlotrw|mbm lg mbw`lm`|gt ro}wg{mt. Itlg cm io|ml lg cm vabcmdo` grm o`lng`m yvmlgdm cat mbwtat y cm lotdroio`mdo` lg

a|rat nrwvat tadomcgt. Cmt cgygt drgmlmtlgtvwt lg cm o`lgvg`lg`dom# cgkat lg bro`)lmrcg vra|gddo`# cm mgd|mra` lg lot|o`|mtim`grmt# mc muargdgr }wg cat hmdg`lmlaty rm`dhgrat igt|o{at cm lgtvakmrm` lg twt|ogrrmt. G` mcnw`mt vmr|gt# daia Taàrm y_wdm|`# tg vralwkgra` uoacg`|mt rgbgcoa`gto`lng`mt }wg lwrmra` iwdhat mat.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m olg`|oedmr catvrabcgimt }wg Ixoda g`rg`|mc da`twimrtg cm nwgrrm lgO`lgvg`lg`dom.

Hmdog`lm vbcodm

Gt gc lo`gra da` gc }wg dwg`|m

gc nabogrà# y }wg givcgm vmrm

vmnmr tmcmroat lg |rmbmkmlargt#

abrmt vbcodmt y lougrtat

tgruodoat.

Tabgrm`m

Emdwc|ml vmrm gkgrdgr

cobrgig`|g cm lgdoto` vmrm

gcgnor m twt nabgr`m`|gt.

Rm`dhgra igxodmà.


20/194


21/194

=?

Cmt cwdhmt o`|gr`mt y cat vroigratnabogràt

\rmt cm da`twimdo` lg cm o`lgvg`lg`dom# cat igxodmàt g`rg`|mra` latoivar|m`|gt lgtmat vac|odat; w`lmr w` tot|gim lg nabogrà vravoa y hmdgrcgygt vmrm gc `wgua vmt. To` gibmrna# cm mc|m lg rgdwrtat gdaìodat |mi)bo` wg w` abt|dwca vmrm cm w`lmdo` lgc Gt|mla igxodmà.

Daia rgdarlmrt# cm o`lgvg`lg`dom wg vatobcg nrmdomt m w` nrm` mdwgr)la g`|rg lot|o`|at nrwvat tadomcgt y vac|odat. Gt|g vmd|a ca g`dmbg{mra`Mnwt|` lg O|wrbolg y Uodg`|g Nwgrrgra y tg da`drg| g` gc Vcm` lg Onwmcm.

Tgn` gtg vcm`# Ixoda tgrm nabgr`mla var w`m ia`mr}wm da`t|o|wdoa)`mc. Gt|a tonòedmbm }wg lgbm hmbgr w` rgy# vgra t|g à nabgr`mrm tgn`tw uacw`|ml vgrta`mc# toà da` bmtg g` w`m da`t|o|wdo`. \mibo` tg vcm`|g

}wg gxot|orm w` Da`nrgta a Dimrm lg lovw|mlat# g`dmrnmla lg gcmbarmr cmtcgygt y twvgruotmr mc nabogrà# y tg arimrm` |robw`mcgt vmrm oivmr|or kwt|odom.M gt|a tg cg ccmim louoto` lg valgrgt.

Cm olgm lg }wg gc vmt |wuogrm w` nabogrà ia`r}woda wg daivmr|olm varnrm` vmr|g lg cat igxodmàt# var ca }wg m gt|g nrwva tg cg daàdo var twtolgmt daia ia`mr}wot|m. Hay vmrgdgrm iwy gx|rma }wg g` cwnmr lg vrgto)lg`|g |wuormiat w` rgy# vgra g` gtg iaig`|a iwdhat drgygra` }wg grm w`mbwg`m avdo` vmrm im`|g`gr cm wòlml y cm vm{ o`|gr`m.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m daivmrmr cmtlogrg`|gt arimt lg nabogrà }wvrava`m` vmrm cm mdo` igxodm`

Rgvrgtg`|mdo` mr|t|odm lg cmo`lgvg`lg`dom lg Ixoda.

Mnwt|` lg O|wrbolg(=>84)=82


22/194

26

Bca}wg =

Tgn` gc Vcm` lg Onwmcm# gc |raà lg Ixoda lgbm tgr adwvmla var w`vr`dovg gtvmac: lg gt|g iala tg gtvgrmbm im`|g`gr cmt rgcmdoa`gt da`Gtvmm y da` gc rgt|a lg Gwravm.

Cm w`lmdo` lgc Oivgroa Igxodmà wg rgdobolm da` g`|wtomtia var cathmbo|m`|gt lgc vmt. Lgtvwt lg iwdhat mat# tg gtvgrmbm }wg gc `wgua

nabogrà |rmkgrm cm gt|mbocolml vac|odm y gdaìodm.Cmt vrauo`domt gconogra` lovw|mlat# }wog`gt tg rgwògra` vmrm rglmd|mr cm

Da`t|o|wdo`. Cmt vrauo`domt lg Dg`|ramirodm tg wògra` mc Oivgroa. Nrmdomtm gcca gc vmt ccgn m |g`gr w`m oìg`tm gx|g`to`# lgtlg Dmcoaròm hmt|mDat|m Rodm.

To` gibmrna# gc Oivgroa à wg ca }wg tg gtvgrmbm; Gtvmm à mdgv|gùomr w` vr`dovg mc |raà lg Ixoda# var}wg a rgdaàdm cm o`lgvg`lg`dom:m`|g gt|a# O|wrbolg |ai cm lgdoto` lg daùgr|ortg g` givgrmlar. Vgra |mchgdha dmwt vrabcgimt# vwgt# to bog` iwdhmt vgrta`mt ca mliormbm` daia

clgr vac|oda y ioco|mr# dmto `mlog mdgv| }wg tg daùor|ogrm g` ia`mrdm.O|wrbolg g`|r g` daòd|a da` gc Da`nrgta y g`dmrdgc m umroat lovw|m)lat. M`|onwat o`twrng`|gt# daia Uodg`|g Nwgrrgra y @odact Brmua# tg cgum`)|mra` g` mrimt. \mibo` w`m vmr|g lgc gkrdo|a igxodmà y cmt mw|arolmlgt lglot|o`|mt vrauo`domt tg lgdcmrmra` g` da`|rm lgc givgrmlar.

Eo`mcig`|g# g` imr{a lg =824# O|wrbolg rg`w`do m tw dmrna y mbm`)

la` gc vmt. G`tgnwolm# gc Da`nrgta lgdolo ialoedmr gc tot|gim lg

nabogrà y daùor|o m Ixoda g` w`m rgvbcodm glgrmc: gt|g dmiboa }wgl

Nwmlmcwvg Uod|arom (=>85)=884)=84=/# tgnw`lavrgtolg`|g lg Ixoda.


23/194

2=

gt|mbcgdola g` cm Da`t|o|wdo` lg =82


24/194

22

Bca}wg =

Daia im`lm|mroa# Nwgrrgra g`rg`| da` xo|a w` o`|g`|a lg rgda`}wot|mgtvmacm g` =82?. A|rmt mddoa`gt lg tw nabogr`a wgra` hmdgr ggd|oumcm mbacodo` lg cm gtdcmuo|wl y gxvwctmr m iocgt lg gtvmacgt }wg uoum` g`

Ixoda. Gt|m c|oim mddo` mnrmu cm louoto` g`|rg cat lorong`|gt vac|odat. Gcuodgvrgtolg`|g# M`mt|mtoa Bwt|mim`|g# mvraugdh cm to|wmdo` vmrm lgrradmrm Nwgrrgra y adwvmr cm vrgtolg`dom. Nwgrrgra wg dmv|wrmla y wtocmla g`Amxmdm g` =84=.

G` cat mat tonwog`|gt# cat lot|o`|at nrwvat vac|odat tg lotvw|mrm`cm vrgtolg`dom# cm imyarm lg cmt ugdgt g` arim uoacg`|m y to` rgtvg|mr cmDa`t|o|wdo`.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

Tby a a naba } ba Ia.Gb a } y } a . D

a V On1 D b Da =82


25/194

24

Vravwgt|mt lg nabogrà; glgrmcot|mty dg`|rmcot|mt

Lgtvwt lgc rmdmta lgc Oivgroa# tg mdarl gt|mbcgdgr w`m Rgvbcodm: àabt|m`|g# hwba umroat lgtmdwgrlat tabrg }w |ova lg rgvbcodm lgbm tgr;glgrmcot|m a dg`|rmcot|m.

G` gc tonwog`|g imvm da`dgv|wmc tg gxva`g` mcnw`mt dmrmd|grt|odmt lgdmlm tot|gim lg nabogrà.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m gxvcodmr cmtvat|wrmt vac|odmt lg dg`|rmcot|mt glgrmcot|mt.

arnmò{mlm g`

da` da`

arnmò{mlm g`

}wg}wg

Rgvbcodm

Eglgrmcot|m Dg`|rmcot|m

=82


26/194

26

Io`grm 26

O`lwt|rom ==.8

=. ] a aa ua a n 1

Vabcmdo` gt|oimlm g` cat mat=8=6# =846 y =876

Ma Iocca`gt lghmbo|m`|gt

=8=6 5.2

=846 5..2

2. Da ab Ia =8=6 y =8761

=2'

42'=>'

48'

@ar|gDg`|ra)@ar|g

Da`dg`|rmdo` lg cm vabcmdo` g` =826

4. G } n b b

y b a b n1


29/194

2>

Vralwddo` io`grm

M a aa# a

}u 27 a a a: =8=? bk 5.7 a a. _# =826 y =876# ua aa == a a.

Gx|rmddo` lg vcm|m g` Ixoda variocca`gt lg jocanrmiat

5. ] a a =826)=846# a a =866)=8=61

Vralwddo` lg vcm|m

Iocca`gtlg

jocanrmiat 5

8>)=8


31/194

2?

Mw`}wg g` cm vroigrm io|ml lgc tonca xox Erm`dom gt|mbm it o`|grgtmlmg` daigrdomr da` Ixoda# mcnwàt daigrdom`|gt y lovcai|odat rm`dgtgtdaig`{mra` m tgr m|rmlat var cat mtw`|at vac|odat; mvaymbm` cm olgm lg }wgg` Ixoda uacuogrm m gt|mbcgdgrtg w` nabogrà ia`r}woda# daia g` |ogivatlg O|wrbolg# mc dwmc mywlmrm` da` |ravmt y lo`gra: m dmiboa# gtvgrmbm` rgdoborug`|mkmt gtvgdomcgt vmrm hmdgr `gnadoat.

Lgtvwt lg cm o`lgvg`lg`dom# O`ncm|grrm tg uacuo wà lg cat vro`dovmcgt

vrgt|miot|mt lg Ixoda# ca }wg vgrio|o w`doa`mr mc nabogrà lg Nwmlm)cwvg Uod|arom y vrauad w` g`lgwlmiog`|a }wg tg vraca`nmrm lwrm`|g cmttonwog`|gt ldmlmt# lgbola m }wg cat logrg`|gt nabogràt à |g`m` rgdwrtattwedog`|gt vmrm vmnmr. G` =827# O`ncm|grrm rgdaàdo cm o`lgvg`lg`dom lgIxoda y erimra` w` |rm|mla daigrdomc var ca }wg ccgnmrm` m Ixoda oùgrtoa)òt|mt o`ncgtgt o`|grgtmlat g` cmt io`mt (}wg tg g`da`|rmbm` mbm`la`mlmtg o`w`lmlmt lgtlg cm nwgrrm lg O`lgvg`lg`dom/# ca }wg mywl iwdha m cmgdaàim.

Var tw vmr|g# Gt|mlat Wòlat wg lg cat vroigrat vmtgt }wg rgdaà)

dogra` cm o`lgvg`lg`dom lg Ixoda. Gt|a grm iwy oivar|m`|g vmrm `wgt|ravmt# vwgt tg |rm|mbm lg w`m rgvbcodm ugdo`m }wg |mibo` hmbm cwdhmlalwrmig`|g vmrm ab|g`gr tw o`lgvg`lg`dom y# mlgit# |g`m w`m gdaàimbmt|m`|g vrtvgrm.

Mc onwmc }wg a|rmt mdoa`gt# daia Erm`dom# Hacm`lm a O`ncm|grrm# Gt|mlatWòlat gt|mbm iwy o`|grgtmla g` gc daigrdoa da` Ixoda. Vgra |mibo`hmbm gt|mlwòlg`tgt }wg mibodoa`mbm` ml}woror w`m vardo` lgc |grro|aroa`mdoa`mc# y |g`m` cm iorm vwgt|m tabrg |ala g` cm vrauo`dom lg \gxmt.

Dacaò{mdo` lg \gxmt.Mnwm|o`|m# 24.2 x 4 di.

=76di


32/194

46

Bca}wg =

Lgtlg tw o`lgvg`lg`dom lg O`ncm|grrm# g` =>>5# cm vabcmdo` lg

Gt|mlat Wòlat hmbm drgdola da`tolgrmbcgig`|g. Hmdom vro`dovoat lgc

tonca xox ym tg hmbm lwvcodmla y da`|o`wmbm g` mwig`|a# var gta g`

gtg vmt hmbm iocgt lg vgrta`mt lotvwgt|mt m dacaò{mr `wguat |grro)|aroat. Mlgit lg mvravomrtg lg cmt |ogrrmt }wg adwvmbm` cat vwgbcat

o`lng`mt# gc nabogrà gt|mlwòlg`tg daivr gc |grro|aroa lg Cwotom`m m

cat rm`dgtgt y mrrgbm| cm Ecarolm m cat gtvmacgt. Lg gt|g iala# twt

ra`|grmt tg gx|g`logra` hmt|m cat cio|gt lg \gxmt.

\gxmt da`|mbm mvg`mt da` wàt dwm`|at hmbo|m`|gt# var ca }wg gc

nabogrà igxodmà vgrio|o }wg tg gt|mbcgdogrm` g` gccm mcnwàt daca)

àt vraugòg`|gt lg Gt|mlat Wòlat# da` cm da`lodo` lg }wg rgtvg|m)

rm` cmt cgygt lgc vmt y }wg ewgrm` dm|codat. @a |mrlmra` g` ccgnmr w`

nrm` ìgra lg oìonrm`|gt# ca dwmc ccgu m }wg# hmdom =84


33/194

4=

W` ugdoà da` o`|grgtgt lg gxvm`to`

Cm tgvmrmdo` lg \gxmt

Mc oòdomr cm ldmlm lg =846# cm to|wmdo` lg \gxmt grm vrgadwvm`|g; ma da`ma drw{mbm` cm ra`|grm iocgt lg gt|mlwòlg`tgt }wg tg o`t|mcmbm` lg arimocgnmc g` m}wgc |grro|aroa# to` }wg gc nabogrà vwlogrm oivglorca. Cat dacaàtlgtmembm` cmt cgygt lg cm Rgvbcodm y m cmt mw|arolmlgt igxodm`mt y iwdhatlg gccat lgtgmbm` tgvmrmr m \gxmt lg Ixoda.

M e`mcgt lg =847# gc Da`nrgta lgdolo daùgr|or mc vmt g` w`m rgvbcodmdg`|rmcot|m. Gt|a dmwt lgtda`|g`|a g` mcnwàt gt|mlat# y toruo lg vrg|gx|a mcat dacaàt |gxmàt vmrm da`twimr tw vravto|a: mt }wg tg lgdcmrmra` o`lg)vg`log`|gt# mrnwig`|m`la }wg gccat hmbm` kwrmla cm Da`t|o|wdo` glgrmc lg

=82< y à gt|mbm` abconmlat m tgr vmr|g lg w` vmt }wg hmbm dmibomla twarim lg nabogrà.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgr cmtdmwtmt y da`tgdwg`domt lg cmtgvmrmdo` lg \gxmt y lg cm nwgrrda` Gt|mlat Wòlat.

=26 =67 ?6=7

46

RoaN

rm`l

g

Ra

Iot

tottov

vo

Imr Dmr obg

mo`r

aeoc

mD

gl

aec

aN

Admà Vmdda

Nacea lg Ixoda

Ra Nocm

Ra

Brmua

Ra

Daca

rmla

GT\MLAT W@OLAT

IXODA

\gxmt

\grro|aroa lg \gxmt

Cio|g o`|gr`mdoa`mc6 766 =666 ji.

Gtdmcm =; 44 766 666

T oiba c a n m

\gxmt y Ixoda# =8


34/194

42

Bca}wg =

M vro`dovoat lgc ma tonwog`|g# M`|aòa Cvg{ lg Tm`|m M``m# mc rg`|glgc gkrdo|a# imrdh hmdom \gxmt da` cm o`|g`do` lg taig|gr m cat dacaàtrgbgclgt. Vgra lgtvwt lg mcnwàt |rowàt (daia cm |aim lgc wgr|g lg Gc

cmia/# wg lgrra|mla y dmv|wrmla g` cm bm|mccm lg Tm` Kmdo`|a# g` mbroc lg=845. Iog`|rmt gt|mbm vrotoa`gra# eri w` mdwgrla g` gc }wg mdgv|mbm cmo`lgvg`lg`dom lg \gxmt y arlg` cm rg|ormlm lg cmt |ravmt igxodm`mt.

Gc da`nrgta tg gn m mdgv|mr gt|g daùgòa y da`tolgr }wg \gxmt da`)|o`wmbm tog`la vmr|g lgc vmt# imt gc nabogrà igxodmà à |g`m rgdwrtatvmrm e`m`domr w`m wgum dmivmm ioco|mr da`|rm cat tgvmrm|ot|mt. Eo`mcig`|g#cat |gxmàt lgdcmrmra` tw o`lgvg`lg`dom y arimra` w`m rgvbcodm o`lgvg`)log`|g: g` =8


35/194

44

Cm nwgrrm da` Gt|mlat Wòlat

W`m ug{ }wg \gxmt tg o`darvar m Gt|mlat Wòlat# gt|g vmt bwtd gx|g`)

lgr twt laioòat hmt|m cmt dat|mt lgc Vmdeda. Vmrm da`tgnworca# vravwta mIxoda cm daivrm lg @wgua Ixoda y Dmcoaròm# vgra gc nabogrà tg `gnm ug`lgr cat |grro|aroat. M`|g gt|a# gc nabogrà gt|mlwòlg`tg vcm`g da`tg)nworcat ioco|mrig`|g.

M vgtmr lg gt|m mig`m{m# cat nrwvat vac|odat igxodmàt à twtvg`log)ra` twt lotvw|mt: var gc da`|rmroa# tonwogra` g`rg`|mlat g`|rg t. G` |mcgtdordw`t|m`domt# rgtwc|mbm lodoc g`rg`|mr da` xo|a m w` g`giona }wg gt|mbmigkar vrgvmrmla vmrm cm nwgrrm.

Co|anrmm }wg rgvrgtg`|m cmBm|mccm lg Bwg`m Uot|m# g`=8# lwrm`|g cm oùmto` lgGt|mlat Wòlat m Ixoda.

Co|anrmm }wg rgvrgtg`|m gcbaibmrlga m Ugrmdrw{.


36/194

47 x ?4 di.

Vot|m 4 vmrmlg|gD|ougt

T K W

b a a U{.Oun a } a a{y } na xox.

=76di


39/194

4>

G` cmt dowlmlgt# cm uolm lg twt hmbo|m`|gt dmibo vada m vada. G` bwg`miglolm# cmt vgrta`mt da`|o`wmra` lgtgivgm`la cat aedoat y cmt md|ouolm)lgt lgc uorrgo`m|a; cm imyarm grm` kar`mcgrat# ug`lglargt mibwcm`|gt# mr|gtm)

àt a |rmbmkmbm` g` gc tgruodoa lait|oda: |mibo` hmbm# g` igàr iglolm#givcgmlat vbcodat# daigrdom`|gt# |g`lgrat# w`doa`mroat# ioco|mrgt# vragta)rgt# ilodat# mbanmlat# tmdgrla|gt y ia`kmt. W` gìgà }wg daig`{ mabtgrumrtg g` mcnw`mt dowlmlgt wg gc mwig`|a lg vabcmdo` vraugòg`|g lgcdmiva }wg lgtgivgmbm aedoat# daia mnwmlargt# ug`lglargt mibwcm`|gta dmrnmlargt g` cat igrdmlat: a|rat tg daùgr|m` g` coiat`grat.

G` cmt dowlmlgt g o`dcwta g` cat vwgbcat it nrm`lgt lgc vmt# dordwcmbm`vgrolodat y rguot|mt# y cm ng`|g daig`|mbm cat mtw`|at lgc lm# vwgt mw`}wgtca wàt vadat tmbm` cggr# à mc|mbm }wog` cgygrm g` ua{ mc|m cmt à|odomt#vmrm }wg cat lgit tg g`|grmrm`. Mlgit lg cmt

egt|mt rgconoatmt |mibo` daig`{mra` m dgcgbrmr)tg daìgiarmdoa`gt duodmt# daia gc Nro|a lgO`lgvg`lg`dom# }wg tg dgcgbr var vroigrm ug{gc =5 lg tgv|ogibrg lg =8=2 g` cm vabcmdo` lgHwodhmvm`# Holmcna. @a |alat cat òat obm` m cmgtdwgcm# vwgt mc onwmc }wg g` gc dmiva# cm imyarvmr|g mywlmbm` m twt vmlrgt g` twt cmbargt da|o)lom`mt.

vmrmabtgrumlargt

Abu n n .Ta a u y b ana a bu a a # y a.

Gcmbarmr (gdhmr/ |ar|occmt grm w`m cmbar da|olom`mg` gt|m vadm# }wg dmibo da` cm ialgròlml.

G` cat vroigrat mat lgc toncaxox# ccgnmra` m cmt dowlmlgtvgrta`mt }wg à |g`màdwvmdo` g` gc dmiva. To àg`da`|rmbm` |rmbmka# umnmbm`var cmt dmccgt y cm ng`|g catccmimbm cvgrat.


40/194

48

Bca}wg =

Lwrm`|g cat rgdwg`|gtg`rg`|miog`|at lg nrwvat

vac|odat# iwdhmt ugdgt cmtvravoglmlgt y cat `gnadoat lgcat gx|rm`kgrat rgtwc|mbm` lmmlat.

\gimt vmrm rgegxoa`mrVar dwcvm lg w` vmt|gcgra; =848)=84?

Rg|aim cmt vot|mt }wg rgdavocmt|g m ca cmrna lgc bca}wg y da` bmtg g` cm oàr)imdo` lg cat tonwog`|gt rgdwmlrat# gcmbarm g` |w dwmlgrà w`m hot|arog|mmdgrdm lg cm Nwgrrm lg cat vmt|gcgt. Oùg`|m cat vgrta`mkgt y locanat y|rm|m lg }wg tgm w`m hot|arom lougr|olm. Vmrm ocwt|rmrcm# vwglgt wtmr lobwkat argdar|gt lg vgrolodat y rguot|mt.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m gxvcodmrnredmig`|g gc daòd|a lg cm

Nwgrrm lg cat vmt|gcgt.

Lgtvwt lg cmo`lgvg`lg`dom ccgnmra`m Ixoda givrgtmroat y

daigrdom`|gt gx|rm`kgratvmrm hmdgr `gnadoat.

Dwm`la gc nabogrà igxodmà`gdgto|mbm lo`gra da` wrng`domcgt gxonm m cmt vgrta`mtmlo`grmlmt vrt|miat ar{atat#

o`dcwta m cat gx|rm`kgrat.

G` admtoa`gt cat vmnattg rg|rmtmbm`# vwgt catnabogràt dmrgdm` lgrgdwrtat y iwdhmt ugdgtdmibombm` lg arimo`gtvgrmlm.

= 2

4

8

?

=6

==

Cat givrgtmroat y daigrdom`|gtrm`dgtgt tg }wgkmra` da` twnabogrà var gt|m to|wmdo`.Cm dm`|olml }wg rgdcmimbm`mc nabogrà igxodmà twimbm566 ioc vgtat.

Grm w`m dorm gxmngrmlmvwgt# cat rm`dgtgtvrg|g`lm` rgdobor itlg ca }wg g` rgmcolml cgtdarrgtva`lm.

W` vmt|gcgra rm`dt mcgnmbm}wg tw `gnadoa hmbm twrolalmat var 56 ioc vgtat. \goimno`mt cm dm`|olml lg vm`gty vmt|gcgt }wg tg valm`daivrmr da` gtm dm`|olmllg lo`gra-

M`|g gt|at m|m}wgt# gcnabogrà igxodmà mdgv|

vmnmr cm dm`|olml }wgrgdcmimbm` cat rm`dgtgt.

\rmt rgdobor w` mlgcm`|a lg 266ioc vgtat cat bmrdat rm`dgtgt tgrg|ormra` lg cmt dat|mt igxodm`mt

G` =848 Erm`dom im`l bmrdat lgnwgrrm m cat vwgr|at lgc Naca lgIxoda da` cm o`|g`do` lg bca}wgmrgc daigrdoa lg `wgt|ra vmt yvrgtoa`mr mc nabogrà vmrm o`lgiò{mrm cat }wgkatat.

Cat rm`dgtgt dma`gmra`cm ar|mcg{m lg Tm` Kwm`

lg Wcm y m|mdmra` gcvwgr|a lg Ugrmdrw{# }wgg` gtg g`|a`dgt gt|mbmvra|gnola var w`m iwrmccm.

Da`twc|mg`

C a a nu. G ba NaTaa# Ixoda m |rmut lg tw`mrrm|oum# Ia# tgv)T#266? (Cba R/#a a k# a y ak a Ia naxox. \ ua a.

Nrmbmla }wgrgvrgtg`|m

g`rg`|miog`|at lwrm`|gcm nwgrrm ccmimlm lg

cat vmt|gcgt.


41/194

4?

Cat dmioàt y cat bm`lolat

G` gc tonca xox# cm imyarm lg cmt vgrta`mt uomkmbm vada. Mdmta uoto|mbm` lg

im`grm admtoa`mc vabcmdoa`gt dgrdm`mt# vgra à grm dai` }wg tg |rmtcm)lmrm` da` rgdwg`dom m cwnmrgt lot|m`|gt. Cat uomkgt g`|rg w`m dowlml m a|rmvalm` lwrmr umroat lmt# cat dmioàt grm` imcat y cat |rm`tvar|gt o`dia)lat# mw`}wg tg o`|g`| igkarmr cmt daiwòdmdoa`gt.

_m g` =842# w` uomkgra gtdrobo; @a hmdg |almum iwdhat mat grm gdg)tmroa givcgmr lat lmt m dmbmcca vmrm or Zlgtlg VwgbcmY m Ixoda: mharm tgtmcg g` cm locong`dom m cmt tgot lg cm imm`m y tg ccgnm g` cm àdhg m bwg`mharm.

Cmt vgrta`mt lgbm` wtmr m}wgccat dmioàt# ym wgrm }wg uomkmrm` m voga m dmbmcca# g` locong`domt |ormlmt var iwcmt# toccmt lg imà a o`dcwta g` cmt

gtvmclmt lg dmrnmlargt o`lng`mt (daia grm dat|wibrg g` mcnwàt gt|mlatlgc twrgt|g/. Cmt igrdm`dmt tg |rm`tvar|mbm` g` dmrrg|mt a g` rgdwmt lgiwcmt }wg da`lwdm` cat mrrograt. Var cm àdhg gt|at uomkgrat tg hatvglm)bm` g` vatmlmt# igta`gt# g` cat var|mcgt lg cat vwgbcat a o`dcwta m dmivambogr|a.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgrcat vrabcgimt }wg g`rg`|mbm` cauomkgrat.

Rgvrgtg`|mdo` lg diauomkmbm` cmt vgrta`mt g` catvroigrat mat lgc tonca xox.


42/194

=. \aa =842.

Cat uomkgrat grm`rgdwg`|gig`|g mtmc|mlat var

bm`lolat }wg gtvgrmbm` mcat dmrrwmkgt g` dmio`at lgvro`dovoat lgc tonca xox. cga

tabrg |gcm# 7=.7 x 7? di.

tglokag`|a`Dgt

M a aa na aa a a } b

a ab n# a na} a y aa } na .

=76di


43/194


44/194


46/194


47/194


48/194

B

ca

}w

g

OO


49/194

Lg cm Rgarim

m cm Rgvbcodmrgt|mwrmlm


50/194

.

Mcgnarm m cmDa`t|o|wdo`.


51/194


52/194

76

Bca}wg 2

Rgt|a lgc iw`la

=876 =877 =856

Ixoda

Rguacwdo` o`lwt|romc

Hoià @mdoa`mcIgxodmà =87

Vcm` lg \mdwbmym

da`|rm cmDa`t|o|wdo`

=87>

Ecox Imrm[wcamnm# vrgtolg`|g

da`tgrumlar=878

Bm|mccm lgVwgbcm

=852

Rgbgco` lg Myw|cmda`|rm Tm`|m M``m

=876 =8>7 =886

Ewtocmiog`|a

lg Imxoiocomà=85>

Ew`lmdo`lg cm Gtdwgcm@mdoa`mcVrgvmrm|arom=858

VgrolodaGc Darrga lg Ixoda#

lg On`mdoa Rmirg{=85>

O`mwnwrmdo` lgcgrradmrrocIxoda)Ugrmdrw{=8>4

Wòedmdo`lg O|mcom=8>6

Rguacwdo` Igoko g` Kmv`}wg rgt|mwr gc nabogràlgc givgrmlar=858

Oùg`do` lgc |gcaàg` Gt|mlat Wòlat=8>5

m`dgtm vgroala

852)=85>

Vrgtolg`dom lg Tgbmt|om`Cgrla lg \gkmlm =8>2)=8>5

=85


54/194

72

Bca}wg 2

Cmoda

O`lgvg`log`|g lg dwmc}wogr

arnmò{mdo` a da`gto`

rgconoatm.

Lgiadrmdom

Earim lg nabogrà g` gc}wg cat dowlmlmàt |og`g` cm

vatobocolml lg vmr|odovmr g` cat

mtw`|at vac|odat y gcgnor m twt

nabgr`m`|gt y rgvrgtg`|m`|gt.

Dw`layl`lgvmt1

Va }a b} a a a aa n b N Ra. ] {aua bka e na b1 D a aaua1 ] uk na aa {a1

24 2>

46

27

26

=7

==7 ==6 =67 =66 ?7 ?6

\rvodalgD`dgr

BGCODG

GT\MLAT W@OLAT

NWM\GIMCM

HA@LWRMT

gbor

mDrmI

mo`r

aeoc

mD

gl

aec

aN

Admà Vmdda

Nacea lg Ixoda

T oiba c a n m

Cio|g gt|m|mc

Cobgrmcgt

Da`tgrumlargt

Dmivmmt ioco|mrgt lg cat cobgrmcgt

\grro|aroa da`|racmla var cat da`tgrumlargt

Rw|mt lgc vrgtolg`|g Kwrg{

Cio|g o`|gr`mdoa`mc

@

6 466 566 ji.

Gtdmcm =; 24 254 666

Cm Nwgrrm lg Rgearim# =878)=85=

@wgum Arcgm`t

Ugrmdrw{

Im`{mòcca

M Vm`mi

Mrracca lgc Iar|gra=856

Im{m|c`

=87?

Caim Mc|m=856

Tocma=856

Tmcmim`dm=878

Dwguo|mt=878

Mcbmrrmlm=87?

\mdwbmym=87?

Dmcvwcmcvm`=856

Vmàrmim lgc vgroalaG` gt|g bca}wg gt|wlomrgiat w` vgroala g` gc }wg adwrrogra` oivar|m`|gt

|rm`tarimdoa`gt vac|odmt# nwgrrmt douocgt y w`m `wgum oùmto` gx|rm`kgrm.Cmt vro`dovmcgt wgr{mt vac|odmt lg cm vadm grm` cat vmr|olat Cobgrmc y Da`)tgrumlar# }wg tg lotvw|mra` gc da`|rac lgc nabogrà var igloa lg cmt mrimt.

G` gt|at mat# |mibo` tg vraiwcn w`m `wgum Da`t|o|wdo` y tg lgdrg)|mra` umromt cgygt (g` da`kw`|a daàdolmt daia Cgygt lg Rgarim/ da`cm o`|g`do` lg }wo|mrcg valgr vac|oda y gdaìoda m cm Oncgtom dm|codm. Gcvravto|a lg gt|mt cgygt |mibo` grm }wg Ixoda tg daùor|ogrm g` w` vmtcmoday lgiadr|oda:mw`}wg gt|a à tg dwivco lg oìglom|a# cmt Cgygt lgRgarim toruogra` lg bmtg vmrm w|wrmt |rm`tarimdoa`gt mdoa`mcgt. Mtoiot)ia# cm cwdhm da`|rm cm o`|grug`do` rm`dgtm ar|mcgdo cm tabgrm`m igxodm`m

rg`|g m a|rat vmtgt.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m wbodmr cmRgarim y cm Rgvbcodm rgt|mwrmlmy mvcodmrt cat |rioàt ldmlmy tonca: mlgit# cadmco{mrt cmt{a`mt lg o`wg`dom lg cobgrmcgt

y da`tgrumlargt.


55/194

74

\gimt vmrm daivrg`lgrgc vgroala

Var }w wg oivar|m`|g cm lgg`tm lgcm tabgrm`m igxodm`m1

Cm vmcmbrm tabgrm`m hmdg rggrg`dom mc lgrgdha lg cat vwgbcat vmrm lgdolorcat mtw`|at lg tw nabogrà to` }wg tg oiva`nm ò`nw`m wgr{m gx|rm`kgrm:dwm`la w` vmt oùmlg m a|ra# o`wyg a o`|gruog`g g` cmt lgdotoa`gt o`|gr`mtlg a|rm `mdo`# gt w`m im`grm lg à rgtvg|mr tw tabgrm`m.

Da` bmtg g` ca m`|groar rggxoa`m y# var igloa lg w`m ccwuom lg olgmt#

g`|rg |ala gc nrwva da`|gt|g`; var }w gt oivar|m`|g cm tabgrm`m lg catvmtgt1 Da`tolgrmt }wg Ixoda ho{a rgtvg|mr tw tabgrm`m lwrm`|g gc toncaxox1# var }w1 G` cm md|wmcolml# Ixoda gt w` vmt tabgrmà1

Volg m |w vragtar }wg mà|g cmt rgtvwgt|mt g` gc vo{mrr` y gcmbarg`w`m da`dcwto` da` cmt olgmt mvar|mlmt var |ala gc nrwva: gtdrbm`cm g` twdwmlgrà# y mc e`mc lgc bca}wg# rgnrgtg` m gccm# vmrm daivcg|mrcm da` ca }wghmym` mvrg`lola.

Cat daèod|at g`|rg cobgrmcgty da`tgrumlargt

M iglomlat lgc tonca xox# lat wgr{mt vac|odmt }wgrm` nabgr`mr Ixoda:mibat nrwvat |g`m` olgmt avwgt|mt# g` cm imyarm lg cat dmtat mdgrdm lgcmt iglolmt }wg tg lgbm` mlav|mr vmrm igkarmr cm to|wmdo` lgc vmt. Gt|atnrwvat grm` gc vmr|ola Cobgrmc y gc Da`tgrumlar.

Cmt logrg`domt g`|rg mibat nrwvat vrauadmra` }wg g` gt|g vgroala tglogrm` da`t|m`|gt cwdhmt: gt|a dmwt o`gt|mbocolml lgc vmt y mgd| tw gda)

àim y lgtmrracca.G` cm |mbcm lg cm tonwog`|g vno`m |g vrgtg`|miat cmt vro`dovmcgt logrg`)domt g`|rg gt|at nrwvat.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m gxvcodmr cmt dmw

da`tgdwg`domt lg cat daòd|at gcobgrmcgt y da`tgrumlargt.


56/194

7?7)=8>>/.

Dmrodm|wrm vwbcodmlm g`Gt|mlat W`olat tabrg cm

nwgrrm da`|rm Ixoda.

Vot|m = vmrmlg|gD|ougt

V } u Ia# ya a a C I.


58/194

75

M`|g gt|m to|wmdo`# mcnwàt o`|gnrm`|gt lgc nrwva cobgrmc# g`dmbg{mlatvar Kwm` cumrg{# On`mdoa Daiaàr| y Ecarg`doa Uoccmrrgmc tg arnmò{mra` vmrm}wo|mrcg gc nabogrà lgc vmt. G` =87?6)=85>/

On`mdoa Daiaàr| (=8=2)=854/.

Vcm` lg Myw|cm.


59/194

7>

Cm Da`t|o|wdo` lg =87># twt vmr|olmroaty mlugrtmroat

W`m ug{ g` gc nabogrà# cat cobgrmcgt vravwtogra` w`m tgrog lg rgarimt vmrmdmibomr cm to|wmdo` y cm gdaàim lgc vmt# y rgt|mrcg wgr{m m cat nrwvatvrouocgnomlat.

Cmt vroigrmt cgygt }wg gtdrobogra` vmrm gcca wgra`; cmCgy Kwrg{ (=877/#}wg }wo| vrouocgnoat m cat iogibrat lg cm Oncgtom y lgc gkrdo|a y gt|mbcgdocm onwmclml lg |alat cat dowlmlmàt m`|g cm cgy: cm Cgy Cgrla (=875/ }wgabcon m cmt darvarmdoa`gt douocgt y gdcgtot|odmt m ug`lgr cmt dmtmt y cat|grrgàt }wg à adwvmrm`: cm Cgy Oncgtomt (=87>/# }wg wg gc m`|gdglg`|g lgcm drgmdo` lgc rgnot|ra douoc# y rgnwc gc dabra lg cat tgruodoat rgmco{mlat varcm Oncgtom# daia bmw|otiat# g`|ogrrat y im|roiaòat# g`|rg a|rat.

Mc iotia |ogiva# cat cobgrmcgt daùadmra` m w` Da`nrgta Da`t|o|wyg`)|g g` gc }wg lotdw|ogra` twt rgarimt it oivar|m`|gt. Lgtvwt lg umroatlgbm|gt# rg|aimra` gt|mt rgarimt vmrm gcmbarmr w`m `wgum Da`t|o|wdo`# g`=87>. Iwdhat lg cat mr|dwcat lg gt|g ladwig`|a gt|mbm` arog`|mlat hmdomgc vravto|a lg ialgrò{mr gc vmt.

To` gibmrna# gc vmr|ola Da`tgrumlar# mcnwàt iogibrat lg cm Oncgtomdm|codm# ioco|mrgt y |grrm|gòg`|gt# tg avwtogra` m cm `wgum da`t|o|wdo`# var)}wg mgd|mbm cat vrouocgnoat }wg |g`m` lgtlg cm vadm uorrgo`mc: var gkgivca#m`|gt lg gt|mt cgygt# to w` tmdgrla|g a ioco|mr daig|m mcn` lgco|a à valmtgr kw{nmla var cm cgy# var}wg da`|mbm da`wgra.

DarvarmdoÀrnmò{mdo` daivwgt|m var

vgrta`mt# dwyat iogibrat ta`

cat òdat }wg vwglg` lgdolor

tabrg gccm# g` mtw`|at daia

nabogrà y mlioòt|rmdo`.

W` gkgivca lg darvarmdoa`gt

grm` cm Oncgtom dm|codm y cmt

daiwòlmlgt o`lng`mt.

\grrm|gòg`|g

Vgrta`m }wg vatgg nrm`lgt

gx|g`toa`gt lg |ogrrm.

Ewgra

Vrouocgnoat a|arnmlat m dogr|at

nrwvat a vgrta`mt# var tw

vatodo` a dmrna g` gc nabogrà

a g` cm Oncgtom.

Mcnwàt da`t|o|wyg`|gtlg =87>.


60/194

78

Bca}wg 2

Gt|m to|wmdo` lg o`daàriolml lmrm arong` m w`m `wgum nwgrrm; cat da`)tgrumlargt tg mc{mra` g` mrimt da`|rm gc nabogrà# g o`dcwta bwtdmra` mvayalg w` vmt gx|rm`kgra vmrm guo|mr }wg cmt `wgumt cgygt wgrm` mvcodmlmt.

M da`|o`wmdo` |g vrgtg`|miat mcnw`mt lg cmt lotvatodoa`gt lg cm Da`t)|o|wdo` lg =87>;

\alat cat dowlmlmàt ta` onwmcgt m`|g cm cgy y tg vrahbg cm gtdcmuo|wl.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

R aa Da =87>y a a; 1#a }1 G } ua n aaa1L na.

Cm g`tgm`{m g` Ixoda gt cobrg.G` Ixoda hmy cobgr|ml lg gxvrgto`# lg arnmò{mdo` y vmrm }wg dmlm

vgrta`m tg lglo}wg mc |rmbmka }wg it cg nwt|g a daùg`nm.@o`nw`m vgrta`m a nrwva vwglg |g`gr vrouocgnoat }wg mgd|g` mc rgt|a lgcm vabcmdo` (daia cat wgrat }wg |g`m` cat iogibrat lg cm Oncgtom y catioco|mrgt/.Gt|` vrahobolat cat dmt|onat darvarmcgt lg dwmc}wogr gtvgdog.\ala |rmbmka lgbg tgr rgiw`grmla (a|arnmr w` vmna/.Tg vrahbg m cmt darvarmdoa`gt douocgt y gdcgtot|odmt |g`gr a mlioòt|rmrvravoglmlgt wrbm`mt y rwrmcgt daia dmtmt# hmdog`lmt a |ogrrmt lg dwc|oua.

Da`t|o |wdo` lg =87>.


61/194

7?

Cm Nwgrrm lg Rgarim

Cm Nwgrrm lg Rgarim# |mibo` ccmimlm Nwgrrm lg cat \rgt

Mat# oòdo g` =878# dwm`la Ecox [wcamnm tg rgbgc da`|rm gcnabogrà cobgrmc iglom`|g gc Vcm` lg \mdwbmym# g` gc }wg lgt)daàdm cm Da`t|o|wdo` y daùadmbm m gcmbarmr w`m `wgum.

Gc vro`dovmc ia|oua lg gt|g daòd|a wg }wg gc vmr|olaDa`tgrumlar# cm Oncgtom dm|codm y nrm` vmr|g lgc gkrdo|a rgdhm){mbm` cm Da`t|o|wdo`# var}wg mgd|mbm twt wgrat y vravog)lmlgt. Var gcca# cat da`tgrumlargt cwdhmra` var lgg`lgr twtvrouocgnoat y cat lg cm Oncgtom dm|codm. Var a|ra cmla# cat cobgrm)cgt lgg`lm` gc dwivcoiog`|a lg cm Da`t|o|wdo`.

\rmt gc gt|mccola lg cm nwgrrm# gc vrgtolg`|g

Daiaàr| tg uoa abconmla m lgkmr gc vmt. G` da`)ariolml da` ca gt|mbcgdola g` cm Da`t|o|wdo`#wg twt|o|wola var gc vrgtolg`|g lg cm TwvrgimDar|g lg Kwt|odom# Bgò|a Kwrg{. Var tw vmr|g# catda`tgrumlargt tg mvalgrmra` lg cm dmvo|mc y ai)brmra` vrgtolg`|g m [wcamnm.

Lg gt|m arim# gc vmt da`| da` lat vrgtolg`)|gt; [wcamnm var gc bm`la da`tgrumlar# wbod twtglg lg nabogrà g` cm Dowlml lg Ixoda y Bgò|aKwrg{# lgc cmla cobgrmc# nabgr` lgtlg Ugrmdrw{.

Cm Nwgrrm lg Rgarim louolo m cm vabcmdo`g` lat bm`lat. Lwrm`|g cm cwdhm# mibat gkrdo|atrgdwrrogra` m cm cgum a rgdcw|miog`|a ar{ata vmrmg`nratmr twt ecmt.

Gt|m cwdhm g`|rg igxodmàt wg cm it brw|mclg |almt cmt nwgrrmt }wg gc vmt uouo lwrm`|g gctonca xox.

Taclmlat lwrm`|g cm Nwgrrm lg Rgarim#cga tabrg |gcm 78.7 x >4 di.

Igrdmla lgc tonca xox # cgatabrg |gcm# >7 x ?2 di.


Ga Rb I a u ba b a ka a y .

Da`twc|mg`

T aa ab # Ga { N Ra a aa a hl|.

=76d

i


62/194

56

Bca}wg 2

Eo`mcig`|g cat cobgrmcgt ug`dogra` y g` =85= Bgò|a Kwrg{ ho{a tw g`|rm)lm |row`mc g` cm Dowlml lg Ixoda# vmrm gt|mbcgdgr tw nabogrà.

Lwrm`|g cm nwgrrm# gc nabogrà lg Kwrg{ vraiwcn cmt ccmimlmt Cgygt lg

Rgarim# g` dwya da`|gòla tg bwtd coio|mr m` it cm o`wg`dom lg cm Oncg)tom dm|codm# g`|rg a|rat vw`|at. M da`|o`wmdo` |g vrgtg`|miat w` rgtwig`lg lodhmt cgygt;

Cmt vravoglmlgt lg cm Oncgtom vmtmrm` m tgr bog`gt lg cm `mdo`.Cat mdoiog`|at# im|roiaòat y iwgr|gt# tca valm` tgr rgdaàdolat varigloa lgc rgnot|ra douoc.Gc nabogrà mlioòt|rmrm hatvo|mcgt# dgig`|groat# y gt|mbcgdoiog`|at lgbg`gedg`dom# to` cm o`|grug`do` lg cm Oncgtom.Tg lmbm cobgr|ml lg vragtmr cm rgcono` a vg`tmiog`|a }wg dmlm dowlmlm)

à gtdanogrm.

Gt|mt cgygt rgtwc|mra` iwy oivar|m`|gt y twt olgmt vrgumcgdg` g` `wgt)|rat lmt# var gkgivca# nrmdomt m gccmt# cat igxodmàt valgiat gcgnor cmrgcono` }wg it àt nwt|g a ò`nw`m. Mlgit# nrmdomt mc Rgnot|ra Douoc gcnabogrà vwglg ccgumr w` da`|rac lg cm vabcmdo`: lgtlg `wgt|ra `mdoiog`|a}wglm w` rgnot|ra lg }wo`gt taiat# lg l`lg ugòiat y at olg`|oedm m`|gcat lgit. \g hmt vrgnw`|mla }w lm|at gxot|g` g` |w md|m lg `mdoiog`|a1Rgutmcm.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

An{ a a a. Oy } N Ra# } a# y a# a a

} a y b . \na aa aab# Cy y N Ra#b y aua: ay a } a a.

]w wg1

Dw`|alwr1 ]wog`gt

vmr|odovmra`1

Oivar|m`dom

lg cmt cgygt lgRgarim g` cmmd|wmcolml

Dmwtmt Da`tgdwg`domt

Cm nwgrrmlg Rgarim

Da`twc|mg`

T aa ab # Ga { Cy Ra aaa ahl|.


63/194


64/194

52

Bca}wg 2

Gc nabogrà rgvwbcodmà y gc tgnw`laoivgroa

Gc bca}wga lg cat vwgr|at lgc Naca dacad mc nabogrà cobgrmc g` w`m vato)do` lodoc. Kwrg{ gnado da` cat ng`grmcgt gx|rm`kgrat }wg hmbm` adwvmlaUgrmdrw{ y canr }wg o`ncgtgt y gtvmacgt rg|ormrm` twt a|mt. @a abt|m`|g#Erm`dom à mdgv| y lgtgibmrd twt |ravmt# cmt dwmcgt tg loronogra` m cmdmvo|mc lg cm Rgvbcodm.

Daia uoiat m`|groarig`|g# cat da`tgrumlargt lgtgmbm` }wg g` Ixoda

tg gt|mbcgdogrm w`m ia`mr}wm g`dmbg{mlm var w` iogibra lg cm rgmcg{mgwravgm# var gt|m rm{` tg twimra` m cmt |ravmt oùmtarmt.Gc nabogrà lg Bgò|a Kwrg{ o`|g`| lg|g`gr gc mum`dg lg cat oùmtargt.

G` Vwgbcm# gc gkrdo|a cobgrmc# g`dmbg{mla var On`mdoa [mrmna{m# canr w`moivar|m`|g uod|arom gc 7 lg imya lg =852. Vgra @mvacg` OOO# givgrmlar lgErm`dom# gùo 46 ioc taclmlat vmrm mvaymr gc mum`dg oùmtar# nrmdomt m cadwmc cat rm`dgtgt adwvmra` Vwgbcm y w` igt lgtvwt ccgnmra` m cm Dowlmllg Ixoda.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgr }wgg` Ixoda hwba lat nabogràt lgim`grm toiwc|`gm.

NwmyimtVoglrmt @gnrmt

Rgyàtm

Vmrrmt

Im{m|cÌm|ghwmcm

\mivoda

A{wcmim\wxvm`

Ugrmdrw{

Drlabm

\ghwmd` \ga|o|c`

Cm Dmrba`grm_m`hwo|c`Mdmvwcda

Im`{mòcca

Dhohwmhwm

Ia`|grrgy

Tmc|occa

[mdm|gdmt

Dowlml Uod|arom

Tm` CwotVa|at

Nwm`mkwm|a\gvod

Nwmlmcmkmrm

Dacoim

Iargcom

]wgr|mra

\acwdm

Ixoda

Vwgbcm

Amxmdm

24 2>

46

27

26

=7

==7 ==6 =67 =66 ?7 ?6

\rvodalgD`dgr

BGCODG

GT\MLAT W@OLAT

NWM\GIMCM

HA@LWRMT

gbormD

rmI

mo`

rae

ocm

Dg

lae

ca

N

Admà Vmdda

Nacea lg Ixoda

T oiba can m

\grro|aroat y {a`mt lg adwvmdo`lgc gkrdo|a oùmtar

Dmvo|mcgt

Dowlmlgt

Cio|g gt|m|mc

Cio|g o`|gr`mdoa`mc

@

6 466 566 ji.

Gtdmcm =; 24 254 666

Cm o`|grug`do` erm`dgtm (=852)=85>/


65/194

54

Gt|a abcon mc nabogrà cobgrmc m rgwbodmr tw tglg g` logrg`|gt gt|mlatlgc vmt# hmt|m to|wmrtg g` Vmta lgc @ar|g (hay Dowlml Kwrg{/# Dhohwmhwm#lgtlg la`lg da`|o`w cm nwgrrm g` lgg`tm lg cm tabgrm`m lgc vmt. Mciotia |ogiva# cat da`tgrumlargt tonwogra` da` gc vraygd|a lg gt|mbcgdgrw`m ia`mr}wm.

Dwm`la cat rm`dgtgt |aimra` cm Dowlml lg Ixoda# daùadmra` m w`mmtmibcgm arimlm var cat vro`dovmcgt da`tgrumlargt# }wog`gt vradcmimra`cm drgmdo` lgc Oivgroa igxodmà y argdogra` gc |raà m Imxoiocomà lg Hmbt)

bwrna# vmrm ca dwmc gùomra` w`m rgvrgtg`|mdo` hmt|m gc dmt|occa lg Iormimr#g` \rogt|g.

Lat mat lgtvwt lg hmbgr oòdomla cm nwgrrm da`|rm cm o`|grug`do`rm`dgtm# Imxoiocomà y tw gtvatm# Dmrca|m Mimcom# vro`dgtm lg Bcnodm#ccgnmra` m Ixoda vmrm adwvmrtg lgc nabogrà ia`r}woda mvaymla var catda`tgrumlargt. Cat cobgrmcgt# g`dmbg{mlatvar Kwrg{ tg `gnmra` m rgdaàdgr gt|m mw|a)rolml: mw` mt# gc oivgroa canr oiva`grtg g`m}wgccmt {a`mt lgc vmt laio`mlmt var gc

gkrdo|a rm`dt.Var tw vmr|g# gc nabogrà cobgrmc tg im`)|wua g` cmt rgnoa`gt }wg hmbm canrmlalgg`lgr. Mt# lwrm`|g gc |ogiva }wg lwrcm o`|grug`do` rm`dgtm# Ixoda |wua latnabogràt; wà rgvwbcodmà da`t|o|wdoa`mc)ig`|g gt|mbcgdola y a|ra ia`r}woda mvaym)la var wgr{mt gx|rm`kgrmt.

Vo`|wrm }wg rgvrgtg`|mcm bm|mccm lg Vwgbcm# cga

tabrg |gcm#


66/194

5.

Ng`grmc On`mdoa [mrmna{m.(=82?)=852/

Gkgdwdo` lg Imxoiocom`a#Iormi` y Igkm. Vo`|wrm

lg lawmrl Im`g| (=858/# cgatabrg |gcm# 467 x 272 di.

=

76di


67/194

57

Bgò|a Kwrg{ y cat cobgrmcgt

Da` gc |rowà lg cm Rguacwdo` lg Myw|cm# ccgn mc valgr w`m `wgum ng`grm)

do` lg cobgrmcgt# dmto |alat douocgt# gt lgdor# }wg à grm` ioco|mrgt.Gc vro`dovmc abkg|oua lg gt|g nrwva grm dmibomr cm arim lg nabgr`mr gcvmt# vgra |g`m` logrg`domt mdgrdm lg dia hmdgrca. Var w` cmla# mcnwàtcobgrmcgt da`tolgrmbm` }wg tg lgbm dmibomr cg`|mig`|g# vmrm guo|mr w`mavatodo` uoacg`|m: vgra a|rat drgm` g` gc dmiboa lrt|oda y vcm`|gmra` cmdrgmdo` lg w`m `wgum Da`t|o|wdo`: gt|m c|oim vat|wrm wg cm }wg laio`g`|rg gc nrwva cobgrmc lgtlg gc |rowà lg cm Rguacwdo` lg Myw|cm.

G`|rg cat cobgrmcgt lgt|mdmlat tg g`da`|rmbm Bgò|a Kwrg{. c grm lgarong` {mva|gdm# vwgt `mdo g` Tm` Vmbca Nwgcm|ma# g` cm togrrm lg Amxmdm.Gt|wlo g` w` tgio`mroa y g` gc O`t|o|w|a lg Dog`domt y Mr|gt lg Amxmdm. Ewg

lovw|mla y nabgr`mlar lg tw gt|mla `m|mc# mlgit adwv gc dmrna lg vrgto)lg`|g lg cm Twvrgim Dar|g lg Kwt|odom.

Bgò|a Kwrg{ tg daùor|o g` vrgtolg`|g lg cmRgvbcodm g` =878# y lwrm`|g cat tonwog`|gt =7mat wg gc vro`dovmc clgr `mdoa`mc. Tw givgavar oivwctmr cmt rgarimt cobgrmcgt y g` lgg`lgrm |alm dat|m cm tabgrm`m lg cm `mdo`# ca daùor)|ogra` g` w`m lg cmt enwrmt it oivar|m`|gt g` cmhot|arom lg Ixoda.

Cat cobgrmcgt vmr|odovmra` g` cm gcmbarmdo` lgcgygt# cm mlioòt|rmdo` vbcodm#cmt nwgrrmt da`|rmcat da`tgrumlargt# gc vgroalotia y cm uolm dwc|wrmclg cm vadm.

QQQ QQQ QQQ QQQ QQQ [ QQQ QQQ QQQ a { QQQ

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgr cmtabgrm`m y cm lgiadrmdom daia

umcargt lg cm hgrg`dom cobgrmc.

Nrmbmla lg cat cobgrmcgt.


@ab n } n ka a Ou E 7 ya =852.


68/194

55

Bca}wg 2

Mcnw`mt lg cmt iglolmt mlav|mlmt var cat cobgrmcgt mywlmra` m lgtmrra)ccmr cm lgiadrmdom g` gc vmt. Twt vravwgt|mt arono`mra` |rm`tarimdoa`gtvac|odmt y tadomcgt daia cm arnmò{mdo` lg gcgddoa`gt vrgtolg`domcgt y

nwbgr`mig`|mcgt# cm louoto` lg valgrgt# gc rgtvg|a var cm cobgr|ml lg gxvrg)to`# cm tgvmrmdo` lg cat mtw`|at rgconoatat lg cmt lgdotoa`gt lg nabogrà ycm drgmdo` lg o`t|o|wdoa`gt glwdm|oumt.

Gc cgnmla lg cat cobgrmcgt tonwg uong`|g g` wgt|rat lmt# daia gc rgtvg|am cm tabgrm`m lg cmt `mdoa`gt }wg tg to`|g|o{m g` cm rmtg lg Bgò|a Kwrg{;G`|rg cat o`louolwat daia g`|rg cmt `mdoa`gt# gc rgtvg|a mc lgrgdha mkgàgt cm vm{.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

R }a y b} na b ab

y a. R } a aby a # na a aa ka K{. M # a a a na# }y n n ub .

Oimng` }wg rgvrgtg`|mm Bgò|a Kwrg{ Nmrdm

y twt ioòt|rat.

Da`twc|mg`

T aa ab # Ga { Ou a aa a hl|.


69/194

5>

Cm rgt|mwrmdo` lg cm Rgvbcodm

G` kwcoa lg =85># cm dmvo|mc lg Ixoda rgdobo m Kwrg{# }wg rgnrgtmbm |row`)

m`|g cwgna lg cm lgrra|m lgc oivgroa. Da` gt|m uod|arom tg rgt|mbcgdo cmRgvbcodm# var ca }wg mc vgroala g`|rg =85> y =8>5 tg cg daàdg daiaRgvbcodm Rgt|mwrmlm.

M da`tgdwg`dom lg |m`|at mat lg cwdhm# mc rgt|mwrmrtg cm Rgvbcodm# gcvmt g`rg`|mbm loedwc|mlgt; g` gc ibo|a vac|oda# gc vmr|ola Cobgrmc tg louolovar}wg w`m vmr|g lg gt|g nrwva tg ava`m m cm rggcgddo` vrgtolg`domc lgBgò|a Kwrg{.

Mc |rioà lg cm nwgrrm# Kwrg{ rgt|mbcgdo tw nmbo`g|g da` douocgt: mcnw)àt ioco|mrgt }wg hmbm` vmr|odovmla lwrm`|g cm nwgrrm da`|rm gc oivgroa (g`|rggccat Vareroa Lm{/ tg iacgt|mra` var à hmbgr tola |aimlat g` dwg`|m vmrm

arimr vmr|g lgc nabogrà.Mlgit# hmbm w` daòd|a g`|rg gc dg`|ra lgc vmt y gc rgt|a lg cmt

rgnoa`gt# lgbola m }wg lwrm`|g cm nwgrrm cat kggt ioco|mrgt da`|racmbm` cmtmd|ouolmlgt gdaìodmt lg mcnw`mt rgnoa`gt# y tg mvravombm` lg twt rgdwr)tat. Kwrg{ |rm| lg }wo|mrcgt gt|g valgr m cat ioco|mrgt# ca }wg vrauad twlgtda`|g`|a.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m olg`|oedmr cmtiglolmt vmrm ar|mcgdgr cm gdaàiy cm arnmò{mdo` vac|odm lg Ixodlwrm`|g cm Rgvbcodm Rgt|mwrmlm.

W` lm|a o`|grgtm`|g

M na xox# a ua O bb a u a Ob. Hb { # aa a a Ia# aa# a# a# aa y a Ha @a.

G`|rmlm lg Bgò|aKwrg{ m cm Dowlmllg Ixoda# =85>.


70/194

58

Bca}wg 2

Var a|ra cmla# cat iogibrat lgc vmr|ola Da`tgrumlar }wg hmbm` mvaymlam Imxoiocomà twrogra` rgvrgtmcomt# ca dwmc mdrgdg`| cmt logrg`domt gxot|g`)|gt (mw`}wg g` =8>6 Kwrg{ lgdrg| w`m miòt|m# g` w` o`|g`|a var |grio`mr

da` gt|g |ova lg vrabcgimt/.Cm lodoc to|wmdo` gdaìodm tg mnrmu: cm dmrg`dom lg rgdwrtat wg wàlg cat vro`dovmcgt vrabcgimt lg cm Rgvbcodm Rgt|mwrmlm. Bgò|a Kwrg{ ytw twdgtar g` cm vrgtolg`dom# Tgbmt|o` Cgrla lg \gkmlm# tmbm` }wg gc vmt`gdgto|mbm oivwctmr tw gdaàim# rgmd|oumr cm vralwddo` mnrdacm# aig`)|mr cm o`lwt|rom# da`t|rwor grradmrrocgt y vabcmr cmt rgnoa`gt }wg à gt|mbm`hmbo|mlmt.

Var gcca# tg gàdmra` g` rgarnmò{mr cm Hmdog`lm Vbcodm# da` cm olgmlg da`tgnwor rgdwrtat `gdgtmroat vmrm igkarmr cm to|wmdo` lgc vmt. Vgra#e`mcig`|g# à vwlogra` rgmco{mr twt vcm`gt lgbola m cm mc|m lg rgdwrtat#

cmt rgbgcoa`gt lg dmivgtoàt }wg hmbm` tola lgtvakmlat lg twt |ogrrmt# cmo`tgnwrolml g` twt dmioàt y cmt twbcgumdoa`gt lg mcnwàt kggt ioco|mrgt.

Miòt|m

Vgrl` lg mcn` lgco|a

a|arnmla cgnmcig`|g. Dwm`lacm rgdobg`# cat mdwtmlat

}wglm` cobrgt lg |alm

rgtva`tmbocolml.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

L a a a } a a# a n a a a a a nabab a aa y an{ ay } ab b Rb. M #a a aa.

Iglolmt Vrabcgimt

Tgbmt|o` Cgrla lg \gkmlm(=824)=88?/.


71/194

5?

Mtvgd|at lg cm dwc|wrm g` Ixoda

Cm dwc|wrm igxodm`m }wgl imrdmlm var cmt ldmlmt lg nwgrrmt douocgt g

o`|grug`doa`gt gx|rm`kgrmt. Cm lgg`tm lg cm cobgr|ml y cm tabgrm`m lgtvgr)|mra` gc tg`|oiog`|a `mdoa`mcot|m lg cm vabcmdo`# gc dwmc tg imògt| g` cmco|grm|wrm# vo`|wrm y itodm.

Mt# g` gt|at mat cm dwc|wrm bwtd rgtmc|mr cm hot|arom# cmt |rmlodoa`gt# catvmotmkgt y cmt dat|wibrgt }wg iat|rmrm` ca igxodmà. Cat |gimt rgconoatat#laio`m`|gt g` gc vgroala uorrgo`mc# tg givg{mra` m wtmr igàt# y tg rgdwrroit m |gimt hot|rodat y vmotmkgt.

G` gt|m vadm twrnogra` cat vroigrat cobrat gtdacmrgt lg hot|arom `mdoa)`mc. \mibo` tg glo|mra` vwbcodmdoa`gt daia cm rguot|m Rg`mdoiog`|a# w`)lmlm var On`mdoa Im`wgc Mc|miormà# }wg g`|rg twt gtdro|argt |wua var onwmc

m da`tgrumlargt y cobgrmcgt daia; Nwoccgria Vrog|a# Im`wgc Vmyà# Uodg`|gRoum Vmcmdoa# Kat Imrm Ram Brdg`m# Kat \ait lg Dwgccmr# g`|rg a|rat.

Umroat o`|gcgd|wmcgt tg adwvmra` lg gt|wlomr cm hot|arom y nganrmm lgIxoda# g`|rg gccat Im`wgc Ara{da y Bgrrm# Nwoccgria Vrog|a# Uodg`|g RoumVmcmdoa# Kwt|a Togrrm# Cwot Na`{cg{ Abrgn`# Kam}w` Nmrdm Odm{bmcdg|m yKat Imrm Oncgtomt# g`|rg a|rat.

G` cmt cg|rmt# gc `mdoa`mcotia arono` cm mvmrodo` lg àugcmt hot|rodmty dat|wibrot|mt# ccmimlmt mt var}wg lgtdrobm` cmt dat|wibrgt# vmr|odwcmro)lmlgt y arimt lg uolm lgc vmt.

Gc dat|wibrotia tg imògt| |mibo`g` cm vo`|wrm: mcnwàt lg twt rgvrgtg`|m`|gtit lgt|mdmlat wgra` Hgrig`gnocla Bwt)|at y Kat Imrm Gt|rmlm. G` gc gt|oca vmotmkot)|m tabrgtmco gc vo`|ar Kat Imrm Ugcmtda.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m lgtdrobordmiboat g` mcnwàt mtvgd|atdwc|wrmcgt lg cm vadm.

vmrmabtgrumlargt

Abu nn. ] 1M } a 1 Da na.

On`mdoa Im`wgc Mc|miormà(=?4


72/194

>6

Bca}wg 2

G` =87< tg daivwta gc Hoià @mdoa`mc Igxodmà var Erm`dotda Na`){cg{ Badm`gnrm# da` itodm lg Kmoig @w`. Gt|m abrm gt# }wo{# cm iwgt|rmit rgvrgtg`|m|oum lgc mdoa`mcotia lg cm vadm. \mibo` tg w`l cm Tadog)

lml Eocmriòdm g` =855.Da` cm rgt|mwrmdo` lg cm Rgvbcodm# gc nabogrà |rm| lg o`|gnrmr varigloa lg cm dwc|wrm y cm glwdmdo` m cm vabcmdo` igxodm`m# }wg tg hmbmlouolola var cmt nwgrrmt. Lg gt|m arim tg w`lmra` o`t|o|wdoa`gt daia cmGtdwgcm @mdoa`mc Vrgvmrm|arom# g` la`lg tg givg{ m argdgr w`m glwdmdo`lot|o`|m lg cm |rmlodoa`mc: gt lgdor# tg twt|o|wygra` cmt gxvcodmdoa`gt rgconoatmtvar cmt dog`|edmt.

W` lm|a o`|grgtm`|g

G Ha @a a a =87


73/194

>=

Cm o`m`dom g` gc tonca xox

G a# a a u

a a a: b kay#ea# aba y ba. Tbna# n a{ aa a } akn y . Ca a }a b ka ana aa a a y }# } aa aa a.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

G }a# ba bka }b na a aa. V k# a a a } a. G n-M # } aa aby a} n } u a a a.

Mtoiotia# m vmr|or lgc nabogrà lg Bgò|a Kwrg{ tg vwta it m|g`do`g` cm da`t|rwddo` lg gtdwgcmt g` gc vmt. G` gt|m vadm |mibo` tg oivwctcm oùgt|onmdo` dog`|edm g` lotdovco`mt daia boacanm# ngacanm y iglodo`m.

\rmt cat mat lg nwgrrm |mibo` tg bwtd rgdwvgrmr cat gtvmdoat lglougrto` y gtvmrdoiog`|a vmrm cm vabcmdo`. Lwrm`|g gc tonca xox# g` lot|o`)

|at cwnmrgt lgc vmt tg da`t|rwygra` |gm|rat y gtvmdoat vmrm gtvgd|dwcatvbcodat. G` cm Dowlml lg Ixoda lgt|mdmra` cat |gm|rat Vro`dovmc# @mdoa`mcg O|wrbolg. \mibo` tg hodogra` vmcg`}wgt vmrm vgcgmt lg nmccat y vcm{mt vmrmdarrolmt lg |arat.

Ea|anrmm lgc \gm|ra @mdoa`mc(dm. =8>7/.


74/194

>2

Bca}wg 2

\gimt vmrm rgegxoa`mrCmt mrimt `mdoa`mcgt

tg hm` dwbogr|a lg ncarom

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgr }wggxot|g` logrg`|gt o`|grvrg|mdoa`gt

tabrg w` iotia hgdha hot|roda.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

L ba a# # n y a a. Oun na b }a . O a# a aa a b y a aua1 G}a# ba a } } by na aua a y } a na ba ua.] a aa1 Daa na.

Da`twc|mg`

V aa ua ab b 7 ya aa a n n; ~~~.ba.nab.!a!.1aa9aQa%u~9%9==5%O94># ua y n ua .

Lgtvwt lg cm bm|mccm lgc 7 lg imya lg =852# g` cm }wg gc gkrdo|a igxodmàlgrra| m cat bm|mcca`gt oùmtargt lg Erm`dom# gc ng`grmc On`mdoa [mrmna{m#g` w` ladwig`|a loronola mc vrgtolg`|g# ig`doa`; Gc gkrdo|a rm`dt tg

hm bm|ola da` iwdhm bo{mrrm ZumcarY: tw ng`grmc g` kgg tg hm var|mla da`|arvg{mg`gcm|m}wg.Cmtmrimt`mdoa`mcgtZYtghm`dwbogr|algncarom.

Dmlm bm`la avo` mdgrdm lg ca mda`|gdola tgn` twt o`|grgtgt vac|odat.G` cmt tonwog`|gt vno`mt cggrt lat |gx|at da` vat|wrmt logrg`|gt mdgrdmlg cm bm|mccm lg Vwgbcm y cm O`|grug`do` Erm`dgtm# wà darrgtva`lg m catcobgrmcgt y a|ra m cat da`tgrumlargt.

Bm|mccm lgc 7 lg imyalg =852# cga tabrg|gcm# 44< x 74= di.

=7

6di


75/194

>4

Gc Tonca Log{ y @wgug(5 ya =852/

Ga

@ ua n) a aa# a a ZYIa# uaa a }# ua a n u# ){ y a

y a a n k a ) a.

ZY G Ia y )# y ZY uu ba b }

ba a y naba

n ZY Ia a ZY a a b# aa } a Ga )na yna na# y} a a a )# } } aba {a naba aa y a a a u.

G a b a aa )

ba a; n u a){ a aa naaa aaa y # a} a# k y a# u{ y b

Bm|mccm lgc 7 lg imya lg =852.

tglokag`|a`Dgt...

=

7 6 i


76/194


77/194


78/194


79/194

>>

Nwgrrmlg Rgarim

O`|grug`do`rm`dgtm

Mw|agumcwmdo`

L a a a } ba}# aa a (


80/194


81/194


82/194

86

Bca}wg 4

Vravto|at

G ba} b a y

a aa }{a Vaa y RuaI# aa y a a aa. Ma# aa n u y aa Da =?=>.

[a Ia a na xx.


83/194


84/194

82

Bca}wg 4

=8>7 =886 =887 =8?6 =8?7

Vrgtolg`domlg Vareroa

Lm{=8>>)=886

Vrgtolg`dom lgIm`wgc Na`{cg{

=886)=88

Ccgnm gc do`gm Ixoda

=8?5

Tg oòdom cm gxvca|mdo`vg|racgrm var cm Igxodm`

Vg|racgwi Daivm`y=8?=

Vwbcodmdo` vgrolodm Catbm`lolat lg Ra Era# lg Im`wgc

Vmyà# lg =88? m =8?=.

Vareroa Lm{ vrgtolg`|g =88>

Cwot Vmt|gwrlgtmrraccm g`

Erm`dom cm umdw`mda`|rm cm rmbom

=887

O`mwnwrmdo`lg cm \arrg Gogc

=88?

Oùg`do`lg cm rmloa

=8?5

Tg oùg`|m gcdo`gim|nrma var cat

hgrimàt Cwiorg=8?4

9 = ma

Rgbgco` lg \wx|gvgd=8>5

Vroigr vgroala


85/194

84

=?66 =?67 =?=6 =?=7 =?26

Uod|aromàHwgr|m=?=4)=?=)=?26

Tg vwbcodm Cat bm`lolatlg Ra era lg Im`wgcVmyà=8?8

Hwgcnm lg abrgratg` Dm`m`gm# Taàrm

=?65

Hwgcnm lg abrgrat g`Ra Bcm`da# Ugrmdrw{

=?6>

Vrgtolg`domlg Imlgra=?==)=?=4

Oòdom cmRguacwdo` Igxodm`m

26 lg àuogibrglg =?=6

[mvm|m vradcmimgc Vcm` lg Mymcm

=?==

Erm`dotda Uoccm|aim [mdm|gdmt

=?=

Lgrra|m lgErm`dotda Uoccm

g` Dgcmym =?=5

Mtgto`m|a lg[mvm|m

=?=?

Vgcdwcm iwlmigxodm`m Cm bm`lm

lgc mw|aiuoc nrot=?=?Nwgrrm

rwta)kmva`gtm=?6

Vroigrm NwgrrmIw`lomc =?=


86/194

86 y =?26# `wgt|ra vmt uouo dmiboat iwy oivar|m`|gt. Da` cm ccgnm)lm lg Vareroa Lm{ m cm vrgtolg`dom# tg oòdo cm rgdwvgrmdo` lg cm gdaàimy cm rgda`docomdo` g`|rg cat nrwvat }wg hmt|m g`|a`dgt tg lotvw|mbm` gcvalgr# tg rgtacuo gc vrabcgim lg cm lgwlm gx|gr`m y a|rat vmtgt oùor|ogra`g` Ixoda.

To` gibmrna# nrm` vmr|g lg cm vabcmdo` da`|o`w uouog`la g` cm iotgrom#taig|olm m |rmbmkat gxdgtouat y da` vadm vmnm# ca dwmc vralwka lgtda`|g`|a.Vmrm im`|g`gr gc arlg`# Vareroa Lm{ gt|mbcgdo w` nabogrà mw|aro|mroa; rgvro)io lwrmig`|g m }wog`gt à gt|mbm` lg mdwgrla da` c# coio| cm cobgr|ml lggxvrgto` y tg im`|wua g` cm vrgtolg`dom var it lg 46 mat# `gn`latg m

ggd|wmr gcgddoa`gt cobrgt.G` gt|g bca}wg gt|wlomrt cmt dmrmd|grt|odmt lg gt|g nabogrà y gc gt|mcco)

la lg cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m# cm dwmc da`lwka hmdom cm rglmddo` lg w`m wgumDa`t|o|wdo` }wg vcm`|g tacwdoa`gt m iwdhat lg cat vrabcgimt lgc vmt.

Dw`layl`lgvmt1=. Abu a ba}y a.

D Vaa1Da a nab Ea O.Ia1Da a Rua I1

2. O a na a } aa

a aa;Da a.Ea O. Ia na Ia.

Da =?=>.Oa a a.

4. Abu y baan# y a a a a a uaaa. Da a b.

Vmàrmim lgc vgroalaM}w mvrg`lgrt m wbodmr catvro`dovmcgt mda`|gdoiog`|atlgc Varerom|a y cm RguacwdoÌgxodm`m mvcodm`la cat |rioàtma# ldmlm y tonca.

\mibo` mvrg`lgrt m wbodmrmcnwàt mda`|gdoiog`|atlgc Varerom|a y cmt {a`mt lgo`wg`dom lg cat dmwloccat }wgvmr|odovmra` g` cm RguacwdoÌgxodm`m.


87/194

87

Mnwm Vrog|m#Vcm` =?26

VmrrmcIwgrg Uoccm# =?24

\arrg`#=?=

Cmt logrg`domt vac|odmt g`|rgcat cobgrmcgt y cm da`tacolmdo`lg cm lod|mlwrm lg Varroa Lm{

Daia rgdarlmrt# lwrm`|g cm vroigrm io|ml lgc tonca xox hwba umroat da`)od|at g`|rg cobgrmcgt y da`tgrumlargt.

G`|rg cat cobgrmcgt }wg lgrra|mra` mc gkrdo|a rm`dt# |mibo` twrnog)ra` logrg`domt. Mt# tg arimra` lat nrwvat; cat douocgt }wg mdaivm)mra` m Bgò|a Kwrg{ lgtlg cm Nwgrrm lg Rgarim y cat ioco|mrgt# }wgml}worogra` vrgt|onoa lwrm`|g cm o`|grug`do` rm`dgtm y grm` g`dmbg{m)lat var Vareroa Lm{: gt|at c|oiat grm` it kug`gt y |wuogra` w`m uoto`lot|o`|m lg dia mvcodmr cmt rgarimt cobgrmcgt. Var gkgivca# bwtdmbm` igka)

rmr cm rgcmdo` da` cm Oncgtom g oivwctmra` cm rgarnmò{mdo` lg cm gdaàim`mdoa`mc y cmt o`t|o|wdoa`gt lg nabogrà.

Da` gc |rowà lg cm Rgvbcodm# g` =85># Kwrg{ uacuo m tgr gcgnola vrg)tolg`|g var w` vgroala lg dwm|ra mat: da` gcca tg vraca`n gc im`lm|a }wggkgrdm lgtlg =878. G` =8>=# Kwrg{ tg vat|wc lg `wgua vmrm cm vrgtolg`dom:tw da`|g`log`|g wg Vareroa Lm{. @o`nwà lg cat dm`lolm|at ab|wua cm imya)rm mbtacw|m# mt }wg gc Da`nrgta lgdolo lmr gc |rowà m Kwrg{. M`|g gt|a#Lm{ vradcmi gc Vcm` lg cm @arom# g` gc }wg gxonm cm à rggcgddo` y hmdm w`ccmimla m lgtdaàdgr gc nabogrà: mw`}wg Lm{ |wua tgnwolargt# cm rguwgc|mà tg gx|g`lo# vwgt igtgt it |mrlg# Bgò|a Kwrg{ iwro. M`|g gt|g twdg)ta# Tgbmt|o` Cgrla lg \gkmlm# vrgtolg`|g lg cm Twvrgim Dar|g lg Kwt|odom#mtwio cm vrgtolg`dom lg cm Rgvbcodm lg arim o`|gro`m y daùad m `wgumtgcgddoa`gt# g` cmt dwmcgt rgtwc| nm`mlar.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m olg`|oedmrcmt dmwtmt }wg da`tacolmra` cmlod|mlwrm lg Vareroa Lm{.

Bgò|a Kwrg{.(=865)=8>2/

Co|anrmm }wg rgvrgtg`|m cmuod|arom lgc Vcm` lg \wx|gvgd.


90/194

88

Bca}wg 4

Cgrla lg \gkmlm wg vrgtolg`|g lg =8>2 m =8>5: lwrm`|g tw im`lm|a tgg`rg`| m cm Oncgtom var}wg mvcod da` ronolg{ cmt Cgygt lg Rgarim. Mtoiot)ia# oivwct gc glgrmcotia# cm tgvmrmdo` y gc g}wocobroa lg cat |rgt valgrgt#

cm vmr|odovmdo` vbcodm iglom`|g gc ua|a y gc rgtvg|a m cat lgrgdhat douocgt.\grio`mla tw vgroala# Cgrla bwtd rggcgnortg# ca dwmc vrauad cm o`da`)ariolml lgc Da`nrgta y lg Vareroa Lm{. t|g uacuo m cgum`|mrtg g` mrimt#y tg vwta mc rg`|g lgc Vcm` lg \wx|gvgd# g` gc }wg gxonm cm à rggcgddo`.Lm{ rgdobo w` mivcoa rgtvmcla g` |alm cm Rgvbcodm y e`mcig`|g Cgrla tg

uoa abconmla m rg`w`domr y m gxocomrtg g` Gt|mlatWòlat.

Vareroa Lm{ wg gcgnola vrgtolg`|g y mtw)io tw dmrna g` =8>>. Cat vroigrat mat lg twnabogrà wgra` lg mkwt|gt y bwtd vm{. Da`)

tonwo mcomrtg da` it vgrta`mt y ar|mcgdgr twvalgr iglom`|g cm da`docomdo`: var gkgivca#vmd| da` cat dmdo}wgt rgnoa`mcgt y vwta m twthaibrgt lg daèm`{m mc im`la lgc gkrdo|a.\mibo` |rm| lg lgtmrraccmr w` vraygd|a# wòe)dmr m cat cobgrmcgt y rgda`docomr mc nabogrà da` cmOncgtom y cat da`tgrumlargt.

Gc vroigr vgroala vrgtolg`domc lg Lm{ lwr

hmt|m =886# gc ng`grmc Im`wgc Na`{cg{# }wog` ca

twt|o|wy g` gc dmrna grm tw miona dgrdmà. Lwrm`)

|g tw nabogrà da`|o`w cm rgarnmò{mdo` lgc vmt;

tg da`t|rwygra` umt rrgmt# tg drg gc Bm`da

@mdoa`mc lg Ixoda: mlgit# tg rgmbro gc Dacg)

noa Ioco|mr. \mibo` tg eri gc \rm|mla lg Cio|gt

da` Nwm|gimcm# tg gt|mbcgdo cm vroigrm brodm lg

mrimt g` gc vmt y tg ar|mcgdogra` cmt rgcmdoa`gt

lovcai|odmt da` Gt|mlat Wòlat y Gwravm.

G` =88>/.


91/194

8?

tg daùor|o g` w`m lod|mlwrm# var}wg gcoio` cmt cobgr|mlgt vac|odmt# dg`twrm cm vrg`tm# rgvroio cmt vra|gt|mt tadomcgt# oivolo }wg tg ccgumrm` m dmbagcgddoa`gt cobrgt g oivwta m cat nabgr`mlargt lg cat gt|mlat: mlgit# cmt

o`t|o|wdoa`gt lg kwt|odom y gc valgr cgnotcm|oua abglgdm` twt rlg`gt. Gt|mg|mvm lg cm hot|arom lg Ixoda tg daàdg daia Varerom|a.

Lod|mlwrm

Nabogrà }wg gkgrdg gc valgr

lg im`grm mw|aro|mrom# wtm`la

m tw daùgòg`dom cmt cgygt lg

w` vmt.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

Tby a } aab } Vaa L{ au a. V a a# a a a y a.

Dmrodm|wrm vwbcodmlm g` Cm Ar}wgt|m# }wgrgvrgtg`|m m Ixoda daia w`m |arrg lg Bmbgc.

Dmrodm|wrm vwbcodmlm g` GcHoka lgc Mhwo{a|g# |o|wcmlm W`marg`lm m Vareroavax|co.


92/194

?6

Bca}wg 4

Gc Varrom|aGt|mbocolml# lgtmrracca gdaìoda

g oùgrto` gx|rm`kgrm

G` gc rgm gdaìodm# Vareroa Lm{ bwtd m|rmgr oùgrtoa`gt gx|rm`kgrmt# vmrmca dwmc argdo m cat givrgtmroat mdocolmlgt y ug`|mkmt vmrm hmdgr `gnadoatg` Ixoda.

Cm io`grm# cm gcgd|rodolml# gc vg|rcga# cm da`t|rwddo` lg grradmrrocgt# cmvralwddo` lg hocmlat y |gkolat# y g` ng`grmc cmt daiwòdmdoa`gt (|gcaàt#|gcnrmat# bm`dat# vwgr|at/ wgra` cmt vro`dovmcgt md|ouolmlgt gdaìodmtlg cm vadm y givrgtmroat lg Gt|mlat Wòlat# Erm`dom# Mcgimòm y Nrm`

Brg|mm# oùor|ogra` g` gccat.Nrmdomt m cmt oùgrtoa`gt# |m`|a gx|rm`kgrmt

daia `mdoa`mcgt# tg rgmd|ou gc daigrdoa# tg gt|o)iwc gc drgdoiog`|a lg cmt dowlmlgt# tg ng`grgivcga y tg oivwct cm vralwddo` mnrdacm: |alagt|a vgrio|o }wg igkarmrm` cmt da`lodoa`gt lguolm lg cm dcmtg iglom y cat vragtoaòt|mt. @a abt)|m`|g# cat bg`gedoat lg gt|m vratvgrolml à ccgnm)ra` m a|rat tgd|argt lg cm vabcmdo` daia dmi)vgtoàt# abrgrat# mr|gtmàt# kar`mcgrat# vg}wgatdaigrdom`|gt g o`lng`mt.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgr gclgtmrracca gdaìoda y gc vmvgc

lg cm oùgrto` gx|rm`kgrm.

W` lm|a o`|grgtm`|g

Hmy mcna it wgr|g }wg gc mdgra1 Tmbmt }wg

iwdhmt lg cmt dwgrlmt }wg torug` vmrm twkg|mr cat

bmrdat# md|wmcig`|g# ta` gcmbarmlat da` cm brm

`m|wrmc lgc hg`g}w`# lg arong` ywdm|gda1 Gt|a hm

vgrio|ola twt|o|wor cmt nrwgtmt dmlg`mt lg mdgra}wg lwrm`|g iwdha |ogiva wgra` givcgmlmt g`

|alat cat vwgr|at lgc iw`la. Gt|m vcm`|m tg tonwg

w|oco{m`la |mibo` vmrm da`gddoa`mr dwgrlmt

lg logrg`|gt nratargt# hmimdmt# tanmt g o`dcwta

kmb`. Gc dwc|oua lg hg`g}w` wg w`m lg cmt

md|ouolmlgt it oivar|m`|gt lwrm`|g gc Varrom|a#

g o`dcwta tg cg lgàio` ara ugrlg.

Io`grat lwrm`|g gc varerom|a.

Vot|m = vmrmlg|gD|ougt

La an yakna na y n: a naa Ia# y n a Vaa# 1


93/194


94/194


95/194


96/194

?=/# cga tabrg |gcm# 5= x di.


G a a a : a a na b: an n y n Ia Vaa.

Da`twc|mg`

T aa ab # Ga { Ma a aa a hl|.


97/194

?7

vmrmabtgrumlargt

G }a abu n } a ba ana.Vn ba a aya na a abkaa a b a a. Gb a } a abka } a y a y na.

Cm o`m`dom m `mcgt lgc tonca xox

H na xox# Ia uu a ana: a

eka b a kn. Va ka#a a a a uua a: a a a ekb a aya a # a } au akn uaa a a.


98/194

?5

Bca}wg 4

Iauoiog`|at lg vra|gt|m; dmivgtoàty abrgrat

W`m ug{ gt|mbcgdolmt cmt rgarimt cobgrmcgt# gc vmt da`|o`w da` gc vrabcgimlg cm vravoglml lg cm |ogrrm: vmrm gcca gc nabogrà vwta m cm ug`|m cmt |ogrrmtdaiw`mcgt y lg cm Oncgtom# argdo`lacmt m }wog`gt |wuogrm` cat rgdwrtat vmrmml}wororcmt. Mcnwàt givrgtmroat y hmdg`lmlat daivrmra` nrm`lgt gx|g`toa)`gt lg |ogrrm y arimra` cm|ow`loat. Mw`}wg lg gt|m arim canrmra` mwig`|mrcm vralwddo` mnravgdwmrom# mgd|mra` m a|rat tgd|argt lg cm vabcmdo` daiam cmt daiwòlmlgt o`lng`mt y dmivgto`mt y m vg}wgat rm`dhgrat# }wog`gt

vgrlogra` twt vravoglmlgt y à vwlogra`daivg|or da` cat nrm`lgt hmdg`lmlat.

Gt|m to|wmdo` vrauad gc lgtda`|g`|alg nrm` vmr|g lg cm vabcmdo` rwrmc igxodm`m#lm`la vog m cgum`|miog`|at dmivgtoàt g`cat gt|mlat lg Ugrmdrw{# Holmcna# Umccg lgIxoda# Dhohwmhwm# Tm` Cwot Va|at# @mym)ro|# Taàrm# Nwgrrgra# Amxmdm# Dhomvmt y_wdm|`# cat dwmcgt wgra` rgvroiolat daùoacg`dom.

Wàt dwm`|at igxodmàt y gx|rm`kgratgrm` cat lwgat lg cm |ogrrm y cmt brodmt. G`dmiboa# cm imyarm lg cm vabcmdo` a vatgmw`m vmrdgcm vmrm tgibrmr# ò valm |rmbmkmrlg arim o`lgvg`log`|g var cm mc|m lg rgdwr)

M}w mvrg`lgrt m lgtdroborcmt da`lodoa`gt lg uolm g

o`daàriolmlgt lgcat logrg`|gt nrwvat

tadomcgt lgc Varerom|a.

Cm|ow`loa

Nrm` gx|g`to` lg |ogrrm }wg

torug vmrm cmt cmbargt mnrdacmt

y nm`mlgrmt# vgr|g`gdog`|g m

w` hmdg`lmla# givrgtmroa a

vac|oda.

Abrgrmt g` Ra Bcm`da#Ugrmdrw{ (dm. =?65/.

Vmàriodm lg cm brodmTm`|m Ratm# g` Ra Bcm`da

(dm. =?65/.


99/194

?>

tat: mc à |g`gr a|rm avdo` vmrm tabrguouor# |rmbmkmbm` daia abrgrat g` cmtbrodmt a daia vga`gt g` cmt hmdog`lmt.

\m`|a g` gc dmiva daia g` cmt brodmt# cm kar`mlm lg cat abrgrat y vga)

`gt grm lg =2 m =7 harmt lomromt y rgdobm` w` tmcmroa }wg à mcdm`{mbm vmrmdwbror twt `gdgtolmlgt btodmt. Da` rgdwg`dom tg cgt vmnmbm da` umcgt g`cwnmr lg lo`gra# vmrm daivrmr g` cmt |og`lmt lg rmym# }wg grm gc cwnmr la`lgug`lm` m dat|at iwy mc|at cat mcoig`|at btodat: gt|m arim lg vmna catabconmbm m tacodo|mr vrt|miat var mlgcm`|mla# }wg iwdhmt ugdgt cat g`lgw)lmbm` lg var uolm: g` cmt hmdog`lmt rgdwg`|gig`|g grm` imc|rm|mlat da`nacvgt y dmt|onat. Gt|m gxvca|mdo` grm vatobcg var}wg à gxot|m` cgygt }wgvra|gnogrm` m cat |rmbmkmlargt. Cat igkargt vwgt|at grm` vmrm cat gx|rm`kgrat#lgkm`la lg cmla m cat |rmbmkmlargt igxodmàt.

M`|g gt|m to|wmdo` cat abrgrat tg arnmò{mra` g` to`lodm|at y mtadomdoa)

`gt vmrm lgg`lgr twt lgrgdhat. W|oco{mra` cm hwgcnm daia w` rgdwrta vmrmgxonor igkargt da`lodoa`gt lg |rmbmka. Vgra gt|at iauoiog`|at wgra` rgvroio)lat var gc nabogrà varerot|m. G`|rg cmt hwgcnmt it oivar|m`|gt lgt|mdmra`cm lg cat io`grat lg Dm`m`gm# Taàrm# g` =?65# y cm lg cm brodm |gx|oc lg RaBcm`da# Ugrmdrw{# g` =?6>.

To`lodm|a

Nrwva lg |rmbmkmlargt wòlat

vmrm cm lgg`tm y igkarm lg twt

da`lodoa`gt cmbarmcgt.

Hwgcnm

Twtvg`to` lg cmbargt g`

w` dg`|ra lg |rmbmka vmrmgxonor m cat vm|ra`gt igkarmr

cmt da`lodoa`gt cmbarmcgt#

daia mwig`|a lg tmcmroa#

vrgt|mdoa`gt# tgnwrolml# g`|rg

a|rmt.

Hmdog`lm hg`g}wg`grm g` cm vadm lgc Varerom|a. Nrmbmla lg Kat Nwmlmcwvg Vatmlm tabrgcm to|wmdo` lg cat |rmbmkmlargt g` cmt hmdog`lmt.


100/194

?8

Bca}wg 4

tglokag`|a`Dgt...

D# 2 ka =?65.

G a a a a# a a D Da Da. {a y n# )aa a aa ba y a aa } u a a y a aa } bk . Caa n a a ka { y a a# }a na b a a a a bka. G a# aa ^ D. N# a aba u} aa a a n. Da na a)a a a a a } u n a

bka.G na aa a a y# aa a# a

a a a a a aa a bka: a a )a a y aa y a a >7' a.

C D ua . C a a y aaa a a# a . Ca aa a a y a a# a } a

E; \ogiva lg Ixoda# Ia# tgv# =?8


101/194

??

Cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`mCm avatodo` lg Erm`dotda O. Imlgra#

tw olgmroa lgiadr|oda y gc oòdoalg cm Rguacwdo` Igxodm`m

Hmdom e`mcgt lgc tonca xox y vro`dovoat lgc xx tg arimra` lot|o`|at nrwvatvac|odat }wg gxonogra` gcgddoa`gt lgiadr|odmt. Mtoiotia# tg w`lmra`vgrolodat avato|argt mc nabogrà# daia Gc Hoka lgc Mhwo{a|g#GxdctoaryRgng`grmdo .

G` =?68# Vareroa Lm{ da`dglo w`m g`|rguot|m mc vgroalot|m gt|mlwò)lg`tg Kmigt Drggcim`# g` cm dwmc meri }wg à vg`tmbm daivg|or g` cmt

tonwog`|gt gcgddoa`gt vrgtolg`domcgt# vwgt da`tolgrmbm }wg Ixoda gt|mbmcot|a vmrm nabgr`mrtg lgiadr|odmig`|g. Vgra g` rgmcolml c à |g`m cm o`|g`)do` lg mbm`la`mr gc valgr.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m rgdaàdgrcmt olgmt vac|odmt lg Imlgray tw o`wg`dom g` gc oòdoa lg cmRguacwdo` Igxodm`m.

tglokag`|a`Dgt...

C n na ba Cm twdgto` vrgtolg`domc g`=?=6# a a Ea O. Ia.

Tab aa# y } } } uk#} a# } a} ab a a# a # } a# a a } # aba a #a a nu a.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

O a a }

Ia . D a1 ] a Ia 1 L na yn a.

Da`twc|mg`

V aa u Ia na u; I D\aa# Erm`dotda O. Imlgra# Ia# tgv# =??< (Cba R/.

Erm`dotda O. Imlgra (=8>4)=?=4/.

Vgroloda loronola var cat hgrimàtEcargt Imn`.


102/194

=66

Bca}wg 4

Gtg iotia ma# Erm`dotda O. Imlgra vwbcod tw cobra Cm twdgto` vrgto)lg`domc g` =?=6# g` gc dwmc vravwta drgmr w` vmr|ola vac|oda }wg tg avwtogrmm cm rggcgddo` lg Lm{. Mc ma tonwog`|g w`l gc Vmr|ola @mdoa`mc M`|orrggcgd)

doaòt|m y tg vat|wc m cm vrgtolg`dom lg cm Rgvbcodm. Daia dm`lolm|a# uomkvar gc vmt vmrm lmr m daàdgr twt olgmt vac|odmt# lgt|mdm`la g`|rg gccmt twgivga g` daùgr|or m Ixoda g` w` vmt lgiadr|oda# nabgr`mla var cm cgyy la`lg cat lot|o`|at nrwvat tadomcgt uouogrm` g` mria`m.

Imlgra ab|wua nrm` mvaya lwrm`|g tw dmivmm gcgd|armc. Gt|a mcmri mLm{# }wog` arlg` g`dmrdgcmrca bmka gc dmrna lg twbcgumr m cm vabcmdo` y lgwc|rmkmr m cmt mw|arolmlgt. Lg gt|g iala cmt gcgddoa`gt tg rgmco{mra` iog`|rmtImlgra tg hmccmbm vrgta. Cat ua|at m tw muar wgra` m`wcmlat lg iala }wgVareroa Lm{ uacuo m nm`mr cm vrgtolg`dom. Imlgra canr gtdmvmr y vra|gt|var gt|m to|wmdo` var igloa lgc Vcm` lg Tm` Cwot# gc dwmc daùadmbm m cm

vabcmdo` m cgum`|mrtg g` mrimt da`|rm gc nabogrà.Tw ccmimla g`da`|r rgtvwgt|m g` lougrtmt rgnoa`gt lgc vmt; g`

Dhohwmhwm# da` Erm`dotda Uoccm y Vmtdwmc Ara{da: g` Vwgbcm# da` cat hgrimàtM}wocgt# Ixoia y Dmrig` Tgrl`: y g` Iargcat# da` Giocomà [mvm|m. Vmrmvro`dovoat lg =?==# cat cgum`|miog`|at tg gx|g`logra` gxo|atmig`|g varlogrg`|gt rgnoa`gt. G` imya# gc ng`grmc Lm{ rg`w`do m cm vrgtolg`dom ymbm`la` gc vmt. G`tgnwolm tg rgmco{mra` gcgddoa`gt cobrgt g` cmt }wg rgtwc||row`mlar Erm`dotda O. Imlgra.

Imlgra |rm| lg nabgr`mr da` mvgna m cm cgy y rgtvg|m`la cmt cobgr|mlgtlgiadr|odmt. To` gibmrna# g`rg`| nrmugt vrabcgimt. Mcnwàt lg twtvmr|olmroat gtvgrmbm` rgtvwgt|mt oìglom|mt m cmt lgim`lmt tadomcgt y mcà ab|g`grcmt tg mc{mra` g` mrimt `wgumig`|g# daia twdglo g` gc dmta lgGiocomà [mvm|m. Var a|rm vmr|g# ò cat m`|onwat varerot|mt ò cat givrgtmroatgx|rm`kgrat muargdolat var Lm{ ugm` da` bwgàt akat mc `wgua vrgtolg`|g.

G` gbrgra lg =?=4# w` nrwva lg ioco|mrgt# mvaymlat var gc gibmkmlarlg Gt|mlat Wòlat# tg rgbgcmra` da`|rm gc nabogrà g` cm Dowlml lg Ixoda.Gt|g gvotaloa wg daàdola daia cm Lgdg`m \rnodm var}wg g` cat =6 lmt}wg lwrmra` cat daibm|gt hwba iwdhat iwgr|at. Imlgra y gc uodgvrgtolg`|gKat Imrm Voà Twrg{ wgra` mtgto`mlat var rlg`gt lgc ng`grmc Uod|aromà

Hwgr|m# }wog` wtwrv cm vrgtolg`dom lg Ixoda.M`|g gt|g hgdha# Ug`wt|omà Dmrrm`{m# nabgr`mlar lg Damhwocm# gcmbargc Vcm` lg Nwmlmcwvg# g` gc }wg tg lgtdaàdgm Uod|aromà Hwgr|m daia vrgtolg`|g y tg mw|a)àibrm vroigr kgg lgc gkrdo|a da`t|o|wdoa`mcot|m#ccmimla mt var}wg gc vcm` gxonm gc rgtvg|a m cmDa`t|o|wdo`.

Dmrig` Tgrl` (=8>7)=?


103/194


104/194

=62

Bca}wg 4

Ug`wt|omà Dmrrm`{m wg nabgr`mlar lg Damhwocm lwrm`|g gc nabogràlg Imlgra y m tw iwgr|g tg daùor|o g` gc vro`dovmc clgr rguacwdoa`mroa.Da`tolgr gdgtmroa rgarimr cm Da`t|o|wdo` vmrm oivwctmr lg im`grm it

g}wo|m|oum cm tadoglml# gc daigrdoa# cm o`lwt|rom y muargdgr cm glwdmdo`.cumra Abrgn` mvay m Dmrrm`{m y tg twi mc gkrdo|a da`t|o|wdoa`m)cot|m# vwgt dao`dolm da` c g` cm olgm lg hmdgr lg Ixoda w` vmt vrtvgray ialgrà.

Dwm`la Uod|aromà Hwgr|m wtwrv cm vrgtolg`dom# uoccot|mt y {mvm|ot|mttg wògra` m Ug`wt|omà Dmrrm`{m vmrm daibm|orca. M`|g gt|a# g` mnat|a lg

=?= y a =2a a u uaa# } naa ab# aa ua aa a ab ba# k # na# bna#ka# y yb a.

Da`twc|mg`

T aa

# aa CmRguacwdo` Igxodm`m# T Taj# Ia#TGV# @a# 266? (Cba R/.


105/194

=64

Mt# cat rguacwdoa`mroat }wglmra` louololat g` lat bm`lat; var w` cmlacat dmrrm`dot|mt y# var a|ra# uoccot|mt y {mvm|ot|mt. G` gc bm`la dmrrm`dot|m gcng`grmc cumra Abrgn` lorono da` nrm` xo|a mc gkrdo|a da`t|o|wdoa`mcot|m.

Bmka tw im`la cmt |ravmt lg Dmrrm`{m canrmra` uod|aromt lgdotoumt tabrg twtmlugrtmroat g` =?=7.

tglokag`|a`Dgt...

C a a }a

V My y Cy Mn: a

a na a.

Vcm` lg Mymcm

M. 5. ] a a# a y n} y a a a ZYa } ab ZY a a b ZY aba a a } n a aaa a# a aka a a aa.

M. >. G u } ya a ba y a a# aa a } a } #a a aa aka a a ZY a aaa{a a # a y n: a a ZY a aaa aa

a# } a ba y a Ia abn ka# aa# an ba a a ba ba.

@aub =?==

cumra Abrgn` (=886)=?28/.

Vcm` lg Mymcm # =?==.


106/194

=6# twt vro`dovoaty vro`dovmcgt mr|dwcat

Cm uod|arom lgc bm`la da`t|o|wdoa`mcot|m tabrg Uoccm y [mvm|m vgrio|o }wgDmrrm`{m mtwiogrm cm vrgtolg`dom y daùadmrm m w` Da`nrgta g` ]wgr|mra#da` gc vravto|a lg rglmd|mr w`m `wgum Da`t|o|wdo` vmrm gc vmt# cm dwmc tgvraiwcn gc 7 lg gbrgra lg =?=># y gt cm }wg àt rong md|wmcig`|g.

Gt|m `wgum Da`t|o|wdo` rg|ai cat vro`dovoat cobgrmcgt vcmtimlat g` cmlg =87># y |mibo` o`darvar vro`dovoat `mdoa`mcot|mt y mcnw`mt lgim`lmttadomcgt var cmt }wg gc vwgbca hmbm cwdhmla lwrm`|g cm rguacwdo`. Hm tolargarimlm vmrm mlmv|mrcm m cat dmiboat lg cat |ogivat# vgra twt vro`dovoatbtodat tonwg` uong`|gt. Nmrm`|o{m cm onwmclml m`|g cm cgy lg |alat cat dow)

lmlmàt# cmt cobgr|mlgt lg rgwò`# gxvrgto` y |r`to|a# mt daia a|rat lgrg)dhat w`lmig`|mcgt vcmtimlat g` cat tonwog`|gt mr|dwcat.

Mr|. 4. Cm glwdmdo` }wg oivmr|m gc Gt|mla tgrnrm|wo|m# cmodm y abconm|arom.

Mr|. 2>. Cmt |ogrrmt# ia`|gt# mnwmt y vralwd|atlgc twbtwgca vgr|g`gdg` m cm @mdo`. (Da`gt|g mr|dwca tg rgmerimbm gc mtvgd|a tadomclg cm vravoglml# g`|g`lolm t|m daia laioòa

|rm`tio|ola lg cm @mdo` m cat vmr|odwcmrgt. Da`t|g tg tg`|mra` cmt bmtgt lgc rgvmr|a mnrmroa ycm gxvravomdo` lgc vg|rcga/.

Mr|. =24. Gt|mbcgdo cmt rgcmdoa`gt abrgra)vm|ra`mcgt; kar`mlm cmbarmc lg adha harmt# gclgrgdha m cm tgnwrolml y m cm mtot|g`dom tadomc#gc lgrgdha m hwgcnm# cm onwmclml lg avar|wòlmlgtg` gc |rmbmka vmrm |alat cat dowlmlmàt.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m olg`|oedmrcmt vro`dovmcgt nmrm`|mtgt|mbcgdolmt g` cm Da`t|o|wdo`lg =?=>.

Va Da Va =?=>.


108/194

=65

Bca}wg 4

Cm dwc|wrm rguacwdoa`mrom

Lwrm`|g cm cwdhm rguacwdoa`mrom vmr|odovmra` iocgt lg vgrta`mt# haibrgt#

iwkgrgt y òat# lg logrg`|gt nrwvat tadomcgt. Cm imyarm wgra` o`lng`mt#dmivgtoàt# rm`dhgrat# abrgrat y givcgmlat# g`|rg a|rat.Cm rguacwdo` ialoed cm uolm lg cmt vgrta`mt# twt umcargt y gxvrgtoa`gt

dwc|wrmcgt. Cm uoacg`dom# cat da`|o`wat |rmtcmlat m a|rmt rgnoa`gt# cmt vg`wromtlg cm nwgrrm# gc hmibrg y cm vabrg{m# lgtmrrmonmra` m miocomt g`|grmt# vravo)dom`la# g` igloa lg cm nwgrrm y lg cat gkrdo|at glgrmcgt y rguacwdoa`mroat#w` mivcoa o`|grdmiboa dwc|wrmc. Cm itodm wg vmr|g lg cm da|olomòlml vavwcmr#cat gkrdo|at vmtmbm` cmrnmt harmt uonocm`la y g` gtvgrm lg w` vatobcg m|m}wg#vgra m rm|at y vmrm g`|rg|g`grtg g`|a`mbm` dm`doa`gt a darrolat# }wg da`)|mbm` cmt hm{mmt g hot|aromt lg cat vgrta`mkgt a dmwloccat rguacwdoa`mroat.

Da` gc |ogiva# cm dwc|wrm lg cm rguacwdo` vmt m arimr vmr|g lg cm dwc|w)rm `mdoa`mc# lm`la cwnmr m gxvrgtoa`gt mr|t|odmt daia cm itodm# cm vo`|wrm#gtdwc|wrm# co|grm|wrm y gc do`g.

M}w mvrg`lgrt m umcarmr gccgnmla }wg hm lgkmla cm dwc|wrm

rguacwdoa`mrom g` `wgt|ravrgtg`|g.

Da`twc|mg`

V b a a aa;I C Uu La# Dm`doa`graigxodmà# Ia# tgv# =?88 (Cba

R/.

Daivrg`laymvcoDa

=. Vn a aa n aa#n# au a } auaa.2. Da a a una aa.

Dmr|gc lg |gm|ra o`m`|oc.

Da`twc|mg`

T aa ab # Ga { Daa ua aa a hl|.


109/194

=6>

vmrmabtgrumlargt

Ra n a a y { a.

G a a u. Va

na n a na.

T u Rua

a .

Ca aa n#

a a a aa

a.

Uka a a# na

. @a ba a

kn na y .


110/194

=68

Bca}wg 4

\gimt vmrm rgegxoa`mrCm oèwg`dom lg cmt dwc|wrmt gx|rm`kgrmt

Lwrm`|g gc Varerom|a# cm dwc|wrm y gc mr|g lg Ixoda rgdobogra` o`wg`dom lga|rat vmtgt. Cm imyarm lg cmt daiwòlmlgt gx|rm`kgrmt gt|mbcgdolmt g` gcvmt (gtvmacmt# mcgim`mt# rm`dgtmt# o`ncgtmt y gt|mlwòlg`tgt/# mvar|mra`mcnw`mt lg twt dat|wibrgt# ialmt# daàdoiog`|at |dòdat# cmbarmcgt# dwco)`mroat y drgg`domt rgconoatmt# }wg mlav|mra` vro`dovmcig`|g cat givrgtmroaty cat nrwvat mlo`grmlat.

Cmt miocomt lg cm mrot|adrmdom igxodm`m mdat|wibrmbm` im`lmr m twthokat m gt|wlomr mc gx|rm`kgra# }wog`gt g` tw imyarm rgnrgtmbm` daia ilo)dat# mbanmlat# gtdro|argt a vo`|argt y |rmm` `wguat daàdoiog`|at# ialmt g

o`wg`domt mr|t|odmt.Cm co|g igxodm`m mlav| rvolmig`|g

cmt arimt lg lougr|ortg lg cat gt|mlwò)lg`tgt g o`ncgtgt. Tg w`lmra` dcwbgt#dmtoàt y dg`|rat lg md|ouolml tadomc#lgvar|oum y dwc|wrmc. Gc Cmjgtolg Tmoco`nDcwb arnmò{mbm rgnm|mt g` gc cmna lgDhmcda y Xadhoiocda. Gc K

Historia 5º RIEB Alumno 2011-2012

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Transcript of Historia 5º RIEB Alumno 2011-2012