Hedy Lamarr - math.ias.edugoresky/pdf/SpreadSpectrum.pdfHedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna...

Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)

Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg.

Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich

Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients

Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type

Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her

uniform, walked away


uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name


uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name • Hooked up with composer George

Antheil



Antheil • Piano episode, frequency hopping



Antheil • Piano episode, frequency hopping • Antheil suggested piano rolls



Antheil • Piano episode, frequency hopping • Antheil suggested piano rolls • 1940 applied for patent • 1942 granted

Mark

Rectangle

Mark

Rectangle

Mark

Rectangle

• Frequency hopping for anti-jam

• Frequency hopping for anti-jam • Reproducible hopping pattern that

appears to be random


appears to be random • Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random

hopping pattern



hopping pattern • Lamarr system was never built




1950-60: Many experimental systems (all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania, Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc:




1950-60: Many experimental systems (all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania, Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc: But some people knew …

“What?” said the missile expert. “I guess I was off base about the jamming. Suddenly it seems to me that’s so obvious. It must have been tried and it doesn’t work.” “Right. It doesn’t. That’s because the frequency and amplitude of the control pulses make like pure noise—they’re genuinely random. So trying to jam them is like trying to jam FM with an AM signal. You hit it so seldom, you might as well not try.” “What do you mean, random? You can’t control anything with random noise.” The captain thumbed over his shoulder at the Luanae Galaxy. “They can. There’s a synchronous generator in the missiles that reproduces the same random noise, peak by pulse. Once you do that, modulation’s no problem. I don’t know how they do it. They just do. The Luanae can’t explain it: the planetoid developed it. England put his head down, almost to the table. “The same random,” he whispered from the very edge of sanity.

The Pod in the Barrier, by Theodore Sturgeon, Galaxy magazine, September 1957.

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Radio-location

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325

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415

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1615

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1800

1900

2000

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34.0

35.0

36.0

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37.5

38.0

38.2

5

39.0

40.0

42.0

43.6

9

46.6

47.0

49.6

50.0

54.0

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235.

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300

ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz

ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz

ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz

ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz

300.

0

322.

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928

929

930

931

932

935

940

941

944

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1215

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1300

1350

1390

1392

1395

2000

2020

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2155

2160

2180

2200

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2300

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2320

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2360

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3000

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1432

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1525

1530

1535

1544

1545

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26.5

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3.5

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4.2

4.4

4.5

4.8

4.94

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5.0

5.15

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5.6

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8.4

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8.5

9.0

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9.3

9.5

10.0

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10.6

8

10.7

11.7

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12.7

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14.4

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15.4

15.4

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17.3

17.7

17.8

18.3

18.6

18.8

19.3

19.7

20.1

20.2

21.2

21.4

22.0

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23.5

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29.9

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ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz

30.0

31.0

31.3

31.8

32.0

32.3

33.0

33.4

36.0

37.0

37.6

38.0

38.6

39.5

40.0

40.5

41.0

42.5

43.5

45.5

46.9

47.0

47.2

48.2

50.2

50.4

51.4

52.6

54.2

555

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57.0

58.2

59.0

59.3

64.0

65.0

66.0

71.0

74.0

75.5

76.0

77.0

77.5

78.0

81.0

84.0

86.0

92.0

95.0

100.

0

102.

0

105.

0

116.

0

119.

98

120.

02

126.

0

134.

0

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0

150.

0

151.

0

164.

0

168.

0

170.

0

174.

5

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5

182.

0

185.

0

190.

0

200.

0

202.

0

217.

0

231.

0

235.

0

238.

0

241.

0

248.

0

250.

0

252.

0

265.

0

275.

0

300.

0

ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz

ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz

INTE

R-SA

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.

PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

AERONAUTICALMOBILE

AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE


AMATEUR

AMATEUR SATELLITE

BROADCASTING

BROADCASTINGSATELLITE

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE

FIXED

FIXED SATELLITE

INTER-SATELLITE

LAND MOBILE

LAND MOBILESATELLITE

MARITIME MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE

MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION

METEOROLOGICALAIDS

METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE

MOBILE

MOBILE SATELLITE

RADIO ASTRONOMY

RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION

RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE

RADIONAVIGATION

RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE

SPACE OPERATION

SPACE RESEARCH

STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL

STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE

RADI

O A

STRO

NOM

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FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE Aeronautical

Mobile

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q. A

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*

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REQ.

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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION

SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED Capital Letters

Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management

October 2003

MO

BILE

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz

59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES

Fixed

AE

RO

NA

UTI

CA

LR

AD

ION

AV

IGA

TIO

N

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (P

assiv

e)

* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)

** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH

BANDDESIGNATIONS

ACTIVITIES

FREQUENCY

3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å

0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz

THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray

Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared

P L S XC RadarBands

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY

X-ray

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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.

1970’s:

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum communication

Signature sequence: 0010111

Send 1: 0010111 Send 0: 1101000

00101110010111110100000101111101000

0010111

The correlator counts

#(agreements) - #(disagreements)

in each window

Given periodic sequences of period T

a = (a0, a1, · · · ) and b = (b0, b1, · · · )Their cross correlation is

Ca,b(τ) =r−1∑

i=0

(−1)ai(−1)bi+τ

Autocorrelation Aa(τ) = Ca,a(τ)

Idea: Each user has a different signature sequence.

These sequences have low cross-correlations. The

receiver (correlator) knows your sequence. Re-

ceived signal will look like this:

Now what about all those errors?

Some common CDMA systems GPS: 24 satellites Each has its own spreading code

1.57542 GHz common carrier 1.023 MHz chiprate (C/A code) 1023 bit spreading code 1000 bits/sec information 50 bits/sec after error correction 30 sec (1500 bits) for full frame 15 watt transmitter GPS Pcode (military only)

1.2276 GHz carrier 10.23 Mhz chiprate

Wi FI: 2.4 GHz carrier 11 MHz chiprate 11 bit spreading code 1 Mb/sec information rate CDMA cell phones: 860 MHz, 1.8 Ghz, 1.9 Ghz 1.2288 MHz chiprate 128 bit spreading code 9600 bits/sec information rate 3G CDMA cell phones: 8 and 16 MHz chiprate

6-Channel, 10-Model MemoryDSM Parkflyer and Micro Helicopter System

Advantages • No frequency control pins

Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors

Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas

Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time

Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time • Latest sexy thing


Disadvantages

• Reduced range


Disadvantages

• Reduced range • Momentary signal loss is deadly


Disadvantages

• Reduced range • Momentary signal loss is deadly • Very directional signal: install

receiver very carefully


Disadvantages

• Reduced range • Momentary signal loss is deadly • Very directional signal: install

receiver very carefully • Latest sexy thing

Who else uses 2.4 GHz?

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens • Trees

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens • Trees (Higher frequencies do not penetrate wood very well.)

Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens • Trees (Higher frequencies do not penetrate wood very well.) Yes, spread spectrum is great! But there is one problem it can’t solve.

Pilot Error

The End

The End

Hedy Lamarr - math.ias.edugoresky/pdf/SpreadSpectrum.pdfHedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna...

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Transcript of Hedy Lamarr - math.ias.edugoresky/pdf/SpreadSpectrum.pdfHedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna...