STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSISYSTEM RESPIRASI

Saluran napas bagian atas :• Nassal/ oral

• Nasopharynx

• Oropharynx

• Larynx pharynx

• oesopharynx

Saluran napas bagian bawah :• Trakhea

• Bronkus utama kiri dan kanan

• Bronkus lobular

• Bronkus segmental

• Bronkiolus terminalis

Tempat defusi/perfusi paru.• Bronkiolus respiratorium

• Ducctus alveolus

• Saccus alveolus

ANATOMI

SALURAN

NAFAS

Cartilages of the Larynx

3 large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx:•the thyroid cartilage•the cricoid cartilage•the epiglottis

v

Tracheobronchial tree.

Epithelial lining of the tracheobronchial tree.

The Respiratory Defense System

• Consists of a series of filtration mechanisms

• Removes particles and pathogens

• Goblet cells and mucous glands:• produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces

• Cilia:• sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)

• Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles

• Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs

Struktur saluran napas bawah dan pembagian generasi percabangan

Anatomi saluran napas bawah

The Lungs

• Right lung• Has 3 lobes:

• superior, middle, and inferior

• separated by horizontal and oblique fissures

• Left Lung• Has 2 lobes:

• superior and inferior

• are separated by an oblique fissure

Alveolar Organization

•Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts

•Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs: •common chambers connected to many individual alveoli

Alveolar Epithelium

• Consists of simple squamous epithelium

• Consists of thin, delicate Type I cells

• Patrolled by alveolar macrophages, also called dust cells

• Contains septal cells (Type II cells) that produce surfactant

Surfactant

• Is an oily secretion

• Contains phospholipids and proteins

• Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension

Pleura

• terdiri atas 2 lapisan : • pleura parietal • pleura visceral

• Cairan pleura:

Rongga toraks

Dibentuk oleh

- Clavicula

- Sternum

- costae

- Scapula

- Vetebrae Thoracalis

- Otot-otot dinding thorax

- Difragma

The intercostalspace.

Otot pernapasanOtot inspirasi Otot ekspirasi

3 Muscle Groups of Inhalation

1. Diaphragm:• contraction draws air into lungs

• 75% of normal air movement2. External intracostal muscles:

– assist inhalation

– 25% of normal air movement

3. Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs:

– sternocleidomastoid

– serratus anterior

– pectoralis minor

– scalene muscles

The diaphragm.

Scalenus muscles.

Sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Respiration

1. External Respiration

- Includes all processes involved in exchanging

O2 and CO2 with the environment

2. Internal Respiration

• Also called cellular respiration

• Involves the uptake of O2 and production of

CO2 within individual cells

3 Proses Respirasi External

1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)/ventilasi paru

2. Gas diffusionAcross membranes and capillaries

3. Transport of O2 and CO2:- between alveolar capillaries

- between capillary beds in other

INSPIRASI DAN EKSPIRASI

Figure 23–14

Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

Gerakan pump handle akanmeningkatkan diameter antero-posterior rangka toraks

Gerakan bucket handle meningkatkan diameter lateral rangka toraks

Figure 23–16a, b

Gas

Exc

han

ge &

Tra

nsp

ort

Gas Exchange and Transport

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

RESPIRATORY CENTER

Figure 22.24a

Figure 22.24b

Pneumotaxic Area

•Located in upper pons

•Helps turn off inspiratory area

•Prevents overfilling of lungs

• Increased breathing rate

•Located in lower pons

•Activates inspiratory area

•Prolonged inspiration

•Overridden by activity of pneumotaxic area

Apneustic Area

Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator

Reflex control of ventilation

Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors

Figure 22.16

37

Lung Volumes

• Tidal volume (TV): in/out with quiet breath (500 ml)

• Total minute volume: tidal x breaths/min• 500 x 12 = 6 L/min

• Exercise: even 200 L/min!

• Anatomical dead space:• Conducting zone

• Dilutes tidal volume, by a constant amount.

• Deeper breaths -> more fresh air to alveoli.

Lung Volumes

• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): extra (beyond TV) in with forced inspiration.

•Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): extra (beyond TV) out with forced expiration.

•Residual volume: always left in lungs, even with forced expiration.•Not measured with spirometer

Lung Capacities

•Vital capacity (VC): the most you can actually ever expire, with forced inspiration and expiration.

VC= IRV + TV + ERV

•Total lung capacity: VC plus residual volume