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[166] Zeff, Stephen A. "The Rise of 'Economic Consequences"'. 1978. In Schro­eder/McCullers/Clark (1987)[133]: 25-34.

184

Anhang 1

Übersicht über relevante Vorschriften

Vorschriften für Finanzinstrumente

Vorschriften des AICPA Garnmittee on Accounting Procedure

ARB 43 Restatement and Revision of Accounting Research Bulletins

Vorschriften des AICPA Accounting Principles Board

APB Opinion 14

APB Opinion 25

Accounting for Convertible Debt and Debt Issued with Stock Purehase Warrants Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees

Vorschriften des Financial Accounting Standards Board

SFAS 52 Foreign Currency Translation SFAS 80 Accounting for Futures Contracts SFAS 105 Disdosure of Information About Financial Instruments

with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk and Financial Instruments with Concentrations of Credit Risk

SFAS 107 SFAS 114 SFAS 115

SFAS 119

SFAS 123

Disdosures About Fair Value fo Financial Instruments Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Disdosure aboute Derivative Financial Instrumentsand Fair Value of Financial Instruments Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

Das "Conceptual Framework"

SFAC 1

SFAC 2 SFAC 3

SFAC 4

SFAC 5

SFAC 6

Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprises57

Objectives of Financial Reporting by Nonbusiness Organizations Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises Elements of Financial Statements

57 vollständig ersetzt durch SFAC 6

185

Anhang 2

Qualitative Merkmale von Bilanzinformationen58

Bias Bias in measurement is the tendency of a measure to fall more often on one side than the other of what it repres­ents instead of being equally likely to fall on either side.

Comparability The quality of information that ena­bles users to identify similarities in and differences between two sets of economic phenomena.

Completeness The inclusion in reported information of everything material that is neces­sary for faithful representation of the relevant phenomena.

Conservatism A prudent reaction to uncertainty to try to ensure that uncertainty and risks inherent in business situations are adequately disclosed.

Consistency Conformity from period to period with unchanging policies and procedu­res.

Feedback Value The quality of information that ena­bles users to confirm or correct prior expectations.

Materiality The magnitude of an omission or mis­statement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding cir­cumstances, makes it probable thet the judgement of a reasonable person relying on the information would ha­ve been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement.

Neutrality Absence in reported information ofbi-

as intended to attain a predetermined result or to induce a particular mode of behavior.

Predictive Value The quality of information that helps users to increase the likelihood of cor­rectly forecasting the outcome of past or present events.

Relevance The capacity of information to make a difference in a decision by helping users to form predictions about the outcomes of past, present, and future events or to confirm or correct prior expectations.

ReHability The quality of information that assu­res that information is reasonably free from error and bias and faithfully re­presents what it purports to represent.

Representational Faithfulness Correspondence or agreement bet­ween a measure or description and the phenomenon that it purports to repre­sent (sometimes called validity).

Timeliness Having information available to a de­cision maker before it loses its capaci­ty to influence decisions.

Understandability The quality of information that ena­bles users to perceive its significance.

Verifiability The ability through consensus among measurers to ensure that informati­on represents what it purports to re­present or that the chosen method of measurement has been used without error or bias.

58FASB ( 1993)[62], Vol. II, SFAC 2, S. 1025f.

186

Anhang 3

Die zehn Elemente des Jahresabschlusses59

Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events (~ 25).

Liabilities areprobable future sacrifices of econo­mic benefits arising from present obli­gations of a particular entity to trans­fer assets of provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events (~ 35).

Equity or net assets is the residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities (~ 49).

Investments by owners are increases in equity of a particu­lar business enterprise resulting from transfers to it from other entities of something valuable to obtain or incre­ase ownership interests ( or equity) in it (~ 66).

Distribution to owners are decreases in equity of a particu­lar business enterprise resulting from transferring assets, rendering services, or incurring liabilities by the enterpri­se to owners (~ 67).

Comprehensive income is the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from tran­sactions and other events and circum­stances from nonowner sources (~ 70).

59FASB {1993)[62), Vol. li, SFAC 6, S. 1108f.; Pa­ragraphenangaben beziehen sich auf SFAC 6.

Revenues are inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlement of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations (~ 78).

Expenses Expenses are outflows or other using up of assets or incurrences of liabili­ties (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rende­ring services, or carrying out other ac­tivities that constitute the entity's on­going major or central operations (~ 80).

Gains are increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transac­tions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and cir­cumstances affecting the entity except those that result from revenues or in­vestments by owners (~ 82).

Losses are decreases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transac­tions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and cir­cumstances affecting the entity except those that result from revenues or in­vestments by owners (~ 83).

187

Anhang 4 Beispiel einer Veröffentlichung nach Statement 10760

Note V: Disdosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each dass of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:

Cash and short-term investments For short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Investment securities and trading account assets For securities and derivative instruments held for trading purposes (which include bonds, interest rate futures, options, interest rate swaps, securities sold not owned, caps and floors, foreign currency contracts, and forward contracts) and marketable equity securities held for investment purposes, fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes. For other securities held as investments, fair value equals quoted market price, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities.

Loan receivables For certain homogeneaus categories of loans, such as some residential mortgages, credit card receivables, and other consumer loans, fair value is estimated using the quoted market prices for securities backed by similar loans, adjusted for differences in loan characteristics. The fair value of other types of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities.

Deposit Liabilities The fair value of dcmand deposits, savings accounts, and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of fixed-rnaturity certificates of deposit is estimated using the rates currently affered for deposits of similar rernaining maturities.

Long-term debt Rates currently available to the Bank for debt with similar terms and rernaining maturities are used to estimate fair value of existing debt.

Interest mte swap agreements The fair value of interest rate swaps ( used for hedging purposes) is the estirnated arnount that the Bank would receive or pay to terminate the swap agreements at the reporting date, taking into account current interest rates and the current creditworthiness of the swap counterparties.

Commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written

The fair value of commitments is estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into

similar agreements, taking into account the rernaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed-rate loan comrnitments, fair value also considers the difference between current Ievels of interest rates and the committed rates. The fair value of guarantees and letters of credit is based on fees currently charged for similar agreements or on the estimated cost to terminate them or otherwise settle the obligations with the counterparties at the reporting date.

188

The estimated fair values of the Bank's financial instruments are as follows:

1993 1992

Carrying Fair Carrying Fair Amount Value Amount Value

Financial assets: Cash and short-term investments $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

Trading account assets $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

Investment securities $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

Loans $XXX $XXX

Less: allowance for loan Iosses ($XXX) ($XXX) Loans, net of allowance $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

Financialliabilities: Deposits $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX Securities sold not owned $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

Long-term debt $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

U nrecognized financial instruments":

Interest rate swaps: In a net receivable position $XXX $XXX $XXX $XXX

In a net payable position ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)

Commitments to extend credit ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)

Standby letters of credit ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)

Financial guarantees written ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX) ($XXX)

"The amounts shown under "carrying amount" represent accruals or deferred income (fees) from those unrecognized financial instruments. Irrterest rate swaps and other derivative instruments entered into as trading activities are included in "trading account assets" or "securities sold not owned".

60Beispiel aus: Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 107, Appendix B, vgl. FASB (1993)[62], Vol. I, S. 1397 ff. Diese beispielhafte Veröffentlichung entspricht den typischen Veröffentli­chungen im Jahresabschluß einer Finanzinstitution. SFAS 107 gilt jedoch nicht nur für Banken, sondern ebenso für jede andere Art von Unternehmen.

189

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Rolf Scheffels Fuzzy-Logik in der Jahresabschlußprüfung Entwicklung eines wissensbasierten Systems zur Analyse der Vermögens-, Finanz- und Ertragslage 1996. XXVIII, 245 Seiten, Broschur DM 98,-/ ÖS 715,-/ SFr 89,­GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT ISBN 3-8244-6313-X Im Mittelpunkt des Systems steht eine umfassende Kennzahlenhier­archie. Das zur Interpretation der Kennzahlen und der Interdepen­denzen notwendige Expertenwissen wird mit Hilfe der Fuzzy-Logik abgebildet und in der Wissensbasis des Systems hinterlegt.

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