Kapferer Modelbrand Identity Prism 1228214291948754 9

7/27/2019 Kapferer Modelbrand Identity Prism 1228214291948754 9

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Brand Identity Prism

(Kapferer)


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KAPFERER represents brand identity diagrammatically asa six-sided prism as shown below:

Inte

rnalis

ation

Exte

rnalis

ation

Constructed Source/Sender

Constructed Receiver


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Physique according to him is the basis of the brand.

E.G. the physique of Philips is technology and reliability while for thebrand Tata it is trust

Personality is same as Aaker, it answers the question whathappens to this brand when it becomes a person?

Culture symbolizes the organization, its country-of-origin and thevalues it stands for.

E.G. traditional brands like balsara, dabur and zandu.


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Relationship is the handshake between consumer and theorganisation.

E.G. the relationship with safolais safety.

Reflection is the consumers perception for what the brands standsfor.

E.G. cokes image more attract youth.

Self- imageis what the consumer think of himself.

E.G. benzCar owner think that since he has bought the car he istreating himself to one of the best car in the world.


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Let us understand the model in detail


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What is a Brand???

A Brand is a complex symbol. It is the intangible sum of a products

attributes, its name, packaging and price, its history, reputation, and

the way its advertised. A brand is also defined by consumers

impression of people who use it, as well as their own experience

- David Ogilvy


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Now let us look at howBrand Exper ienceis differentiated


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Brand Experience are ofTwotypes

Brand Experience

External Internal


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The External Brand Experience include

Name

Logo

Advertising Brand Identity

Environments

Products & Service


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The Internal Brand Experience include

Business Process

Customer Relations

Brand Values Training

Quality

Staff Motivation

Recruitment Policies Technology etc..


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Now let us look at the Brand Identity Prism based on Kapferer model

and the 6 key dimensions in it


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Inte

rnalis

ation

Exte

rnalis

ation

Constructed Source

Constructed Receiver

-Business Process -Customer Relations-Brand Values -Training-Quality -Staff Motivation-Recruitment Policies -Technology etc..

-Name -Logo-Advertising -Brand Identity-Environments -Products & Service


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Physical Product features, symbols & attributes

Personality Character & attitude

Relationship Beliefs & association

Culture Set of Values

Reflection Customers view of the brand

Self-Image Internal mirror of customer as user of brand


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Let us now understand the prism with some examples


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ForSify Ind ialet us look at how they have built the brand basis theKapferer Model


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Sify India

Physical Kite Symbol, Online Access

Personality Innovative & Tech savvy

Culture Customer centric & Indian

Self -image "net" way of life empowered

Reflection Consistent & dependable performer

Relationship Best guide to the net


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Let us now understand the prism in more detail with a case studyAdidas


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Case Study Adidas (1)The company Adidas was founded in the early 1920s as Gebruder Dassler Schuhfabrik, in

Herzogenaurach in Germany. Adolf Dassler designed a pair of sport shoes in 1925 and few years later

he and his brother Rudolph were selling special shoes for tennis players and began design specificshoes for different sports. The family company split in 1948. After the split, Adolf (Adi) Dassler founded

Adidas and his brother Rudolph founded Puma. The three-stripe logo was designed in 1941 by Adi

Dassler and he registered it as a trademark for Adidas after the split.

The strength of Adidas was its product innovation. Adi Dassler registered more than seven hundred

patents. Adidas began selling its shoes in the United States after 1968 and in few years the company

dominated the American market. The most important marketing breakthrough was the active promotion

of global sporting events, especially the Olympics. The connection of Adidas to the Olympics has a rich

heritage. At the 1972 Olympic game in Munich, every official wore Adidas.

Activities: manufacture and distribution of textiles, shoes and appliances for sport and related products.

Adidas has 107 subsidiaries in 20 countries, and exports to 160 countries. Exploitation of the registered

trademark Adidas is made where ever it is an opportunity. Activities of the company and itssubsidiaries are directed from Adidas-Salomon AG's headquarters in Herzogenaurach, Germany.

Products: Adidas - Footwear, apparel, and hardware such as bags and balls. Salomon - Winter sports

incl. skis, snowboards, snowblades, ski boots and bindings, inline skates, hiking, apparel. MavicCycle

components, Bonfire Snowboard apparel. Arc'Teryx - Outdoor apparel, climbing equipment, Clich

Skateboard equipment, footwear and apparel, Taylor Made-Adidas Golf - Golf equipment, golf apparel,

golf shoes and finally, Maxfli - Golf balls, irons and accessories


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Case Study Adidas (2)In the early 1980s Adidas has sales of $1 billion, and their brand-building model began to lose power.

In America, the largest sports market, Nike had built a successful business in part of riding the

explosive growth of running and jogging among casual users. Adidas focused mainly on athletes inteam sports so they did not participate in the boom of the 1980s. Mostly therefore Adidas was

overtaken by Nike at that time.

In 1990, Adidas was holding on to just a two to three percent share of the U.S. market. Between 1988

and 1992 Adidas total sales dropped from nearly $2 billion to $1.7 billion. In the same period, Nikes

sales went from $1.2 billion to more than $3.4 billion. From being the U.S. market leader in the late

1970s, Adidass market share dropped to 3 percent in 1992. The European market shares dropped

while Nikes shares grew.

Adidas also have had problems with the upstream value activities in their value chain. Traditionally, the

company have their own factories and wholly owned subsidiaries. What happened in the '70s and

forward, during the Adidas recession, was that Adidas was unable to ship products when it was

needed, and they had a long supply chain - it took 18 months to get a new shoe into the market. Thistime is now reduced by 50%. Methods used are e.g. reducing transporting times trough bypassing

warehouses and deliver directly to retailers. Today Adidas aims to have new products closer to the

market.

In 1997Adidas AG acquired the Salomon Group with the brands Salomon, Taylor Made, Mavic and

Bonfire. The new company is named Adidas-Salomon AG.


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Research Problem

The strategies of Adidas were based on advertising, sponsorship programs for team end eventsand sub-brands

Among the similarities between the campaigns for Adidas and Nike we can see their strategies toadvertise in a huge scale

One difference is that Adidas Endorsement program is focusing on major global events, sportsassociations, and teams, and Nike, in contrast, focuses on individual athletes and their success

While Nike have Nike Town shops in the bigger cities in the world, Adidas have created TheAdidas Streetball Challenge which started out in Germany 1992 and five years later it had over500.000 participants

In the finals in Germany it attracted 3200 players and 40.000 spectators Both Nike and Adidas began their turnarounds by developing a brand identity

In each case, this exercise led to a focusing of the brand and initiatives that built the brand in newdirections

How have Adidas used the instrument branding, and which roll did it play in the

competition between Adidas and Nike?


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Now let us do a Comparative analysis through Kapferers Prism model


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Two aspects ofBrand Identity

Sender Receiver

Physique Personality Reflection Self-Image

Kapferer meanswhat the central

purpose of the brand

is (that is what thebrand does)

Kapferer means thesoul of the brand

Kapferer means howthe individual in the

targeted group

identify himself as aperson in relation to

the brand

Kapferer means howthe individual in the

targeted group

identify the brand inrelation to himself

Two dimensions are still left to be explained in the prism, the Relationship and the

Culture


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The Relat ionshipis, according to Kapferer, externalizing the brand from the

company outwards, and the culture is an aid for internalizing the brand in the

organization and in to the conscious of the customer

The Cultureis, according to Kapferer, the strongest dimension in the prism. It

represents the difference between one brand and another

Now let us look at the prism of Adidas and Nike


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Adidas

Picture of Sender

Picture of Receiver

PersonalityTraditional, conservative,collective

PhysiqueSports and fitness

RelationshipQuality and heritage CultureEuropean, Traditional

Intern

alization

Extern

alization

ReflectionTrue sportsmanship, Agood team player, Strong

work ethic

Self ImageRelates more to competingthan to winning


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Nike

Picture of Sender

Picture of Receiver

PersonalityLike Jordan, WoodsPhysiqueSports and fitness

RelationshipSponsorship, ethics CultureAmerican, Just do it!

Intern

alization

Extern

alization

ReflectionAggressive, provocation,in- your face

Self ImageCool, I am an athlete


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Adidas

Picture of Sender

Picture of Receiver

PersonalityTraditional,

conservative,collective


RelationshipQuality and

heritage

Culture

European,Traditional

Internalization

Externalization Reflection

True sportsmanship, A goodteam player, Strong work ethic

Self ImageRelates more to competing than

to winning

Nike

Picture of Sender

Picture of Receiver


Interna

lization

Externa

lization

PersonalityLike Jordan,

Woods

RelationshipSponsorship,

ethics

Culture

American, Just doit!

ReflectionAggressive, provocation, in-

your face

Self ImageCool, I am an

athlete

Comparative Analysis


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Comparative Analysis (1) Nike centred their brand equity model on the platforms, the endorsement focus strategy, creating a

dominant media presence, development of Flagship stores, Nike Town and sub-branding

The Adidas strategies were based on, endorsement focus strategy, advertising, sponsorshipprograms focusing on major global events, sports associations, and teams, and sub-brands

To create brand awareness both companies have been using endorsement strategies in theirbrand-building programs

What differs is that Adidas focuses on sponsorship of teams and events e.g. national teams andbig sport events like the Olympic Games and different World Championship events. This will helpthem to create awareness with help from different types of media

In contrast Nike has their focus on individuals like M. Jordan and T. Woods and their successstories

About the second strategy, advertising Nikes advertising strategy was to create dominantpresence in media. Nike created media presence in several trend setting United States cities. TVads linking Nike to a city were used, but real drivers were huge oversized billboards and murals onbuildings that blanketed cities with messages featuring key Nike-sponsored athletes, not products

Adidas took up the competition with Nike through raising their advertising budget to a level that

made it possible to compete with Nike on the same conditions and the same strength as Nike didto capture the consumer interest

Adidas did not just spend more money; they made an impact with brilliant executions. They

made TV and other advertising campaigns. The company communicate their heritage ofinnovation, technology and big success stories with personalities like Emil Zatopek, Mohammad Ali

Adidas tried to spread meanings like We know then- we know now and There is nothing betweenyou and success, so exceed your own expectations and limitations and Earn it

The success was obvious and after hard work and striving toward a top position in the industryAdidas was back in business.


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Comparative Analysis (2) Nikes third strategy was to develop, flag ship stores, Nike Town shops in bigger citys, first

national, and then abroad

Nike was the first company to establish flagship stores and it turned out to be a sensation

Adidas choice was to experiment with sport events, with which they made great success.Examples of that is the Adidas Streetball Challenge a local three-person team basketballtournament, this event started out as a trail in Berlin in the beginning of the 1990s as one timeoccasion

In the mid 1990s it had become a huge sport event with about 500.000 participants all over thebigger cities in Europe

In the finals in Germany it attracted 3200 players and 40.000 spectators

Adidas made hereby a brand-building success

The Nike customer associated the Nike brand with words like sports, attitudes and life style.Reasons for that is one can relate to or identify one self to Nikes marketing campaigns like Justdo it and the companies front athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. For Adidas oneimage study of consumers found the brand very trendy, modern and cool

The survey was made in late 1990s. All marketing actions that both companies are implementing

will hopefully result in loyal customers Adidas introduced a sub-brand in 1990 to serve the high-end products for all categories of shoes

and apparel. The Equipment sub-brand would represent the best, whatever the product was

The low-end products, for the normal consumer still have a high technology and level ofinnovation because of their inheritance of the older innovations and technology from the Equipmentline

This strategy made the Adidas brand take on a different meaning; it still meant participation,

emotion and performance


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Comparative Analysis (3) This was a success strategy for Adidas so successful that Nike copied their idea and introduced

their own line, the Alpha line, based on the same idea

Nike advanced from $1 billion dollars in 1986 to $ 9.9 billion in 2002, Adidas advanced from $1.7billion in 1992 to $4.8 billion in 1998

According to sales figures for the both companies, it seems that both Nike and Adidas companieshave succeeded to create a brand loyal customer who perceives the Nike and Adidas products astop quality


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Conclusion (1) Both Adidas and Nike have used the same theoretical systems to create their brand building

programs

The companies are benchmarking each other, using the techniques from each others successes,when Nike launched their sub-brand product Alpha line which was benchmarked on Adidas alreadylaunched sub-brand of the Equipment product line for the elite of sports men

We can find many similarities like endorsements strategies and the companies advertisingstrategies but what differs in the endorsement strategies is that Adidas focuses in sponsoringteams and global events, while Nike have their center of attention on stars in specific sport likebasketball and Michael Jordan or in golf and Tiger Woods

About advertising both companies have about the same scale and scope of advertising but they try

to communicate different messages

The messages from Adidas is; the only one you compete with is your self whereas Nikecommunicate a provocative, aggressive winner attitude which can be related to the Americansports attitude You dont win silver, you lose gold

As we can understand the two companies are aiming at nearly the same targeted customer groupbut with a slightly differentiation of attitude

Adidas stand for a competing and winning over your self-attitude, and Nike stands for a winningover everyone attitude

The differentiation is based on the differences in culture between the two companies and betweenEurope and USA

As an overall reflection one can see that Adidas had to overcome, that the both companies had the

same target group. Adidas choose a brand-building strategy that built on the same theoreticalcriterias as Nike. But they created a differentiation in identity of the brand (as seen comparing

analysis in the Kapferer Prism Model above) compared to Nike


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Conclusion (2) Adidas had the same strategy within creating equity value to their brand

They challenged Nike in endorsement strategy, and in advertising, but with a slight difference incommunicated message, by doing it trough the same medias. To differentiate them self and maketotally own awareness activities, events like Adidas Streetball Challenge was created. Events likethose communicated the Adidas brand around the world

According to the results and positions the brand-building programs have given both Adidas andNike in the sport industry, one can say that branding have been a totally determining factor. On topof that they made it so good that they are used as models in higher education.

Kapferer Modelbrand Identity Prism 1228214291948754 9

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