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bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ

tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk

dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA

ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV

mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA

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tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukUrj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi]

fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

,e-ih- fizaVlZ] ch&220] isQ”k&2] uks,Mk (mÙkj izns'k) ls eqfnzrA

nks 'kCn

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fdlh Hkh çfr;ksxh ijh{kk esa liQyrk ds fy;s dBksj ifjJe] vuq'kklu] mRÑ"V vè;;u lkefxz;ksa dk p;u o iBu vkSj y{;

ds çfr lgh j.kuhfr vko';d 'krs± gksrh gSaA tks vH;FkhZ bu vko';d 'krks± dks larqfyr rjhds ls lkèk ysrk gS og liQyrk lwph esa

viuk uke vafdr djok ysrk gSA lkekU;r% liQy fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lwph esa fgUnh ekè;e ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dh la[;k vaxzs”kh ekè;e ds

vH;fFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk de jgrh gSA bldk ,d çeq[k dkj.k fgUnh esa Lrjh; ,oa fo'oluh; vè;;u lkefxz;ksa dk vHkko gksuk gSA

fgUnh ekè;e ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dh bl xaHkhj leL;k dk mfpr lekèkku fd;k tk lds] blh mís'; ds lkFk n`f"V ifCyds'kUl dh LFkkiuk

dh xbZ gSA è;krO; gS fd ^n`f"V ifCyds'kUl* dh LFkkiuk ds le; ls gh ;g ckr gekjs ”ksgu esa Fkh fd ^lkekU; Kku* (G.K.) ds

fy;s 350–400 i`"Bksa dh ,d ,slh iqLrd gksuh pkfg;s tks leLr çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa (IAS, PCS lfgr NDA, CDS, CAPF, Banking,

SSC, Railway bR;kfn) ds fy;s mi;ksxh lkfcr gks ldsA vius blh mís'; dks è;ku esa j[kdj 2017 esa geus ,d ,slh iqLrd

çdkf'kr dh tks xq.koÙkk esa vaxzs”kh dh fdlh Hkh iqLrd ls derj ugha gSA blesa geus fiNys laLdj.k esa gqbZ NksVh&eksVh xyfr;ksa dks

lqèkkj fn;k gS rFkk ikB~; lkexzh dks v|ru Hkh cuk;k gS ftlls ;g iqLrd vkxkeh ijh{kkvksa ds fy;s vkSj Hkh mi;ksxh cu xbZ gSA

iqLrd ys[ku ls iwoZ geus ck”kkj esa miyCèk lkekU; Kku dh yxHkx lHkh iqLrdksa dk voyksdu fd;kA ftlesa geus ;g ik;k

fd fgUnh esa lkekU; Kku ls lacafèkr iqLrdksa dh dksbZ deha ugha gS] ysfdu ^dkWih&isLV* i¼fr ij fy[kh xbZ bu iqLrdksa esa u dsoy

vR;fèkd v'kqf¼;k¡ gSa oju v|rurk (Updation) dk Hkh vHkko gSA fu%lansg xSj&ijh{kksi;ksxh rF;ksa ls ;qDr bu iqLrdksa dh Lrjghurk dk

[kkfe;k”kk varr% buds ikBdksa dks gh Hkqxruk iM+rk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i vH;fFkZ;ksa ds le{k fodYighurk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA

blh fodYighurk dks [kRe djus dh dfBu pqukSrh gekjh 15 lnL;h; dq'ky Vhe us Lohdkj dhA fofHkUu ijh{kkvksa dk lqnh?kZ

vuqHko j[kus okys bl Vhe ds lHkh lnL;ksa us fnu&jkr ,d djds bl egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dks vatke rd igq¡pk;kA

tc vki bl iqLrd dks i<+saxs rks ik,axs fd blds çR;sd [kaM esa rF;ksa dks lgt ,oa ljy Hkk"kk esa le>krs gq, fy[kk x;k gS]

rkfd mUgsa vklkuh ls vkRelkr~ fd;k tk ldsA iqLrd fy[kus ds Øe esa fd;s x, 'kksèk esa geus ik;k fd cnyrh ijh{kk i¼fr esa

i;kZoj.k] Ñf"k ,oa i'kqikyu] dyk ,oa laLÑfr rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu tSls fo"k;ksa dk egÙo igys ls dgha vfèkd c<+ x;k gS] ysfdu

ck”kkj esa miyCèk ijaijkxr rjhds ls fy[kh xbZ lkekU; Kku dh iqLrdksa esa ;k rks ;s fo"k; vuqifLFkr gSa ;k vO;ofLFkr rjhds ls fn;s

x, gSa] blfy;s bu fo"k;ksa dks O;ofLFkr rjhds ls çLrqr djuk gekjh çkFkfedrkvksa esa 'kkfey Fkk vkSj gesa [kq'kh gS fd ge ,slk dj

ikus esa liQy jgs gSaA

ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh lqfoèkk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, bl iqLrd esa daI;wVj] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh tSls fo"k;ksa ds tfVy rduhdh 'kCnksa

dks vaxzs”kh esa Hkh fn;k x;k gSA bu fo"k;ksa dks le>us esa ekufodh ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dksbZ ijs'kkuh u gks] blds fy;s fp=kksa ,oa ÝykspkVZ

dk Hkh leqfpr ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA iqLrd dks =kqfVjfgr ,oa çkekf.kd cukus ds fy;s bldk dbZ pj.kksa esa lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k x;k

,oa fdlh fookn dh fLFkfr esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- tSlh çkekf.kd iqLrdksa dks gh vkèkkj cuk;k x;k gSA vH;kl gsrq egÙoiw.kZ ç'u Hkh

fn;s x, gSa] rkfd vH;FkhZ ijh{kk ls iwoZ LoewY;kadu Hkh dj ldsaA vius bZekunkjhiw.kZ ç;klksa ,oa iqLrd esa lfEefyr mRÑ"V ,oa

ijh{kksi;ksxh vè;;u lkexzh ds vkèkkj ij ge iwjs nkos ds lkFk dg ldrs gSa fd fgUnh ekè;e ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ^lkekU; Kku*

iqLrd ^ehy dk iRFkj* lkfcr gksxhA

gesa Hkjkslk gS fd ;g iqLrd vkidh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrjsxhA esjk fuosnu gS fd vki bl iqLrd dks ikBd ds lkFk&lkFk

vkykspd dh u”kj ls Hkh i<+saA vxj vkidks dksbZ Hkh deh fn[ks rks csf>>d 8130392355 uacj ij okV~l,i eSlst ls Hkst

nsaA vkidh fVIif.k;ksa vkSj lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij gh ge bu iqLrdksa dks vkSj lq#fpdj o izkekf.kd cuk ldsaxsA

lkHkkj]

izèkku laiknd n`f"V ifCyds'kUl

vuqØe

bfrgkl (1-65) izkphu Hkkjr% 1. izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr] 2. izkxSfrgkfld dky] 3. gM+Iik lH;rk] 4. oSfnd laLÑfr] 5. NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ds èkk£ed vkanksyu] 6. egktuin dky] 7. ex/ lkezkT;] 8. fons'kh vkØe.k] 9. ekS;Z lkezkT;] 10. ekS;ksZÙkj dky] 11. fons'kh 'kklu] 12. xqIr lkezkT;] 13. laxe ;qx] 14. okdkVd] cknkeh ds pkyqD;] iYyo oa'k bR;kfn

eè;dkyhu Hkkjr% 1. eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds jktoa'k (iky] lsu] xqtZj] çfrgkj] jk"VªdwV] pksy bR;kfn)] 2. vjc ,oa rqdZ vkØe.k] egewn xtuoh] eqgEen xksjh] 3. xqyke oa'k] f[kyth oa'k] rqxyd oa'k] lSÕ;n ,oa yksnh oa'k] 4. fnYyh lYrur dk iz'kklu] 5. lYrur dky esa rduhd fodkl] 6. {ks=kh; jkT; (fot;uxj ,oa cgeuh lkezkT; bR;kfn)] 7. lwiQh rFkk HkfDr vkanksyu] 8. eqxydky] 9. eqxy 'kklu O;oLFkk] 10. ejkBk (f'kokth)] 11. fl[k laiznk; ds xq#] 12. egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh 13. eè;dkyhu iqLrdsa

vkèkqfud Hkkjr% 1. mÙkjorhZ eqxy lkezkT;] 2. ejkBk (is'kok) 3. dukZVd ;q¼] 4. vaxzs”kksa dh vk£Fkd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd uhfr;k¡] 5. lekpkj i=k ,oa if=kdk,¡] 6. lkekftd ,oa /k£ed vkanksyu] 7. 1857 dk fonzksg] 8. ukxfjd ,oa vkfnoklh fonzksg] 9. fdlku lHkk] e”knwj ,oa okeiaFkh vkanksyu] 10. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl] 11. eqfLye yhx] 12. Økafrdkjh xfrfof/;k¡] 13. gkse:y yhx] 14. xka/hoknh pj.k] f[kykiQr ,oa vlg;ksx vkanksyu] 15. lkbeu deh'ku] usg: fjiksVZ] 16. lfou; voKk&vkanksyu] xka/h bjfou le>kSrk] 17. xksyest lEesyu] 18. izkarh; pquko] 19. fØIl fe'ku vkSj Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu] 20. ososy ;kstuk rFkk f'keyk lEesyu] 21. dSfcusV fe'ku] lafoèkku lHkk ,oa varfje ljdkj] 22. ekmaV csVu ;kstuk] Hkkjr eas laoS/kfud fodkl Øe] 23. xouZj tujy ,oa muds dk;Z] 24. vU; egÙoiw.kZ rF;

dyk ,oa laLd`fr% 1. ckS¼ dyk] 2. eafnj fuekZ.k dh 'kSyh] 3. baMks&bLykfed okLrqdyk] 4. eqxydkyhu LFkkiR;] 5. fo'o fojklr esa 'kkfey Hkkjrh; LFky] 6. ew£rdyk] 7. fp=kdyk] 8. u`R;dyk ,oa laxhrdyk] 9. Hkkjrh; ijaijkxr ;q¼dyk ,oa [ksy] 10. çeq[k R;ksgkj] 11. 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡] 12. izeq[k n'kZu ,o nk'kZfud] 13. dyk ,oa laLÑfr ls lacaf/r laxBu] 14. vH;kl ç'u

Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk (66-109) 1. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku] 2. la?k ,oa jkT; {ks=k] 3. ukxfjdrk] 4. ewy vfèkdkj] 5. uhfr funs'kd rÙo ,oa ewy drZO;] 6. jk"Vªifr] 7. eaf=kifj"kn~] 8. jkT;lHkk vkSj yksdlHkk] 9. jkT;iky ,oa jkT; dh eaf=kifj"kn~] 10. dsanz&jkT; lacaèk] 11. U;k;ikfydk] 12. iapk;rh jkt] 13. egÙoiw.kZ lafoèkku la'kksèku] 14. çeq[k laoSèkkfud laLFkk,¡] 15. vU; laLFkk,¡ ,oa vk;ksx] 16. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx] vuqPNsn ,ao vuqlwfp;k¡ (laf{kIr esa)] 17. vH;kl ç'u

Hkwxksy (110-170) fo'o dk Hkwxksy% 1. ifjp; (czãkaM] vkdk'kxaxk] rkjs] lkSjeaMy bR;kfn)] 2. egk}hiksa ,oa egklkxjksa dh mRifÙk] 3. v{kka'k ,oa ns'kkarj js[kk,¡] 4. Hkw&vkÑfr foKku] HkwoaQi ,oa Tokykeq[kh] 5. çeq[k ioZr Ük`a[kyk,¡] iBkj] e#LFky rFkk eSnku] 6. tyok;q foKku] 7. iou] tsV LVªhe] LFkkuh; iouas] 8. leqnz foKku] 9. çeq[k tutkfr;k¡ ,oa muds vkokl] 10. egk}hi (,f'k;k] vizQhdk rFkk vU;)] 11. fo'o dh çeq[k >hysa] ugjsa] vkS|ksfxd dasnz] 'kgj rFkk ty lafèk;k¡] 12. çeq[k ns'k] mudh jktèkkuh ,oa eqnzk,¡

Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy% 1. Hkkjr dh HkwxfHkZd lajpuk ,oa Hkw&vkÑfrd çns'k] 2. viokg ra=k] ufn;k¡] çeq[k >hysa rFkk tyçikr] 3. tyok;q] ouLifr ,oa e`nk] 4. [kfut rFkk ÅtkZ lalkèku] 5. m|ksx rFkk vkS|ksfxd bdkb;k¡] 6. ifjogu] 7. çeq[k tutkfr;k¡ rFkk jkT;okj mifLFkfr] 8. vH;kl ç'u

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk (171-202) 1. vFkZO;oLFkk ds izdkj ,oa {ks=k] 2. vk£Fkd fodkl ,oa ekiu] 3. jk"Vªh; vk; ,oa ekiu] 4. vk£Fkd fu;kstu ,oa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡] 5. eqnzk ,oa foÙkh; iz.kkyh] 6. cSa dx O;oLFkk] 7. foÙkh; laLFkk,¡] 8. iwath ck”kkj] LVkWd ,Dlpsat] 9. ctV ,oa yksd foÙk] 10. dj O;oLFkk] 11. eqnzkLiQhfr] 12. tula[;k ,oa tux.kuk] 13. xjhch] csjks”kxkjh ,oa ljdkjh ;kstuk,¡] 14. Hkqxrku larqyu ,oa O;kikj le>kSrs] 15. vH;kl ç'u

lkekU; foKku (203-294) HkkSfrd foKku% 1. ekiu] 2. HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡] 3. xfr ds fu;e] 4. dk;Z] ÅtkZ ,oa 'kfDr] 5. xq#Rokd"kZ.k] 6. vkorhZ xfr] 7. rjax] 8. Å"ek] 9. izdk'k] 10. fo|qr] 11. bysDVªkWfuDl] 12. jsfM;ks lfØ;rk] ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu ,oa lay;u] 13. fofo/

jlk;u foKku% 1. nzO; ,oa mldh voLFkk,¡] 2. xSlksa ls lacaf/r fu;e] 3. ijek.kq vkSj v.kq] 4. ijek.kq ekWMy] 5. vdkcZfud jlk;u] 6. jklk;fud ca/] 7. jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k] 8. vEy ,oa {kkj] 9. fo|qr jklk;fud lsy] 10. b±/u] 11. jklk;fud inkFkZ ,oa muds mi;ksx] 12. gkbMªksdkcZu] 13. dkcZfud ;kSfxd ,oa muds mi;ksx] 14. cgqyd] 15 fofo/A

tho foKku% 1. tSfod leqnk; dk oxhZdj.k] 2. dksf'kdk] 3. DNA ,oa RNA, 4. Ård] 5. ikpu ra=k] 6. 'olu ra=k] 7. #f/j ifjlapj.k ra=k] 8. mRltZu ra=k] 9. raf=kdk ra=k] 10. dadky ra=k] 11. xzafFk;k¡] ,atkbe ,oa gkeksZu] 12. izksVhu] foVkfeu] [kfut yo.k] 13. ikni dkf;Zdh] 14. ekuo jksx] y{k.k ,oa cpko] 15. fofo/] 16. vH;kl ç'u

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh (295-308) 1. fo'o ds vkjafHkd varfj{k dk;ZØe] 2. Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;ZØe rFkk lacaf/r ,tsalh] 3. mixzg] 4. iz{ksi.k ;ku] 5. vU; oSKkfud fe'ku] 6. nwjlapkj izkS|ksfxdh] 7. ijek.kq vuqla/ku rFkk fodkl dk;ZØe] 8. j{kk izkS|ksfxdh

daI;wVj (309-320) 1. daI;wVj] dk;Z rFkk vo;o] 2. daI;wVj dk fodkl Øe] 3. oxhZdj.k] 4. Hkk"kk] 5. gkMZos;j rFkk lkWÝVos;j] 6. MkVk laizs"k.k ,oa baVjusV] 7. lkbcj lqj{kk] 8. daI;wVj 'kCnkoyh

varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu (321-326) 1. la;qDr jk"Vª] 2. fo'o O;kikj laxBu] 3. varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k] 4. fo'o cSad] 5. vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu] 6. izeq[k fjiksVZ ,oa lwpdkad

i;kZoj.k (327-341) 1. ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k] 2. Hkkjr ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ] 2017, 3. tSo&Hkw&jklk;fud pØ] 4. vkgkj Ük`a[kyk] 5. ikfjfLFkfrdh; fijkfeM] 6. tSo fofo/rk] 7. jk"Vªh; m|ku rFkk oU; tho vHk;kj.;] 8. iznw"k.k rFkk XYkkscy okfe±x] 9. i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r laxBu rFkk lEesyu

d`f"k ,oa i'kqikyu (342-347) 1. Hkkjr esa Ñf"k rFkk izeq[k iQlysa] 2. Ñf"k ds izdkj] 3. izeq[k Hkkjrh; Ñf"k laLFkku] 4. i'kqikyu

[ksy&dwn (348-354) 1. [ksy rFkk lacaf/r rF;] 2. izeq[k ns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; [ksy] 3. izfl¼ [ksy eSnku] 4. vksyafid [ksy] 5. jk"VªeaMy rFkk ,f'k;kbZ [ksy] 6. Hkkjr esa [ksyksa ls lacaf/r iqjLdkj

fofoèk (355-379) 1. Hkkjr esa çFke] 2. fo'o esa çFke] 3. Hkkjr esa lokZfèkd yack] cM+k ,oa Å¡pk] 4. fo'o esa lokZfèkd cM+k] NksVk] yack ,oa Å¡pk] 5. fofHkUu ns'kksa ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ rF; (jktuhfrd ny] jk"Vªh; fpÉ] lekpkj ,tsafl;k¡] i=k ,oa çdk'ku LFky bR;kfn)] 6. egÙoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; fnol rFkk jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk fnol] 7. Hkkjr ds çeq[k laLFkku] 8. çeq[k O;fDr;ksa ls lacafèkr rF; (lekfèk LFky] yksdfç; miuke] LFkkuksa ds miuke)] 9. çeq[k ys[kd ,oa iqLrdsa] 10. fo'o çfl¼ ;k=kh ,oa mudh miyfCèk;k¡] 11. çeq[k O;fDr rFkk lacafèkr ÑR;] 12. çeq[k fpÉ rFkk çrhd] 13. iqjLdkj ,oa lEeku (jk"Vªh;] varjkZ"Vªh;)] 14. Hkkjr dh çfrj{kk

1Drishti GK

çkphu Hkkjr (Ancient India)

çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksrçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr vusd vkSj fofoèk izdkj ds gSaA

ge mUgsa nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,d lkfgfR;d vkSj nwljk iqjkrkfÙodA

lkfgfR;d lzksrczkã.klkfgR;

osnosn Hkkjr osQ izkphure xazFk gSaA ftudk ladyudrkZ eg£"k

o`Q".k }Sik;u osnO;kl dks ekuk tkrk gSA

zosnksa dh la[;k pkj gS& ÍXosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn rFkk vFkoZosnA

ÍXosnz;g çkphure osn ekuk tkrk gSA blessa dqy 10 eaMy rFkk 1028

lwDr gSaA bl osn ds i<+us okys Íf"k dks ^gksr`* dgrs gSaA ÍXosn dk igyk ,oa 10ok¡ eaMy lcls var esa tksM+k x;k gSA

zÍXosn ds rhljs eaMy esa lw;Z nsork ^lfor`* dks lefiZr izfl¼ xk;=kh ea=k gSA

z9osa eaMy esa nsork lkse dk mYys[k gS rFkk 10osa eaMy esa pkrqoZ.;Z O;oLFkk dk mYys[k gSA

uksV% ;wusLdks }kjk ^ÍXosn* dh 30 ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks ^;wusLdks eseksjh vkWiQ oYMZ jftLVj* esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

;tqosZnzblesa ;Kksa ds fu;eksa ;k foèkkuksa dk ladyu feyus osQ dkj.k bls

deZdkaMh; osn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

z;tqosZn ds nks Hkkx gSa& 'kqDy ;tqosZn vkSj Ñ".k ;tqosZnA 'kqDy ;tqosZn dsoy i| esa gS tcfd Ñ".k ;tqosZn] x| ,oa i| nksuksa esa gSA

z'kqDy ;tqosZn dks ^oktlus;h lafgrk* dgk tkrk gSA

z;tqosZn ds ea=kksa dk mPpkj.k djus okyk iqjksfgr vèo;qZ* dgykrk gSA

lkeosnzlke* dk vFkZ ^xku* gksrk gSA lkeosn esa eq[;r% ;Kksa ds volj

ij xk, tkus okys ea=kksa dk laxzg gSA lkeosn ls gh Hkkjrh; laxhr

1 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl (Indian History)

dh mRifÙk ekuh tkrh gSA bl xzaFk esa oqQy 1875 ½pk,¡ gSa ftuesa ewy :i ls 99 Ípk,¡ gh lkeosn dh gSa] 'ks"k ½Xosn ls yh xbZ Ípk,¡ gSaA

zlkeosn ds ea=kksa dks xkus okyk ^mn~xkrk* dgykrk gSA

vFkoZosn

zrhu osnksa ds ckn var esa bldh jpuk vFkoZ rFkk vafxjl Íf"k }kjk dh xbZA blhfy;s bls ^vFkok±fxjl osn* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

zblesa czã&Kku] èkeZ] vkS"kfèk iz;ksx] jksx fuokj.k] tknw&Vksuk] ra=k&ea=k vkfn vusd fo"k;ksa dk o.kZu gSA

zvFkoZosn ds ea=kksa dk mPpkj.k djus okyk iqjksfgr ^czãk* dgykrk gSA

uksV% bu pkj osnksa dks ^lafgrk* dgk tkrk gSA

osnlacafèkr

czkã.k xazFklacafèkr mifu"kn

ÍXosn ,srjs;] dkS"khrdh ,srjs;] dkS"khrdh

;tqosZn 'kriFk] rSfÙkjh; dBksifu"kn] b'kksifu"kn] ognkj.;d] 'osrk'orjksifu"kn] eS=kk;.kh vkfnA

lkeosn iapfoa'k] "kMfoa'k NkanksX;] tSfeuh;

vFkoZosn xksiFk eqaMdksifu"kn] ekaMqD;ksifu"kn] iz'uksifu"kn

osnkax

zosnksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>us ds fy;s N% osnkaxksa dh jpuk dh xbZ& f'k{kk (mPpkj.k fofèk)] T;ksfr"k (HkkX;iQy)] dYi (deZdkaM)] O;kdj.k ('kCn O;qRifÙk)] fu#Dr (Hkk"kk foKku) rFkk Nan (prq"inh 'yksd)A

egkdkO;

zoSfnd lkfgR; ds ckn Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa egkdkO;ksa dk le; vkrk gSA blesa jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr izeq[kr% 'kkfey gSaA

zjkek;.k dh jpuk eg£"k okYehfd rFkk egkHkkjr dh jpuk eg£"k osnO;kl us dh FkhA

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl lkekU; Kku

17Drishti GK

iky oa'k

z iky oa'k dk laLFkkid xksiky (750-770) FkkA xksiky ckS¼ erkuq;k;h FkkA

z xksiky ds ckn èkeZiky (770-810) 'kkld cukA èkeZiky us foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; (Hkkxyiqj) vkSj lkseiqjh fogkj dh LFkkiuk djokbZA

z èkeZiky ds ckn nsoiky 'kkld cukA tkok 'kkld ckyiq=knso ds vuqjksèk ij nsoiky us mls ukyank esa ckS¼ fogkj cuokus ds fy;s ik¡p xk¡o nku esa fn;s FksA

z efgiky&I ds le; pksy 'kkld jktsaæ pksy us xaxk dk vfHk;ku fd;kA efgiky&II ds le; dSorZ tkfr us fonzksg dj fn;k vkSj efgiky dh gR;k dj nhA

lsu oa'k

z 12oha lnh osQ var rd caxky esa iky osQ LFkku ij lsu oa'k LFkkfir gks x;kA

z lsu 'kkld cYyky lsu us nku lkxj ,oa vn~Hkwr lkxj xazFkksa dh jpuk dhA

z y{e.klsu ds njckj esa xhrxksfoan ds ys[kd t;nso rFkk ^czkã.k loZLo* osQ ys[kd gyk;q/ jgrs FksA

d'ehj ds jktoa'k

z bl dky esa d'ehj ds rhu izeq[k jktoa'k Øe'k% dkdksZV] mRiy rFkk yksgkj oa'k FksA

z dkdksZV 'kkld yfyrkfnR; eqDrkihM (724-760) us d'ehj esa ekr±M lw;Z eafnj dk fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA

z dYg.k dh jktrjafx.kh esa yksgkj oa'k ds vafre 'kkld t;flag (1128-1155) rd dk fooj.k gSA

xqtZj izfrgkj

z ekyok ds 'kkld ukxHkêð&I (730-756) dks xqtZj&izfrgkj oa'k dk laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA ukxHkêð&II (800-833) bl oa'k dk ,d vU; izeq[k 'kkld FkkA

z fefgjHkkst (836-885) lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ izfrgkj 'kkld FkkA og fo".kq dk mikld Fkk vkSj mlus ^vkfnojkg* vkSj ^çHkkl* dh mikfèk yh FkhA fefgjHkkst dh miyfCèk;ksa dh ppkZ mlds Xokfy;j iz'kfLr vfHkys[k esa dh xbZ gSA

pancjnkbZ ds ^i`Fohjktjklks* xzaFk esa vfXuoqaQM ls mRiUu pkj jktiwr tkfr;ksa& izfrgkj] pkyqD;] ijekj vkSj pkSgku dh dFkk,¡ gSaA

tstkdHkqfDr ds pansy

z tstkdHkqfDr (cqansy[kaM) esa 9oha lnh esa pansy oa'k LFkkfir gqvkA bldk laLFkkid uUuqd FkkA bldh jktèkkuh [ktqjkgks FkhA

z pansy 'kkld èkax us ty lekfèk ys yh FkhA

z pansy 'kkld fo|kèkj us egewn xtuoh ds vkØe.k dk liQyrkiwoZd izfrjksèk fd;kA

z izfl¼ lsukifr ^vkYgk&mQny* pansy 'kkld ijek£nnso ds njckj esa FksA ^i`Fohjkt pkSgku* ls ;q¼ djrs gq, ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,A vkYgk&mQny txfud ds ^vkYgk&[kaM* ds uk;d FksA

z bl dky esa fufeZr danfj;k egknso dk eafnj 'kSo èkeZ rFkk prqHkqZt eafnj oS".ko èkeZ ls lacafèkr FkkA

xgM+oky oa'k (dUukSt)

z bldk laLFkkid panznso FkkA

z xksfoanpaæ bl oa'k dk ,d fo}ku 'kkld FkkA mlds ea=kh y{ehèkj us ÑR;dYir# uked ,d xzaFk fy[kk FkkAz xgM+oky 'kkld t;pan dk ledkyhu i`Fohjkt&III FkkA z pankoj dk ;q¼ (1194) t;pan vkSj eksgEen xksjh ds chp gqvk ftlesa t;pan ijkftr gqvkAz Jh g"kZ t;pan ds njckj esa jgrs Fks ftUgksaus uS"kèkpfjr xzaFk fy[kkA

xqtjkr ds pkyqD; ;k lksyadh

z blds laLFkkid ewyjkt Fks rFkk vfUgyokM+ bldh jktèkkuh FkhAz pkyqD; 'kkld Hkhe&I ds le; 1025 esa egewn xtuoh }kjk lkseukFk eafnj ij vkØe.k fd;k x;kA z Hkhe&I ds ea=kh foey us fnyokM+k ds tSu eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA eks<sjk (xqtjkr) ds lw;Z eafnj dk fuekZ.k lksyadh 'kkldksa ds dky esa gh gqvk FkkAz pkyqD; 'kkld Hkhe&II (oqQN lzksrksa esa ewyjkt&II) us eksgEen xksjh dks 1178-79 esa ijkftr fd;kA

ekyok dk ijekj oa'k

z ijekjksa dh jktèkkuh mTtSu FkhA dkykarj esa Hkkst ijekj us èkkj dks jktèkkuh cuk;kA

z Hkkst (1000-1055) ijekj oa'k dk lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ 'kkld FkkA og f'k{kk vkSj lkfgR; dk laj{kd FkkA mlus Hkkstiqj uxj dh LFkkiuk djokbZ vkSj ljLorh eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;kA mldh

mikfèk ^dfojkt* FkhA z ijekj Hkkst dh e`R;q dks ^fujkyEck ljLorh* dgk x;kA

'kkdaHkjh (vtesj) ds pkSgku

z blds laLFkkid oklqnso FksA

eè;dkyhu Hkkjr (Medieval India)

31

vkèkqfud Hkkjr (Modern India)

mÙkjorhZ eqxy lkezkT;

zyxHkx 200 o"kks± ds 'kklu ds i'pkr~~ 18oha lnh ds iwokZ¼Z esa eqxy 'kklu dk fo?kVu 'kq: gks x;kA

zvkSjax”ksc dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~~ mlds rhuksa iq=kksa&eqvTte] eqgEen vkte rFkk dkec['k esa mÙkjkfèkdkj ds fy;s ;q¼ gqvk ftlesa 65 o"khZ; cgknqj'kkg (eqvTte) fot;h jgkA

cgknqj'kkg izFke (eqvTte) (1707–1712)zblus ejkBksa rFkk jktiwrksa ds izfr eS=khiw.kZ uhfr viukbZA 1707 esa

blus 'kEHkkth ds iq=k 'kkgw dks eqxy dSn ls eqDr dj fn;kA

zcgknqj'kkg us fl[kksa ds 10osa xq# xksfoan flag ds lkFk esy&feyki ds lacaèk LFkkfir fd;s ,oa mUgsa larq"V djus ds fy;s xq# ds lEeku esa f[kyvr (jktk }kjk lEekuiwoZd HksaV dh xbZ iks'kkd) ,oa mPp eulc (vksgnk) iznku fd;sA

zbls ^'kkgs cs[kcj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

tgk¡nkj 'kkg (1712–1713)z1712 esa cgknqj'kkg çFke dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~~ mldk iq=k tgk¡nkj

'kkg ”kqfYiQdkj [kka ds lg;ksx ls 'kkld cukA

ztgk¡nkj 'kkg us vkesj ds jktk lokbZ t;flag dks ekyok dk lwcsnkj fu;qDr fd;k rFkk ^fe”kkZ* dh mikfèk nh] lkFk gh ekjokM+ ds jktk vthr flag dks xqtjkr dh lwcsnkjh rFkk egkjktk dh mikfèk iznku dhA

ztgk¡nkj 'kkg dks yksx ^yaiV vkSj ew[kZ* dgrs FksA

z1713 esa tgk¡nkj 'kkg dk Hkrhtk iQ#Z[kfl;j] lSÕ;n caèkqvksa (vCnqYyk [kk¡ rFkk gqlSu vyh) ds lg;ksx ls mls ijkLr dj flagklu ij cSBkA

iQ#Z[kfl;j (1713–1719)zblds dky esas tft;k rFkk rhFkZ;k=kk&dj lekIr dj fn;k x;kA

zlSÕ;n caèkqvksa ds izHkko ls Hk;Hkhr gksdj iQ#Z[kfl;j buds f[kykiQ "kM~;a=k djus yxk] ftldk irk yx tkus ij lSÕ;n caèkqvksa us iQ#Z[kfl;j dks mlds in ls gVkdj mldh gR;k dj nhA

ziQ#Z[kf'k;j dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ Øe'k% jiQh mn~&njtkr vkSj jiQhmíkSyk vR;ar de le; ds fy;s xíh ij cSBsA

eqgEen 'kkg (1719–1748)zeqgEen 'kkg ds 'kkludky esa vusd Lora=k jkT;ksa dk mn; gqvk]

tSls&caxky] voèk] gSnjkckn vkfnA

zeqgEen 'kkg dk okLrfod uke jks'ku v[+rj FkkA bls ^jaxhyk ckn'kkg* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA

zeqgEen 'kkg ds 'kkludky esa ukfnj'kkg dk vkØe.k gqvkA iQjojh] 1739 esa djuky esa gq, ;q¼ esa eqxyksa dh gkj gqbZA

zukfnj'kkg Hkkjr ls ` 30 djksM+ udn] lksuk] pkanh ds vfrfjDr] dksfguwj ghjk rFkk 'kkgtgk¡ dk jRutfM+r flagklu ^r[rs&rkmQl* Hkh vius lkFk ys x;kA

zvgen'kkg vCnkyh us eqgEen 'kkg ds le; gh izFke ckj 1748 esa Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;kA

zblds i'pkr~ vgen 'kkg (1748–54) rFkk vkyexhj f}rh; (1754–59) xn~nh ij cSBsA

'kkg vkye f}rh; (1759–1806)zblus 1764 esa gq, cDlj ds ;q¼ esa caxky ds uokc ehj dkfle

rFkk voèk ds uokc 'kqtkmíkSyk ds lkFk feydj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh ds fo#¼ yM+kbZ yM+hA

zcDlj ds ;q¼ esa oaQiuh ls ijkftr gksus ds i'pkr~~ gqbZ bykgkckn dh lafèk ds izkoèkkuksa ds vuq:i bls dbZ o"kks± rd bykgkckn esa vaxzs”kksa dk isa'ku;kÝrk cudj jguk iM+kA

z1772 esa ejkBksa ds lg;ksx ls bls fnYyh ds flagklu dh izkfIr gqbZA blh ds 'kkludky esa 1803 esa vaxzs”kksa us fnYyh ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kA

z'kkg vkye f}rh; ds i'pkr~ mldk iq=k vdcj f}rh; (1806– 1837) xn~nh ij cSBkA

cgknqj'kkg f}rh; (1837–1857) zcgknqj'kkg f}rh; ftls ^tiQj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] ;g

vafre eqxy 'kkld FkkA

z1857 ds laxzke esa fonzksfg;ksa dk lkFk nsus ds dkj.k bls jaxwu fuokZflr dj fn;k x;k] tgk¡ 1862 esa bldh e`R;q gks xbZA

18oha 'krkCnh esa LFkkfir gq, uohu Lok;Ùk jkT;

jkT;@laLFkkid egÙoiw.kZ rF;

gSnjkckn (1724 fu”kke& my&eqYd vkliQtkg (fpufdfyp [kk¡)

osystyh dh lgk;d lafèk dks ekuus okyk igyk jkT;

dukZVd (lvknrmYyk [kk¡) dukZVd dh jktèkkuh vdkZV FkhAvoè k (lvknr [ k k ¡ cqjgku&my& eqYd)

z 1856 esa fczfV'k jsthMsaV tsEl vkÅVªe dh fjiksVZ ds vkèkkj ij voèk ij dq'kklu dk vkjksi yxkdj mls vaxzs”kh lkezkT; esa feyk fy;k x;kAz voèk dk vafre uokc okftn vyh 'kkg FkkA

58

Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;@okLrqdyk

ckS¼ okLrqdyk

Lrwi

z xksy vkèkkj ij fufeZr iRFkj ;k b±V dh Bksl xqacnkdkj vkÑfr gS ftls cq¼ ds Lefr vo'ks"k dks lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq cuk;k x;kA

z g£edk] osfndk] esfèk vkfn Lrwi lajpuk ls tqM+s gSaA

z mnkgj.k& lk¡ph Lrwi (fofn'kk)] èkes[k Lrwi (lkjukFk)

pSR;

z igkM+ksa dks dkVdj ;k [kksndj cukbZ xbZ gkWyuqek vkÑfr ftldk mi;ksx fHk{kqvksa dh izkFkZuk] izopu] cSBd] è;ku rFkk vkJ; ds fy;s gksrk FkkA

z mnkgj.k& dkysZ pSR;] Hkkt pSR; (nksuksa egkjk"Vª)

fogkj

z ckS¼ fHk{kqvksa dk vkokl ^fogkj* dgykrk gSA bldk fuekZ.k izkÑfrd :i ls ;k igkM+ksa dks dkVdj fd;k tkrk FkkA lkekU; vkdkj ls cM+s fogkj dks ^egkfogkj* dgrs gSaA

z mnkgj.k& ukyank egkfogkj

izkjafHkd xqIrdkyhu eafnj

eafnj LFky

frxok dk fo".kq eafnj tcyiqj (eè; izns'k)

Hkwejk dk f'ko eafnj lruk (eè; izns'k)

upuk dqBkj dk ikoZrh eafnj iUuk (eè; izns'k)

Hkhrjxk¡o dk eafnj dkuiqj (mÙkj izns'k)

nsox<+ dk n'kkorkj eafnj yfyriqj (mÙkj izns'k)

z dks.kkdZ ds lw;Z eafnj dk fuekZ.k xax oa'k ds 'kkld ujflag nso izFke us djok;k FkkA bls ^CySd iSxksMk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

z ekmaV vkcw ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k lksyadh 'kkld Hkhe izFke ds ea=kh foey us djok;k FkkA

z èkeZiky }kjk fufeZr lkseiqj egkfogkj (cakXykns'k ds uoxk¡o f”kys esa) lcls cM+k ckS¼ fogkj gS ftls ;wusLdks dh fo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

z cknkeh ds pkyqD;ksa dk eafnj LFkkiR; ,sgksy vkSj iê ðMdy esa fn[krk gSA ;s eafnj cslj 'kSyh esa fufeZr gSaA

z dUgsjh (egkjk"Vª) dh xqiQk la[;k 41 esa pkj gkFk vkSj X;kjg fljksa okys cksfèklRo (voyksfdrs'oj) dk vadu gSA

z egkjk"Vª ds vkSjaxkckn esa ,yksjk rFkk eqacbZ ds fudV }hih; LFky ,yhiSaQVk dh xqiQk,¡ jk"VªdwV LFkkiR; ds mnkgj.k gSaA ,yksjk dk LFkkiR; tgk¡ fganw] ckS¼ o tSu rhuksa ls lacafèkr gS] ogha ,yhiSaQVk dh vfèkdrj xqiQk,¡ fganw rFkk ckS¼ èkeZ ls lacafèkr gSaA

z iYyo 'kkld ujflagoeZu izFke us rfeyukMq esa leqnz ds fdukjs egkcyhiqje~ ;k ekeYyiqje~ uked uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA ;gk¡ mlus jFk eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djk;kA

eafnj fuekZ.k dh izeq[k 'kSfy;k¡

ukxj

'kSy

h

z lkekU;r% oxkZdkj LraHkksa okyk eaMi rFkk xHkZx`g ds mQij ,djs[kh; f'k[kj] f'k[kj ij vkeyd vkfn ukxj 'kSyh dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAz ukxj 'kSyh dh dbZ mi'kSfy;k¡ gS] tSls&mfM+;k mi'kSyh] [ktqjkgks mi'kSyh vkfnAz mnkgj.k& danfj;k egknso ([ktqjkgks)] fnyokM+k dk tSu eafnj (ekmaV vkcw)] dks.kkdZ (iqjh] vksfM'kk)dk lw;Z eafnj vkfnA z {ks=k& fgeky; ls foaè; ioZr rdA

nzfoM

+ 'kSy

h z vk;rkdkj vkèkkj] pkjnhokjh] xksiqje (izos'k }kj), fijkfeMuqek f'k[kj] eaMi] fo'kky ldsafnzr izkax.k vkfn bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAz mnkgj.k& c`gns'oj eafnj (ratkSj)z {ks=k& Ñ".kk unh ls ysdj dU;kdqekjh rd

cslj 'kSyh

z æzfoM+ vkSj ukxj 'kSyh dk feyk&tqyk :iA ;g foU;kl esa nzfoM+ 'kSyh rFkk :i esa ukxj ds leku gSAz bls pkyqD; 'kSyh Hkh dgrs gSaAz mnkgj.k& gks;lys'oj eafnj (gsysfcM)] oS".ko eafnj (oankou)z {ks=k& foaè;kpy ioZr ls Ñ".kk unh rd

baMks&bLykfed okLrqdykz lYrur dky esa Hkkjrh; rFkk bLykeh 'kSfy;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr LFkkiR; dk fodkl gqvkA bls fganw&bLykeh ;k baMks&bLykfed

'kSyh dgk x;kA

z oqQOor&my bLyke efLtn dk fuekZ.k oqQrqcqíhu ,scd us fnYyh fot; ds miy{; esa rFkk bLyke èkeZ dks izfrf"Br djus ds mís'; ls yxHkx 1197 esa fnYyh esa djok;kA

z dqrqcqíhu ,scd us dqOor&my&bLyke efLtn ds ifjlj esa 1199 ds yxHkx oqQrqcehukj dk fuekZ.k djok;k] ftls bYrqrfe'k us pkj eaf”ky rd igq¡pk fn;kA yky cyqvk iRFkj ls fufeZr ;g Hkkjr dh lcls m¡Qph ehukj gS tks yxHkx 238 iQhV m¡Qph gSA orZeku esa ;g ik¡p eaf”kyk gSA

z dqrqcqíhu ,scd us <+kbZ fnu dk >ksiM+k* uked efLtn dk fuekZ.k vtesj esa djok;kA ;gk¡ pyus okys <kbZ fnu ds mlZ ds dkj.k ;g uke iM+kA

z lqYrkux<+h dk edcjk lYrur dky dk ^igyk edcjk* gSA bYrqrfe'k us vius cM+s ;ksX; iq=k ukfl#íhu egewn dh ;kn esa dqrqcehukj ds fudV 1231 esa bldk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA

z fnYyh esa dqrqc ifjlj esa fLFkr lqYrku cycu ds edcjs esa loZizFke okLrfod esgjkc dk :i feyrk gSA

z vykmíhu f[kyth }kjk fufeZr vykbZ njok”kk esa lsYtqd dyk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh feyrh gSaA blh esa igyk okLrfod xaqcn gSA

Hkkjrh; dyk&laLd`fr (Indian Art and Culture)

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl

64

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

z 1891 esa dksydkrk eas bEihfj;y vfHkys[k foHkkx (IRD) dh

LFkkiuk dh xbZA 1926 esa bls fnYyh LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA

vk”kknh ds ckn bldk uke cnydj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj

dj fn;k x;kA

laxhr ukVd vdkneh (SNA)

z 1952 esa bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZA blus 1953 ls dk;Z djuk 'kq:

fd;kA ;g Hkkjr ljdkj ds laLÑfr ea=kky; ds vèkhu ,d Lok;Ùk

laLFkk gSA ;g ;wusLdks ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djrh gSA

z 1959 esa us'kuy Ldwy vkWiQ Mªkek dh LFkkiuk laxhr ukVd

vdkneh }kjk gh fd;k x;k gSA

lkfgR; vdkneho"kZ 1954 esa LFkkfir lkfgR; vdkneh (us'kuy vdkneh vkWiQ

ysVlZ) ns'k esa lkfgfR;d laokn] lkfgR; ds izdk'ku vkSj mUUk;u ds fy;s dsanzh; laLFkk gSA

yfyr dyk vdknehz bldh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 1954 esa Hkkjr esa n`'; dykvksa (fp=kdyk] ewfrZdyk] LFkkiR; dyk ,oa vU; yfyr dykvksa) dks izksRlkfgr] lajf{kr o fodflr djus ds mís'; ls dh xbZ FkhA

z ;g ,d Lok;Ùk fudk; gS ftldk foÙkiks"k.k laLÑfr ea=kky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eq[; dsanz fnYYkh esa gS vkSj psUUkbZ] dksydkrk] y[kuÅ] f'keyk] iVuk vkSj Hkqous'oj blds {ks=kh; dsanz gSaA

vH;kl iz'u

1. Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu Hkkoh cq¼ gS] tks lalkj dh j{kk gsrq vorfjr gksaxs\

(a) voyksfdrs'oj (b) yksds'oj (c) eS=ks; (d) ine~ikf.k IAS, 2018

2. fdlds jkT; esa ^dY;k.k eaMi* dh jpuk eafnj&fuekZ.k dk ,d fof'k"V vfHky{k.k Fkk\

(a) pkyqD; (b) pansy (c) jk"VªdwV (d) fot;uxj IAS, 2019

3. ^lR;eso t;rs* 'kCn dgk¡ ls fy;k x;k gS\

(a) euqLe`fr (b) Hkxorxhrk (c) ½Xosn (d) eqaMdmifu"kn

IAS, 2014

4. ÍXosn esa dbZ ifjPNsnksa esa iz;qDr ^v?kU;* 'kCn lan£Hkr gS&

(a) iqtkjh ds fy;s (b) L=kh ds fy;s (c) xk; ds fy;s (d) czkã.k ds fy;s

UPPSC (Pre), 2017

5. NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- dk eRL; tuin fLFkr Fkk&

(a) if'peh mÙkj izns'k (b) jktLFkku (c) cqUnsy[kaM (d) #gsy[kaM

UPPSC (Pre), 2017

6. cq¼ us viuk izFke mins'k dgk¡ fn;k Fkk\

(a) oS'kkyh (b) jktx`g (c) lkjukFk (d) ikokiqjh

56th to 59th BPSC, 2015

7. dfyax ;q¼ dk fooj.k gesa Kkr gksrk gS&

(a) 13osa f'kykys[k }kjk (b) #fEeunsbZ LraHk ys[k }kjk (c) àsulkax ds fooj.k }kjk (d) izFke y?kq f'kykys[k }kjk

UPPSC (Pre), 2016

8. ^f=kfiVd* xzaFk fdl èkeZ ls lacafèkr gS\

(a) oSfnd èkeZ (b) ckS¼ èkeZ (c) tSu èkeZ (d) 'kSo èkeZ

RAS/RTS, 2012

9. ukyank fo'ofo|ky; ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks\

(a) panzxqIr foØekfnR; (b) dqekjxqIr (c) èkeZiky (d) iq";xqIr


10. ckS¼ xzaFk ^fefyUniUgks* fdl fgUn&;ou 'kkld ij çdk'k Mkyrk gS\

(a) Mk;ksMksjl&II (b) fMesfVª;l (c) feusaMj (d) LVªsVks&I

UKPSC (Pre), 2012

11. ,yksjk esa dSyk'kukFk eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k

(a) jktsaæ&I (b) egsaæoeZu (c) d`".k&I (d) xksfoan&I

SSC CGL (Tier-I), 2014

12. 1194 ds pUnkoj ds ;q¼ esa eqgEen xksjh us fdls gjk;k Fkk\

(a) dqekjiky (b) t;pUn (c) xksfoUnjkt (d) Hkhe f}rh;

MPPSC, 2017

13. yksnh oa'k dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\

(a) bczkghe yksnh (b) nkSyr[kk¡ yksnh (c) cgyksy yksnh (d) floaQnj yksnh

SSC CGL (Tier-I), 2015

14. dkSu lwiQh lar ^egcwc&,&bykgh* dgykrk Fkk\

(a) [+oktk eksbuqíhu fp'rh (b) ckck iQjhn (c) oqQrqcqíhu cf[+r;kj dkdh (d) 'ks[k fu”kkeqíhu vkSfy;k

UPPSC (Pre), 2014

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl

65

lkekU; Kku

15. ^rqtqd&,&ckcjh* fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k Fkk\

(a) iQkjlh (b) vjch (c) rqdhZ (d) mnwZ


16. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu 18oha 'krkCnh esa vo/ jkT; dk laLFkkid Fkk\

(a) eq'khZn oqQyh [kku (b) lvknr [kku (c) vyhonhZ [kku (d) ljiQjk”k [kku

NDA (II) 2017

17. fl[k la?k ds 12 jkT;ksa dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\

(a) fely (b) xqjer (c) ljnkjh (d) jk[kh

CDS (I) 2016

18. ^Iyklh ds ;q¼* ds le; caxky dk uokc dkSu Fkk\

(a) fljktqíkSyk (b) ehj tki+ Qj (c) ehj dkfle (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

SSC CGL (T-I) 2015

19. cDlj dh yM+kbZ osQ le; caxky dk uokc dkSu Fkk\

(a) fljktqíkSyk (b) ehj tki+ Qj (c) ehj dkfle (d) u”eqíkSyk

UPPSC (Mains), 2016

20. fdlosQ ç'kklu dky esa ^LFkk;h cankscLr* çkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk\

(a) okjsu gsfLVaXl (b) ykWMZ dkWuZokfyl (c) lj tkWu 'kksj (d) ykWMZ osystyh

UKPSC (Pre), 2002; UPPSC (Mains), 2005 UPPSC (Pre), 2007; UPPSC (GIC), 2010

21. 1857 osQ laxzke dks izFke Lora=krk laxzke dk uke fdlus fn;k\

(a) oh-,- fLeFk (b) ih-bZ- jkoV~lZ (c) oh-Mh- lkojdj (d) mi;qZDr lHkh UPPSC (Mains), 2015

22. cksfèklRo in~eikf.k dk fp=k lokZfèkd çfl¼ vkSj çk;% fpf=kr fp=kdkjh gS tks&

(a) vtark esa gS (b) cknkeh esa gS (c) ck?k esa gS (d) ,yksjk esa gS

23. ^vk;Z lekt* ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks\

(a) ,uh cslsaV (b) jktk jke eksgu jk; (c) n;kuan ljLorh (d) foosdkuan

SSC CPO (2015)

24. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ^ikWoVhZ ,aM vu fczfV'k :y bu bafM;k* osQ ys[kd gSa\

(a) vkj-lh- nÙk (b) gsujh dkWVu (c) egkRek xkaèkh (d) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth

UPPSC (Mains), 2016

25. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl osQ igys vè;{k dkSu Fks\ (a) ,-vks- áwe (b) MCyww-lh- cuthZ (c) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

MPPSC, 1994

26. cky xaxkèkj fryd dks fdlus ^v'kkafr dk tud* dgk\ (a) ykWMZ d”kZu (b) foUlsaV fLeFk (c) osysaVkbu fpjksy (d) gsujh dkVu

UP Lower Sub (Pre), 2013; UPPSC (Mains), 2004 UPPSC (Pre), 2013

27. eksrhyky usg: vkSj lh-vkj- nkl }kjk 1923 esa xfBr ikVhZ dk uke D;k Fkk\

(a) bafMisaMsal ikVhZ (b) xnj ikVhZ (c) Lojkt ikVhZ (d) bafM;u us'kuy ikVhZ

UPPSC (Pre), 2016

28. fpVxk¡o 'kL=kkxkj ij fdlds usr`Ro esa /kok cksyk x;k\ (a) Hkxr flag (b) jktxq# (c) lq[knso (d) lw;Zlsu SSC CPO (2015)

29. ^djks ;k ejks* dk ukjk fuEufyf[kr vkanksyuksa esa ls fdlds lkFk lacafèkr gS\

(a) Lons'kh vkanksyu (b) vlg;ksx vkanksyu (c) lfou; voKk vkanksyu (d) Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu CGPSC (Pre), 2005

30. fuEufyf[kr esa fdl o"kZ caxky ds fenukiqj f”kys esa tkfr;k ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh\

(a) 1939 (b) 1940 (c) 1941 (d) 1942 UPPSC (Pre), 2017

mÙkjekyk 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (d)

66 Drishti GK

lafoèkku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa mísf'kdk

gj lafoèkku dk ,d n'kZu gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dk Hkh

,d n'kZu gS] tks tokgjyky usg: }kjk izLrqr mís'; çLrko* esa fufgr

gSA ;gh mís'; izLrko lafoèkku dh ^izLrkouk* (Preamble) dk vkèkkj

cuk vkSj blh us laiw.kZ lafoèkku ds ^n'kZu* dks ewrZ :i iznku fd;kA

mísf'kdk (izLrkouk) dks ^lafoèkku dh vkRek* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

lafoèkku lHkk ds xBu dk fopkj loZizFke okeiaFkh usrk ,e- ,u- jkW; }kjk 1934 eas j[kk x;k FkkA

lafoèkku dh mísf'kdk

mísf'kdk dks lafoèkku lHkk us 22 tuojh] 1947 dks Lohdkj

fd;k] ftls tokgjyky usg: us 13 fnlacj] 1946 dks mís';&izLrko

ds :i esa lafoèkku lHkk ds le{k is'k fd;k FkkA

izLrkouk (mísf'kdk)

ge] Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d laiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiUu] lektoknh] iaFk&fujis{k] yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; cukus ds fy;s] rFkk mlds leLr ukxfjdksa dks%

lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;]fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] èkeZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk]izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerkizkIr djkus ds fy;s]rFkk mu lcesa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk

lqfuf'pr djus okyh caèkqrk c<+kus ds fy;s

n<+ ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafoèkku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoacj] 1949 bZú (fefr&ekxZ'kh"kZ 'kqDy lIreh] laor~ nks g”kkj Ng foØeh) dks ,rn~ }kjk bl lafoèkku dks vaxhd`r] vfèkfu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA

z izLRkkouk izorZuh; ugha gS vFkkZr~ bldh O;oLFkkvksa dks ykxw djokus

ds fy;s U;k;ky; dk lgkjk ugha fy;k tk ldrkA

z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku] lafoèkku lHkk }kjk 26 uoacj] 1949 dks LohÑr]

vaxhÑr o vfèkfu;fer gqvk Fkk] tcfd 26 tuojh] 1950 ls

iw.kZ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ykxw gqvk FkkA

z lafoèkku dks 26 tuojh ds fnu ykxw djus dk fu.kZ;] Hkkjrh;

jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl ds }kjk ykgkSj vfèkos'ku (fnlacj 1929) esa dh

xbZ ?kks"k.kk rFkk 26 tuojh] 1930 ds fnu dks iw.kZ LojkT; fnol

ds :i esa euk, tkus ds dkj.k fy;k x;kA

z lafoèkku lHkk dk pquko vizR;{k fuokZpu i¼fr }kjk gqvk Fkk]

ftlesa lkekU;r% izR;sd 10 yk[k dh tula[;k ij ,d izfrfufèk

pquk x;kA

lafoèkku lHkk esa dqy 389 lhVsa (fczfV'k Hkkjr 296, ns'kh fj;klrsa 93) Fkha] ftuesa fczfV'k Hkkjr dh lhVksa esa dkWUxzsl dks 208, eqfLye yhx dks 73 o vU; NksVs nyksaa dks 15 lhVsa izkIr gqb±A 9 fnlacj] 1946 dks lafoèkku lHkk dh çFke cSBd esa 9 efgyk,¡ mifLFkr FkhaA

z lafoèkku dh fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa Jh ch-,u- jko dks laoSèkkfud

lykgdkj fu;qDr fd;k x;k rFkk fo'o ds yxHkx 60 egÙoiw.kZ ns'kksa ds lafoèkku dk vè;;u fd;k x;kA

z lafoèkku lHkk dh igyh cSBd 9 fnlacj] 1946 dks gqbZ FkhA lafoèkku

ds iQkbuy MªkÝV dks cukus esa 2 lky 11 ekg vkSj 18 fnuksa dk

le; yxk FkkA

z lafoèkku lHkk esa lafoèkku dk çFke okpu 4 ls 9 uoacj] 1948 rd] f}rh; okpu 15 uoacj] 1948 ls 17 vDrwcj] 1949 rd

rFkk r`rh; okpu 14 uoacj ls 26 uoacj 1949 rd pykA

z lafoèkku lHkk izrhd (eqgj)&gkFkh

z ,l-,u- eq[kthZ dks lafoèkku lHkk dk eq[; izk:idkj fu;qDr fd;k

x;k FkkA

z lafoèkku lHkk ds 7osa vfèkos'ku esa egkRek xkaèkh dks J¼katfy

vfiZr dh xbZA

z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ewy izfr;ksa dks ghfy;e esa j[kdj lqjf{kr

j[kk x;k gSA

z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku iw.kZr% gLrfyf[kr gSA bls Jh izse fcgkjh ukjk;.k

jk;tknk us fy[kk FkkA

z lafoèkku ds i`"Bksa (fganh laLdj.k) dks ltkus dk dk;Z 'kkafr

fudsru ds dykdkj uanyky cksl }kjk fd;k x;kA

z lafoèkku esa dqy 395 vuqPNsn] 22 Hkkx o 12 vuqlwfp;k¡ gSaA

2 Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk (Indian Polity)

110 Drishti GK

ifjp;

zHkwxksy (Geography) ,d izkphure Hkw&foKku gS vkSj bldh uhao izkjafHkd ;wukuh fo}kuksa ds dk;ks± eas fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA ‘Geographia’ 'kCn dk izFke iz;ksx ;wukuh fo}ku bjsVksLFkuh”k us rhljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa fd;k FkkA

zekfVZu cSge dks fo'o Xyksc dk fuekZrk dgk tkrk gSA

zfo'o ekufp=k dk fuekZ.kdrkZ vusXthesaMj gSA

zLVªkcks us HkkSxksfyd fo'odks'k dh jpuk dhA

zvkèkqfud Hkwxksy dk firk vysDtsaMj okWu gecksYV dks dgk tkrk gSA

z[kxksy foKku ds {ks=k esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vuqlaèkku lg;ksx ,oa vè;;u dks c<+kok nsus gsrq 1919 esa varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksyh; la?k (IAU) dk xBu fd;k x;kA bldk eq[;ky; isfjl (izQk¡l) esa gSA

czãkaM (Universe)

zczãkaM dk oSKkfud vè;;u dkWLeksykWth (Cosmology) dgykrk gSA

zxkWM ikfVZdy (fgXl ckslkWu) ls czãkaM dh mRifÙk osQ jgL;ksa dks lqy>kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

zczãkaM dh mRifr osQ fo"k; esa rhu eq[; fl¼kar gSa&

�egkfoLiQksV fl¼kar (fcx&cSax F;ksjh)& bldk izfriknu csfYt;e ds iknjh tkWtZ ySesVs;j us fd;kA egkfoLiQksV fl¼kar dks gh czãkaM dh mRifr dk ekud fl¼kar ekuk tkrk gSA

�^lkE;koLFkk fl¼kar* (Steady State Theory)–bldk izfriknu xksYM] geZu cksaMh ,oa lj iszQM gksy us fd;kA

�nksyu fl¼kar (Oscillating Universe Theory)& czãkaM ds foLrkj vkSj ladqpu ls lac¼ bl u, fl¼kar ds çorZd MkW- ,yu laMst gSaA

zczãkaM esa ik, tkus okys lHkh vkdk'kh; fiMksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u [kxksy'kkL=k (Astronomy) ds varxZr vkrk gSA

zloZizFke dkWijfudl us 16oha 'krkCnh esa ;g izfrikfnr fd;k fd lw;Z gekjs lkSjeaMy dk osaQæ gS vkSj i`Foh mldh ifjØek djrh gSA

z[kxksy'kkL=kh dsiyj us 17oha 'krkCnh esa xzgksa ds xfr lacaèkh fu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;k FkkA

3 HkwxksyGeography

z[kxksy'kkL=kh ,Mfou gCcy us crk;k fd gekjh vkdk'kxaxk ds leku czãkaM eas dbZ vkdk'kxaxk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA

vkdk'kxaxk (Galaxy)

z,d vkdk'kxaxk ds fuekZ.k dh 'kq#vkr gkbMªkstu xSl ls cus fo'kky ckny ds lap;u ls gksrh gS ftls fugkfjdk dgrs gSA

zczãkaM esa ik, tkus okys rkjksa] xzgksa] mixzgksa vkfn ds teko (iqat) dks vkdk'k xaxk dgrs gSaA

zvkdk'kxaxk eankfduh* dks lcls igys xSyhfy;ks us VsfyLdksi dh lgk;rk ls ns[kk FkkA

zczãkaM esa vkdk'kxaxk dh nh?kZ oÙkkdj (Elliptical), lfiZy (Spiral) rFkk vO;ofLFkr (Irregular) izdkj dh vkÑfr;k¡ igpkuh xbZ gSa

zgekjh vkdk'kxaxk nqXèk es[kyk@eankfduh (Milky Way) lfiZy vkÑfr dh gSA

rkjk (Star)

zrkjs czãkaM esa ik, tkus okys xSlksa osQ pednkj fiaM gksrs gSaA buesa viuk izdk'k ik;k tkrk gS ftldk lzksr ukfHkdh; lay;u gksrk gSA

zrkjksa esa lokZfèkd ek=kk gkbMªkstu xSl (70%) dh gksrh gSA blds ckn ghfy;e xSl dh ek=kk gksrh gSA

z,d fuf'pr vkÑfr esa O;ofLFkr rkjksa ds lewg dks u{k=k dgk tkrk gSA

zrkjksa dk jax mudh vk;q dk lwpd gksrk gSA tks rkjk ftruk pedhyk gksrk gS mldh vk;q mruh gh de gksrh gSA

zi`Foh ds èkzqo ij 90 fMxzh dk dks.k cukus okyk rkjk èkzqo (Pole Star) rkjk dgykrk gSA

ztc paæek] lw;Z vkSj i`Foh osQ chp vk tkrk gS rks bls lw;Zxzg.k dgk tkrk gSA ;g ?kVuk osQoy vekoL;k dks gh gksrh gSA

z•xksyh; nwfj;ksa] ;Fkk& rkjksa o u{k=kksa osQ eè; o vU; yach nwfj;ksa dks izdk'ko"kZ esa ekik tkrk gSA ,d izdk'ko"kZ izdk'k }kjk fuokZr esa ,d o"kZ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh osQ cjkcj gSA

zgekjs varfj{k esa oqQy 89 rkjkeaMy gSaA

fo'o Hkwxksy (World Geography)

Hkwxksy lkekU; Kku

147Drishti GK

z Hkkjr ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fLFkr ,d ns'k gS] ftlesa dqy 29 jkT; ,oa 7 dsanz 'kkflr izns'k gSaA ;g ,f'k;k ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa fgan egklkxj ds 'kh"kZ ij rhu vksj ls leqnz rFkk mÙkj esa fgeky; ls f?kjk gSA ;g iw.kZr% mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa vofLFkr gSA

z Hkkjr osQ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx dk v{kka'kh; foLrkj 8°4' mÙkjh v{kka'k ls 37°6' mÙkjh v{kka'k osQ eè; gSA

z Hkkjr dk ns'kkarjh; foLrkj 68°7' iwohZ ns'kkarj ls 97° 25' iwohZ ns'kkarj osQ eè; gSA

z Hkkjr dk mÙkj ls nf{k.k esa foLrkj 3,214 fdeh- rFkk iwoZ ls if'pe esa 2,933 fdeh- gSA

z Hkkjr dh LFky lhek dh yackbZ 15,106.7 fdeh- gSA blds rVh; Hkkx dh yackbZ 7516.6 fdeh- gS rFkk eq[; Hkwfe dh rVh; js[kk dh yackbZ 6100 fdeh- gSA

z Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy 32 yk[k 87 g”kkj 263 oxZ fdeh- gSA

z {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls :l] dukMk] ;w-,l-,-] phu] czk”khy rFkk vkWLVªsfy;k Øe'k% 6 cM+s ns'k gSaA Hkkjr lkrosa rFkk vts±Vhuk vkBosa LFkku ij vkrs gSaA

z fo'o dh 2.4 izfr'kr Hkwfe Hkkjr ds ikl gS tcfd fo'o dh yxHkx 17.5 izfr'kr tula[;k Hkkjr esa fuokl djrh gSA

z tula[;k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkjr phu ds ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA

z Hkkjr ds mÙkj esa usiky] HkwVku (lcls NksVk iM+kslh ns'k) o phu_ nf{k.k esa Jhyadk] ekynho ,oa fgan egklkxj_ iwoZ esa ckaXykns'k] E;k¡ekj ,oa caxky dh [kkM+h rFkk if'pe esa ikfdLrku ,oa vjc lkxj gSaA

z Hkkjr dh tyh;@leqnzh lhek ls yxs 7 ns'k&ikfdLrku] ekynho] Jhyadk] ckaXykns'k] E;k¡ekj] FkkbySaM rFkk baMksusf'k;k gSaA

z Hkkjr osQ rhu jkT;ksa dh lhek,¡ lokZfèkd rhu ns'kksa ls feyrh gSa& if'pe caxky (ckaXykns'k] usiky] HkwVku)] flfDde (usiky] phu] HkwVku) rFkk v#.kkpy izns'k (HkwVku] phu] E;k¡ekj)A

z Hkkjr dks Jhyadk ls vyx djus okyk leqnzh {ks=k eUukj dh [kkM+h (Gulf of Mannar) rFkk ikd tyMe: (Palk Strait) gSA

z ckaXykns'k] E;k¡ekj vkSj ikfdLrku Hkkjr dh ty ,oa LFky nksuksa lhek ls yxs ns'k gSaA

z Hkkjr vkSj viQxkfuLrku ds chp MwjaM js[kk gS] tks 1893 bZ- esa lj MwjaM }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ FkhA ;gh js[kk viQxkfuLrku ,oa ikfdLrku dh Hkh lhek cukrh gSA

z Hkkjr ,oa phu dh lhek dks eSdeksgu js[kk dgrs gSA ;g 1914 bZ- esa f'keyk vfHkle; ds rgr fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ FkhA

z jsMfDyiQ js[kk 1947 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds chp fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ FkhA ckaXykns'k ds vk”kkn gksus ds lkFk gh Hkkjr&ckaXykns'k lhek dks Hkh jsMfDyiQ js[kk gh dgk tkrk gSA

lhekorhZ ns'k Li'kZ djus okys Hkkjrh; jkT;

ckaXykns'k (4,096.7 fdeh-)

if'pe caxky (ckaXykns'k ls yxh lcls yach lhek okyk jkT;)] vle] es?kky;] f=kiqjk] fe”kksjeA (5 jkT;)

phu (3,488 fdeh-)

tEew vkSj d'ehj (phu ls yxh lcls yach lhek okyk jkT;) fgekpy izns'k] mÙkjk[kaM] flfDde] v#.kkpy izns'kA (5 jkT;)

ikfdLrku (3,323 fdeh-)

xqtjkr] jktLFkku (ikfdLrku ls yxh lcls yach lhek okyk jkT;) iatkc] tEew vkSj d'ehjA (4 jkT;)

usiky (1,751 fdeh-)

mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj] mÙkjk•aM] if'pe caxky] flfDdeA (5 jkT;)

E;k¡ekj (1,643 fdeh-)

v#.kkpy izns'k] ukxkySaM] fe”kksje o ef.kiqjA (4 jkT;)

HkwVku (699 fdeh-) vle (HkwVku ls yxh lcls yach lhek okyk jkT;)] flfDde] i- caxky o v#.kkpy izns'k (4 jkT;)

viQxkfuLrku (106 fdeh-)

tEew vkSj d'ehj (1 jkT;)

Hkkjr osQ pkjksa vksj vafre lhek fcanq

z nf{k.kre fcanq& bafnjk IokWbaV (xzsV fudksckj }hi)

z mÙkjh fcanq& bafnjk dkWy (tEew&d'ehj)

z if'peh fcanq& xqgkj eksrh (xqtjkr)

z iwohZ fcanq& fdfcèkq (v#.kkpy izns'k)

z eq[; Hkwfe dh n- lhek& dU;kdqekjh (rfeyukMq)

z Hkkjr izk;}hi dk nf{k.kre fcanq&dU;kdqekjh gSA bls dsi dkWeksfju uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

z ddZ js[kk Hkkjr ds yxHkx chpkschp vkB jkT;ksa& xqtjkr] jktLFkku] eè; izns'k] Nrhlx<+] >kj[kaM] if'pe caxky] f=kiqjk ,oa fe”kksje ls gksdj xq”kjrh gSA

z Hkkjr dk ekud le; (IST) bykgkckn ds fudV uSuh ls xq”kjus okyh 82½° ;k 82.5 iwohZ ns'kkarj js[kk dks ekuk x;k gS] tks xzhuohp le; (GMT) ls 5 ?kaVk 30 feuV vkxs gSA ;g 5 jkT;ksa (mÙkj izns'k] eè; izns'k] NÙkhlx<+] vksfM'kk] vkaèkz izns'k) ls gksdj xq”kjrh gSA

z Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa lfEefyr ns'k&Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] usiky ,oa HkwVku gSaA

z Hkkjr osQ nks jkT;ksa dh lhek,¡ osQoy ,d jkT; ls feyrh gSa& es?kky; vle ls rFkk flfDde if'pe caxky lsA

Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy (Indian Geography)

171Drishti GK

vFkZ'kkL= (Economics)

,d fo"k; ds :i esa vFkZ'kkL=k ds varxZr ;g vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd O;fDr] lekt vkSj ljdkj }kjk fdl rjg ls viuh izkFkfedrkvksa ds vkèkkj ij lalkèkuksa dk bLrseky viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk (Economics and the Economy)vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds chp lacaèk lkekU;r% fl¼kar vkSj

O;ogkj dk gSA tgk¡ vFkZ'kkL=k ck”kkj ds fl¼karksa] jks”kxkj vkfn dh ckr djrk gS] ogha vFkZO;oLFkk fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k dh leLr vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa dks izn£'kr djrh gSA

vr% fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k ds vuqdwy vFkZ'kkL=k ds fl¼karksa dk O;kogkfjd mi;ksx gh ml {ks=k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dgykrk gSA

vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk oxhZdj.k

vFkZO;oLFkkvksa (ns'kksa) }kjk viukbZ xbZ mRiknu iz.kkfy;ksa rFkk muesa jkT; ;k ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ds vkèkkj ij vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS&

iwathoknhvFkZO;oLFkk

zbl vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdldk mRiknu gksxk] fdruk gksxk vkSj mldh fcØh fdl dher ij gksxh] bu lHkh dk fuèkkZj.k ck”kkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ljdkj dh dksbZ vkfFkZd Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA

ziwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk 'kkL=kh; vFkZ'kkL=k dk mn~xe lzksr ,Me fLeFk dh iqLrd ^n osYFk vkWiQ us'kal* (1776) dks ekuk tkrk gSA

jkT;vFkZO;oLFkk

zbl vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu] vkiw£r vkSj dher dk iQSlyk ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks osaQæhÑr fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh dgrs gSaA

zbl izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk igyk fl¼kar teZu nk'kZfud dkyZ ekDlZ (1818–1883) us fn;k FkkA

zcksY'ksfod Økafr (1917) ds iQyLo:i lksfo;r la?k esa jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl gqvk] tgk¡ bls lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh dgrs gSaA ckn ds o"kks± esa phu rFkk iwohZ ;wjksi ds dbZ ns'kksa esa ;g vFkZO;oLFkk izpfyr gqbZA

4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk (Indian Economy)

fefJrvFkZO;oLFkk

blesa oqQN vkèkkjHkwr vkSj egÙoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dh vk£Fkd f”kEesnkjh ljdkj dh gksrh gS rFkk ckdh vk£Fkd xfrfofèk;k¡ futh {ks=k ds fy;s NksM+ nh tkrh gSaA vr% fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk] nksuksa ds y{k.k fo|eku jgrs gSaA

ztkWu esukMZ daasl us viuh iqLrd n tujy F;ksjh vkWiQ ,aIyk;esaV] baVjsLV ,aM euh* (1936) esa lq>ko fn;k fd iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vius esa lekfgr djuk pkfg;sA ,slh gh lykg 1950 ds n'kd esa vkWLdj ykat us lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks fn;k FkkA muds vuqlkj lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vPNs rÙoksa dks vius esa lekfgr djuk pfkg;sA

zHkkjr lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k ds lgvfLrRo ds dkj.k ,d fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns'k gSA

vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks=k

vFkZO;oLFkk dh vk£Fkd xfrfofèk;ksa ds vkèkkj ij bls fuEufyf[kr rhu Jssf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ftUgsa vFkZO;oLFkk dk {ks=k@{ks=kd dgrs gSa&

izkFkfed{ks=k

zog {ks=k tgk¡ izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dks dPps rkSj ij izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& Ñf"k dk;Z] mR[kuu] i'kq ikyu] eNyh ikyu bR;kfnA

zbl {ks=k dks Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ xfrfofèk;k¡ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

f}rh;d{ks=k

zog {ks=k tks izkFkfed {ks=k ds mRiknksa dks viuh xfrfofèk;ksa esa dPps eky ds :i esa mi;ksx djrk gS f}rh;d {ks=k dgykrk gSA

zbl {ks=k esa fofuekZ.k dk;Z gksrk gS ftl dkj.k bls vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

zykSg vkSj bLikr m|ksx] okgu m|ksx] oL=k m|ksx] iQfuZpj m|ksx bR;kfn blds varxZr vkrs gSaA

zblesa dq'ky Jfed dks OgkbV dkWyj tkWc* rFkk mRiknu esa izR;{k :i ls layXu Jfed dks ^Cyw dkWyj tkWc* oxZ uke ls lacaksfèkr fd;k tkrk gSA

203Drishti GK

HkkSfrd foKku] foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa nzO;] mQtkZ rFkk mudh vU;ksU; fØ;kvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

ekiu (Measurement)

fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dk ekiu ,d fuf'pr] vkèkkjHkwr ,oa ekU;rkizkIr] lanHkZ&ekud ls jkf'k dh rqyuk djuk gS rFkk bl lanHkZ ekud dks ek=kd* dgrs gSaA nSfud thou esa HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dh la[;k vR;fèkd gS] fiQj Hkh buds ekiu ds fy;s ek=kdksa dh lhfer la[;k gh vko';d gS] D;ksafd ;s jkf'k;k¡ ijLij varl±cafèkr gksrh gSA

zewy jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s iz;qDr ek=kdksa dks ewy ek=kd dgrs gSaA

zewy ek=kdksa ds la;kstu ls izkIr O;qRiUu jkf'k;ksa ds ek=kd dks ^O;qRiUu ek=kd* dgrs gSaA

zorZeku esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU; iz.kkyh flLVe baVjus'kuy fM ;wfuV~l* gS] ftls ladsrk{kj esa SI fy[kk tkrk gSA SI esa lkr ewy ek=kd gSaA

zSI ls iwoZ rhu iz.kkfy;k¡ ekiu ds fy;s mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh Fkha&

�CGS iz.kkyh esa lsaVhehVj] xzke] lsdsaMA

�FPS iz.kkyh esa iqQV] ikmaM] lsdsaMA

�MKS iz.kkyh esa ehVj] fdyksxzke] lsdsaMA

ewy jkf'k ek=kd izrhd

yackbZ ehVj m

nzO;eku fdyksxzke kg

le; lsdsaM s

fo|qr èkkjk ,aih;j A

Å"ek xfrd rki dsfYou K

inkFkZ dh ek=kk eksy mol

T;ksfr&rhozrk dSaMsyk cd

zizdk'k dh fuokZr esa pky 3 × 108 ehVj@ls- gksrh gSA lw;Z ls èkjrh rd igq¡pus esa izdk'k dks yxHkx 8 feuV 20 lsdsaM yxrs gSaA

zizdk'k o"kZ] fuokZr esa izdk'k }kjk 1 o"kZ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh (9.46 × 1015 ehVj) gksrh gSA bls ,d izdk'k o"kZ dgrs gSaA

zikjlsd dk mi;ksx vR;fèkd yach [kxksyh; nwjh dks O;Dr djus

esa fd;k tkrk gSA

zvR;fèkd de nwjh dks ekius ds fy;s uSuksehVj dk mi;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSA ,d uSuksehVj esa 1 × 10&9 ehVj gksrk gSA

dqN vU; ekiu dh bZdkbZ

HkkSfrd jkf'k ekiu dh bdkbZ

nkc ikLdy (Pa)

èofu dh izcyrk Mslhcy (db)

izdk'k dh rjaxnSè;Z ,saXlVªke (Å)

ukSlapkyu esa nwjh ukWfVdy ehy (NM)

Å"ek dSyksjh (Cal)

fo|qr foHkokarj oksYV (v)

rkieku lsfYl;l (°C)

vko`fÙk gV~tZ (Hz)

ty dk cgko D;wlsd (Cusec)

vkstksu ijr dh eksVkbZ MkWClu bdkbZ (Du)

T;ksfr ÝyDl Y;wesu (lm)

pqacdh; izsj.k ({ks=k) VsLyk (T)

lery dks.k jsfM;u (rad)

?ku dks.k LVsjsfM;u (Sr)

foeh; lw= ,oa foeh; lehdj.k

fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dk foeh; lw=k og O;atd gS] tks ;g n'kkZrk

gS fd fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k esa fdl ewy jkf'k dh fdruh foek,¡ gSaA

foekvksa }kjk gh fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dh izÑfr dh O;k[;k dh tkrh

gSA yackbZ dh foek dks [L], le; dh [T] rFkk nzO;eku dh foek dks

[M] ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA

tc fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dks ewy jkf'k;ksa vkSj mudh foekvksa ds

:i esa fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS rks bls ml jkf'k dk foeh; lehdj.k

dgrs gSaA

5 lkekU; foKku(General Science)

HkkSfrdh (Physics)

235Drishti GK

foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlds varxZr inkFkZ ds xq.kksa] mlds la?kVu vkSj mlesa mifLFkr ijek.kqvksa dh lajpuk ds vè;;u ds lkFk&lkFk inkFkZ dh voLFkk esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] mls ^jlk;u foKku* (Chemistry) dgrs gSaA

ysoksft;j (Lavoisier) dks vkèkqfud jlk;u foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA

nzO; (Matter)

;g og oLrq gS] ftldk vk;ru gksrk gS] LFkku ?ksjrh gS] tM+Ro dk xq.k iznf'kZr djrh gS] mQtkZ yxkdj bldh voLFkk esa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA nzO; ds fofHkUu Lo:i dks ^inkFkZ* dgrs gSaA inkFkZ dk fuf'pr xq.k ,oa la?kVu gksrk gSA mnkgj.k& feV~Vh] ekse] pwuk] nwèk] vkWDlhtu vkfnA

izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud egf"kZ d.kkn us crk;k fd izR;sd inkFkZ vfrlw{e vfoHkkT; d.kksa ls cus gSa] ftls mUgksaus ^ijek.kq* dgkA ,d vU; Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud idqèkk dkPpk;u (Pakudha Kaccayana) us ;g crk;k fd ;g d.k la;qDr gksdj nzO; ds fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa dks iznku djrs gSaA

nzO; dh voLFkk,¡ (States of Matter)eq[;r% nzO; (inkFkZ) dh rhu voLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa& Bksl] nzo

rFkk xSlA

BkslvoLFkk(Solid State)bl voLFkk esa ikbZ tkus okyh oLrqvksa dk ,d fuf'pr vkdkj]

Li"V lhekvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,d fuf'pr vk;ru gksrk gSA Bksl oLrqvksa esa n`<+rk dk xq.k ik;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ cy yxkus ij ;s VwV ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k& yksgk] iRFkj] fdrkc] lwbZ bR;kfnA

nzovoLFkk(Fluid State)inkFkZ dh og voLFkk ftldk vkdkj vfuf'pr] ijarq vk;ru

fuf'pr gksrk gSA mnkgj.kµ 'khry is;] nwèk] bR;kfnA

xSlh;voLFkk(Gaseous State)inkFkZ dh og voLFkk ftlesa inkFkZ ds vk;ru ,oa vkdkj nksuksa

vfuf'pr gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ gkbMªkstu] ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu] ghfy;e xSl bR;kfnA

vktdy oSKkfud inkFkZ dh ik¡p voLFkkvksa dks Lohdkj dj jgsa gSA cksl&vkbaLVhu daMulsV] Bksl] nzo] xSl vkSj IykTekAz IykTEkk (Plasma): ;g inkFkZ dh pkSFkh voLFkk ekuh tkrh gSA blesa inkFkZ ds bysDVªkWu fdlh fuf'pr ijek.kq ls c¡èks gksus ctk; Lora=k voLFkk esa xfr'khy jgrs gSaA inkFkZ dh bl voLFkk esa inkFkZ ds ijek.kq vR;fèkd mÙksftr gksdj vk;uhÑr xSl

dh voLFkk esa igq¡p tkrs gSa vkSj izdk'k mQtkZ dk mRltZu djus yxrs gSaA xSl ds LoHkko ds dkj.k bl Iyk”ek esa fo'ks"k jax dh ped gksrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ÝyksjslsaV V~;wc ds vanj ghfy;e xSl fo|qr mQtkZ ds izokg ls vk;uhÑr gks tkrh gS vkSj izdk'k mRiUu djus yxrh gSA lw;Z vkSj rkjksa esa izdk'k dk dkj.k Iyk”ek gh gSA

z cksl vkbaLVhu daMulsV% vR;ar de ?kuRo okyh fdlh xSl dks cgqr de rkieku rd BaMk djus ij bl voLFkk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl voLFkk dk uke Hkkjrh; oSKkfud lR;sanzukFk cksl vkSj vYcVZ vkbaLVhu ds uke ij ^cksl&vkbaLVhu daMulsV* j[kk x;k gSA

inkFkZ dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu (Changes in State of Matter)

,d gh inkFkZ rhuksa HkkSfrd voLFkkvksa esa jg ldrk gSA

Bksl voLFkkmQ"ek

'khryrknzo voLFkk

xSlh; voLFkk

mQ"ek'khryrk

rÙo (Element)zizQk¡l ds jlk;uK ,aVksuh ykWjsaV ysosft;j us lcls igys rÙo dh

ifjHkk"kk dks iz;ksxkRed :i ls izekf.kr fd;kA

zrÙo inkFkZ dk og ewy :i gS] ftls jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k }kjk vU; ljy inkFkks± esa foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

èkkrq (Metal)z;s pedhyh rFkk rki vkSj fo|qr dh lqpkyd gksrh gSA

z;s rU; gksrh gSa] budks rkj ds :i esa [khapk tk ldrk gSA

zèkkrqvksa esa vk?kkr oèkZuh;rk (Malleability) dk xq.k ik;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kµ lksuk (Au)] pkanh (Ag)] rkack (Cu)] yksgk (Fe)] lksfM;e (Na)] iksVSf'k;e (K) bR;kfnA

zikjk (Hg) lkekU; rki ij nzo voLFkk esa ikbZ tkus okyh èkkrq gSA

vèkkrq (Non-metal)vèkkrq,¡ fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa esa ls fdlh ,d xq.k vFkok lHkh dks

izn£'kr djrh gSaA

z;s fofHkUu jaxkas dh gksrh gSa rFkk ;s rki vkSj fo|qr dh dqpkyd gksrh gSaA

z;s pedhyh vkSj vk?kkroè;Z ugha gksrh gSaA mnkgj.kµ gkbMªkstu (H2)] vkWDlhtu (O2)] vk;ksMhu (I2)] dkcZu (C) bR;kfnA

jlk;u foKku (Chemistry)

lkekU; foKku

256

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Drishti GK

tSfod leqnk; dk oxhZdj.k

tSo leqnk; ds vè;;u ds fy;s gesa thoèkkfj;ksa dks dqN lewgksa esa oxhZÑr djuk iM+rk gS rkfd leku xq.kksa ,oa lajpuk okys thoksa dk vè;;u ,d lkFk fd;k tk ldsA

tho foKku ds lqO;ofLFkr ,oa Øec¼ fodkl esa vjLrw ds egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa ^tho foKku dk firk* dgk tkrk gSA

thoksa ds vkèkqfud oxhZdj.k dh 'kq#vkr oSQjksyl yhfu;l (Carolus Linnaeus) d s f}txr&fl¼k ar (Two Kingdom Classification) ls gksrh gSA mUgksaus thoksa dks tarq txr (Kingdom-Animal) vkSj ikni txr (Kingdom-Plantae) esa ck¡VkA blhfy;s yhfu;l dks ofxZdh dk firk (Father of Taxonomy) dgk tkrk gSA yhfu;l us gh thoksa ds ukedj.k dh f}uke i¼fr fodflr dh Fkh] ftlds varxZr izR;sd tho ds uke ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igyk Hkkx mlds oa'k (Genera) dk |ksrd gksrk gS tcfd nwljk mldh tkfr (Species) dkA tSls ekuo dk oSKkfud uke gkseks lsfi;al gS tgk¡ gkseks (Homo) oa'k gS] tcfd lsfi;al (Sapiens) tkfrA

vkèkqfud tho foKku esa lokZfèkd ekU;rk fOgVsdj (R.H. Whittaker) ds ^ik¡p txr oxhZdj.k* dks nh tkrh gSA mUgksaus thoksa dks txr (Kingdom) uked ik¡p cM+s oxks± esa ck¡VkA ;s ik¡p txr gSa&

1- eksusjk 2- izksfVLVk 3- dod 4- ikni 5- tarq

eksusjk (Monera);g ,ddksf'kdh; izksdSfj;ksfVd thoksa dk lewg gS vFkkZr~ buesa

u rks laxfBr dsanzd gksrk gS vkSj u gh fodflr dksf'kdkax gksrs gSaA buesa ls dqN esa dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk oqQN esa ughaA iks"k.k ds Lrj ij ;s Loiks"kh vFkok fo"keiks"kh nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.kkFkZ% thok.kq ;Fkk uhy gfjr 'kSoky vFkok lk;uks cSDVhfj;k] ekbdksIyk”ek vkfnA

izksfVLVk (Protista)buesa ,ddksf'kdh; ;wdSfj;ksfVd tho vkrs gSaA gkyk¡fd dHkh&dHkh

;s cgqdksf'kdh; Hkh gksrs gSa] ;Fkk&osQYi ;k leqæh ?kklA izksfVLVk txr ikni] tarq ,oa dod txr osQ chp dM+h dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl oxZ ds dqN thoksa esa xeu ds fy;s lhfy;k] ÝyStsyk uked lajpuk,¡ Hkh ikbZ tkrh gaSA ;s Loiks"kh vkSj fo"keiks"kh nksuksa rjg ds gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ&,ddksf'kdh; 'kSoky] Mk;Ve] izksVkstksvk] ;wXyhuk] iSjkehf'k;e] Dyksjsyk] vehck vkfn blh txr ds lnL; gSaA

dod (Fungi);s fo"keiks"kh ;wdSfj;ksfVd tho gSaA ;s iks"k.k ds fy;s lM+s&xys

dkcZfud inkFkks± ij fuHkZj jgrs gSa] vr% bUgsa e`rthoh Hkh dg fn;k

tho foKku (Biology)

tkrk gSA buesa ls dbZ vius thou dh ,d fo'ks"k voLFkk esa cgqdksf'kdh; {kerk izkIr dj ysrs gSaA bu dodksa esa dkbfVu (Chitin) uked tfVy 'kdZjk dh cuh gqbZ dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA ;hLV] isalhfy;e] e'k:e vkfn blh txr ds lnL; gSaA

lw{etho(Microorganism)

lajpuk osQ vkèkkj ij lw{e thoksa dk oxhZdj.k&

lclsyqyj (Subcellular)z bl izdkj ds lajpuk esa DNA ;k RNA ,d izksVhu vkoj.k }kjk f?kjk gqvk gksrk gSA tSls&fo"kk.kq (Viruses)A fo"kk.kq lw{e vkdkj ds gksrs gS ijarq ;s viuk iks"k.k Lo;a ugha djrsA blds fy;s bUgsa ijiks"kh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;s thok.kq] ikSèkksa ,oa thoksa es xq.ku dj o`f¼ dj ldrs gSaA bUgsa futhZo ,oa ltho ds chp dh dM+h Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ok;jl dh [kkst :lh oSKkfud nfe=kh bokufoLdh us 1892 esa rackowQ esa ekStsd jksx dh [kkst ds nkSjku dh FkhAoqQN lkekU; jksx tSls& tqdke] Ýyw] [kk¡lh vkfn fo"kk.kqvksa ds }kjk gksrs gSA iksfy;ks vkSj [kljk tSlh [krjukd chekfj;k¡ Hkh ok;jl ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA

izksoSQfj;ksfVd (Prokaryotic)z budh dksf'kdk lajpuk lkèkkj.k gksrh gS ftlesa osaQæd ,oa mikax

(Organelles) mifLFkr ugha gksrs tSls fd& thok.kq (Bacteria)A ;g izksdSfj;kfVd ,d dks'kdh; ljy tho gSA ;s eksusjk txr ds vanj oxhÑr fd;s x, gSaA dqN cSDVhfj;k] tSls& ukWLVkWd ,oa ,ukfcuk i;kZoj.k ds ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k dj ldrs gSaA ;s ukbVªkstu] iQkWLiQksjl] vk;ju ,oa lYiQj tSls iks"kdksa ds iqupZØ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

z ;woSQfj;ksfVd (Eukaryotic): budh dksf'kdk lajpuk tfVy gksrh gS ftlesa osaQæd ,oa fo'ks"kho`Qr mikax mifLFkr gksrs gSa] tSls fd& izksVkstksvk] dod] 'kSoky vkfnA vfèkdka'k dod ijiksf"kr erthoh gksrs gSaA buesa tuu dkf;d [kaMu] fo[kaMu rFkk eqdqyu }kjk gksrk gSA budk mi;ksx czsM] ch;j bR;kfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA dqN dod ekuo LokLF; ds fy;s gkfudkjd gSaA xatkiu] nek ,oa nkn&[kkt dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k dod gSA blds vykok iQlyksa ds dbZ jksx dod }kjk iSQyrs gSa tSls xsgw¡ dk jLV jksxA [kehj vkSj e'k:e Hkh dod gSaA lHkh izksVkstksvk ijiks"kh gksrs gSa vkSj izk;% ijthoh ds :i esa vU; thoksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA fVªiSukslksek uked funzk jksx dk dkj.k Hkh izksVkstksvk gh gSaA lkFk gh eysfj;k] isfpl tSls jksx Hkh izksVkstksvk ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA

lnhZ&tqdke rFkk Ýyw esa ,aVhck;ksfVd nok,¡ izHkko'kkyh ugha gksrha D;ksafd ;s jksx fo"kk.kqvksa }kjk iSQyrs gaSA

295Drishti GK

fo'o ds vkjafHkd varfj{k dk;ZØeizkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa vesfjdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k ds chp izfrLièkkZ

ds dkj.k f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh dk rsth ls fodkl gqvkA

z Liwrfud& 1 ekuo fu£er igyk mixzg Fkk] ftls lksfo;r la?k (USSR) }kjk 4 vDrwcj] 1957 dks ykWUp fd;k x;kA

z o"kZ 1958 esa ,DlIyksjj&1 i`Foh dh d{kk esa izos'k djus okyk igyk vesfjdh mixzg FkkA

z i`Foh dh d{kk esa tkus okys igys O;fDr ;wjh xkxfju Fks] ftUgksaus 12 vizSy] 1961 dks i`Foh dh d{kk esa izos'k fd;k vkSj Lisl esa 108 feuV O;rhr fd;sA

z 20 tqykbZ] 1969 dks viksyks&11 ds varfj{k ;k=kh uhy vkeZLVªkax (Neil Armstrong) panzek dh lrg ij dne j[kus okys izFke O;fDr cusA

z lY;wr&1] lksfo;r la?k }kjk o"kZ 1971 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k igyk Lisl LVs'ku FkkA

z vizSy 1981 esa igyk Lisl 'kVy dksyafc;k ;k STS–1 uklk }kjk ykWUp fd;k x;k] tks iqu% mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

z 20 iQjojh] 1986 dks :l us ^ehj* Lisl LVs'ku dk dksj ekWM~;wy ykWUp fd;k] ftldk fuekZ.k vxys nl o"kks± esa iw.kZ dj fy;k x;kA

z baVjus'kuy Lisl LVs'ku ISS dk fuekZ.k dk;Z 1998 esa 'kq: gqvkA ;g ;w-,l-,- dh uklk (NASA)] :l dh jkWLdkWLekWl (Roscosmos), tkiku dh tkDlk (Jaxa), ;wjksi bZ-,l-,- (ESA) rFkk dukMk dh lh-,l-,- (CSA) dh ,d la;qDr ifj;kstuk gSA

Hkkjr dk varfj{k dk;ZØe

z o"kZ 1954 esa xfBr ijek.kq mQtkZ foHkkx dh ns[k&js[k esa o"kZ 1962 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku lfefr* dk xBu fd;k x;kA

z dsjy esa Fkaqck bDosVksfj;y jkWdsV ykWfUpax LVs'ku* LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

z uoacj 1963 esa ns'k esa igyk lkmafMax jkWdsV ^ukbd vikps* Fkaqck jkWdsV iz{ksi.k LFky ls iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA

z o"kZ 1969 esa ^Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu* (ISRO) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

z o"kZ 1972 esa varfj{k vk;ksx rFkk varfj{k foHkkx xfBr dj bljks dks varfj{k foHkkx ds vèkhu dj fn;k x;kA

z fr#ouariqje~ fLFkr lsaV esjh eSdMsysu ppZ] Hkkjrh; varfj{k dk;ZØe ds vkjafHkd fnuksa esa eq[; vkWfiQl FkkA

varfj{k foHkkx (Space Department)bldk eq[; mís'; varfj{k foKku ds vuqlaèkku vkSj xzgh; vUos"k.k

dks tkjh j[krs gq, jk"Vª ds fodkl esa varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh dks yxkrkj mUur cukuk gSA varfj{k foHkkx] bljks rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls bu mís';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq dk;Z djrk gSA

varfj{k foHkkx dh izeq[k ,tsafl;k¡%

,tsalh mís';

HkkSfrd vuqlaèkku iz;ksx'kkyk (PRL)

vgenkckn (xqtjkr)

izk;ksfxd ,oa lS¼kafrd HkkSfrd foKku] [kxksy foKku] i`Foh vU; xzgksa rFkk ok;qeaMy foKku ds {ks=k esa cqfu;knh vuqlaèkku esa layXu laLFkkuA

lsehdaMDVj iz;k sx'kkyk (SCL)

(eksgkyh) iatkc

ekbØk sby sDV ª k W fuDl ds {k s = k e s a vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus gsrq iz;kljr laLFkkuA

6 foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh(Science and Technology)

varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh (Space Technology)

309

daI;wVj (Computer)daI;wVj ,d ,slk bysDVªkWfud midj.k gS] tks buiqV ds :i esa

MkVk xzg.k djrk gS vkSj mls izkslsl djds lkFkZd (vFkZiw.kZ) lwpukvksa ds :i esa iznf'kZr (Output) djrk gSA

dk;Z (Function)MkVk buiqV] MkVk izkslsflax] MkVk lap;u rFkk MkVk fuxZeu dk

dk;Z daI;wVj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

Input Processing

Storage

Output

daI;wVj flLVe (Computer System);g midj.kksa dk lewg gS] tks daI;wVj ds lqpk: lapkyu ds

fy;s vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSaA

daI;wVj flLVe ds eq[; vo;o

buiqV ;wfuV ;g mi;ksxdrkZ dks izkslsflax ds fy;s MkVk ;k lwpuk dks izkslsflax ;wfuV dks iznku djus esa l{ke cukrk gS

izkslsflax ;wfuV buiqV ;wfuV ls izkIr MkVk dks mi;ksxh lwpuk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA

vkmViqV ;wfuV ;g izkslsl MkVk mi;ksxdrkZ dks miyCèk djkrk gSA

LVksjst ;wfuV ;g MkVk] izksxzke rFkk lwpukvksa dks LVksj djrk gSA

daI;wVj ls lacafèkr 'kCnz MkVk (Data): vO;ofLFkr vk¡dM+k ;k rF; MkVk dgykrk gSA tc MkVk dsoy vadksa esa gksrk gS rc ;g la[;kRed (Numeric) MkVk rFkk tc vadksa] v{kjksa rFkk fpÉksa ds :i esa gksrk gS rc ;g ^vYiQkU;wesfjd (Alphanumeric) MkVk* dgykrk gSAz lwpuk (Information): ;g izkslsflax ds ckn O;ofLFkr mi;ksxh MkVk gksrk gSAz funsZ'k (Instruction): mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk daI;wVj dks fn;s x, dekaM] ^funsZ'k* dgykrs gSaAz izksxzke (Programme): fdlh dk;Z ds fy;s daI;wVj dks fn;s tkus okys funsZ'kksa ds lewg ^izksxzke* dgykrs gSaA

daI;wVj dk fodkl (Evolution of Computer)z o"kZ 1642: izFke x.kuk djus okyh e'khu ikLdykbu (Pascaline)dk fodkl Úk¡lhlh oSKkfud Cyst ikLdy }kjk fd;k x;kA

z vaxzst xf.krK pkYlZ cScst us ok"i pkfyr x.kuk djus okyh e'khu fo'ys"k.kkRed (Analytical) batu dk fodkl fd;kA

� pkYlZ cScst dks daI;wVj dk tUenkrk ekuk tkrk gSA

� pkYlZ cScst }kjk gh fMiQjsal batu (Difference engine) dk fodkl fd;k x;k FkkA

z o"kZ 1890: gjeu gkWysfjFk }kjk ^iapdkMZ* cuk;k x;k] ftlesa x.kuk ls lacafèkr tkudkjh dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

z o"kZ 1936: ,yu V~;wfjax }kjk ^V~;wfjax e'khu* dk fodklA vkèkqfud daI;wVj dh ewy voèkkj.kk blh ij vkèkkfjr gSA ,yu V~;wfjax dks vkèkqfud daI;wVj dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA

z o"kZ 1944: Lopkfyr vuqØe fu;af=kr dSydqysVj ekdZ&I cudj rS;kj gqvkA

z o"kZ&1945% esa xf.krK tkWu okWu U;weSu }kjk igyh ckj LVksMZ izksxzke dh voèkkj.kk izLrqr dh xbZA U;weSu us gh ckbZujh uacj flLVe rFkk daI;wVj vkfdZVsDpj dh voèkkj.kk Hkh nh FkhA

z o"kZ 1946: bysDVªkWfud U;wesfjdy baVhxzsVj ,aM dSyoqQysVj (ENIAC) dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ;g igyk bysDVªkWfud daI;wVj Fkk] tks lkekU; mn~ns';ksa gsrq iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

z o"kZ 1947 : csy yscksjsVjh (Bell Laboratories) }kjk VªkaftLVj dk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA blus daI;wVj esa yxus okys oSD;we V~;wc dks izfrLFkkfir fd;kA

z o"kZ 1951: UNIVAC–I (Universal Automatic Computer) dk fuekZ.k iwjk gqvkA bls Eckert - Mauchly Computer Corporation }kjk fMtkbu fd;k x;k FkkA ;g igyk okf.kfT;d (Commercial) daI;wVj FkkA bldk mi;ksx ;w-,l- izslhMsaV bysD'ku ifj.kkeksa ds iwokZuqeku rFkk tux.kuk esa fd;k x;k FkkA

z o"kZ 1950 : ds n'kd esa FORTRAN Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA

z o"kZ 1958 : tSd fdYch (Jack Kilby) rFkk jkWcVZ ukW,l (Robert Noyce) us baVhxzsVsM lfdZV ;k daI;wVj fpi dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA baVhxzsVsM lfdZV (IC) flfydkWu dk cuk gqvk VªkaftLVjksa dk lewg gksrk gSA

z fofy;e baxfy'k us igys ekml dk izksVksVkbi rS;kj fd;kA

7 daI;wVj(Computer)

321Drishti GK 321

la;qDr jk"Vª (United Nations)

z f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ls iSQyh v'kkafr o eanh ds iQyLo:i fo'o esa

'kkafr dh LFkkiuk gsrq 26 twu] 1945 dks lSu izQkaflLdks lEesyu*

esa la;qDr jk"Vª (UN) ds xBu dk izLrko ikfjr gqvk] tks 24 vDrwcj] 1945 dks ykxw gqvkA blfy;s 24 vDrwcj izfro"kZ la;qDr

jk"Vª fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA

z la;qDr jk"Vª vFkok ;wukbVsM us'ku dk uke rRdkyhu vesfjdh

jk"Vªifr izSaQdfyu Mh- :tosYV us j[kk FkkA

z la;qDr jk"Vª ds laLFkkid lnL; ns'kksa dh la[;k 51 FkhA 26 twu] 1945 dks vfèkdkj&i=k ij fliZQ 50 jk"Vªksa ds izfrfufèk;ksa us

gLrk{kj fd;s FksA iksySaM 15 vDrwcj] 1945 dks bl ij gLrk{kj

dj 51ok¡ laLFkkid lnL; cukA

z orZeku esa 193 ns'k la;qDr jk"Vª ds lnL; gSaA 193ok¡ ns'k nf{k.kh lwMku gSA iz'kkar egklkxj ds ,d NksVs ls }hi rqokyw dks 189osa] fLoV~”kjySaM dks 190osa] iwohZ freksj dks 191osa rFkk eksaVhfuxzks dks

192osa lnL; ns'k ds :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh xbZA

z la;qDr jk"Vª dk eq[;ky; U;w;kWoZQ esa gSA bldk Hkou 17 ,dM+

”kehu ij cuk gS] tks tkWu Mh- jkWdisQyj twfu;j us nku esa nh

FkhA ;gha bldk lfpoky; Hkh fLFkr gSA

z orZeku esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh vkfèkdkfjd (ekU;rk izkIr) vkSj

dk;Zdkjh Hkk"kk,¡ µ vaxzs”kh] izsaQp] phuh] vjch] :lh rFkk Lisfu'k

gaSA ¯drq 'kq#vkr esa bldh dk;Zdkjh Hkk"kk,¡ fliZQ vaxzs”kh vkSj

izsaQp FkhaA

z la;qDr jk"Vª dk èot% gYdh uhyh i`"BHkwfe ij 'osr jax ls la;qDr

jk"Vª dk izrhd (tSrwu dh nks oØkdkj 'kk[kk,¡] tks Åij ls [kqyh

gSa rFkk muds chp fo'o dk ekufp=k cuk gS)A

z U;w;kWdZ fLFkr la;qDr jk"Vª dk eq[;ky; 1952 esa cudj rS;kj

gqvkA bldh egklHkk dh izFke cSBdj vDrwcj 1952 esa vk;ksftr

dh xbZA

z la;qDr jk"Vª dh lnL;rk ds fy;s fu.kZ;] lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds ik¡p

LFkk;h lnL;ksa (vesfjdk] :l] phu] fczVsu] izQk¡l) dh lgefr vkSj

egklHkk ds nks&frgkbZ cgqer ds vkèkkj ij fy;k tkrk gSA

la;qDr jk"Vª ds egklfpo

uke ns'k dk;Zdky

fVªXos yh ukWosZ 1946-1952 (Lo;a bLrhiQk fn;k)

MSx gSej'kksYM LohMsu 1953-1961 (gokbZ nq?kZVuk esa eR;q)

;w FkkaV E;k¡ekj 1961-1971

oqQrZ okYnhghe vkWfLVª;k 1972-1981

tsfo;j isjst n oqQb;kj

is: 1982-1991

cqrjl cqrjl ?kkyh

felz 1992-1996

dksiQh vUuku ?kkuk 1997-2006

cku dh ewu nf{k.k dksfj;k tuojh 2007 ls fnlacj 2016

,aVksfu;ks xqVsjsl iqrZxky tuojh 2017 ls vc rd

z la;qDr jk"Vª ds 6 çeq[k vax gSaµ

1. egklHkk (General Assembly)

2. lqj{kk ifj"kn~ (Security Council)

3. vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~ (Economic and Social Council)

4. izU;kl ifj"kn~ (Trusteeship Council)

5. varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; (International Court of Justice)

6. lfpoky; (Secretariat)

varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; dk eq[;ky; uhnjySaM ds ^n gsx* esa fLFkr gS] tcfd vU; lHkh vaxksa ds eq[;ky; U;w;kWoZQ esa gSaA

egklHkk

z ;g la;qDr jk"Vª dh O;oLFkkfidk lHkk gSA blesa lHkh lnL; jk"Vªksa ds izfrfufèk lfEefyr gSaA blfy;s bls fo'o dh y?kq laln Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

z izR;sd lnL; ns'k blesa vfèkdre 5 izfrfufèk Hkst ldrk gS]

8 varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu(International Organization)

327Drishti GK

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= (Ecosystem)thoksa dk leqnk; vkSj lkFk gh og i;kZoj.k ftlesa os fuokl

djrs gSa] îkfjfLFkfrdh ra=k* vFkok îkfjra=k (bdksflLVe)* dgykrk gSA ;g ,d [kqyk ra=k gSA ikfjra=k dk vkdkj ,d NksVs rkykc ls ysdj ,d fo'kky egklkxj rd gks ldrk gSA lkeqfnzd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k i`Foh dk lcls cM+k o LFkk;h ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh (Ecology): thoksa ds vkilh lacaèkksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp muds lacaèkks a dk oSKkfud vè;;u îkfjfLFkfrdh* (bdksykWth) dgykrk gSA bl 'kCn ds çFke ç;ksxdrkZ ^vusZLV gsdsy* FksA

i;kZoj.k (Environment)% i;kZoj.k ,d xfr'khy izkÑfrd bdkbZ gS] ftlesa tSfod rFkk vtSfod ?kVd ijLij var% fØ;k dj varl±cafèkr gksrs gSaA fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5 twu dks euk;k tkrk gSA

tSfod leqnk; (Biotic Community)% fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa ds leqnk;] tks ,d gh {ks=k esa jgrs gSa rFkk ,d&nwljs ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrs gSa] tSfod leqnk;* dgykrs gSaA fdlh Hkh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk fodkl tSfod ?kVdksa (mRiknd] miHkksDrk] vi?kVd) ds lkFk vtSfod ?kVdksa (LFkyeaMy] tyeaMy] ok;qeaMy) ds varl±caèkksa ls gksrk gSA

ck;kse (Biome)% lHkh ikSèks rFkk tarq i;kZoj.k ls la;qDr fØ;k vkSj izfrfØ;k }kjk ijLij lacafèkr gSaA ,d {ks=k esa vusd leqnk;ksa dk ;g tky gh ^ck;kse* dgykrk gSA ck;kse ,d ^tSfod dfVcaèk* gksrk gSA

tSoeaMy (Biosphere)% ck;kse ds lewg dks tSoeaMy* dgrs gSa] tks tSfod vkSj vtSfod leqnk;ksa ds chp varl±caèkksa ls fufeZr o`gn~ ,oa tfVy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k gSA ;g i`Foh ds rhu vtSo ifjeaMyksa] ;Fkk&LFkyeaMy] ok;qeaMy rFkk tyeaMy ds feyu LFky ij gksrk gS] tgk¡ thou dk dksbZ&u&dksbZ va'k ekStwn gksrk gSA

fudsr(Niche),d çtkfr dks thus ds fy;s ftu tSfod] HkkSfrd ;k jklk;fud

dkjdksa dh ”k:jr gksrh gS] mu lcdks lfEefyr :i ls fudsr dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fudsr ,slk LFkku gS] tgk¡ fdlh iztkfr ds vfLrRo ds fy;s vko';d i;kZoj.kh; n'kk,¡ lqyHk gksaA lkekU;r% nks fHkUu iztkfr;ksa dk fudsr ,d leku ugha gksrkA

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds ?kVd

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds eq[; :i ls rhu ?kVd gksrs gSa& vtSfod ?kVd] tSfod ?kVd vkSj ÅtkZ la?kVdA ikfjfLFkfrdh fudk; esa mQtkZ dk izkFkfed lzksr lkSj mQtkZ gSA

vtSfod ?kVd

blds varxZr ,sls futhZo inkFkZ vkrs gSa] tks thoksa dks fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa çHkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s& e`nk] ok;q] ty] dkcZfud vkSj vdkcZfud inkFkZ vkfnA

tSfod ?kVd

blds varxZr eq[; :i ls ikSèks] tarq ,oa lw{e thoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] tks Øe'k% Loiks"kh (mRiknd)] ijiks"kh (miHkksDrk) ,oa e`riks"kh (vi?kVd) dgykrs gSaA

Loiks"kh(Autotrophs)

blds varxZr eq[;r% gjs ikSèks] 'kSoky (Algae) o dqN cSDVhfj;k vkrs gSaA ;s eq[;r% çdk'k &la'ys"k.k (cSDVhfj;k }kjk jlk;u la'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS) }kjk dkcksZgkbMªsV dk la'ys"k.k djrs gSa] tks buds lkFk&lkFk vU; thoksa ds fy;s Hkh Hkkstu dk eq[; lzksr gksrk gSA blfy;s bUgsa ^mRiknd* dgk tkrk gS vkSj çFke iks"k.k Lrj (First Trophic Level) ds varxZr j[kk tkrk gSA

ijiks"kh(Heterotrophs)blds varxZr os tho vkrs gSa] tks vius Hkkstu ds fy;s ikSèkksa]

tarqvksa ;k nksukas ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA Hkkstu ds lzksr ds vkèkkj ij bUgsa ge 'kkdkgkjh (Herbivores)] ek¡lkgkjh (Carnivores) vkSj lokZgkjh (Omnivores) oxks± esa ck¡V ldrs gSaA

'kkdkgkjh

;s viuk Hkkstu eq[;r% ikSèkksa ls çkIr djrs gSaA blfy;s ;s ^çkFkfed miHkksDrk* dgykrs gSa] fdarq iks"k.k Lrj esa ;s f}rh;d Lrj ij gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s tarq Iyod (”kwIySaDVu)] xk; bR;kfnA

ek¡lkgkjh

ek¡lkgkfj;ksa dks nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& ,d os tks 'kkdkgkjh tarqvksa dks [kkrs gSa vkSj nwljs os tks 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ek¡lkgkjh nksuksa rjg ds thoksa dks [kkrs gSaA igys oxZ esa ge yksefM+;ksa] if{k;ksa vkfn dks j[k ldrs gSaA ;s ^f}rh;d miHkksDrk* dgykrs gSa vkSj iks"k.k Lrj esa

9 i;kZoj.kEnvironment

342 Drishti GK

Hkkjr esa Ïf"k

Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k izèkku ns'k gSA ;gk¡ dh 50 izfr'kr ls vfèkd vkcknh izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls Ñf"k ls viuh vkthfodk izkIr djrh gSA

z 1950–51 esa Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku tgk¡ 52 izfr'kr Fkk] ogha 2017–18 ds vkfFkZd losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj Ñf"k ,oa lacafèkr {ks=k dk ;ksxnku 17 izfr'kr ds djhc jg x;k gSA

z Hkkjr esa dqy Hkwfe ds yxHkx 60 izfr'kr Hkkx ij Ñf"k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA

z Hkkjr esa tksr (Ñf"k Hkwfe) dh miyCèkrk ds vkèkkj ij Ñ"kdksa dks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA

tksr tksr dk vkdkj izfr'kr

lhekar tksr 1 gsDVs;j ls de 67.10

NksVh tksr 1 – 2 gsDVs;j 17.91

vèkZ&eè;e 2 – 4 gsDVs;j 10.04

eè;e tksr 4 – 10 gsDVs;j 4.25

cM+h tksr 10 gsDVs;j ls vfèkd 0.70

z Hkkjr esa fØ;k'khy tksrksa dk vkSlr vkdkj 2010 – 11 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj 1.15 gsDVs;j gSA

Hkkjr dh izeq[k Qlysa

pkoy (èkku)z pkoy m".kknzZ tyok;q dh [kk| iQly gSA bldh jksikbZ ds fy;s

25° ls- ls vfèkd rkieku] ,slh e`nk,¡ ftudh ty&èkkj.k {kerk vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls& tyks<+d e`nk ,oa 100 ls-eh- ls vfèkd o"kkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

z ;g Hkkjr dh lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ iQly gS] ftldk dqy [kk|kUu mRiknu esa 43 izfr'kr fgLlk gSAz phu ds ckn pkoy mRiknu esa Hkkjr fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA

z Hkkjr esa pkoy mRiknu esa i- caxky] mÙkj izns'k] (èkku dh [ksrh ds varxZr lokZfèkd {ks=k) rFkk iatkc vxz.kh jkT; gSaA

nf{k.kh jkT;ksa rFkk if'pe caxky esa tyok;q vuqdwyrk ds dkj.k ,d Ñf"k o"kZ esa pkoy dh nks ;k rhu iQlysa cksbZ tkrh gSa] ijarq

fgeky; rFkk ns'k ds mÙkj if'pe Hkkxksa esa ;g nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu Írq esa mxkbZ tkrh gSA ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa pkoy dh bu iQlyksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu uke ls tkurs gS&

jkT; 'kjn Írq 'khr Írqxzh"e Írq

if'pe caxky vkWl veu cksjks

vle vgw lyh cksjks

vksfM'kk fc;kyh ljn Myqvk

fcgkj HknbZ vxguh xjek

dsjy fo:iq eaqndu iaqtk

rfeyukMq dq:obZ@ lksukZojh lkack@FkykM+h uojkbZ

èkkudhizeq[kfdLesa

t;k] lkdsr] iwlk] lqxaèkk] xksfoan] dkosjh] ekgh lqxaèkk] jruk] ljtw] iwjx&33, ywuhJh vkfnA

xsgw¡z ;g 'khrks".k tyok;q dh [kk| iQly gSA bldh cksvkbZ ds fy;s mitkmQ cyqbZ e`nk] 10° ls 15° ls- rkieku ,oa 50 lseh- rd okf"kZd o"kkZ vko';d gSAz Hkkjr esa xsgw¡ mRiknu esa mÙkj izns'k] eè; izns'k rFkk iatkc vxz.kh jkT; gSaA

z fo'o esa xsgw¡ mRiknu esa Hkkjr phu ds ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA

xsgw¡dhizeq[kfdLesa

z yekZ&jkstks] lksukjk&64] eSdksjkuh] VL– 829, H.S –420, H.S – 355

eDdkz eDdk v¼Z 'kq"d tyok;q dh [kk| ,oa pkjk iQly gS] ftls ^vuktksa dh jkuh* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldh [ksrh ds fy;s 18° – 27° ls- rkieku] mPp tyèkkj.k {kerk ;qDr e`nk] 50 lseh- ls 100 lseh- o"kkZ rFkk ikykjfgr ekSle mi;qDr gSA ;g jch] [kjhiQ ,oa tk;n rhuksa Írqvksa dh iQly gSA

z Hkkjr esa egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] eè; izns'k] fcgkj] NÙkhlx<+ vkfn eDdk ds çeq[k mRiknd jkT; gSaA vesfjdk fo'o esa lcls cM+k eDdk mRiknd ns'k gSA

10 Ïf"k ,oa i'kqikyu(Agriculture and Animal Husbandry)

348 Drishti GK

fØdsV

z fØdsV dh 'kq#vkr baXySaM esa gqbZ FkhA nqfu;k dk igyk fØdsV

Dyc 1760 ds n'kd esa gSacYMu esa cukA

z igyk VsLV eSp 1877 bZ- esa esycuZ esa baXySaM rFkk vkWLVªsfy;k ds

chp rFkk igyk ,d fnolh; varjkZ"Vªh; fØdsV eSp 1971 bZ- esa

baXySaM rFkk vkWLVªsfy;k ds chp esycuZ esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA

z varjkZ"Vªh; fØdsV dkmafly (ICC) fØdsV dh loksZPp laLFkk gS]

ftldk eq[;ky; nqcbZ (UAE) esa gSA tcfd Hkkjrh; fØdsV daVªksy

cksMZ (BCCI) Hkkjr esa fØdsV ls lacafèkr loksZPp laLFkk gSA

z Hkkjr esa fØdsV dh 'kq#vkr vaxzs”kksa }kjk 18oha lnh esa gqbZA Hkkjr

us igyk vkfèkdkfjd eSp baXySaM ds fo#¼ 1932 bZ- esa [ksykA

z Hkkjr esa j.kth VªkWiQh dh 'kq#vkr 1934 esa gqbZA

'kCnkoyh

,'kst] fodsV dhij] iQhYMj] ,y-ch-MCY;w] jcj] csYl] cSV] MsM

ckWy] ¯Lox] iQkbu ysx] fgV fodsV] esMu] Fkzks] LDok;j ysx] ¯Lox

doj] LVªksd] feM vkWu] feM fodsV] vkWiQ fLiuj] pkbuk eSu] cSV~leSu]

ckWyj] yk¡x vkWiQ] FkMZ eSu] yk¡x vkWu] flyh IokbaV] doj IokbaV]

'kkWVZ fip] jkmaM n fodsV] fLyi] gqd] ju vkmV] ikWfiax Øht] NDdk]

pkSdk] dSp] xyh] vksoj Fkzks] ysx fLiuj] vksoj n fodsV] okbM] izQh

fgV] MdoFkZ yqbl] lqij vksoj] iQkWyksvku] iSM vkfnA

z f[kykfM+;ksa dh la[;k&11

ifjeki

fip dh yackbZ& 22 xt (20.12 ehVj)

xasn dk Hkkj& 155.9&163 xzke

(cYys) cSV dh yackbZ& 96-52 lseh (38 bap) vfèkdre

cYys dh pkSM+kbZ& 10.8 lseh (4.25 bap vfèkdre)

LVai dh yackbZ& 71.12 lseh

z ^lSfyDl ijI;wfj;k* [Salix Alba Caerulea (Cricket Bat Willow)] ydM+h }kjk fØdsV ds cYys dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA foyks

(Willow) isM+ dh ydM+h dk iz;ksx loksZRÑ"V cYys ds fuekZ.k

gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA

lacafèkr di@VªkWiQhj.kth VªkWiQh] bZjkuh di] fnyhi VªkWiQh] dwp fcgkj VªkWiQh] lh-ds

uk;Mw VªkWiQh] nsoèkj VªkWiQh] ts-ds- cksl VªkWiQh] 'kh'kegy VªkWiQh] eksbuqn~nhu xksYM di] fot; gtkjs VªkWiQh] fot; epsZaV VªkWiQh] th-Mh- fcM+yk VªkWiQh] jkuh >k¡lh VªkWiQh (efgyk fØdsV)A

ICC T20 fo'odi

o"kZ vk;kstd ns'k fotsrk mifotsrk

2007 n- vÚhdk Hkkjr ikfdLrku

2009 baXySaM ikfdLrku Jhyadk

2010 osLVbaMht baXySaM vkWLVªsfy;k

2012 Jhyadk osLVbaMht Jhyadk

2014 ckaXykns'k Jhyadk Hkkjr

2016 Hkkjr osLVbaMht baXySaM

uksV%ICC T20 fo'odi dk lkrok¡ laLdj.k 2020 esa vkWLVªsfy;k esa gksuk çLrkfor gSA

ICC fØdsV fo'odi

o"kZ vk;kstd ns'k fotsrk mifotsrk

1975 baXySaM osLVbaMht vkWLVsªfy;k

1979 baXySaM osLVbaMht baXySaM

1983 baXySaM Hkkjr osLVbaMht

1987 Hkkjr ,oa ikfdLrku vkWLVªsfy;k baXySaM

1992 vkWLVªsfy;k ,oa U;wthySaM ikfdLrku baXySaM

1996 Hkkjr] Jhyadk] ikfdLrku Jhyadk vkWLVªsfy;k

1999 baXySaM vkWLVªsfy;k ikfdLrku

2003 nf{k.k vÚhdk] ftackCos] dsU;k vkWLVªsfy;k Hkkjr

2007 osLVbaMht vkWLVªsfy;k Jhyadk

2011 Hkkjr] Jhyadk] ckaXykns'k Hkkjr Jhyadk

2015 vkWLVsªfy;k ,oa U;wthySaM vkWLVªsfy;k U;wthySaM

2019 baXySaM baXySaM U;wthySaM

2023 Hkkjr & izLrkfor

11 [ksy&dwn(Sports)

355Drishti GK

Hkkjr esa izFkezizFke ijek.kq fj,DVj & vIljk

zizFke ijek.kq iuMqCch & vkbZ-,u-,l pØ

zizFke iuMqCch & vkbZ-,u-,l dyojh

zizFke foekuokgd iksr & vkbZ-,u-,l foØkar

zizFke eè;e nwjh okyh felkby & vfXu zizFke felkby & i`Foh

zizFke vk.kfod dsanz & rkjkiqj

zizFke lekpkj&i=k & caxky xtV (1780)zizFke fo'ofo|ky; & ukyank fo'ofo|ky;

zizFke nwjn'kZu dsanz & ubZ fnYyh (1959)zigyh ewd fiQYe & jktk gfj'panz ¹fuekZrk&

nknklkgc iQkYds (1913)]zizFke cksyrh fiQYe & vkye vkjk (vknsZf'kj

bZjkuh&1931)zns'k esa igyh ckj nwjn'kZu esa jaxhu & 15 vxLr] 1982

dk;ZØeksa dk izlkj.k

zigyh VsDuhdyj fiQYe & >k¡lh dh jkuh (1950)zigyh 3&Mh fiQYe & ekbZ fM;j dqV~Vhpkru

(1984)zizFke izk;ksftr lhfj;y & ge yksx (1984) zizFke ,f'k;kbZ [ksy dk vk;kstu & fnYyh (1951) zizFke [kqyk (Open) fo'ofo|ky; & MkW- ch-vkj- vacsMdj

vksisu ;wfuoflZVh (rsyaxkuk)

zizFke gkbZ LihM xzkeh.k & bMqDdh (dsjy)

czkWM cSaM usVodZ dh LFkkiuk

Hkkjr esa izFke (efgyk)zizFke efgyk jk"Vªifr & izfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy

zizFke efgyk izèkkuea=kh & bafnjk xkaèkh

zizFke efgyk yksdlHkk & ehjk dqekj

vè;{k

zizFke efgyk jkT;lHkk&milHkkifr & okW;ysV gfj vYok

zizFke efgyk jkT;iky & ljkstuh uk;Mw (m-iz)

zizFke efgyk lkaln & jkèkkckbZ lqczk;u

z;wih,llh dh izFke efgyk vè;{k & jks”ks fefy;u cSF;w

zizFke efgyk 'kkfldk & jft;k lqYrku

zizFke efgyk eq[;ea=kh & lqpsrk Ñiykuh (m-iz-)

zizFke efgyk dsanzh; ea=kh & jktdqekjh ve`r dkSj

zizFke efgyk dkWUxzsl vè;{k & ,uh cslsaV

zla;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa izFke efgyk & fot;y{eh iafMr

Hkkjrh; jktnwr zlqizhe dksVZ dh izFke efgyk & ehjk lkfgc iQkfrek choh

U;k;kèkh'kzmPp U;k;ky; dh izFke efgyk & yhyk lsB (fg-iz-)

eq[; U;k;kèkh'kzizFke efgyk l=k U;k;kèkh'k & vUUkk pkaMh (dsjy)

zizFke efgyk vkbZ-,-,l & vUuk tkWtZ

zizFke efgyk vkbZ-ih-,l & fdj.k csnh

zv'kksd pØ ikus okyh izFke efgyk & uhjtk HkuksV

zukscsy iqjLdkj ikus okyh izFke & enj Vsjslk

Hkkjrh; efgykzfel oYMZ cuus okyh izFke & jhrk iQkfj;k ikosy

Hkkjrh; efgykz,ojsLV ij igq¡pus okyh & cNsanzh iky

igyh efgykznks ckj ,ojsLV f'k[kj ij igq¡pus & larks"k ;kno

okyh izFke efgykzfel ;wfuolZ cuus okyh izFke & lqf"erk lsu

Hkkjrh; efgykzHkkjrjRu* izkIr djus okyh & bafnjk xkaèkh

izFke efgykzKkuihB iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyh & vk'kkiw.kkZ nsoh

izFke efgyk

izeq[k rF;% ,d u”kj esa

12 fofo/k(Miscellaneous)

njw LFk f'k{kk dk;ØZ e (Distance Learning Programme)

foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy;s dkWy djsa % 8448485520, 87501-87501, 011-47532596

bl�dk;ZØe�ds�varxZr�vki�?kj�cSBs� n`f"V*�}kjk�rS;kj�ijh{kksi;ksxh�ikB~;&lkexzh�eaxok�ldrs�gSaA�;g�ikB~;&lkexzh�fo'ks"k�:i�ls�

,sls�vH;£Fk;ksa�dks�è;ku�esa�j[kdj�rS;kj�dh�xbZ�gS�tks�fnYyh�vkdj�d{kk,¡�djus�esa�vleFkZ�gSaA�bl�dk;ZØe�ds�varxZr�flfoy�lsok�

vkSj�jkT;�lsok�(mÙkj�izns'k]�eè;�izns'k]�jktLFkku]�fcgkj]�mÙkjk[kaM�ih-lh-,l-)�ijh{kkvksa�dh�ikB~;&lkexzh�miyC/�djkbZ�tkrh�

gSA�;g�ikB~;&lkexzh�izR;sd�ijh{kk�ds�uohure�ikB~;Øe�ds�vuq:i�gS�vkSj�bls�fofHkÂ�lelkef;d�?kVukvksa]�jk"Vªh;�,oa�varjkZ"Vªh;�

laLFkkvksa�,oa�lfefr;ksa�dh�fjiksVks±�ds�ekè;e�ls�v|ru�(up-to-date)�fd;k�x;k�gSA

UPSC flfoy los k ijh{kk ds fy;s (fganh ekè;e ea)s

lkekU; vè;;u

(26 cdq yVs l~ ) `13,000/-(e[q ; ijh{kk)

lkekU; vè;;u

(19 cdq yVs l~ ) `10,000/-

(ikz jafHkd ijh{kk)

( cdq yVs l~ )39 `17,500/-

lkekU; vè;;u + lhlVS (ikz -$ e[q ; ijh{kk)

lkekU; vè;;u + lhlVS( 7 cdq yVs l~ )2 `13,000/-

(ikz jafHkd ijh{kk)

lkekU; vè;;u

( cdq yVs l~ )31 `15,000/-


bfrgkl (odS fYid fo"k;)


(28 + 8 cdq yVs l~ ) (`11,000/-)


lkekU; vè;;u

(28 cdq yVs l~ ) (`10,000/-)


mÙkjk[kaM ih-lh-,l- (UKPSC) ds fy;s

(28 cdq yVs l~ ) (`10,000/-)


mÙkj inz 's k ih-lh-,l- (UPPCS) ds fy;s


(28 + 8 cdq yVs l~ ) (`11,000/-)

(ikz -$ e[q ; ijh{kk)lkekU; vè;;u $ lhlVS�

(33 + 10 cdq yVs l~ ) (`15,500/-)


(33 cdq yVs l~ ) (`14,000/-)


eè; inz 's k ih-lh-,l- (MPPCS) ds fy;s

`7,000/-(12 cdq yVs l~ )

n'kuZ 'kkL= (odS fYid fo"k;)

`5,000/-(4 cdq yVs l~ )

fgUnh lkfgR; (odS fYid fo"k;)

`7,000/-(13 cdq yVs l~ )

ThinkIAS

ThinkDrishti

jktLFkku ih-lh-,l- (RAS/RTS) ds fy;s

(34 cdq yVs l~ ) `10,500/-


(25 cdq yVs l~ ) `10,000/-



(35 + 6 cdq yVs l~ ) (`15,500/-)


lkekU; vè;;u

(35 cdq yVs l~ ) (`14,000/-)


NÙkhlx<+ ih-lh-,l- (CGPSC) ds fy;s

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