Liste und Typologie der wichtigsten ausgestorbenen Sprachen

17
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description

A list and a typology of the most important extinct languages of the world.

Transcript of Liste und Typologie der wichtigsten ausgestorbenen Sprachen

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

Mayr|difak l Mayr|difak ljy @kga|oqkm

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

Mayr|difak l Mayr|difak ljy @kga|oqkm

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

Mayr|difak l Mayr|difak ljy @kga|oqkm

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Mq`k`/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+Fjljxd/ @GY? Ra|q • <2+ Nfh+Fq|dk/ @GK? O`k`h` • <2+ Nfh+Jð`r`|j/ @GY? Ldcjujak • <2+ Nfh+Nd|à/ @GY? Ldcjujak • <2+ Nfh+O`lj}à/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+O`jglê/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+O`g`o`k/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+O`rjk`}à/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+O`z`rù'O|`h`þ/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+Ojx`kagqo/ @GK? QY@ • <2+ Nfh+Ojxy`j/ @GK? QY@ • <2+ Nfh+O|j|ç'Vdoù/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+Oqk~`/ @GY? Ifjca • <2+ Nfh+O}jcfjdpq`'Xc`xyo`k`j/ @GK? QY@ • <2+ Nfh+C`yyjo/ @GK? QY@ • <2+ Nfh+Caid/ @GY? Ldcjujak • <2+ Nfh+Cqca/ @GY? @|makxjkjak • <2+ Nfh+G`i`mq`na/ @GY? Odcqgljak • <2+ Nfh+G`fji`k/ @GK? O`k`h` • <2+ Nfh+G`kjxy`qà/ @GY? L|`yjcjak • <2+ Nfh+G`yy`ifqyaxx $ K`xjio/ @GK? QY@ • <2+ Nfh+

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

Mayr|difak l Mayr|difak ljy @kga|oqkm

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

Mayr|difak l Mayr|difak ljy @kga|oqkm

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

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Yr|`ifa M|qrra Yr|aifa| Maljax &C`kh# \amjdk* 3 Fa|oqkex K`f ua|}`khx gjx

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