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FISIOLOGI
HORMON
OLEH
ERKADIUS
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
PADANG, 2008
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ii
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DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................................................III
DAFTAR TABEL.........................................................................................................................IV
DAFTAR GAMBAR......................................................................................................................V
I. PRINSIP UMUM........................................................................................................................ .1
A. PENDAHULUAN.............................................................................................................1B. PRODUKSI DAN SEKRESI HORMON................................................... ................ ......... 5C. CARA KERJA..................................................................................................................9D. KELENJAR DAN HORMON UTAMA......................................................... ............... ...11
II. HIPOTALAMUS DAN HIPOFISIS.......................................................................................13
A. HIPOTALAMUS............................................................................................................13B. HORMONHORMON HIPOFISIS POSTERIOR............. .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... ..15C. HORMONHORMON HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR............................... ............... ................ 21
III. HORMON PANKREAS............................................................................................ .......... ..35
A. INSULIN........................................................................................................................3!B. GLUKAGON DAN HORMON PANKREAS LAINN"A.............. ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...#0C. GANGGUAN PENGATURAN KADAR GULA DARAH........... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..#2
IV. HORMON-HORMON TIROID...................................................................................... .....45
A. PEMBENTUKAN DAN SEKRESI............................... ............... ............... ................ ....#5
B. FUNGSI HORMON TIROID DI JARINGAN............... ....... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .#$C. PEN"AKITPEN"AKIT KELENJAR TIROID....................... ................ ............... ........#9
V. METABOLISME KALSIUMDAN FOSFAT.................................................................................................................................52
A. KALSIUM, FOSFAT, DAN DINAMIKA TULANG.......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..52B. VITAMIN D...................................................................................................................55C. HORMON PARATIROID %PTH&............................................................. ................ ........ 5$D. KALSITONIN................................................................................................................58E. GANGGUAN KALSIUM DAN FOSFAT................................................... ............... ......59
VI. KORTEKS ADRENAL..........................................................................................................63
A. GLUKOKORTIKOID.....................................................................................................!#
B. MINERALOKORTIKOID....................................................... ............... ................ ......... !8C. ANDROGEN ADRENAL.................................................. ............... ................ .............. $3D. GANGGUAN SEKRESI KORTEKS ADRENAL............. ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .$3
VII. REPRODUKSI......................................................................................................................76
A. HORMON REPRODUKSI PRIA............................................................. ................ ........ $!B. HORMON REPRODUKSI 'ANITA........................................ ............... ................ ....... $8C. HORMON PLASENTA DAN LAKTASI................................. ............... ................ ........ 83
DAFTAR BACAAN......................................................................................................................86
DAFTAR INDEKS........................................................................................................................87
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DAFTAR TABEL
TABEL 1. NAMA-NAMA KELENAR DAN HORMON !ANG DIHASILKANN!A........11
TABEL 2. HORMON HIPOTALAMUS !ANG TERKAIT DENGAN HIPOFISISANTERIOR.....................................................................................................................................14
TABEL 3. SEL-SEL DAN HORMON HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR.............................................21
TABEL 4. POTENSI GLUKOKORTIKOID DAN MINERALOKORTIKOID....................64
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
GAMBAR 1. BENTUK-BENTUK KOMUNIKASI ANTAR SEL.............................................2
GAMBAR 2. FEEDBACK NEGATIF BERDASARKAN PENURUNAN PRODUKSIHORMON.........................................................................................................................................7
GAMBAR 3. FEEDBACK NEGATIF BERDASARKAN PENURUNAN PRODUKSIORGAN TARGET...........................................................................................................................7
GAMBAR 4. LETAK RESEPTOR UNTUK BERBAGAI ENIS KIMIA"I HORMON.. .1#
GAMBAR 5. KURVE KADAR-RESPONS HORMON............................................................11
GAMBAR 6. HIPOFISIS$ HIPOTALAMUS$ SEL BESAR DAN SEL KECIL.....................14
GAMBAR 7. PENGATURAN SEKRESI HORMON PERTUMBUHAN...............................24
GAMBAR 8. EFEK BIOLOGIS HORMON PERTUMBUHAN.............................................25
GAMBAR %. PENGATURAN SEKRESI HORMON PERTUMBUHAN DAN INSULIN. . .26
GAMBAR 1#. PENGATURAN SEKRESI GONADOTROPIN...............................................3#
GAMBAR 11. PERTUKARAN KALSIUM HARIAN. .............................................................53
GAMBAR 12. PERTUKARAN FOSFAT HARIAN. ................................................................54
GAMBAR 13. RESPONS KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KEKURANGAN KALSIUM........6#
GAMBAR 14. RESPONS KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KEKURANGAN FOSFAT...........61
GAMBAR 15. HUBUNGAN SODIUM PLASMA$ TEKANAN DARAH DAN SISTEMRAA..................................................................................................................................................7#
GAMBAR 16. EFEK PENARIKAN NA DI GINAL TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH.. .72
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I. PRINSIP UMUM
A. PENDAHULUAN
K()*+-/ + // -+ ))4-+ +6*7 + )-,
+6 /+:*+ 4+6*7 * 7 :+6+, (6+ + //) *4*7.
I+-/ + )*-+ 46+ +6 /+6 ++6 ) ))7+-+
-/4+ - ;;
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G)4 1. B+*-4+*- -()*+-/ + /.
B/-+ )+ 4-:, 7()(+ 46 / 7()(+ +6 4-:
/
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H()(+ +6 4-: /
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2. H*4*+6+ @/((6 7()(+ + /@
P +/+, //) 7()(+ ))- /)+ @*+6/ +6+ //)
/@+. M- )*-+ //) +6)+ /+ +6 4-: / /
-(+/ +6/+6+ + +66+. K* //) + :*6 )+6)-+ /+ +6
4/ 4-: /
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//) /@ /)/ +6 )+67/-+ 7()(+ +(+@+, + ++6-+
/-/ 446 7()(+ 7()*/, *) :+*+6, )* +, -(-/
+, + 6+:. S)*+ -+ 4-: // 6 )4**7 7
+ 6+: *+*- )+6)4-+ 7 - (*) /)*.
B. PRODUKSI DAN SEKRESI HORMON
H) /)* 7()(+ )*-+ ; -) :+/ (+ * ,
)/+ 7()(+ *)4*7+, +/*+, -(-((+, (-+, (-/(/+, +
/46+. H()(+ ++ )*-+ :+/ /( +6 )*-+ **++
-7(/(, )/+ -(/( + (/(+ +6 7/-+ (7 -(-/ +,
/(6+, (6/(+, + /(/(+ -+: / %(*) + //&, +
)+ D +6 7/-+ (7 (7 -:/) 446 (6+. H()(+ +6
)*-+ **++ /) )+( (/+ 7 7()(+ +6 4/ -+:
( %(-/+ + (((++&, + --()+ +6 4/ )*
+ %+@+ + +(+@+&..
1. P(*-/.
U)*)+ 7()(+ 4+*- ) / + /-/ / /4*.
A-+ )4+*-+ 7()(+ 4/ )4-+ 446 / + :+6+ +6
)+ 4:*7+.
H()(+7()(+ ( + --()+ 4+*- )* *47+ /)
)+( (/+. K*+ 4+*- ) /(/) )* -/-/ +6
)+66*+-+ +;). H()(+ ( /)+ ) 4+*- -+ +6+ )(-*
(6(4*+ /) /+ -*-+. K-()+, * +) 4/) *+*-
+@+ + +(+@+ /)+ ) 6+*6+* /-/.
H()(+ /( +6+ )*7 4+*- -7(/( +6
) -*(-*( /(/). K7(/( / + 4+- +6 4/
/), /)+6 +6 4* (7 / * /+. M- - /)+ )
/, -+ /6 4@@*/ -* /7 4+*-
H()(+ + (+ 4+*- ) -**) +(/) -/
/46)+ )4+*-+ (+ *)*)+. B+*- +6 7/-+ 7
(7()(+ +6 -)*+ (7 )+: (7()(+ (7 */ G(6, +
5
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) 6+* /-/ *47 )+: 7()(+. M- /)+ ) /-
/- /-/ /) /+ 4 *+*- -*-+.
P)4+*-+ 7()(+ +6 47 *) )/+ 7 *47+
+(6+ +6 7/-+ (*) )+: /(6+, * *47+ +(6+
+6 7/-+ -+: + )+: /(6+ (7 7. C(+(7 + 7
)4+*-+ )+ D +6 ))*-+ -:/) + -*, 7 + 6+:,
+ )4+*-+ +6(+/+ II +6 )4-+ 6+:, 7, + +( )4**7
7 **.
2. P+6*+ /-/
&'. K0* F(()&9 N(:&0/ &0&; P,/0/.
Pengaturan kerja hormon melalui prinsip feedback negatif
merupakan hal yang paling umum dan bekerja membatasi hasil
akhir produksi hormon. Contoh paling sederhana adalah hormon
yang merangsang produksi organ target seperti pada Gambar 3.
K* (*-/ 6 7 )47 :*)7 +6 +6+-+, )- -47+
(*-/ -+ )+67)4 /-/ -+:, /7+66 +6/+6+ *+*- (*-/
(6+ 6 -+ 4-*+6 *. K* (*-/ (6+ 6 7 **+
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G)4 2. F4
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C(+(7+ 7 +6/+6+ 7(@// +( 4* 7()(+
+6/+6 @(- %FSH, @(
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3. T+/( 7()(+
S7 /-/, 7()(+ *)*)+ ))/*- /) + 4 /46
)(-* 44/ * - (+ )4? //@-. K-()+ +
7) /)* 7()(+ (+ * 4 /
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+/ +6 //*+66*7+. P-/++ -:+ 7()(+ 4/ 4+6/*+6 )
44 )+, :) * 7.
G)4 #. L- /( *+*- 446 :+/ -)? 7()(+
J*)7 /( / - /) / 7, -+ )- /+6
)+6) (// +-/ * -/, + +67+
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100%
50%Penurunankesensitifan
Penurunanresponsivitas
KADAR HORMON
RESPONS
G)4 5. K* -/(+/ 7()(+
P+**++ /(+/ )-/)*) /44-+ (7 +**++ :*)7 /
6, :*)7 /(, - +;), * - ; +6 * *+*- ))4*
(*-. K+ + :*6 : -* +74( +(+-()@
7 7()(+ /4*. P+**++ -/+/@+ /44-+ +**++
:*)7 * @@+/ /(, 4*47+ - -(@-( ) /, )++6-+
-
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II. HIPOTALAMUS DAN HIPOFISIS
G4*+6+ 7()*/ + 7(@// )*-+ 46+ //) +(-+
+6 +6 -()-/ + ()++. H()(+ +6 7/-++ )+6* @*+6/
-+: (, +, + (*-/, /)+6 :*6 )+6(+( *)4*7+
4+, (*-/ + /-/ /*/*, + )4(/) . B+-+ -(+(
*4*7 +6 -*-+ )* -// 7()*/7(@// + )+*+:*--+ 47?
(- ))- ++ ++6 ) +6(+(+ 446 @*+6/ *4*7, -
7+ )* @*+6/ /@.
A. HIPOTALAMUS
S**7 // +67/ 7()(+ 7()*/ 7 / /@,
/ +*(+ 4/ %)6+
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G)4 !. H(@//, 7()*/, / 4/ + / -
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H()(+ )44/ 6(+((+ %G+RH, 6(+((+ /+6 7()(+&
+6 /4* :*6 7()(+ )44/ *+;+6 7()(+ %LHRH, *+;+6
7()(+ /+6 7()(+& -+ 4-: *+*- )+6/+6 6(+((+ +6
))- -()(++ *+;+6 7()(+ %LH& + @(
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&'. E( 0(*&&+ :/=&
ADH 4@*+6/ *+*- )+- *:*+6 *4* / + *-*/
-(6+/ 6+: - ) *4*7 /7+66
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)'. E( 0(*&&+ +();; &*&
P+**++ (*) 7 )*-+ /)**/ +6 -* *+*- (*-/
ADH. P+**++ /) 1525 )+44-+ /-/ ADH )++6- /) 50
- +() K ADH +6 +66 + ))- @- )+)-+ )4**7
7 /**7 *4*7 /7+66 -++ 7 )++6-. O7 -+ * ADH
/4* :*6 /46 /(//+ %=7()(+ +: )4**7 7>&.,.
D) -+ +(), 6+6+ *) :+*+6 + -++
/( -++ %4(/(& )4**7 7 -(, (, +
*)(+/ -+ )+6)-+ /+ - 7()*/ *+*- )+67)4 /-/
ADH. P+**++ (*) 7 )+44-+ 4-*+6+ +6/+ *) +
**++ -++ 7 )4**7 4/, 4-*+6+ /+ +67)4 -7()*/, + )++6-+ /-/ ADH.
J ++6-+ ADH /+ +6/+6 (7 ++6-+ --+
/), :*6 /44-+ (7 +**++ (*) 7 + +**++ -++
7. P+-+ 6+: -+ ))4+* )+6)4-+ (*) 7 +
-++ 7 - 7 +(). S4-+ (*-/ ADH 4-*+6
+6+
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K47+ /-/ ADH /44-+ (7 +- * *) //)
/@ */, /-(//, *)( +67/ ADH, * (4(4+. K+ +
)+44-+ ++ 6+: )++6-, :*)7
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K 4/ (-/(/+ -- + )*+ /), +)*+ @*+6/
+6 :/ -- )/7 4*) -7*.Pada wanita, oksitosin disekresi
dalam jumlah besar setelah regangan serviks dan vagina sewaktu melahirkan
sehingga membantu dalam persalinan dan penghentian perdarahan kemudian.
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Penghisapan papilla mammae juga merupakan stimulus utama sekresi oksitosin
dan memudahkan keluarnya air susu ibu (ASI). Impuls syaraf dibawa dari
/( di servix dan vagina, serta dari papilla mammae ke )* /+/,
talamus dan diteruskan keN-. P+-dan Nk. Supraoptikus di hipotalamus.
Impuls yang tiba nukleus (kumpulan sel syaraf sejenis di sistem syaraf pusat) ini
merangsang produksi oksitosin, dan impuls yang berjalan di sepanjang akson
menyebabkan pembebasan oksitosin di ujung akson yang berada di hipofisis
posterior. Oksitosin akan beredar di dalam darah dalam bentuk 44/ +6+
?-* *7 35 )+. A-/(+ N-. P+- :*6 -)-+ - 446
46+ (- + 4-: +*(+ + /46 +*(+/).
A /*/* 4* %ASI& (*-/ -+: ))) + -*-+ )*
/*++ )+*:* ))). M- /)+ ) ( -+:
+6 ))- // )(, * +6 ))* 4-(+-/. O-/(/+
)+44-+ -(+-/ // )( /7+66 ASI +6 7 )
( )+6 )/*- - ) /*+ ASI, 464*+6 +6+ /*+ ++
+ 4-*)* *+6+ +6*)* - . D /+ ASI -*-+
)* +-++ ( + +(+ (7 4. E@- (-/(/+
) -(+-/ )( ( -* (7 /(6+, +)*+ 7)4 (7
--()+.
O-/(/+ :*6 ))- @- +6 -* 7 (( ((/ **/,
*) - II + - III /++. K II 7 )/ /:- )4*-+
/--/ +6- /) +- 7, + - III 7 )/ /7 +- 7
/) /+ 7. P/+ (-/(/+ / )+*/*-+ )+44-+
-(+-/ +6+ +)*+ )+)4*-+ / + /) )+66*)+66* )
)+*/*-+. S + 4+ +6+ 7) +6 4 ) 7
/*4+(*/, * 4*) -)4 - *-*+ +() + -7)+.
K(+-/ )()*) * +6/+6 (7 )4+ (-/(/+
) (// +6 /+6 +7, +6 )+**+-+ )4+6 (// ((
/-. P++6-+ (// )+44-+ +**++ )4+6 (// +6 47
4/ /7+66 4/ )4* -(+-/ +*/. A-+ /++ 7()(+
+ 7+ )*-+ @-( )4+*, -+ ++6-+ -+ -
47*4*+6+ +6+ -):*+ /++. P++ ++6 (-/(/+ 7 /7
)7-+, * ))7+-+ -(+-/ **/ + )+67+-+ 7+
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/7 /+ -*-+. B+*- /+/ 7()(+ + - (4/
*+*- +*-/ /++ ?+ +6 /
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&'. E( 0(*&&+ (0&)/,(.
Hormon pertumbuhan)++6--+ /+// (+ /**7 / *4*7,
)++6--+ )(4// /) )- :+6+ (/*) + +66*++
)- /46 +:, / )+**+-+ +66*++ 6*-(/ /**7 *4*7.
S
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(*-/ // /4*, + @- //@-+ )+6*47 / -(+(/ )+:
/ (/(6+-.
P*)4*7+ *+6 )4-+ * )-+/), * *:*+6 +
)*-+ 4+6+. P )-+/) ), *+6 +:+6 *)4*7
?+ 4/+ @// +6+ @//. D/+ ?+ 4* *)*- +
*47 )+: *+6 /7+66 @// /)-+ +:+6. D -7 *4/ ?+
+ /*7 - /)* + @// -+ )+* +6+ @//, /7+66
)47+ +:+6 *+6 47+. S7 *4/, GH - ))* 6
))+:+6 *+6 -+ @// /*7 )+* +6+ 4+6. P
)-+/) ) +, GH 4-: )+6/+6 *)4*7+ ?+ @// +
+:+6+ 4+6 *+6.M-+/) -* 7 )4*+ *+6 4* )*-+ *+6 +6
) (7 (/(4/ +6 (/*) + (+66 *+6. P /
+6 /) (/(-/ ) *+6 -+ ))4*+6 // ) *+6 /4*.
Hormon pertumbuhan )+6/+6 (/(4/ +6+ -*, /7+66 *+6
*/ )+*/ )+: 4/. C(+(7 +6 /+6 : 7 7+6 4?7
+6 )+44-+ + 66 4?7 )+(+:(, + *+6 +6-(- +6
)+44-+ (+:(+(+:(+ *+6 /- ).
E@- 7 *)4*7+ ?+ -/+-+ (7 /()()+,
7/-+ (7 7 / +6/+6+ hormon pertumbuhan. S()()+ /4*
:*6 +/*+- 6(?7 @
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merangsang sekresi /()()+. GHRH bisa menghambat sekresinya sendiri di
hipotalamus, sedangkan hormon pertumbuhan dihambat oleh /()(/+ dan
/()()+. S()()+ + hormon pertumbuhan * )+67)4
/-/ hormon pertumbuhan )* +6/+6+ /()(/+ /
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-+ +6 ), - + 4/ )+
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D) -+ */, -* 7()(+ + 4-*+6 /7+66 +)++ -(
4-*+6 + )(4//+ 4)47, / +6+ +**++ /+// (+
+ *)4*7+.
Makan protein
Insulin
Somatomedin
GH
Sintesis proteinPertumbuhan
Penyimpanankalori
Puasa
Insulin
Somatomedin
GH
Sintesis proteinPertumbuhan
Penyimpanankalori
Makankarbohidrat
Insulin
GH
Somatomedin Penyimpanan
kaloriSintesis proteinPertumbuhan
G)4 9. P+6*+ /-/ hormon pertumbuhan dan insulin
'. G&::;& ;:,/ hormon pertumbuhan
Kekurangan hormon pertumbuhan pada masa kanak-kanak dapat
disebabkan oleh 6+66*+ @*+6/hipotalamus, *)(hipofisis, molekul hormon
pertumbuhan yang secara biologis - -()+, -66+ )4+*-+
somatomedin, dan 4-*+6+ /(. Akibatnya adalah tubuh yang pendek
dan pematangan tulang yang terlambat (?@/)&. B6* :*6 + -+
/- 6)*- + *4/+ )4. P ?/, - -+ +
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--*+6+ hormon pertumbuhan +6 :/, + 6+(// 7+ -+
+6+ )+*+:*--+ - hormon pertumbuhan + /()()+ /) +6
+7. P+6(4+ +6+ )4+ hormon pertumbuhan -+ )+44-+
:+ +/ +(6+, ++6-+ + 4( )//, + +**++ )//
)- -+--+- )++6--+ -
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)+44-+ + ))4*+6-*-. B6* :*6 :+6+ *+- / 7,
7, + 6+:, )+: /+6 4/.
2. G(+((+ %LH FSH&.
LH %*+;+6 7()(+& + FSH %@(
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)'. P(:&0;*& S(*(,/ ,(9&*& F(()&9.
S-/ 6(+((+ * (7 7/ /-/ 6(+ /
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HIPOTALAMUS
'$&%-N
EN'$!1-N
ADENOHIPOFISIS
GONAD
"E,"$,"E!$N
2 E,"!'-$L
STIMULASI
INHIBISI
1,#
L#!#
C"-3-N
-N#-.-N
N$!E&-NE1!-N
L#
G)4 10. P+6*+ /-/ 6(+((+
K7*/*/ ?+ @- @4
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3. P(-+.
P(-+ 7 7()(+ (+ +6 4-: )+6/+6 -)4+6+
))) + (*-/ ASI. S/ )))((@ +6 )+6/ 1025 (*/
7(@// +(, -+ )++6- :*)7+ ?-* -7)+, -/, +
(7 )4+ /(6+. K +() (-+ -- + )*+
/), * 10 +6) +6+ ?-**7 20 )+.
&'. S(*(,/ P*&0/
P(-+ )* /-/ +6+ - +6 )-+ )++6- /:-
-7)+ 5 )+66* /) 7+ 4, * 1020 - - 4*-+7).
K+ + 4-)*+6-++ 4+* (7 ++6-+ /(6+ +6
)+44-+ 7/ // +67/ (-+ + )+6/+6 +/-/
6+ *+*- /+// 7()(+ /4*. E/(6+ - /
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)'. E( B/:/, P*&0/
P(-+ 4++ ) *)4*7+ ? :+6+ ))) +
7/ 47 +:* ?-* 7). S?-* ):, (-+ 4/)
+6+ /(6+, (6/(+, -(/(, + hormon pertumbuhan, )+6/+6
(@/ +
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)* /:- 1012 )+66* ) -+*+6+, 44 / /4*) *)4*7+
-(-/ + )*. ACTH 4+*- )
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/-/+ /
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III. HORMON PANKREAS
Pulau-pulau pankreas (Langerhans) menghasilkan dua hormon utama,
yaitu +/*+ + 6*-6(+yang merupakan pengatur metabolisme yang kuat dan
bekerja cepat. Mereka bersama-sama mengatur 6*-(/, /) )- 44/, /)
)+(, dan )(-*)(-* /*4/lainnya untuk memastikan bahwa kebutuhan
enerji dapat dipenuhi dalam keadaan basal dan pada waktu berkuat (exercise).
Fungsi-fungsi ini terutama dilakukan dengan bekerja pada 7, )// ((, + :
+6+ )-. P(*- + // ** / )+, +-/+, /()(/+,
+ ( +-/, 4-)*+6-++ ))+-+ + )4+* )
+6*+ )4(/).
P +-/ /- /* :* **** -
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A. INSULIN
I+/*+ )*-+ 7()(+ ) +6 /(/ 4++6 *+*-
6*+-+ ) +6(4+ +6+ @- +)+ :? +6 )/. I
)*-+ 7()(+ ) +6 /*/*++ /) )+(+ -7*, + 7()(+
) +6 4* +6+ 4(/+/ )* -+((6 -()4+/ DNA.
1. S-/ I+/*+
S:*)7 4/ @-( )+6/+6 * )+67)4 /-/ +/*+.
S
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50 )6, /(+/ /-/ )-/)*) -*-+ - 6*-(/ 7
300 )6, + /(+/ 50 : - 6*-(/ 7 150 )6.
R/(+/ +/*+ 7 )4+ 6*-(/ ))- * @/. I+@*/
6*-(/ -+ )+44-+ +/*+ )++6- +6+
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R+6/+6+ /)/ ))- @- -)4 7 /-/ +/*+. E@-
+6 */-+ )* /( +6- -+ )+6/+6 /-/ +/*+,
@- )* +6- -+ )+67)4+. A-@/ /)/ )*
N. V6*/ )+6/+6 )44/+ +/*+, + )*+6-+ 4@*+6/ )
@/ /@-, * ++6-+ /-/ +/*+ )+:+6 )/*-+ )-++ -
) /*+ +
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:*6 )+6/+6 )4+*-+ 6-(6+ G!P, + (// *47+ G!P
)+: * * - ) (// )
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9'. M(0&)/,( +*0(/.
I+/*+ 7 7()(+ +4(- +6 4-: )++6--+ +/( /)
)+( - ) // (( + *47+ /) )+( /4* ) /
)+: (+. P(// ((// * )
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-* (7 /-/ /*+ +
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+6/+6 (7 ++6-+ 6* 7, ++6-+ /) )+(, ++6-+
/) )-, + ++6-+ 446 7()(+ +
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T+66+ - 6* 7 -+ )+44-+ 6*-(/ +6 ((/
6()**/ - *4* 47 4+- -))*+ ++ *4*
-4+ 6*-(/ -+ -+ ) *+. G*-(/ *4* )+44-+
4)47+ +-+ - ) *4* /7+66 :*)7 *+ )++6-
%(*&, + :+ 7/ +6 -* (7 /+6 )+*) %(/&.
D7/ )+44-+ +**++ (*) 7 +6+ -4 -66+ /-*/
+ +*/*+ *-*+ /, )+44-+ 6+66*+ @*+6/ /@ +6
)+44-+ -)+.
K 6* 7 +6 +66 -+ )+-
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NIDDM 8090 DM, 4/+ )*+
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IV. HORMON-HORMON TIROID
K+: ( +6 4?7 +6/ --++ + -
)+67/-+ * 7()(+ ++6, * (-/+ %T#& + (((++ %T3& +6
))- @- -* ) )++6--+ )4(/) *4*7. K+: + :*6
)+67/-+ -/(++ +6 4 ) )4(/) -/*). T+ 7()(+
(, )4(/) -+ **+ )+: #050 4?7 +(), /+6-+
-47++ +6 -/) -+ )++6--+ )4(/) /) !0100
/ +(). S-/ 7()(+ + -(+( (7 TSH %7(/)*+6 7()(+&
+6 7/-+ (7 7()*/.
A. PEMBENTUKAN DAN SEKRESI
K+: ( @(- +6+ ) 100300 +6 4/
-((, +6+ ++6+ // ( -*4(. K(( 4/
6-((+ (6(4*+ +6 7/-+ // @(- + /-/ - /+. P
)(-* (6(4*+ +(+:(+ $0 /) )+( (/+ +6 )*-+
/*4/ *) *+*- 464*+6 +6+ (*) ) +6- )4+*-+
7()(+ (.
P)4+*-+ 7()(+ ( ) :*)7 +() ))*-+ 50 )6
( / 7*+ ) )-++, * /- 1 )6)+66*. P+
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/* (, * (((/+ %DIT& +6+ * (. P+664*+6+ + 4+*
(7 +;) (+/ +6 : ?-* (6(4*+ /-/ 4+
4+ G(6 - /(/) / @(-, * -- /-/ / @(- -
) -((. D ) -(( -+ : +664*+6+ MIT +6+ DIT
))4+*- (((++ %T3&, + +664*+6+ * DIT )+:
(((++ %(-/+, T#&. D ) -(( + 7()(+7()(+ /4* -
(6(4*+, + / )(-* (6(4*+ 4/ 13 T#, + /*
T3*+*- / 1# T#. P+)++ 7()(+ ( ) -((
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)+-/-+ 7()(+7()(++, /7+66 7-+ - 7()(+ /4*
-)4 +().
S- 93 7()(+ ( +6 4 7 (-/+ %T#& + $
(((++ %T3&. H) /)*+ 4-+ +6+ (+ /), *)
+6+ 7(+4++6 6(4*+ %TBG& + /46+ -
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/ *+*- 6*+-+ ) + ) )4+*-+ (+ 4*, * *47
)+: +6.
2. E@-@- *)*) *4*7.E@- +6 +6 + 7 ++6-+ -(+/*)/ (-/6+ +
)4+6-+ +/ %)(6+//&. P-:+ + /**7 :+6+
-
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P++6-+ )4(/), (*-/ +/, +* :+*+6, -@/
)((-, + +6/+6+ //) /@ */, :*6 /44-+ (7
--()+ +6- / +@+ + +(+@+. H()(+ ( -
)+44-+ ++6-+ --()+ * *+ 7/ )4(/)+ 7,
*+, * :+6+. S+6/) + --()+ + 7()(+ ( )*+6-+
4**7-+ *+*- ))4-+ @- )-/)*) (*-/ +/, (//,
6-(6+(//, + 6*-(+(6+//.
3. E@- *)4*7+ + -)4+6+
H()(+ ( ))- @- *)4*7+ *) +-+-.
P 4++6, 7()(+ ( 4*- 4+ ) )+6 ( %+-
--& )+: -- ?/. H((/) )+44-+ *)4*7+
7+6, /+6-+ 7( )- *)4*7 +66 +6+
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4/ -+ 7()(+ +6 4 -+ )+-+ /-/ ((+ /
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9'. C/*/-9/*/ H/+0/*/
G:+ 7(( + + /+ )+6+*- /7+66 * 4/
)+
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V. METABOLISME KALSIUM
DAN FOSFAT
A. KALSIUM, FOSFAT, DAN DINAMIKA TULANG
U/7 *+*- ))7+-+ 7()(/// -/*) + @(/@ /+6
++6 ) ))7 446 (// )4(/) / + -(+-/ ((.
K/4+ - )- 6+*+6 ++ 6a sistim) yaitu /*+
+
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/-/-+ - ) */*/ )47 +6+ +6 4*+6 )* *+. K/*)
+ -* + )/*- )*
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250 )6 +6 -)-+ - *+6 6+ +6+ :*)7 +6 /) +6 4/
++ *+6. P+6*+ - @(/@ /) 6+*+6
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/+:*+ (// ++ -+ )47 (// )4+*-+, + )//
*+6 7+7+ )+**+.
P(// *47+ *+6 ?/ /4* /46 (// )(+6,
+ )*-+ /* + )-+/) *) 7()(/// -/*). S 7*+
/- 15 )// *+6 4*47 (7 (// +. T6 // *) ) *+6
7 (/(4/, (/(/, + (/(-/.
P)4+*-+ *+6 -*-+ (7 (/(4/ +6 ))4* +
)+6+-+ -(6+ - (+66 -// -, /*/* (7 )+//.
S7 * // + -@/+ )+**+ + 4*47 )+: (/(/ +(.
P(// )+// ))*-+ - -/*) + @(/@ /) +6 +() +
6+*+6 )+ D.P(// ++ *+6 (7 (/(-/ - /: )+ -/*),
:*6 )+67+
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P+++ 47 +:* -+ )+44-+ 6/+ )+: (*- +6 -
-@, : )7 :*6 )+
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C. HORMON PARATIROID 2PTH3
K+: ( )+67/-+ 7()(+ ( %PTH& +6
)*-+ +6* *) )4(/) -/*). E@-+ +6 *) 7
+ -/*) *+6, *4* 6+:, + /+// 1,25%OH&2D3. E@- PTH
) +67)4+ 4/(/ @(/@ 6+: )+44-+ - @(/@
4-*+6.
T # -+: ( +6 4-)4+6 /:- -7)+ 51#
)+66*. B ( ?/ /- 130 )6 +6+ 4 )/+6)/+6+
+ 3050 )6. S *), /
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&'. P(*&& / T;&:
PTH ))
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/). S-/ -/(++ :*6 )++6- ?-* )-+ ?* *+ -
-/*) - )++6-, -+ + +6/+6 (7 7()(+ +
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G)4 13. R/(+/ -()+// 7 --*+6+ -/*)
K-*+6+ @(/@ )* 7(@(/@) -+ )+6/+6 (*-/
1,25%OH&2D3, +6 -+ )++6--+ @(/@ /) )* ++6-+
+++ */*/ + +6+ )+6/+6 ++ *+6 %G)4 1#&.
K/*) +6 -* / -+ )+-+ /-/ PTH, /7+66 (// 4/(/
@(/@ 6+: )++6-, + -47+ -/*) -*-+. S7 - @(/@
/) -)4 +(), 2#,25%OH&2D3 -+ )++6-, )4+*-+ 7()(+
1,25%OH&2D3)+**+, + (// + 47+.
KALSIUM PLASMA
$,0/-2OH30-D
$,0/-2OH30-D
FOSFAT PLASMA
KALSITONIN
FOSFAT URIN
SEKRESI PTH
KALSIUM PLASMA
PENYERAPAN DI USUS
PENYERAPAN DI TULANG
FOSFAT GINJAL
FOSFAT PLASMA
SEKRESI PTH
0+,0/-2OH30-D
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G)4 1#. R/(+/ -()+// 7 --*+6+ @(/@
2. P+- -+: ( + *+6
&'. H/++&*&0/*//,(
T+ /-/ 7()(+ ( +6
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&enderita juga memiliki tendensi untuk mendapatkan batu
ginjal.
9'. R/9(0,/&
P+- + *) +-+- +6 - )+-+
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VI. KORTEKS ADRENAL
K+: + )*-+ (6+ +(-+ +6 -()-/ +
)*@*+6/, +6 /+6 ++6 *+*- -7*+. A(@ + 4/
)+44-+ /- 4, /+6-+ )4*+6++ )+44-+ -)+.
S -+: + )*-+ 64*+6+ * -()(- +6 44. B6+
*, -(-/ + +6 )+
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P4++6+ +6+ 446 ; + +6 ))- -* (+/ )
7 T4 #. K(-(/(+ ))- (+/ 6*-(-(-( /+67
-(/(, + (+/ )+(-(-(+ 0,003 (/(+. D)7/(+,
/** 6*-(-(-( /+-, ))- (+/ 6*-(-(-( 30 - -(/( +
(+/ )+(-(-( -
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+ /7+66 /-/ -(/( +- +6+ /. P++6-+ -(+- ACTH +
:*6 )+6/+6 ++6-+ :*)7 )(-(+, + ))4+- :*)7
/( ACTH %*6*/& -(-/ +.
S)* @-( +6 ))+6*7 /-/ ACTH -+ ))+6*7
/-/ -(/(. K(/( ))- /-*/ *+ / ACTH, +6+ *+
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&'. M(0&)/,( K&*)/*&0
E@- )4(- +6 +6 -+ -(/( 7 +6/+6+
6*-(+(6+//, * )4+*-+ -4(7 (+ + ; + (7 7.
E@- + -/+-+ +6+ )++6--+ - /)* +;) +6 * *+*-
)+6*47 /) )+( )+: 6*-(/ + +6+ )+6/+6 )(4// /)
)+( )) +)+++, *) ((. S* + 7/
6*-(+(6+// 7 )++6-+ +)++ -4(7 /46 6-(6+
7 /)+6 +-+ - 6* 7.
K(/( :*6 )+**+-+ +66*++ 6*-(/ (7 / /**7 *4*7,
/7+66 )+44-+ )++6-+ - 6* 7 + ++6+ 6*-(/
6()**/. T+66+ - 6*-(/ +6 ((/ 6()**/ )+44-+)*+ +6- 4/(4/ 6*-(/ *4* (-/) 6+:, + ((/+
6*-(/ - *+. E@- +6 -+ /46 4/ + + ) +6+
4/ * +6 /44-+ (7 ++6-+ /-/ 7()(+ *)4*7+
%/()((+&. P 4/ + )4+ +/*+ )+**+-+ -
6* 7 /
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9'. M(0&)/,( L(&
K(/( :*6 )+((+6 )(4// /) )- :+6+ (/*)
/7+66 )++6--+ - /) )- 44/ ) 7 +
+66*+++ /46 +6. K(/( :*6 )++6--+ (-// /) )-
//. P++6-+ )(4// /) )- + (-//+ )+44-+
46/+ +66*++ 6*-(/ )+: +66*++ )- *+*- +6.
M4/) )- (7 -(/( + ))*-+ ?-* 4:):) /4*)
4-)4+6 +*7, + - /
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+44 +6, +
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&'. S(*(,/ A,0(* & S/,0( R(/-A:/0(,/-A,0(*
F-(@-( *) +6 4 ) +6*+ /-/ (/(+
7 ++6-+ - (+ (//*) )
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G)4 15. H*4*+6+ /(*) /), -++ 7 + //) RAA.
ACE +6(+/+
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P+-+ /(*) (7 (/(+ - -+ )+44-+ ++6-+
- /(*) /) -+ -+ -* (7 +-+
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G)4 1!. E@- +-+ N 6+: 7 -++ 7
K47+ (/(+ * )+44-+ (//*) 4*+6 - )
*+ ) :*)7 +6 47 4+-, -4+ - +() (//*) #,5 5,5
)EL 4/ **+ )+: 12 )EL. K+ 7(-) +
)+44-+ :+ -)7+ (( +6 4. S4-+ --*+6+
(/(+ -+ )+44-+ ++6-+ - (//*) /), +6 -*
)+
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)+- /7+66 4-*)* -((+ + )+)4*-+ . -4
/+:*+ 7 /)-+ 7+6+ /(*) *4*7.
C. ANDROGEN ADRENAL
P+7** /( /-/ -+: 4* *) ) ;(+ -*/
+6+ (*- +(6+- *) 7 7(+(/(+ %DHEA& +
+(/+(+. A+(6+ +6 )7 + -+ *47 )+: /(/(+ +6
47 -* :+6+ @. K4**7+ +(6+ + -- -
46* ++6 -+ /*7 /-+ (7 /(/(+ /*7 47 -*, +)*+
)*+ )- ++6 ) ++ 50!0 @- +(6+-.
P*47+ +(6+ )+: /(6+, * *47+ /(/(+ )+:
/(, + +(/+(+ )+: /(+, - 46* 4 46 )*+
/) (*) 47+ 4@*+6/ )+(*/.
A+(6+ + )+: ++6 ) -+ +6 /4* /+()
+(6+. K+ + /44-+ (7 *)( +6 )+67/-+ +(6+
) :*)7 4/ /7+66 : )/-*+// +6 -* /**7 *4*7. P
?+ -+ + -+ )+)4*-+
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)+(-(-( (/(+ )+44-+ 4/(4/ /(*) /+6 +7
/7+66 (+ N, C, + -* ) *+ ) :*)7 4/. A-4+
(*)
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S**
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VII. REPRODUKSI
A. HORMON REPRODUKSI PRIA
1. T/(/(+ + 7()(+ /-/ ++
T// )+6*-+ 446 7()(+ /-/ +6 /
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:*6 )+44-+ 4-*+6+ *)4*7+ )4* *+. L-- /: - /* )+: 4(- -+ :*6 +6*7
6+- 7 -)4+6+ 4(-, /)+6 4+-+ :*)7 +(6+.
'+ +6 ))- 4-+6 4(- /
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(// /)(6+//. S+- +6+ *, /(/(+ // L6 :*6
))4 @- *)4*7+ 46 /)(6+//.
K66+ )4+*-+ /) )+44-+ /-/ FSH )++6-
+6+ //, /4-+ -* /)(6+// 4+6/*+6 +6+
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+**++ -@/ (/(4/ /+6 )+44-+ (/(((// -+ +**++
)-/ *+6 + 4-*+6+ +*)*-+ -/*) + @(/@.
E/(6+ )+44-+ -* )+: )4*, +)*+ 47 4 -+
+*)*-+ )- +6 47 4+- 4?7 -*. V/-*// :*6 47
4+- /7+66 -* 47 7+6 +)*+ :*6 47 )*7 *-.
2. P(6/(+
F*+6/ (6/(+ +6 +6 ++6 7 ) )+((+6
++6-+ /-/ -+: +()*) /) /+67 -7 /-*/
)+/*/, * /7 (*/. F*+6/ + ++6 ) /+ **/ *+*-
)+) )+/. P++6-+ /-/ :*6 : // *4, +6
46*+ *+*- +*/ 46 (*) +6 7-+ -+ )?+ /7
(*/. C+ *4 +6 )++6-, 4/)+ +6+ */ +6 )4*-+
(7 6-+ /, -+ ))*7-+ (*) *+*- 4+7 )* *4
)+*:* - **/.
T7 ))), (6/(+ )+((+6 -)4+6+ (4* +
( /7+66 // ( ))4+- , ))4/, + 4/@
/-(. P-)4+6+ (4* + (, + -4 ++6-+
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&'. P(*;)&& H*
M+:+6 -7 @/ **), - FSH + LH )+
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/) #8 :). K+ + )+44-+ -@/ @(- G@ )+: /+6
+66 + )+44-+ (*) /. F(- 4*47 )+: -(*/ **),
/7+66 )4+*-+ /( )+**+ +6+ :), /+6-+ +**++
/(+ + +(6+ : 47 7+. P @/ (*/ + -(*/ **)
)* ))4+*- (6/(+ /7+66 -+ )* )++6-.
P @/ **) +6 )* /7 (*/, /-/ (6/(+
-(*/ **) )++6- /) 10 - . K(*/ **) :*6 )+67/-+
/(, /(+ + +74+, /7+66 - )- )++6- -)4, +)*+
/-/ +(6+ */ )+**+. B-*+6+ ((+6+ LHRH, +
)++6-+ @4
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S7 (*/ :, ++6-+ (6/(+ +6 +6 -(*/
**) )+44-+ (@/ +()*) 4-*+6, + 4+ )+**+
)+: 5! )). K+: +()*) 47 -@ + /*++ )+:
44(-4(-. G-(6+ -*)*-+ -*( / +()*), +6
-)*+ 4+7 - )*-+. V-*( + +6 7 4/ 6-(6+ + :*6
- (7 6-((+ + 6-( +6 7-+ )+(-(+6
-7+ 7/ )4*7+. S() +()*) )+: /)44 (7
++6-+
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C. HORMON PLASENTA DAN LAKTASI
1. H*)+
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H()(+ 7CG /-/-+ / /+/((@(4/ - + 7 4* +
/+:*+ 4 /**7 *4*7. K 7()(+ + *-* ) -
) 7 /7 89 7 /7 (*/, * /6 /7 4/(-/
+) ) +()*). S-/ -)*+ )++6- +6+
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P(6/(+ /+ 4-: )+6/+6 *)4*7+ // /*
*+*- +*/ )4( )*, )+6*+6 -(+-/ **/, )++6--+
/-/ *4, + ))/-+ ))) *+*- -/.
3. H()(+ -/
S 7 4
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DAFTAR BACAAN
1. B+, R(4 M., + L, M7? N., PH"SIOLOG", T7 E(+,
M(/4 " B((-, S. L(*/, 1993.
2. G+(+6, ') F., REVIE' OF MEDICAL PH"SIOLOG", S++7
E(+, A(+ L+6, N(?-, C(++
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DAFTAR INDEKS
gap junction....................................35