Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio

–

CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

SoilSoil Science Science ‐‐ topictopic

No. 1:No. 1:

ConceptConcept ofof soilsoil formationformation

atmosphere biosphere

hydrospherelitosphere

PEDOSPHERE

Parent

material

Climate

Biota

Man

Topography

Time

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes

Johann

Babtista

Helmot

(1577‐1644)

Michail

Vasiljevic

Lomonosov

(1711‐1765)

Antoine

de Lavoisier

(1743‐1794)

Albert Thaer

(1752‐1828)

Just

von

Liebig

(1803‐1873)

Vasilij

Vasiljevic

Dokutchajev

(1846‐1903)

Jenny

H., 1941: Factors

of

soil

formation. McGraw‐Hill, New

York

Jenny

H., 1980: The

soil

recource, Origin

behaviour, Springer

New

York

White

R.E., 1987: Introduction

to the

principles

and

practice

of

soil

science, 

2nd

ed. Blackwell, Oxford

Forth

H., 1991: Fundamentals of

soil

science, Wiley, Chichester

Ellis

B., Foth

H., 1998: Soil

fertility, 2nd

ed. Springer, Berlin

Sumner

M.E., 2000: Handbook of

soil

science. Springer

Berlin

Soil

forming

factors→→→complex

of

soil

forming processes→→diagnostic

horizons→→soil

profile→→soil

units

„Soil

forming

process

on 

a 

local

forest

site

in 

current

circumstances

result

in 

stratigraphically

regular

sequence

of

soil

horizons“

Soil

formation

in situ‐weathering

of

non‐transported

material

Soil

formation

on superficial

deposits‐weathering

of

transported

material

Elluvium

Delluvium

Solid rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Unconsolidated

rocks: water, wind

or

gravity

transport

Burial

profiles/horizons

and

relic

soils

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes

Physical

weathering

Chemical

weathering

Biological

weathering

Moisture

The kind and the intesity

A distribution

throughout

the

year

An

evaporation

rate

A land

slope

and

orientation

of

slope/escarp

A permeability

of

parent

material

Temperature

The

weathering

rate

of

parent

rock

A rate

of

biomass

growth

The

state

of

water

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes

a. Terrestrial

(superficial) vegetation

A quantity

of

dead

organic

matter

A quality

of

dead

organic

matter

An

influence

on moisture

and

temperature

on habitat

An

decrease

of

soil

erosion

(both

wind

and

water erossive

process)

Bioindicative

potential

(parent

material/soil properties) .... ! vs. ?

b. Soil

organisms

A) a decomposition

of

organic

matter

B) a weathering

of

parent

material

C) a production

of

biomass

D) a production

of

aggressive

metabolites

E) a production

of

extracellular

enzymes

A) an

incorporation

of

dead

plant

matter

throughout

the

upper

part of

profile

B) a degradation

of

soil

biocides

C) a digestive

products

D) a creation

of

oxidative/reductive

conditions

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes

topography=relief=morphology

of terrain=configuratrion

of

terrain

Type of

relief

Folding, faulting, vulcanic

Eolian, fluvial, glacial, abrasive

Karstic

Landsliding

I. Type of

phytocoenosis

II. Weathering

rate

III. Volume of

fine

soil

particles

IV. Ratio

between

run‐off

and

infiltration

V. Lateral

stream

in subsoil

VI. Groundwater

table

Establishment

of

new

phytocoenoses

(agricultural

fields,  forest

plantations, weeds)

Setting

up

new

zoocenoses

(invasions

by new

animals,  parasites).

Constructing

of

new

settlement and

infrastructures.

Mining

and

quarries

Anthropogenic

emisions

I. Effect

on groundwater

table

II. Effect

on soil

colloidal

complex

and

soil

acidity

III. Effect

on soil

susceptibility

to erosion

IV. Effect

on aeration

and

structural

instability

V. Effect

on parent

material, especially

for

weathering

rate

VI.

Effect

on hydrological

cycle

and

nutrient

cycling, especially

for

carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus

and

heavy

metals/trace

elements,.  

i.e. 

the

direct

effect

on plant

nourishment

(nutrient

defficiences)

VII. Effect

on biological

activity

of

soil

VIII. Effect

on local

climate

parameters

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes

A. The

moment of

soil

evaluation

(the

actual

value

of

the effect

of

complex

of

soil‐

forming

factors)

B. The

soil

age

(the

extend

time

within

a soil‐forming

factor has affecting

the

profile)

For

example, in weathering

rate

and

pedogenic

processes

a time

display an

influence

on:

‐

changes

in soil

depth,

‐

changes

in ratio

between

eluviums

and

deluviums,

‐

changes

in angles

of

slopes,

‐

changes

in leaching

and

accumulating, especially

for nutrients

in particular

soil

horizons,

‐

changes

in groundwater

quantity

and

quality,

‐

changes

in terrestrial

phytocoenosis.

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes