9789088903465 - Hofmann et al (eds) 2016 - Massendinghaltung in der archaologie - ebook.pdf

8/20/2019 9789088903465 - Hofmann et al (eds) 2016 - Massendinghaltung in der archaologie - ebook.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/9789088903465-hofmann-et-al-eds-2016-massendinghaltung-in-der-archaologie 1/391
\CM EZÑ@BL_O@IO@]L
Dgsslcmicb`gatucb ic
mlr Gro`íhahbil
_imlsthcl [rlss G clw blclrgtihc he [ujaisìcb
Yhu grl rlgmicb g euaa vlrsihc he tìs jhhn, ehr erll!
]ìs jhhn is pgrt he t`l _imlsthcl l-aijrgry w`lrl dhst he hur
pujaiogtihcs grl euaay goolssijal ehr erll. Ehr goolss th dhrl
erll jhhns visit6 www.simlsthcl.ohd/aijrgry
Mhwcahgm Euaa [ME
Uisit t`l _imlsthcl l-aijrgry th jrhwsl hur l-jhhns. Ehr g dicidga
ell yhu ogc puro`gsl g euaay eucotihcga [ME gcm jy mhicb sh, yhu
`lap th nllp hur aijrgry ruccicb.
www.simlsthcl.ohd/aijrgry
[ujais`lm jy _imlsthcl [rlss, Alimlc www.simlsthcl.ohd
I_JC 920-9;-009;-?=5-<
Agy-hut & ohvlr mlsibc6 _imlsthcl [rlss [`hthbrgp` ohvlr6 © ]lrlsg U | Mrlgdstidl.ohd
Guo` lr`íataio` gas6 l-juo` ([ME)6 I_JC 920-9;-009;-?=2-:
@gcs [ltlr @g`c
vlr`gatlcsblstõrtl Gro`íhahbil
Zgiducm Ngra
Gnnuduagtihc ist licl _uo`tnrgcn`lit, ucm Gro`íhahbil ist i`r 27
_ydpthd
Zlic`grm Jlrcjlon
Dit mlc Micblc rlo`clc. Nuaturlc-Ehrsoùcb ucm i`r Blslaal 9?
Ohdputlr
Ngtfg Zõsalr
–Zisngctl Vwiso`lcso`rittl. Gro`íhahbiso`l Ngrthbrgpìl ic 777
Mlutsoàgcm zwiso`lc 702; ucm 79;;
_usgccl Brucwgam
Ist mgs Gro`íhahbil hmlr ngcc mgs wlb8 Vur Nhcvlrblcz vhc 7=?
Gro`íhahbil ucm Nucst
lt`chahbiso`lc _gddaucb ic mlr [lrehrdgcol Isgjlaag’s Zhhd
(Fgc Aguwlrs & Cllmohdpgcy)
Dgbgzicdñaa8 Lctsgddlac ucm mil Dñaat`lhril Dio`gla ]`hdpshcs 702
Brltg Oivis
Vud ìsthriso`lc [htlctiga mls Dgtlrilaalc. _o`rietaio`ls Ictlrvilw vhc 792
Mhrllc Dõamlrs (GB ]imG)
Dgcerlm N. @. Lbblrt ucm _tlegcil _gdimg
Nrñbl ucm Ngt`lmlr. Lic –dgtlriga turc ic mlr mlutso`lc [ìahshpìl :7<
mls erñ`lc :;. Fg`rùcmlrts ucm slicl Jlmlutucb eñr licl @lrdlclutin
dgtlrilaalr Nuatur
Micb-]`lhrilc
`hdgs Dlilr
Micbl gas ìsthriso`l Wulaalc ic Zlvisihc. Dgtlrigaitít, _purlc ucm :0?
Blsoìo`tlc
Nlrstic [. @hedgcc
Mil Eibur mlr Oyjhrb ic mlr Ulrbgcblc`lit . [hstùdgcisdus hmlr licl ?;9
clul shziga(lr)l Gro`íhahbil8
_tlegc _o`rlijlr
Dlcso`-Micb-Ulrealo`tucblc gus ur- ucm erñ`blsoìo`taio`lr ??7
[lrsplntivl
Grciog NlØlalr
G ]htgaity he g ]ìcb wit` Hjflots. Duatiegoltlm Jritis`-dgml ?5<
Jrhho`ls Gjrhgm
2
Uhrwhrt
Mil vhrailblcml [ujaingtihc ist gus liclr balio`cgdiblc gbucb `lrvhrblbgcblc, mil wir gd :?.-:<. Dgi :;7? ic Jlraic muro`bleñ`rt `gjlc.7 Mil Ulrgcstgatucb wurml vhc mlr GB `lhrilc ic mlr Gro`íhahbil l. U. dit \ctlrstñtzucb mls @limlajlrblr Lxzlaalczoaustlrs –Gsig gcm Lurhpl ic Bahjga Ohctlxt ucm mls Jlraiclr Lxzlaalczoaustlrs –hphi. `l Ehrdgtihc gcm rgcsehrdgtihc he _pgol gcm Nchwalmbl hrbgcisilrt.
Mlr Ergbl –Ist Gro`íhahbil Dgsslcmicb`gatucb ucm wlcc fg, wgrud8 bicblc ic 72 Uhrtríblc cio`t cur Gro`íhahbicclc ucm Gro`íhahblc vlrsoìlmlclr Ego`rio`tucblc, shcmlrc guo` Ulrtrltlricclc ucm Ulrtrltlr gus mlr Lt`chahbil,
_hzihahbil ucm `lgtlrwisslcso`get cgo`. Mlc Uhrtrgblcmlc ucm mlc zgàrlio`lcliacl`dlricclc ucm liacl`dlrc mgcnlc wir bgcz `lrzaio` eñr mil spgcclcmlc Misnussihclc. Mgrñjlr ìcgus biat ucslr Mgcn guo` mlc Dhmlrgthricclc Gadut _o`ñanl ucm Ngric Zlio`lcjgo` shwil mlc Dhmlrgthrlc Cias Dñaalr-_o`llØla ucm _tlegc Jurdlistlr. Id Zg`dlcprhbrgdd nhcctlc mil gbucbstliacl`dlricclc ucm -tliacl`dlr ic Nalicbrupplc mgs Gro`íhahbiso`l Dgbgzic mls Dusluds eñr Uhr- ucm Erñ`blsoìo`tl Jlraic id _oàhss O`grahttlcjurb shwil mgs Rlrnjucmgroìv Duslud mlr Micbl jlsuo`lc. Eñr mil spgcclcmlc Licjaionl mgcnlc wir bgcz `lrzaio` Dgttìgs Rld`hee, Gadut Gcmrlg @heedgcc ucm Ciohag vhc Gajrlo`t.
7 Eñr licl Nurzjlso`rlijucb mlr gbucb ucm mgs [rhbrgdd dit Gjstrgots sil`l ttp6//www.gbtimg.ml/ prhbrgdd-zur-tgbucb-dgsslcmicb`gatucb-ic-mlr-gro`ghahbil/.
Brupplcehth vhr mld ]H[HI-@gus Mgàld ic Jlraic.
0
Gjlr guo` eñr mil \ctlrstñtzucb jli mlr Hrbgcisgtihc mlr gbucb dõo`tlc wir ucs jlmgcnlc. Blcgcct slilc ilr vhr gaald mil stumlctiso`lc @iaesnríetl Cicg Mlcbb ucm hrstlc Zlcclr. Lrstlrl lctwgre dit \ctlrstñtzucb vhc Jirbit Clccstila mgs [hstlr ucm mil Eaylr eñr mil Ulrgcstgatucb.
Ls `gt ucs sl`r blerlut, mgss wir gaal Uhrtrgblcmlc eñr mil Ulrso`rietaioùcb
i`rlr Jlitríbl blwicclc nhcctlc, sh mgss wir mil Lrbljcissl ucslrlr Misnussihclcìlr cuc udegsslcm liclr `heelctaio` brhØlc Alslrso`get príslctilrlc nõcclc. @ilrzu tríbt vhr gaald _imlsthcl [rlss dit slicld icchvgtivlc Ulragbssystld jli. Eñr mil Guecg`dl ucslrls _gddlajgcmls ucm mil butl Vusgddlcgrjlit mgcnlc wir mg`lr bgcz `lrzaio` ucslrlc Ulralblrc, Ohrcé vgc Rhlrmlnhd ucm Ngrstlc
Rlcticn. Mil Eicgczilrucb mlr Mruonalbucb wurml mgcnlcswlrtlrwlisl muro` mgs Lxzlaalczoaustlr –Gsig gcm Lurhpl ic Bahjga Ohctlxt ucm mil GB `lhrilc ic mlr
Gro`íhahbil l. U. blwí`ralistlt. Mil rlmgntihclaal Jlgrjlitucb mlr lxtl ñjlrcg`d Gccg Erlyg _o`climlr, @limlajlrb, mlr wir ljlcegaas `lrzaio` mgcnlc. H`cl sil wírl licl Mruonalbucb sh so`claa cio`t mlcnjgr blwlslc.
Nlrstic [. @hedgcc, `hdgs Dlilr, Mhrllc Dõamlrs, _tlegc _o`rlijlr
Mhrllc Dõamlrs
It is g wimlay `lam hpicihc t`gt ohaalotihcs gcm groìvls he hjflots he pgst ouaturls grl t`l pridgry shurol he nchwalmbl witìc gro`glhahby. Getlr dhrl t`gt 7<; ylgrs he ohaaloticb gro`glhahby sueelrs dhrl gcm dhrl erhd t`l s`llr dgss he hjflots wìo` it `gs ic`lritlm
sicol its jlbiccicbs gs wlaa gs t`hsl wìo` it stiaa prhmuols ic rlolct lxogvgtihcs. Ic hur hpicihc, it is gjhut tidl th hplc up t`l misohursl hc –hjflot sthonpiaicb (Dgsslcmicb`gatucb) erhd witìc t`l misoipaicl, imlgaay jlehrl gro`glhahby blts ohddissihclm gcy phssijay ucsgtisegothry gotihcs jy euturl phaioils.
G eirst stlp ic tìs mirlotihc wgs ucmlrtgnlc muricb t`l ohcelrlcol hc –Hjflot sthonpiaicb ic gro`glhahby. `l dgtlriga turc gcm prlìsthrio gro`glhahby, wìo` wgs ohcmuotlm jy t`l Ohddittll ehr `lhrils ic Gro`glhahby (GB imG) erhd :?rm th :<t`
Dgy :;7? ic Jlraic. `l 72 prlslctgtihcs grl pujais`lm ic t`l vhaudl ic yhur `gcms gcm grl tùs gvgiagjal ehr ohaalgbuls witìc t`l misoipaicl gs wlaa gs g jrhgmlr pujaio.
]l grtioals ic t`l rst pgrt he t`l vhaudl gpprhgo` t`l virualct prhjald he hjflot
sthonpiaicb ic ohaalotihcs ic vgrihus wgys. ]ly rlbgrm jht` t`l ìsthry gcm psyo`hahby he ohaaloticb. Olctrga th t`l grbudlct is t`l mlvlahpdlct erhd g pgssihcgtlay-sujflotivl –aust
ehr ohaaloticb thwgrms g rlbuagtlm-icstitutihcga –jurmlc he ohaaloticb. Gash, t`l gut`hrs misouss gatlrcgtivls wìo` ohuam algm thwgrms g mlaijlrgtl prgotiol he ml-ohaaloticb. Ic t`l slohcm pgrt he t`l vhaudl wl oritiogaay misouss t`l lstgjais`lm ldpirioga-gctiqugrigc
prgotiol ic gro`glhahby wìal rlelrricb th t`l dgtlriga turc. Eurt`lrdhrl, ht`lr, up uctia chw clbalotlm gsplots suo` gs t`l ohdpalxity he t`l rlagtihcsìp jltwllc hjflots gcm dlc, grl phictlm hut. Agst jut cht algst tìs vhaudl is dlgct th jl g ohctrijutihc th ictlrmisoipaicgry ucmlrstgcmicb gcm it is supphslm th s`hw t`gt erhd gc gro`glhahbioga
plrsplotivl t`l ourrlct ucmlrstgcmicb he t`l hjflot is th jl oritioislm.
_oàñsslajlbrieel6 Dgsslcmicb`gatucb> Gro`íhahbil> dgtlriga turc> Lct-_gddlac> _gddlac
Nlywhrms6 hjflot sthonpiaicb> gro`glhahby> dgtlriga turc> ml-ohaaloticb> ohaaloticb
7 Mlr vhrailblcml lxt ist licl ñjlrgrjlitltl Ulrsihc dlicls Lrõcucbsvhrtrgbs zur gbucb –Dgsslcmicb`gatucb ic mlr Gro`íhahbil. Mlr dgtlriga turc ucm mil \r- ucm Erñ`blsoìo`tl vhd :?. jis :<. Dgi :;7? ic Jlraic. lial mls lxtls bl`lc gue mgs Ogaa ehr [gplrs zurñon, mgs zusgddlc dit Nlrstic [. @hedgcc, ]hdgs Dlilr ucm _tlegc _o`rlijlr lctstgcmlc ist ( altztlr Vubri\ZA6
`ttp6//www.t`lhrilgb.ml/oep-dgsslcmicb`gatucb/ âltztlr Vubri 77.;7.:;7<T). Gaalc mrlilc mgcnl io` eñr Misnussihclc, nhcstruntivl Nhddlctgrl ucm Nhrrlnturlc gc mlr ñjlrgrjlitltlc Egssucb.
7;
[ridírls Lrnlcctcisdittla mlr Gro`íhahbil sicm i`rl _gddaucblc ucm Groìvl gc Hjflntlc vlrbgcblclr Nuaturlc ucm Blslaaso`getlc, sh flmlcegaas mil vlrjrlitltl Dlicucb. Cgo` dl`r gas 7<; Fg`rlc mls _gddlacs alimlt mil Gro`íhahbil gjlr zucl`dlcm uctlr mlc Dgsslc gc Hjflntlc, mil sil shwhà gus mlc Gceícblc mlr
Gro`íhahbil bllrjt `gt, gas guo` wlitlrìc muro` Brgjucblc `lrvhrjricbt. Ls ist
sh dliclc wir õo`stl Vlit, mlc Misnurs mlr –Dgsslcmicb`gatucb vhc icclc, gashgus mld Ego` `lrgus zu õeeclc, ucm zwgr jlvhr dõbaio`lrwlisl ucjlerilmiblcml @gcmaucbsguetríbl gus mlr [haitin gc mil Gro`íhahbil `lrgcbltrgblc wlrmlc.
Mlr itla mls vhrailblcmlc Jgcmls gaalrmicbs wgr, ist ucm jalijt udstrittlc. Mgs mgric lct`gatlcl _oàgbwhrt Dgsslcmicb`gatucb ucm mil mgdit vlrjucmlclc clbgtivlc Gsshzigtihclc wurmlc jlrlits jli Ulrõlctaioùcb mls balio`cgdiblc Ogaa ehr [gplrs dit licld Zguclc quittilrt> lic Zguclc, mgs dgco`dga zud _tõ`clc wurml, jiswlialc gjlr guo` ic Ago`lc ñjlrbicb. Hlcsio`taio` `gjlc wir lic [rhjald gue mil _pitzl bltriljlc, mgs ic mlr Gro`íhahbil gas shao`ls zwgr wg`rblchddlc, gjlr slatlc ic mlr vilaalio`t chtwlcmiblc Zgmingaitít misnutilrt
wirm. Mil Gro`íhahbil alimlt shwhà gas mlcndgaplblriso`l gas guo` gas ucivlrsitírlucm duslgal Icstitutihc uctlr mlc Dlcblc gc Micblc, mil sil liclrslits vhc erñ`lrlc Blclrgtihclc bllrjt `gt, mil sil gcmlrlrslits cgo` wil vhr muro` Brgjucblc slajst `lrvhrjricbt. Ic mlc altztlc Fg`rzl`ctlc ist mil Eaut gc gro`íhahbiso`lc Hjflntlc zumld lxphclctilaa blstilblc6 zud liclc, wlia sio` mgs _lajstvlrstícmcis mlr
Gro`íhahbil zu Bucstlc vhc Cluzlit- ucm Blblcwgrtsgro`íhahbil blõclt `gt ucm zud gcmlrlc, wlia brhØíoìbl Jguicvlstitihclc vhr gaald ic mlc clulc Jucmlsaícmlrc udegsslcml BrgjucbsdgØcg`dlc chtwlcmib bldgo`t `gjlc. Mil Agcmlsídtlr eñr Gro`íhahbil jzw. (Jhmlc-)Mlcndgaplbl sicm mg`lr so`hc slit aícblrlr Vlit blzwucblc, i`rl Mlphts ucm Groìvl stícmib zu lrwlitlrc. Milsl
[rgxis ist guo` mlswlblc chtwlcmib, wlia Dittla zur nhctrhaailrtlc ucm agcberistiblc Lr`gatucb vhc Jhmlcmlcndíalrc wil Gro`íhahbiso`l _oùtzbljiltl ucm Zlslrvgtl zwgr vhr`gcmlc, gjlr cur slatlc phaitiso` muro`blsltzt wlrmlc nõcclc. Ic mlr Nhcslqulcz duss mil Gro`íhahbil sh ist i`r blslaaso`getsrlo`taio`lr Guetrgb mlc Micblc @lrr wlrmlc, mil i`r agcbsgd ñjlr mlc Nhpe wgo`slc. I`rld trgmitihclaalc _lajstvlrstícmcis cgo` tut sil mils jis`lr, icmld sil mil dgtlrilaal Nuatur vlrbgcblclr Vlitlc cio`t cur vhr mrh`lcmlr Vlrstõrucb rlttlt, m.`. mhnudlctilrt ucm gusbríjt, shcmlrc guo` rlstgurilrt, lrehrso`t, gusstlaat ucm vhr gaald gue- ucm vhr mld Ulregaa jlwg`rt.: Zucm licùcmlrt Fg`rl cgo` Ltgjailrucb mlr Jhmlcmlcndgaplbl stõØt mil Gro`íhahbil ic Mlutsoàgcm dit milslr [rgxis cuc gjlr gc i`rl Brlczlc, guo`
wlia sil gas õlctaio`l Icstitutihc stícmib vhc Dittlastrlioùcblc jltrhlc ucm
: Uba. fñcbst Nuchw :;7= dit wlitlreñ`rlcmlr Aitlrgtur.
77
mgdit zu Licspgrucblc blzwucblc ist.? Mil Ñjlrehrmlrucb zlibt sio` gd l`lstlc mgmuro`, mgss mil wisslcso`getaio`l Guegrjlitucb mlr Dgssl gc guszuwlrtlcmlc Wulaalc ìctlr`lr ìcnt ucm mgs, hjwhà alistucbseíìbl Mgtlcjgcnlc ucm _tgtistinprhbrgddl, dhmlrcstl Mibitgaisilrucbs- ucm _ogctlo`cinlc zud Licsgtz nhddlc. Ls shaatl mg`lr nlic jisso`lc ñjlrrgso`lc, wlcc gcblsio`ts
mls [agtzdgcblas, mls so`rudpelcmlc Ltgts, mls Idgbls licls vlrzio`tjgrlc_tumilcbgcbs shwil mlr `h`lc Grjlitsjlagstucb lic blwissls \cjl`gblc id Ego` spñrjgr ist ucm @gcmaucbshptihclc licblehrmlrt wlrmlc.=
Mil lxtl id lrstlc lia mls Jgcmls jlso`íetiblc sio` mg`lr gue vilaeíatibl Rlisl dit mld virualctlc [rhjald mlr Dgsslcmicb`gatucb ic _gddaucblc, sli ls dit mld `ldg _gddlac gc sio`, sli ls dit mlr ìsthriso`lc Ulrsoìljucb vhc liclr alimlcso`getaio`lc, mg sujflntiv vhaazhblclc _gddlaaust ìc zu liclr blrlblatlc, mg icstitutihclaa jlstiddtlc _gddlaagst< hmlr sli ls dit mlr Ergbl cgo` mlc Gatlrcgtivlc wil liclr [rgxis mls Lct-_gddlacs. @gcs [ltlr @g`c (_. :?-=7) ucm Zgiducm Ngra (_. =?-59) bl`lc ic i`rlc Jlitríblc uctlr gcmlrld
mlr Blsoìo`tl ucm mlr lrnlcctcist`lhrltiso`lc Eucmilrucb icstitutihcgaisilrtlr_gddaucblc cgo`. Jliml vlrwlislc lrclut mgrgue, mgss mil @lrgusjiamucb ucm [rhelssihcgaisilrucb shwhà mlr Gro`íhahbil gas guo` mlr Lt`chahbil gas gngmldiso`l Eío`lr brucmsítzaio` gue mlr privgtlc Gnnuduagtihc gctinlr ucm lxhtiso`lr Micbl jgsilrt.5 Dgc nõcctl gjlr guo` sgblc, mgss dit milsld Gnt mlr Brñcmucb vhc \civlrsitítssgddaucblc ucm Dusllc mlr pridír lbhistiso`l Gclibcucbsgnt blslaaso`getseíìb ucm mil Lctmlonucbserluml zud bldlicso`getaio`lc Lrlibcis bldgo`t wurml. Lrbljcis ist, mgss mil Micbl ic mlc õeelctaio`lc _gddaucblc ucm
? Id Fg`r :;7? nñcmibtl mil Agcmlsrlbilrucb vhc Chrmr`lic-Rlstegalc mil _trlioùcb mlr
Agcmlszuso`ñssl eñr mil Gro`íhahbil ucm Mlcndgaplbl gc. Cgo` [rhtlstlc ucm liclr lrehabrlio`lc[ltitihc vhc Dírz jis Fuci :;7? dit rucm :2.;;; \ctlrso`rietlc egaalc mil Nñrzucblc eñr mlc Mlcndgasoùtz blricblr gus gas jleñro`tlt. Flmlr Licso`citt gjlr trit mil Mlcndgaplbl `grt, mil jlrlits vhr mlc Nñrzucblc gd Aidit blgrjl itlt `gt. Rlitlrl Icehrdgtihclc id Jlrlio` [rlssl MB\E- @hdlpgbl gjruejgr (\ZA6 www.mbue.ml âltztlr Vubri ?;.77.:;7=T). Ic liclr jlmrhàio`lc _itugtihc jlcmlt sio` guo` mlr JG/DG-_tumilcbgcb –Gro`íhahbil mlr Gatlc Rlat gc mlr \civlrsitít Alipzib. Mgs Zlnthrgt soàub gd :7. Fgcugr :;7= mld Dicistlriud ic Mrlsmlc vhr, u.g. mgs Icstitut eñr Nagssiso`l Gro`íhahbil zu soàilØlc. Rirm milslr Uhrsoàgb udblsltzt, ist guo` mlr JG/DG- _tumilcbgcb Gro`íhahbil ic Alipzib whà cio`t dl`r zu `gatlc. Gaal Icehrdgtihclc ìlrzu nõcclc gue mld vhd Ego`so`getsrgt licblrio`tltlc Jahb gjblruelc wlrmlc (\ZA6 www.gusbrgjlc.whrmprlss. ohd âltztlr Vubri ?;.77.:;7=T). _lit Mlzldjlr :;7= ist õlctaio` jlngcct, mgss guo` gc mlr \civlrsitít mls _ggragcmls mil [rhelssurlc eñr Gatlrtudswisslcso`getlc cio`t clu jlsltzt wlrmlc ucm mgs Ego` Gro`íhahbil ml egoth gjblso`gt wirm (\ZA6 `ttp6//www.mbue.ml/icmlx.p`p8im4?=9 âltztlr
Vubri 77.;7.:;7<T). = Vualtzt `gt sio` mil Ego`bruppl Gro`íhahbiso`l Dusllc mld ]ldg gcblchddlc ucm gue mld 0.
Mlutso`lc Gro`íhahbilnhcbrlss ic Jlraic vhd ;5. 7;. Hnthjlr :;7= mgcgo` blergbt –Ril shaalc, whaalc, nõcclc wir sgddlac8 _gddaucbsstrgtlbilc gue mld [rñestgcm [hsitihclc.
< Mlr Mlutso`l Dusludsjucm vlrgcstgatltl vhd <. jis 0. Dgi :;7? slicl Fg`rlstgbucb zu ljlc mld ]ldg –_gddlaaust ucm _gddlaagst. O`gcolc ucm @lrgusehrmlrucblc vhc Dusludssgddaucblc. UlrtrltlrIcclc vhc Dusllc ucm _gddaucblc vlrsoìlmlclr _pgrtlc wil Cgturnucml, Gro`íhahbil, Nucst, Blsoìo`tl lto. jlrio`tlc vhc bgcz uctlrsoìlmaio`lc, zud lia ego`splziso`lc [rhjaldlc i`rlr _gddaucbsgrjlit. Mil Jlitríbl sicm ic mlr Vlitso`riet Dusludsnucml 2:/:, :;7? pujaizilrt. Jlrlits :;77 vlrõlctaio`tl mlr Mlutso`l Dusludsjucm liclc Alitegmlc eñr Cgo``gatibls _gddlac, ic mld vhr gaald mgs Eñr ucm Rimlr ucm mil \dsltzucb mlr Gjbgjl vhc _gddaucbsbut t`ldgtisilrt wirm6 `ttp6//www.dusludsjucm.ml/algmdic/blso`glets/mhnudlctl/AliteglmlcXucmX gcmlrls/Cgo``gatibls_gddlacX:;7:.pme.
5 Vur Blsoìo`tl mls gro`íhahbiso`lc _gddlacs sil`l6 Nrlilcjricn :;7=, :<5 ucm \ZA6 www.grlg- groìvls.hrb.
7:
Dusllc het cur cho` gat ucm erldm wirnlc, mg sil vhc mlc Ehrso`lr*icclc muro` mgs [ridgt mls Ldpirisdus gue Mistgcz bl`gatlc ucm vhc mlc Jlsuo`lr*icclc almibaio` id Uhrñjlrbl`lc eaño`tib jltrgo`tlt wlrmlc. Ic milsld Nhctlxt sicm mil Hjflntl gaald vhrgc _tlaavlrtrltlr eñr mil Lrnlcctcissl liclr Risslcso`get ucm lia misnursivlr duslgalr ucm gngmldiso`lr Cgrrgtivl. Mlccho` ist @g`c
jlizupeaio`tlc, mgss ls erliaio` nlic Vurñon ìctlr mil [rgxis mlr rlpríslctgtivlcEucntihc vhc _gddaucblc ucm Dusllc bljlc ngcc, wlia milsl Icstitutihclc cgtñraio` lia mlr nhaalntivlc Imlctitít wlstaio`lr Nuatur sicm. _tgttmlsslc jiltlt @g`c gas Aõsucb liclc [lrsplntivwlo`sla gc, mlr lrstlcs mgrgue jlru`t, mil –Uhrstlaaucb vhd pgssivlc _gddaucbshjflnt (sil`l Jlitrgb @g`c ic milsld Jgcm, ?:) guezubljlc ucm cgo` mld zwlitlcs licl _gddaucb gas pagstiso`l Lic`lit dit vgrigjalc Liblcso`getlc wg`rzucl`dlc ist. Uhrgussltzucb eñr milslc vhc @g`c licblehrmlrtlc sujflntivlc \dbgcb dit _gddaucblc ucm i`rlc Hjflntlc wírl cuc Ngra zuehabl, mgss mil Gro`íhahbil i`rlc idpaizit clhphsitivistiso`lc Brucmagblcmisnurs rlealntilrt. Mil Imll liclr udegsslcmlc Wulaalcsgddaucb
gas Jgsis eñr icmuntivl, wg`rl _oàussehablrucblc sli eñr mil Gro`íhahbil so`hcmuro` mil dgcbla`getl Wulaalclr`gatucb elàlr`get, milcl gjlr gas Zlo`telrtibucb eñr –zwgcb`getls gro`íhahbiso`ls @hrtlc, sh Ngra (Jlitrgb ic milsld Jgcm, =5). Mil Gro`íhahbil dñssl sio` ic i`rlc lpistldhahbiso`lc Brucmagblc viladl`r clu hrilctilrlc, wlb vhc licld phsitivistiso`-icmuntivlc Gcsgtz ìc zud ldpiriso`lc Egasieingtihcspriczip. Lrst dit milslr wisslcso`getst`lhrltiso`lc Nl`rtwlcml wírl mil Gro`íhahbil cio`t dl`r blzwucblc, flmlc Eucm guezu`ljlc, slilc sil ic i`rld Lrnlcctcisphtlctiga guo` cho` sh ergbwñrmib.
Rgs wírl gjlr, wlcc mil \rsgo`lc mlr Dgsslcmicb`gatucb blslaaso`getaio` wlitgus tilelr aíblc gas ic mlr t`lhrltiso`lc Gusrio`tucb licls Ego`ls ucm i`rlr
Ídtlr8 Rgs wírl, wlcc mgs _gddlac ucm mgdit guo` mil _gddaucblc gas [rgxis liclr Micb-Gnnuduagtihc ic Gj`ícbibnlit zur ngpitgaistiso`lc Rirtso`getsehrd zu sl`lc sicm8 _lajst wlcc dgc milsld vhc Zlic`grm Jlrcjlon (_. 27-9:) ehrduailrtlc Gcsgtz ic sliclr Zgmingaitít cio`t ehablc dõo`tl, sh ist slic
Grbudlct cio`t vhc mlr @gcm zu wlislc, mgss guo` Dusllc ngpitgaistiso`lc Ulrwlrtucbspriczipilc uctlrailblc ucm liclc Dgrnt jiamlc. Mlr Ulrwlis vhc @g`c (Jlitrgb ic milsld Jgcm, _. :5-?;) gue mil [grgaalalc zwiso`lc _gddaucblc, Dusllc ucm Rgrlc`íuslrc vlrali`t milslr Gussgbl licl blwissl [agusijiaitít. \cm dit _io`lr`lit `gt ls Blslaaso`getlc blbljlc, mil wlciblr gue Gnnuduagtihc vhc Micblc ucm Rlrtlc gas viladl`r gue nhaalntivlc Jlsitz ucm shzigals @gcmlac
gusblrio`tlt wgrlc, wil Jlrcjlon dit sliclr Ictlrprltgtihc mlr spítclhaitìso`lc _ilmaucb ha-l Jgsì id _ñm-Vlctrgairgc cg`lalbt. Cur wil ngcc [grtizipgtihc ucm lialc ic nhdpalxlc Blslaaso`getlc gussl`lc8 Milsl Ergbl wurml gue mlr gbucb cur gd Zgcm misnutilrt, hjwhà mgs `ldg Dgsslcmicb`gatucb mil Ergbl cgo` mlr Õeecucb ucm [ríslctgtihc vhc ucm mld Zlo`t gc _gddaucblc cgtñraio` tgcbilrt. Mlcc cgo` wil vhr sltzt mil Gro`íhahbil lctblblc i`rlr ldpiriso`-qugctitgtiv gusblrio`tltlc Ehrsoùcbsprgxis ic i`rlc Gusstlaaucblc, icsjlshcmlrl mlc
7?
_hcmlrgusstlaaucblc gue Nagssl gcstlaal vhc Dgssl.2 Mhrt eicmlt mil Inhcisilrucb cgo` wil vhr stgtt, mil ic mlc Ehrsoùcbsríudlc vlrdlictaio` gjblalbt wurml. Mhrt wlrmlc guo` `lutl cho` mil gttrgntivlc _tñonl zu _o`ítzlc stiaisilrt ucm gussoàilØaio` privialbilrtl Hjflntl gue Rgcmlrso`get blsoìont. [rhdiclctl Jlispilal mlr [ríslctgtihc ucm Ulrwlrtucb gro`íhahbiso`lr @ibàib`ts sicm –Õtzi,
mlr Dgcc gus mld Lis ucm –mil @iddlasso`lijl vhc Cljrg. Jli mlr õeelctaio`lc[ríslctgtihc shao`lr gro`íhahbiso`lc @ibàib`ts stl`lc gaalrmicbs wlciblr mil Micbl ucm i`rl Blsoìo`tl(c) id Ehnus. Uiladl`r bl`t ls ud mil Gro`íhahbil gas Risslcso`get slajst, mil dit nridicgaistiso`ld Blspñr ucm uctlr mld Licsgtz licls Hro`lstlrs gc cgturwisslcso`getaio`lc Gcgayslc Zítslac mlr Ulrbgcblc`lit gue mil _pur zu nhddlc vlrsuo`t0 ucm mgjli balio` mld Dyt`hs vhd Gjlctlulr
Risslcso`get hmlr mld Mltlntivjñrh mlr Ulrbgcblc`lit Uhrsoùj alistlt.9
Uhc mlr gro`íhahbiso`lc Nírclrgrjlit, m.`. vhc mlr nagssiso`lc typh- o`rhchahbiso`lc Wulaalcguegrjlitucb, i`rlr qugctitgtivlc ucm gro`íhahbiso`- ìsthriso`lc Guswlrtucb lreí`rt mil Õeelctaio`nlit cur wlcib. Uilaalio`t guo`
mlswlblc, wlia whà slajst mlc dlistlc Gro`íhahb*icclc mil Guswlrtucbvhc Diaaihclc Ehrsoùcbshjflntlc zu nhdpalx ist. Mg ngd jli zucl`dlcmlr Mgtlcdlcbl mlr –Blslaal Ohdputlr, wil Ngtfg Zõsalr (_. 9?-77;) i`c clcct, gas _gcitítlr ic mlr Cht blrgml rlo`t. Zõsalr wlist ic i`rld lxt gjlr vhr gaald mgrgue ìc, wil sio` mil Zhaal mlr Gro`íhahb*icclc ícmlrt, icmld milsl dit zucl`dlcmlr Mibitgaisilrucb zu _hetwgrl- ucm _tgtistin-Lxplrt*icclc wlrmlc (dñsslc), ud mil Risslcsprhmuntihc cio`t mlr _hetwgrl zu ñjlragsslc. Jis zur Ltgjailrucb vhc Blhicehrdgtihcssystldlc (BI_) wgr mil lalntrhciso`l Mgtlcvlrgrjlitucb vhr gaald Dittla eñr licl zlitaio`l Hrmcucb vhc Hjflntlc. Mil Hrmcucb id Zgud wurml trgmitihclaa id _oùatlrsoàuss dit mlr Ngrthbrgeil
rlgaisilrt. Dit milsld stlts slajstvlrstícmaio` gcblwlcmltlc @iaesdittla sltzt sio` _usgccl Brucwgam (_. 777-7=:) nritiso` guslicgcmlr ucm wliØt dit gaalr Mlutaio`nlit gue mil Ñjlrsltzucb zwiso`lc mld Gueeicmlc ucm mld Ngrtilrlc gas _o`wgo`stlaalc jzw. –risngctl Vwiso`lcso`rittl ìc (Brucwgam ic milsld Jgcm, 777). Mil lreg`rucbsblalitltl Gussgbl vhc _gjicl Zilon`hee (_. 7=?-72;), mgss mil
Gro`íhahbil muro` mil Gcgaysl vhc Wugctitítlc mlr ìsthriso`lc _hzigaitít nlic _tñon cí`lr blnhddlc ist, uctlrstrlio`t mil _nlpsis vhc Zõsalr ucm Brucwgam gc mlr VwlondíØibnlit mlr chrdgtivlc [rgxis gro`íhahbiso`lr Risslcsprhmuntihc. \ctlr Ulrwlis gue mil Lctwionaucb mlr Nucst, splzilaa slit mlr Ltgjailrucb mlr ohcolpt grt, gttlstilrt Zilon`hee mlr gro`íhahbiso`lc Ehrsoùcb, mgss milsl
dittalrwlial gc mlr –Gjwlslc`lit mls Icmivimulaalc nrgcnt. _il ehrmlrt stgttmlsslc licl @icwlcmucb zur –cgrrgtivl^cT Wugaitít mlr Micbl (sil`l Jlitrgb Zilon`hee
2 Ic mlc gro`íhahbiso`lc Mgulrgusstlaaucblc ist dgc iczwiso`lc zudicmlst pgrtilaa mgzu ñjlrblbgcblc, mlc Jlsuo`lr*icclc mil Dlcbl gc _gddaucbs- ucm Groìvhjflntlc zu zliblc. Id Agcmlsduslud eñr Uhrblsoìo`tl @gaal jlispilaswlisl `ícblc dl`rlrl ùcmlrt clhaitìso`l Elasblstlicjlial gc liclr Rgcm ucm id _tggt aio`lc Duslud eñr Gro`íhahbil O`ldcitz sicm rucm 7?;; Gaatgbsblblcstícml vhd Dittlagatlr jis ic mil Cluzlit ic liclr =< Dltlr agcblc zusgddlc`ícblcmlc Uitriclcwgcm gusblstlaat. Jliml Icszlcilrucblc vhc Dgssl sicm íst`ltiso` sl`r gcsprlo`lcm, ñjlrehrmlrc mil Jltrgo`tlr*icclc gash cio`t dit typhahbiso`lr Nalicgrjlit.
0 Vud Ulrbalio` vhc gro`íhahbiso`lr Grjlitswlisl ucm nridicgaistiso`lr Dlt`hml6 Nñddla :;;? ucm
Dgctl :;;?. 9 Vud Jiam mlr Gro`íhahbil ic mlr Õlctaio`nlit icsjlshcmlrl6 _gdimg :;7;g> :;7;j> :;7?.
7=
ic milsld Jgcm, 75?) ucm zu liclr Gro`íhahbil, mil Blsoìo`tl(c) lrzíàt. Ls shaatl nagr slic, mgss Zilon`hee cio`t zur Gcgroìl gueruet ucm Blsoìo`tl cio`t gas jahØl Eintihc nagssilrt, hjwhà mgs wisslc wir iczwiso`lc gro`íhahbiso`l Micbl [rhflntihcseaío`l eñr vilal Lrzíàucblc sicm.
Lic so`õcls Jlispila eñr mil vhc Zilon`hee jlcgcctl –cgrrgtivl Wugaitít mlr
Micbl ist mil `lgtlrplrehrdgcol –Isgjlaag’s Zhhd, mil Blblcstgcm mls Jlitrgbsvhc Gstrim @gonla (_. 727-705) ist. Id Vlctrud mls _tñons stl`lc zgàrlio`l lt`chahbiso`l ucm gro`íhahbiso`l Hjflntl liclr privgtlc _gddaucb, dit mlclc mil _o`guspilalr*icclc –aivl hc stgbl gbilrlc (@gonla ic milsld Jgcm, 72<). Cur `gcmlat ls sio` pridír tgtsíoàio` cho` ud Hjflntl mlr Ngtlbhril lt`chahbiso`/ gro`íhahbiso`8 _icm mil Hjflntl, mil licst privgtl _gddalrstñonl wgrlc, muro` mil \dmlutucb mls Lrjlc ucm Zlbisslurs Fgc Aguwlrs cio`t iczwiso`lc zu Micblc mls `lgtlrs jzw. zu Zlquisitlc blwhrmlc8 Mgs Jlispila vhc @gonla, m.`. mil Blsoìo`tl vhc –Isgjlaag’s Zhhd ist gash guo` lic butls Lxldpla eñr mil Heelc`lit vhc Hjflntlc blblcñjlr uctlrsoìlmaio`lc Jlmlutucbszuso`rlijucblc.
Brltg Oivis (_. 702-79<) sprio`t milsls `ldg ic i`rld lxt lxpaizit gc. Oivislricclrt ucs mgrgc, mgss egst flmls Micb Dñaa ist, jlvhr ls zud gro`íhahbiso`lc _gddaucbs- hmlr Ehrsoùcbsprhmunt wirm. Id Gcsoàuss gc mil Dñaat`lhril vhc Dio`gla `hdpshc ergbt sil, wgrud _gddaucbsmicbl cio`t wilmlr Dñaa wlrmlc nõcclc ucm wlist mgdit gue lic strunturlaals [rhjald mlr Gro`íhahbil gas Lxplrt*icclcicstitutihc dit Gcbst vhr Jlmlutucbsvlraust ìc. Gjlr bijt ls mlcc wirnaio` jlbrñcmltl Gczlio`lc mgeñr, mgss mgs nhctrhaailrtl Lct-_gddlac ñjlreñaatlr Dgbgzicl zud nuaturlaalc Jlmlutucbsvlraust mlr Gro`íhahbil hmlr bgr zu i`rld Icegrnt eñ`rlc wñrml8 Io` mlcnl ngud. L`lr cho` mrl`t sio` mil
Gro`íhahbil i`rlc liblclc _trion, wlcc sil sio` cio`t nritiso` dit gntulaalc
Misnurslc guslicgcmlrsltzt ucm i`rlc Jaion cio`t wilmlr vlrdl`rt gue gcmlrl, vhr gaald blistlswisslcso`getaio`l Eío`lr rio`tlt. Mlcc, slit liciblc Fg`rlc wirm mil
Gro`íhahbil eñr i`rlc Zlio`tud gc dgtlrilaalc Ehrsoùcbshjflntlc jlclimlt ucm dgc õrt so`hc licdga liclc Nuaturwisslcso`getalr (sio!) zu Gro`íhahb*icclc sgblc, –i`r `gjt mho` mil Micbl ic Dgsslc, cgo` mlclc wir suo`lc.7; Milsl _uo`l cgo` Hjflntlc gas Lrnlcctcisdittla mlr _hziga- shwil Blistlswisslcso`getlc ucm ilr vhr gaald mlr Blsoìo`tswisslcso`getlc ist gcblsio`ts mls trgmitihclaa nhdducizilrtlc [ridgts mlr _o`rietqulaalc muro`gus lrstgucaio`. Ls ñjlrrgso`t mg`lr cio`t, mgss mil @icwlcmucb zud Dgtlrilaalc vhc mlc tlxthrilctilrtlc Risslcso`getlc dituctlr gas blwgatiblr Licso`citt ic licl agcbl blpealbtl Ehrsoùcbstrgmitihc
jlbrieelc wirm ucm vhd dgtlriga turc jzw. dgtlriga-ouaturga-turc mil Zlml ist.77 \cm tgtsíoàio` `gt mgs Ictlrlssl gc mlc Micblc ucm i`rlr Dgtlrigaitít gas Ehrsoùcbsblblcstgcm eío`lrñjlrbrlielcm guo` id mlutso`sprgoìblc Zgud
7; _h blso`l`lc jli mlr Fg`rlstgbucb mlr Blslaaso`get eñr Risslcso`gets- ucm lo`cinehrsoùcb :;7; zud ]ldg –Mil Rirnucb mlr Micbl gas [rhjald ldpiriso`lr Ehrsoùcb (\ZA6 `ttp6//www.bwte. ml/groìv/:;7;j-dgic.`tda âltztlr Vubri 77.;7.:;7<T), gas Fho`lc Baíslr mlc Uhrtrgb vhc _tlegc _o`rlijlr ucm gcfg Vlo` ñjlr –JlMicbtl Ictlrvilws6 Gro`íhahbiso`l Blmgcnlc zu Dlt`hmlc mlr Micbjlergbucb dit mld blcgcctlc Vitgt nhddlctilrtl (dñcma. @icwlis _tlegc _o`rlijlr).
77 Vur Blsoìo`tl mls dgtlriga-ouaturga-turc ucm mlr nhczlptulaalc Ulrjicmucb zwiso`lc Gro`íhahbil ucm mlr Nuaturgct`rhphahbil sil`l @ions :;7; dit wlitlreñ`rlcmlr Aitlrgtur. Vud dgtlriga turc
ic mlr mlutso`lc Risslcso`get z.J. Jríucalic :;7: ucm Zlonwitz :;7?. Nritiso` jlzñbaio` mls icgtihcírlc Bljrguo`s mls Rhrtls turc ic Jlzub gue mlc dgtlriga turc sil`l @g`c lt ga . :;7=, 7.
7<
zublchddlc.7: Hj dit milsld clulc Dgtlrigaitítsictlrlssl vlrbalio`jgr mlc dgtlriga ouaturl stumils mls gcbahgdlringciso`lc Zguds (vba. @ions/Jlgumry :;7;) guo` id mlutso`sprgoìblc Zgud licl Rlcml dgo`jgr ist, duss sio` lrst cho` lrwlislc. Mgss mil Gro`íhahbil vhc licld dgtlriga turc prheitilrlc wñrml, mgvhc sicm licibl Guthr*icclc milsls Jgcmls ñjlrzlubt. Ls bijt gjlr guo` nritiso`l
_tiddlc, wil sio` zliblc wirm. Mho`, whvhc blcgu wirm blsprho`lc, wlcc icgcmlrlc Eío`lrc vhc dgtlriga ouaturl jzw. Dgtlrilaalr Nuatur mil Zlml ist8 Vucío`st wlislc mil clulc Micblxplrtislc gue mil Ulrcgoàíssibucb ucm
\ctlrso`ítzucb dgtlrilaalr Nuatur ìc. Mil [rídilrucb mls Iddgtlrilaalc ic mlr lurhpíiso`lc Blistlsblsoìo`tl `gjl zu liclr Gsyddltril zwiso`lc mlc Dlcso`lc ucm mlc Micblc bleñ`rt, mil ls ngud dõbaio` dgo`l, mil Jlmlutucb mlr Blblcstícml zu lrnlcclc, sh so`hc vhr Fg`rlc mlr Lt`chahbl @gcs [ltlr @g`c (:;;<, 2). Ls bl`t zulrst gash brucmsítzaio` ud mil _io`tjgrdgoùcb vhc Micblc ucm ud mlrlc Licjlttucb ic nhdpalxl Dlcso`-Micb-Jlzilùcblc (vba. _thon`gddlr :;77). Milsl Jlzilùcblc wlrmlc gc`gcm mlr Lxistlcz,
Dgtlrigaitít ucm Rgcmlajgrnlit vhc Micblc uctlrsuo`t, mil ñjlr mil typiso`lcNgtlbhrisilrucblc vhc Hjflntlc ìcgusbl`lc (vba. Icbham :;;2> Diaalr :;;<). Gcblsio`ts milslr clulc Gcsítzl so`lict ls, gas hj guo` mil Gro`íhahbil gas
licl guptsíoàio` gd Dlcso`lc gusblrio`tltl isthriso`l Risslcso`get ñjlrmgo`t wlrmlc dñssl, mil mil Micbl gue i`rl Eucntihc gas Ehrsoùcbshjflnt rlmuzilrt, dit Cuddlrc vlrsil`t, rlstgurilrt, gcgaysilrt, jlso`rlijt, gjjiamlt, ic liciblc Eíaalc gusstlaat, gcshcstlc ic gro`íhahbiso`lc Groìvlc agblrt. _hwhà mil [haysldil mlr Micbl gas guo` mil nhcstitutivl Ictlrgntihc mlr Dlcso`lc dit mlc Micblc wlrmlc muro` milsl [rgxis systldgtiso` licblso`rícnt. Uhc gro`íhahbiso`lr _litl gus shaatl mgs clul Ictlrlssl mlr Cgo`jgrmiszipaiclc gc dgtlrilaalr Nuatur gash
gaaldga jlgo`tlcswlrt slic, cio`t cur wlia sio` mgrgus O`gcolc eñr [rhflntl dit ictlrmiszipaicírlr Vusgddlcgrjlit jiltlc.7? Ic lrstlr Aicil duss mgcgo` blergbt wlrmlc, wlao`l Guswirnucblc mil blwlcmltl _io`twlisl gue mlc Lrnlcctciswlrt vhc _go`nuatur eñr ucslr Ego` `gt ucm `gjlc ngcc (sil`l guo` @hedgcc ucm _o`rlijlr :;77> :;7=> _thon`gddlr :;77). _h ist mgcgo` zu ergblc, wil stgrn jlispilaswlisl mil `lsl vhc mlr Gblcoy mlr Micbl (Agthur 7990 ^7997T> Blaa 7990> vba. Jilaelamt :;7=, 70) gc mlr gro`íhahbiso`lc Blwh`c`lit, mil Micbl cgo` Gatlr ucm pridírlr Eucntihc zu jlso`rlijlc ucm zu hrmclc rñttlat. Hmlr, wil cg` rñonlc ucs mil nuaturlaa erldmlc Micbl muro` i`rlc Liblcsicc (@g`c
7: V.J. Jilaelamt :;7=> _gdimg lt ga . :;7=> iltdlylr lt ga . :;7;> Jõ`dl :;;5> @g`c :;;<> Nõcib :;;<> Ulit lt ga . :;;?> _laal 7992> Eausslr 799?. Alxinggrtinla zu milsld ]ldg sicm iczwiso`lc ljlcegaas hcaicl6 z.J. –Dgtlrilaal Nuatur vhc Gcmrlgs Aumwib (\ZA6 `ttp6//mhouplmig.ml/zb/ DgtlrilaalXNuatur âltztlr Vubri :2.;7.:;7<T) hmlr mlr lctsprlo`lcml Riniplmiglictrgb (\ZA6 `ttp6//ml.winiplmig.hrb/wini/DgtlrilaalXNuatur âltztlr Vubri :=.;7.:;7<T). @iczuwlislc ist guo` gue mil Dgtlrigaitítlctgbucb ic Dgicz id Fg`r :;776 (\ZA6 `ttp6//www.dgtlrigaitgltlc.shoud. uci-dgicz.ml/ âltztlr Vubri :=.;7.:;7<T).
7? Mgs Jucmlsdicistlriud eñr Jiamucb ucm Ehrsoùcb (JDJE) `gt id Fg`r :;7: lrstdgas lic Ehrsoùcbsprhbrgdd uctlr mld itla –Mil _prgo`l mlr Hjflntl gusblruelc. Jlrlits bleõrmlrt wirm mgs [rhflnt –_ian Zhgm Egsìhc Nalimucb gas Nhdducingtihcsdittla id lrstlc Fg`rtguslcm v. O`r. ic Hstzlctrgagsilc, mgs vhd Mlutso`lc Gro`íhahbiso`lc Icstitut Jlraic [lnicb icitiilrt wurml. Guo` mlr Ehnus id Brgmuilrtlcnhaalb –Rlrt & Íquivgalct gc mlr Bhlt`l-\civlrsitít Ergcneurt ailbt gue dgtlrilaalr Nuatur. Dit mlr Dgtlrigaitít vhc lxtnuaturlc jlso`íetibt sio` mlr balio`cgdibl
_EJ gc mlr \civlrsitít @limlajlrb (\ZA6`ttp6//www.dgtlrigal-tlxtnuaturlc.ml/ âltztlr Vubri :=.;7.:;7<T).
75
:;7?) gue mlc Alij8 Ril vila Dhmlrcl sl`lc wir, wlcc wir ìsthriso`l Hjflntl dinrhsnhpiso` blcgu jltrgo`tlc8 \cm wgs jlmlutlt ls, ñjlr mil Jlmicbt`lit mls Aljlcs ucm mil Ulrwionaucblc vhc Dlcso` ucm Micb ic Ulrbgcblc`lit, Blblcwgrt ucm Vunucet cgo`zumlcnlc8 Ril gash nõcctl gro`íhahbiso`l Ehrsoùcb flcslits vhc Micbtyphahbilc gas Jgsis mlr dlcsoàio`lc Blsoìo`tl gussl`lc, wlcc wir
ucs gc Jruch Agthurs Dgcielst vhc mlc Micblc gas Gntgctlc (Agthur 7990^7997T) hmlr @grtdut Jõ`dls (:;;5, 79) G`cucb vhc liclr Blslaaso`get mlr Micbl hrilctilrlc ucm vhr mld @ictlrbrucm vhc Micb-Lctwñrelc gas lxtlcmlm dicm (Oagrn/O`gadlrs 7990) hmlr cuc wilmlr iddgtlrilaa Dgtlrigaitít gas Cltz vhc Jlmlutucblc vlrstl`lc (@g`c :;;<)8
Id zwlitlc lia mls vhrailblcmlc _gddlajgcms wirm mg`lr misnutilrt, wil gro`íhahbiso`l Hjflntl flcslits mlr ltgjailrtlc ldpiriso`-gctiqugriso`lc [rgxis uctlrsuo`t wlrmlc nõcclc. Mil Guthr*icclc sicm sio` mgjli nliclsegaas iddlr licib. _o`hc mgs Ictlrvilw zwiso`lc Dgcerlm N. @. Lbblrt ucm _tlegcil _gdimg (_. 792-:7=) albt licibl Mieelrlczlc heelc, mil id Ego` jlzñbaio` mlr clulc
Micbjlmlutsgdnlit `lrrso`lc. Mils jltrieet Ergblc cgo` mlc Bldlicsgdnlitlcucm \ctlrsoìlmlc zwiso`lc mlr Gro`íhahbil gas Risslcso`get dgtlrilaalr Wulaalc ucm mlc ljlcegaas gue Dgtlril jlzhblclc Cgturwisslcso`getlc ljlcsh wil mil Zlzlptihc mlr Gntlur-Cltzwlrn-`lhril vhc Agthur, ic mlr licibl liclc Zlttucbsricb sl`lc, wh gcmlrl milsl Dhmllrso`licucb balio` ñjlr Jhrm wlrelc whaalc. Cio`t slatlc wlrmlc gus mlr Nritin gc mlr imlgaistiso`lc Rlatsio`t `lrgus gatl Micbvhrstlaaucblc wil flcl vhc Blhrb _iddla (70<0-7970), Dgrtic @limlbblr (7009-7925) ucm Lrcst Jaho` (700<-7922) `lrvhrbl`hat, wlcc ls ud mil _prgo`l mlr Micbl bl`t, wil Dgttìgs Fucb (_. :7<-:=;) ic slicld Jlitrgb nritiso` gcdlrnt. Flmho` jiltlc milsl lxtl, sh Fucb, guo` `lutl nliclc Gcrliz
eñr mil Gro`íhahbil, sio` dit i`clc gus @heecucb ud Lrnlcctcisehrtso`ritt zu jlso`íetiblc.7= Fucb stlaat stgttmlsslc mlc gdlringciso`lc [rgbdgtisdus gas vilavlrsprlo`lcml dlt`hmiso`l Eucmilrucb eñr mil Gro`íhahbil zur Misnussihc ucm sprio`t sio` mgdit eñr liclc Gcsgtz gus, mlr jis`lr nliclc Licbgcb ic mil gro`íhahbiso`l `lhrilmljgttl bleucmlc `gt. Mil wuo`tibl Nritin vhc `hdgs Dlilr (_. :=7-:0:) gd gntulaalc Dhmlnhczlpt Dgtlrigaitít, mgs vhr gaald dit [`íchdlchahbil ucm phsitivistiso`lr Lpistldhahbil @gcm ic @gcm bl`t, nhddt wilmlrud gus liclr bgcz gcmlrlc Zio`tucb. Dlilr ist rlblarlo`t lctsltzt mgrñjlr, mgss mil vlrdlictaio` clulc Micb-`lhrilc phsitivistiso`l Ñjlrzlubucblc gus mld vhraltztlc Fg`rùcmlrt jlmilclc ucm mgzu dgo`tstrunturlaa rñonwírtsblwgcmt
sicm. Dlilr albt ic slicld Lssgy gus _io`t licls Nhcstruntivistlc gjlr cio`t cur mil lrnlcctcist`lhrltiso`l Idpaingtihc ucm wisslcsìsthriso`l _o`cittstlaalc mls (clh-)p`íchdlchahbiso`lc Agblrs erli, shcmlrc bijt guo` zu jlmlcnlc, ic wlao`ld blslaaso`getsphaitiso`lc Vusgddlc`gcb mgs Micbictlrlssl stl`t, vhc mld licibl dliclc, ls wñrml mil Nuaturwisslcso`getlc gue mlc Nhpe stlaalc.
7= Gjblsl`lc vhc milsld Grbudlct, ist @limlbblrs [ìahshpìl dit mlc fñcbstlc Ulrõlctaioùcblc mlr Blsgdtgusbgjl wlitlr ic Ulrrue blrgtlc. @limlbblrs –_o`wgrzl @letl, mil zwiso`lc 79?7 ucm 79=7 lctstgcmlc sicm, so`ñrlc cio`t cur mlc Ulrmgo`t mls Gctislditisdus jli @limlbblr, wil slajst mlr @lrgusbljlr [ltlr rgwcy zubijt (cgo` Ugln :;7=, 2;), shcmlrc eñr ]hdgs Ugln (:;7=, 25) jlstítiblc sil zumld mgs \rtlia, mgss @limlbblrs [ìahshpìl –id Nlrc gcti-aijlrga, gcti-
mldhnrgtiso`, gcti-ùdgcistiso`, gcti-rgtihcga ist. Rlr dõo`tl gcblsio`ts milslr Elststlaaucb cho` dit @limlbblr mlcnlc8
72
Nlrstic [. @hedgcc (_. :0?-?;0) wilmlrud bijt id Gcsoàuss gc Uhan`grm Ncibbl zu jlmlcnlc, mgss guo` ic mlr Guslicgcmlrsltzucb dit mlc Micblc gas Dgtlrilaal Nuatur cio`t vlrcgoàíssibt wlrmlc shaatl, mgss –Lrnlcctcisictlrlsslc, Ergblstlaaucblc ucm Zlalvgczjlstidducblc shwil dhrgaiso`l ucm ltìso`l @hrizhctl stlts ic mil Jlmlutucb liclr Wulaal licbl`lc (@hedgcc ic milsld
Jgcm, :9<). Licl Blsoìo`tsso`rlijucb, mil ls gue licl hjflntivl, zlitaio` aiclgrlLrzíàucb gjblsl`lc gt, ist gash guo` dit Micblc cio`t zu gjlc. Gcstlaal iddlrzu milslajlc Ergblc cgo` mlr Lctstlùcb mlr Micbl, i`rld Gatlr, i`rlr @lrnucet ucm i`rlr hjflntivlc Eucntihc zu stlaalc, paímilrt @hedgcc mgeñr, sio` id \dbgcb dit mlc Micblc ealxijla zu zliblc ucm stlts mil vlrsoìlmlclc, migo`rhclc Dlcso`- Micb-Nhcstlaagtihclc ic mlc Jaion zu cl`dlc.
Ic mlc gcwlcmucbshrilctilrtlc Jlitríblc wlrmlc mil clulc Imllc zud Ulrstícmcis vhd Micbslic wil sil ud ìlr cur licibl zu clcclc vhc Agthur (z.J. :;7; ^:;;<T), Mgcila Diaalr (:;;<), Fgcl Jlccltt (:;7;) hmlr Igc @hmmlr (:;7:) ehrduailrt whrmlc sicm, lxldpagriso` gue mil gro`íhahbiso`l Ehrsoùcb
ñjlrtrgblc. Id Jlshcmlrlc gjlr eicmlt mgjli mlr Gntlur-Cltzwlrn-`lhril (GC)Jlgo`tucb. Mlc Guthr*icclc zuehabl õeeclt sil mlc Nuaturgct`rhphahbilc ucm Blsoìo`tswisslcso`getlc clul Ehrsoùcbsríudl, ic mlclc `ldlc misnutilrt wlrmlc nõcclc, mil zuvhr dit _oilcol Eiotihc hmlr `õo`stlcs mlc lo`cin- ucm Dlmilcwisslcso`getlc gsshziilrt whrmlc sicm. _tlegc _o`rlijlr (_. ?;9-??;) lrnaírt ucs ic milsld Vusgddlc`gcb wil Mhccg @grgwgys Nhczlpt mlr Oyjhrbs guo` eñr mil gro`íhahbiso`l Ulrbgcblc`lit cutzjgr ist. Mil Eibur mlr Oyjhrb `lael mgjli, sh _o`rlijlr, licl udegsslcml _hzigagro`íhahbil zu jltrlijlc, icmld dit i`r mil Zhaal mlr dgtlrilaa wirnsgdlc Gntlur*icclc rlealntilrt wlrmlc ngcc, mil gd Lctstl`lc mls gro`íhahbiso`lc Jleucmls jltliaibt sicm. Balio`zlitib sthØlc wir
ic mlr gro`íhahbiso`lc [rgxis iddlr wilmlr gc mil Brlczlc mls Nhczlptls vhc Agthur. Id jlstlc Egaa agsslc sio` jlhjgo`tltl Dícbla muro` liblcl t`lhrltiso`l, vhd gro`íhahbiso`lc Dgtlriga gjblalitltl gjstrgntl Lrwlitlrucblc jl`ljlc wil [ìaipp _thon`gddlr (_. ??7-?=:) ic slicld Jlitrgb ñjlr –Dlcso`-Micb- Ulrlo`tucblc gus ur- ucm erñ`blsoìo`taio`lr [lrsplntivl zlibt. Blrgml mil ìlr ic mlc Jaion blchddlclc Jlzilùcblc zwiso`lc Dlcso` ucm Micb jlso`wõrt licl _lcsijiaitít eñr mil Rgcmlajgrnlit mlr Micbl `lrgue, mil licl gro`íhahbiso`l Wulaalcnritin jlrlio`lrc wñrml. Guo` eñr Grciog NlØlalr (_. ?=?-?5?) ist mil rlccucb vhc _ujflnt ucm Hjflnt, wil sil ic mlr wlstaio`lc Rlat vhr`lrrso`lcm ist,
Gusbgcbspucnt i`rlr Ñjlralbucblc zud Ictlrprltgtihcsspilargud vhc Hjflntlc
flcslits i`rlr pridírlc Eucntihc. Ic Gcal`cucb gc mgs Nhczlpt mlr Ghrmgcz ucm gd Jlispila vhc _piccwirtlac gus Dhcfunai Mlpl, urndlcistgc vlrwlist sil gue licl clul gro`íhahbiso`l [rgxis flcslits –liclr mltlrdicilrlcmlc Uhrmlutucb gro`íhahbiso`lr Wulaalc (Jlitrgb NlØlalr ic milsld Jgcm, ?=<). Mil Gue`ljucb mls Mugaisdus zwiso`lc _ujflnt ucm Hjflnt ist guo` eñr gtigcg Ivalvg Gusbgcbspucnt i`rlr \ctlrsuoùcb vhc – Duatiegoltlm Jritis`-dgml Jrhho`ls Gjrhgm (_. ?5<-?05). _il uctlrso`limlt viladl`r zwiso`lc Micbaio`nlit (tìcbaiclss ), m.`. mlr Dgtlrigaitít licls Hjflntls liclrslits, ucm mlr Hjflnt`getibnlit (hjflotclss ) licls [rhmunts, id _iccl mlr Blblcstícmaio`nlit mlr Cgtur mls Dlcso`lc gcmlrlrslits. Mil Hjflnt`getibnlit (hjflotclss-he-t`l-hjflot ) mrñont mgjli mil Uilasoìo`tibnlit mls
Dlcso`slics ìcsio`taio` Imlctitít, @gcmaucblc ucm Lreg`rucblc dgtlrilaa, gash
70
sgoàio` gus. \cm vilaalio`t ist milsl Uhrbl`lcswlisl lic Gcsgtz eñr mil vhc Zilon`h ucm @hedgcc jlso`riljlcl Zñonnl`r zur cgrrgtivl^cT Wugaitít mlr Micbl8
Ls dgb jiswlialc mlr Licmruon lctstgcmlc slic, mgss mil ìlr vlrsgddlatlc Jlitríbl mgs Lcml mlr ldpiriso`lc Ehrsoùcb ic mlr Gro`íhahbil gusruelc dõo`tlc. Mld ist cio`t sh. Rir, gash mil @lrgusbljlr*icclc mlcnlc gjlr, mgss
mil Gro`íhahbil ic flmld Egaa but jlrgtlc ist, wlcc sil mil blblcwírtibl O`gcolcutzt, ud ñjlr i`rl Lreg`rucblc id \dbgcb dit mlc Micblc zu sprlo`lc. Blrgml Gro`íhahb*icclc nõcclc vhc uczíàiblc Ulrsuo`lc jlrio`tlc, Micbl vlreñb- ucm jlbrliejgr zu dgo`lc. _il nõcclc vhc mlc @lrgusehrmlrucblc lrzíàlc, sio` mlc Micblc dit i`rld Liblcsicc ucm i`rlr ñonl zu cí`lrc. Mho` alimlr bicblc gus mlr mlutso`sprgoìblc Gro`íhahbil jis`lr cur wlcibl Idpuasl gus milslr Zio`tucb zu flclc Eío`lrc, mil zurzlit id Jlbriee sicm, sio` mld Dgtlrilaalc vlrstírnt zuzuwlcmlc. Mgs ist udsh jlmgulraio`lr, mg gus gro`íhahbiso`lr [lrsplntivl wil blzlibt wurml muro`gus guo` Nritin gd blblcwírtiblc Ulrsuo` mls Micbvlrstícmcissls zu ñjlc ist.
Aitlrgtur
Jlccltt :;7; Fgcl Jlccltt, Uijrgct Dgttlr. G [haitioga Lohahby he ìcbs (Mur`gd/Ahcmhc :;7;).
Jilaelamt :;7= Zut` Jilaelamt, Blblcwgrt ucm Ulrblblcwírtibucb6 mycgdiso`l Micbl id Gusbgcb vhc @hdlr. Ic6 Zut` Jilaelamt (@rsb.), Micb ucm Dlcso` ic mlr Gctinl. Blblcwgrt ucm Ulrblblcwírtibucb (@limlajlrb :;7=) 7<-=0.
Jõ`dl :;;5 @grtdut Jõ`dl, Eltisoìsdus ucm Nuatur. Licl gcmlrl `lhril mlr Dhmlrcl (@gdjurb :;;5).
Jríucalic :;7: [ltlr Jríucalic, Dgtlriga urc. Ic6 Blhrb-Gubust-\civlrsitít (@rsb.), Micbl mls
Risslcs. Mil _gddaucblc, Dusllc ucm Bírtlc mlr \civlrsitít Bõtticblc (Bõtticblc :;7:) ?;-==.
Oagrn/O`gadlrs 7990 Gcmy Oagrn/Mgvim F. O`gadlrs, `l Lxtlcmlm Dicm. Gcgaysis <0, 7990, 2-79.
Eausslr 799? Uiaéd Eausslr, Micbl ucm \cmicbl6 [`íchdlchahbiso`l _nizzlc (Dñco`lc 799?).
Blaa 7990 Gaerlm Blaa, Grt gcm Gblcoy. Gc Gct`rhphahbioga `lhry (Hxehrm 7990).
@g`c :;;< @gcs [ltlr @g`c, Dgtlrilaal Nuatur. Licl Liceñ`rucb (Jlraic :;;<).
@g`c :;7? @gcs [ltlr @g`c, Uhd Liblcsicc mlr Micbl. Jgylriso`ls Fg`rjuo` eñr Uhansnucml :;7?, 7?-::.
79
@g`c lt ga . :;7= @gcs [ltlr @g`c/Dgcerlm N. @. Lbblrt/_tlegcil _gdimg, Licalitucb6 Dgtlrilaal Nuatur ic mlc Nuatur- ucm _hzigawisslcso`getlc. Ic6 _tlegcil _gdimg/Dgcerlm N. @. Lbblrt/@gcs [ltlr @g`c (@rsb.), @gcmjuo` Dgtlrilaal Nuatur. Jlmlutucblc Nhczlptl Miszipaiclc (_tuttbgrt :;7=) 7-7:.
@ions :;7; Mgc @ions, `l Dgtlriga-Ouaturga urc6 Lvlct gcm Leelot. Ic6 Mgc @ions/Dgry O. Jlgumry (@rsb.), `l Hxehrm @gcmjhhn he Dgtlriga Ouaturl _tumils (Hxehrm :;7;) :<-90.
@ions/Jlgumry :;7; Mgc @ions/Dgry O. Jlgumry (@rsb.), `l Hxehrm @gcmjhhn he Dgtlriga Ouaturl _tumils (Hxehrm :;7;).
@hmmlr :;7: Igc @hmmlr, Lctgcbalm. Gc Gro`glhahby he t`l Zlagtihcsìps jltwllc @udgcs gcm ìcbs (Dgamlc DG :;7:).
@hedgcc/_o`rlijlr :;77 Nlrstic [. @hedgcc/_tlegc _o`rlijlr, Dit Agczlttlc muro` mlc prgotioga turc. Vud Rlo`slaspila zwiso`lc Dlcso` ucm Micb gus gro`íhahbiso`lr [lrsplntivl. Lt`chbrgpìso -Gro`íhahbiso`l Vlitso`riet <:/:, :;77, 75?-702.
@hedgcc/_o`rlijlr :;7= Nlrstic [. @hedgcc/_tlegc _o`rlijlr, Dgtlrilaal Nuatur. Ic6 Mhrllc Dõamlrs/_gjicl
Rhaergd, _oàñsslajlbrieel mlr [ríìsthriso`lc Gro`íhahbil. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr 77 (Dñcstlr :;7=) 729-70=.
Icbham :;;2
id Icbham, Dgtlrigas gbgicst Dgtlrigaity. Gro`glhahbioga Migahbuls 7=, :;;2, 7-75.
Nõcib :;;< Bumruc D. Nõcib (@rsb.), Gaatgbsmicbl. Lrnucmucblc mlr dgtlrilaalc Nuatur. ñjicblr Nuaturwisslcso`getaio`l Blsprío`l 7 (ñjicblc :;;<).
Nrlilcjricn :;7= Ergunl Nrlilcjricn, _gddaucblc ucm Dusllc. Ic6 Mhrllc Dõamlrs/_gjicl Rhaergd (@rsb.), _oàñsslajlbrieel mlr [ríìsthriso`lc Gro`íhahbil. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr 77 (Dñcstlr :;7=) :<<-:<9.
Nuchw :;7=
Fñrblc Nuchw, Jhmlcmlcndgapealbl. Ic6 Mhrllc Dõamlrs/_gjicl Rhaergd (@rsb.), _oàñsslajlbrieel mlr [ríìsthriso`lc Gro`íhahbil. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr 77 (Dñcstlr :;7=) 59-2=.
Nñddla :;;? O`risthp` Nñddla, Ril wlit tríbt lic Icmizilcjlwlis8 Vur gro`íhahbiso`lc Ñjlreñ`rucb vhc Brgjríujlrc. Ic6 \ario` Ulit/hjigs A. Nilcaic/O`risthp` Nñddla/ _gso`g _o`dimt (@rsb.), _purlc ucm Jhtso`getlc. Ictlrprltgtihclc dgtlrilaalr Nuatur. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr = (Dñcstlr :;;?) 7?<-7<5.
:;
Agthur 7990 ^7997T Jruch Agthur, Rir sicm cil dhmlrc blwlslc. Ulrsuo` liclr syddltriso`lc
Gct`rhphahbil (Ergcneurt g.D. 7990) ^zulrst Chus cgvhcs fgdgis été dhmlrcls lssgi mgct`rhphahbil sydétriqul ([gris 7997)T.
Agthur :;7; ^:;;<T
Jruch Agthur, Licl clul _hzihahbil eñr licl clul Blslaaso`get. Liceñ`rucb ic mil Gntlur-Cltzwlrn-`lhril (Ergcneurt g.D. :;7;) ^zulrst Zlgssldjaicb t`l shoiga Gc Ictrhmuotihc th Gothr-Cltwhrn-`lhry (Hxehrm :;;<)T.
Dgctl :;;? Bgjrilal Dgctl, _purlc alslc6 Mil Zlalvgcz nridicgaistiso`lr Dlt`hmlc eñr mil gro`íhahbiso`l Risslcso`get. Ic6 \ario` Ulit/hjigs Nilcaic/O`risthp` Nñddla/ _gso`g _o`dimt (@rsb.), _purlc ucm Jhtso`getlc6 Ictlrprltgtihclc dgtlrilaalr Nuatur. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr = (Dñcstlr :;;?) 7<2-72:.
Diaalr :;;< Mgcila Diaalr, Dgtlrigaity6 Gc Ictrhmuotihc. Ic6 Mgcila Diaalr (@rsb.), Dgtlrigaity
(Mur`gd/Ahcmhc :;;<) 7-<;.
Zlonwitz :;7? Gcmrlgs Zlonwitz, Mil Dgtlrigaisilrucb mlr Nuaturt`lhrilc. Ic6 Zlic`grm Fhàlr (@rsb.), NuaturXNuatur. Mlcnlc Ehrso`lc Mgrstlaalc. ?0. Nhcbrlss mlr Mlutso`lc Blslaaso`get eñr Uhansnucml ic ñjicblc :;77 (Ergcneurt g.D. :;7?) :0-?2.
_gdimg :;7;g _tlegcil _gdimg, _oàildgccs Lrjl8 [hpuaírl Jiamlr vhc Gro`íhahbil ic mlr Õeelctaio`nlit. Ic6 @gcs-Fhgoìd Bl`rnl/Dirigd _écéo`lgu (@rsb.), Blsoìo`tl,
Gro`íhahbil, Õeelctaio`nlit. Eñr liclc clulc Migahb zwiso`lc Risslcso`get ucm
Dlmilc (Jilalelam :;7;) ?7-=0. _gdimg :;7;j
_tlegcil _gdimg, Gusbríjlr ucm Lctmlonlr, Gjlctlurlr ucm @lam6 [hpuaírl Blsoìo`tsvlrdittaucb ic gro`íhahbiso`lc Elrcsl`mhnudlctgtihclc. Ic6 Nagus
Grcham/Rgatlr @õdjlrb/_usgccl Niccljrhon (@rsb.), Blsoìo`tsfhurcgaisdus. Vwiso`lc Icehrdgtihc ucm Icszlcilrucb. Nhdducingtihcsblsoìo`tl :7 (Dñcstlr :;7;) :79-:??.
_gdimg :;7? _tlegcil _gdimg, Gro`íhahbil ucm Õeelctaio`nlit. Vud _tgcm mlr Zlealxihc. Ic6 Dgcerlm N. @. Lbblrt/\ario` Ulit (@rsb.), `lhril ic mlr Gro`íhahbil6 Vur
mlutso`sprgoìblc Misnussihc. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr 7; (Dñcstlr/ Clw Yhrn/Dñco`lc :;7?) ??2-?2=.
_gdimg lt ga . :;7= _tlegcil _gdimg/Dgcerlm N. @. Lbblrt/@gcs [ltlr @g`c (@rsb.), @gcmjuo` Dgtlrilaal Nuatur. Jlmlutucblc Nhczlptl Miszipaiclc (_tuttbgrt :;7=).
_laal 7992 Blrt _laal, _iljlcsgo`lc6 Lic Juo` ñjlr mil Micbl (Ergcneurt g.D. 7992).
:7
_thon`gddlr :;77 [ìaipp R. _thon`gddlr, Uhc mlr [hstdhmlrcl zud prgotiol turc. Eñr lic cluls Ulrstícmcis mls Dlcso`-Micb-Ulr`íatcissls ic mlr Gro`íhahbil. Lt`chbrgpìso`-
Gro`íhahbiso`l Vlitso`riet <:, :;77, 700-:7=.
iltdlylr lt ga . :;7;
Laisgjlt` ildlylr/Oagumig @irso`jlrblr/Ngrhaicl Chgon/Fgcl Zlmaic (@rsb.), Mil _prgo`l mlr Micbl. Nuaturwisslcso`getaio`l [lrsplntivlc gue mil dgtlrilaal Nuatur (Dñcstlr/Clw Yhrn/Dñco`lc :;7;).
Ulit lt ga . :;;? \ario` Ulit/hjigs Nilcaic/O`risthp` Nñddla/_gso`g _o`dimt (@rsb.), _purlc ucm Jhtso`getlc6 Ictlrprltgtihclc dgtlrilaalr Nuatur. ñjicblr Gro`íhahbiso`l gso`lcjño`lr = (Dñcstlr :;;?).
Ugln :;7= `hdgs Ugln, Lic thtgaitírlr Mlcnlr. @h`l Auet ;5, :;7=, 59-25.
Ñjlr mil Guthric6
Mhrllc Dõamlrs ist slit :;7? wisslcso`getaio`l Ditgrjlitlric/Nurgthric gd _tggtaio`lc Duslud eñr Gro`íhahbil O`ldcitz. Vuvhr wgr sil eñce Fg`rl gas wisslcso`getaio`l Ditgrjlitlric gd Al`rstuà eñr \r- ucm Erñ`blsoìo`tl mlr \civlrsitít Alipzib jlso`íetibt. :;7? wurml sil dit mlr Grjlit –Uhd bgaaiso`lc Dgrntpagtz zud clhaijlrgalc @gcmlaszlctrud. Mgs `ldg Rirtso`get id Misnurs mlr Hppimgehrsoùcb prhdhvilrt. _il `gt \r- ucm Erñ`blsoìo`tl, Nagssiso`l Gro`íhahbil ucm Gatl Blsoìo`tl ic Alipzib ucm Erlijurb i. Jr. stumilrt. I`rl Ehrsoùcbsso`wlrpucntl ailblc ic mlr Risslcso`getsblsoìo`tl, mlr
Rirtso`getsgro`íhahbil ucm mlr Lislczlitehrsoùcb. Vualtzt `gt sil zusgddlc dit _gjicl Rhaergd mlc Liceñ`rucbsjgcm –_oàñsslajlbrieel mlr [ríìsthriso`lc
Gro`íhahbil `lrgusblbljlc (:;7=).
Mhrllc Dõamlrs _tggtaio`ls Duslud eñr Gro`íhahbil O`ldcitz _tlegc-@lyd-[agtz 7 ;9777 O`ldcitz mhrllc.dhlamlrsKaeg.sgo`slc.ml
@gcs [ltlr @g`c
Gat`hub` t`l imlg he ohaaloticb tìcbs dgy jl ohcsimlrlm g ohcstgct ic ùdgc jl`gvihr, t`l imlg he g ohaalotihc gs g thphs he pujaio gcm rlprlslctgtihcga prhplrtils is duo` yhucblr. Ldlrbicb erhd t`l –Rucmlrngddlrc he lgray dhmlrc tidls, t`l duslud gs wl nchw
it thmgy wgs dlgct th jl gc ictlregol he nchwalmbl trgcselr, phaitioga slae-rlprlslctgtihc gcm dlmig lvlcts gcm it wgs lstgjais`lm cht uctia t`l 79t` olctury.
Ic spitl he its lxpaioit stgtldlcts t`l duslud clvlr suoollmlm ic ogtlbhriogaay misticbuisìcb itslae erhd t`l mlpgrtdlct sthrl. ìcbs ic g ohaalotihc gawgys ohdprisl dhrl prhplrtils t`gc grl mleiclm jy t`l buimicb pricoipals he t`l duslud’s ourgthrs. It is hcl he t`l dhst idphrtgct hjflotivls he gcy duslud’s ohaalotihc th ohctrijutl th t`l gmvgcoldlct he nchwalmbl ic t`l soilcols gcm ic t`l pujaio. @hwlvlr, g oahslr ahhn gt t`l ohcmitihcs he t`l ohdicb icth jlicb he ohaalotihcs gcm dusluds is gmgptlm th tìs hcay pgrtigaay. Gs s`hwc ic tìs ohctrijutihc, slvlrga chc-soilctieio elgturls erlqulctay gpplgr. `l rlstriotihcs he t`l stgcmgrm misohursl wit` rlbgrm th t`l ohaalotihcs’ soilctieio
purphsl is t`l shurol he dgcy he t`l ourgthr’s prhjalds. It is quitl disalgmicb t`l rlbgrm g ohaalotihc gs fust g pagol he nchwalmbl prhmuotihc. `l hjsticgoy he tìcbs gawgys rlquirls clw gcm icchvgtivl strgtlbils he mlgaicb wit` t`ld. [rholssls he imlctieiogtihc, gcm t`l prlslcol he stricb ldhtihcs grl hcay shdl he t`l phssijal o`gaalcbls th g jrhgmlr ucmlrstgcmicb he ohaalotihcs.
Egoicb t`lsl prhjalds, tìs ohctrijutihc grbuls ic egvhr he gc lcagrblm ohcolpt he ohaalotihcs t`gt icoaumls gaa t`l (o`gaalcbls) issuls he ohdpalxity gcm gdjivgalct chtihcs he t`l tìcbs ohaalotlm. [rhjalds he mleicicb hrmlr, he dgnicb slcsl he ùbl qugctitils he tìcbs s`huam jl tgnlc slrihus. `ly grl cht dgrbicga gcchygcols, jut rgt`lr g jgsio
prhplrty he tìcbs, gcm, tgnlc slrihusay, ogc ohctrijutl th g jlttlr ucmlrstgcmicb he ohaalotihcs.
_oàñsslajlbrieel6 _gddaucbsblsoìo`tl> Nhcslrvilrucb> Dusludsblsoìo`tl> shzigal Imlctitít> dhmlrcl _gddaucbsehrdlc
Nlywhrms6 ìsthry he ohaalotihcs> ohcslrvgtihc> ìsthry he dusluds> shoiga imlctity> dhmlrc ehrds he ohaaloticb
:=
–]l chtihc t`gt bgt`lricb icvhavls t`l goouduagtihc he phsslssihcs, t`l imlg t`gt imlctity is g nicm he wlgat` (he hjflots, nchwalmbl, dldhrils, lxplrilcol), is surlay cht ucivlrsga. ^…T Ic t`l Rlst, hwlvlr, ohaaloticb gs ahcb jllc g strgtlby ehr t`l mlpahydlct he g phsslssivl slae, ouaturl, gcm gut`lctioity (Oaihrm 7900, :70).
Licalitucb
Gue mlc lrstlc Jaion zlibt sio` mgs _gddlac gas licl Nhcstgctl dlcsoàio`lc @gcmlacs. Uhc mlc Jusoàlutlc mlr Ngag`gri (Rimahn 7999), mlrlc Ñjlraljlc vhd _gddlac ìcrlio`lcmlr Dlcblc gc Cñsslc gj`ícbt (Gjj. 7), jis zud Icmustrildgbcgtlc, mlr dit @iael prhelssihclaalr Jlrgtucb licl Nucstsgddaucb guejgut. Iddlr ailbt lic í`caio`ls @gcmaucbsdustlr zubrucml6 Mgs Vusgddlctrgblc vhc Micblc, sli ls guebrucm i`rlr Í`caio`nlit hmlr, blrgml id Nhctrgst mgzu, guebrucm i`rlr \ctlrsoìlmaio`nlit. Milsls Dustlr ist h`cl Vwliela guo` jli jlstiddtlc Ulrtrltlrc mlr ilrwlat gczutrleelc (Ugcmlr Rgaa 799;).
Rgatlr Brgssngdp (:;;9) `gt licdga vhd –_gddalrbañon blsprho`lc, mgs muro` mil r`yt`diso`l Gclicgcmlrrliùcb vhc Eicmlc, Lrwlrjlc, Grrgcbilrlc ucm Vliblc lctstl`t. Mil Ldhtihcgaitít mlr Jlzilùcb zwiso`lc mlc _gddalrIcclc ucm sliclc hmlr i`rlc Hjflntlc ist ditìc cio`t vhc mlr @gcm zu wlislc. Mgs Vusgddlctrgblc vhc Hjflntlc, mlrlc Ulrjicmucb uctlrlicgcmlr ic irblcmliclr
Rlisl vhrblbljlc so`lict, vlrdittlat mlc Licmruon mls _icc`getlc ucm albitidilrt sio` so`hc muro` mgs lahs, cídaio` licl Uhaastícmibnlit id @icjaion gue licl zuvhr slajst mleicilrtl Gssldjagbl zu lrrlio`lc. Mgs ngcc licl vhaastícmibl _gddaucb
Gjjiamucb 76 Fíblr ucm _gddalr. Vud _gddlac bl`õrt mgs Gusbrgjlc vhc Rurzlac, ìlr jli mlc @gmzg (]gcsgcig) (Ehth vhc Gayssg Orilcmlc).
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gaalr _tliee-Nuso`latilrl licls jlbrlcztlc Vlitrguds slic, gjlr blcgush but fl lic Nucstwlrn gaalr jlmlutlcmlc Nñcstalr liclr jlstiddtlc Lpho`l. _h wlcib shao`l Nritlrilc hjflntivlc Elstalbucblc lctsprlo`lc dñsslc, sh blricb sicm mil
Gussio`tlc, fldgas licl _gddaucb wirnaio` zu vlrvhaastícmiblc. Mil Imll liclr _gddaucb bl`t zucío`st cur vhc licld Jlbriee gus, gash vhc mlr Uhrstlaaucb liclr
Ngtlbhril vhc sgddaucbswñrmiblc Micblc (_hddlr :;7=, 77:). Vud Bañon mlr_gddalrIc cídaio`, _icc ic mlr _gddaucb zu lrnlcclc bl`õrt guo` mgs Alim, cídaio` licl _gddaucb cildgas vlrvhaastícmiblc zu nõcclc. Mil vhaastícmibl _gddaucb ist licl Oìdírl. Mil Gttrgntivitít flmlr jlailjiblc _gddaucb lrnaírt sio` id Brucml muro` i`rlc gdjivgalctlc _tgtus mls zwgr so`hc _l`r- \degsslcm-, gjlr guo` Cho`-Cio`t-Uhaastícmib-_lics (Dulcstlrjlrblr 799<). Ic milslr mhpplatlc Jicmucb blegcblc, `gt licl _gddaucb stlts mgs [htlctiga, zur _uo`t hmlr bgr zud Alim zu wlrmlc, ucm dgco` licl _gddalrIc `gt sio` ic mlr Jicmucb gc slicl Hjflntl ruicilrt. Mil Eibur mls Dlssil, mlr [lrshc, mil zu vila gc Gaatgbsblblcstícmlc sgddlat, ist aícbst zu licld wlitìc gclrngcctlc
_ycmrhd blwhrmlc (Rlttstlic :;;<). Rgs jlmlutlc milsl Brucmagblc eñr _gddaucblc `lutl8 Mgs Gcailblc milsls Jlitrgbs ist ls, licibl nritiso`l, vilaalio`t irritilrlcml Gsplntl vhc _gddaucblc heelczualblc. Mgjli wirm ls wlciblr ud Ego`brlczlc bl`lc (gash cio`t ud \ctlrsoìlml zwiso`lc splzieiso` ìsthriso`lc, gro`íhahbiso`lc hmlr lt`chbrgeiso`lc _gddaucblc). Guo` mlr ehrdgal _tgtus (wisslcso`getaio`l _gddaucb, Groìv) shaa cur gas cgo`blhrmcltls [`íchdlc licl Zhaal spilalc. Milslr Jlitrgb ist mgmuro` dhtivilrt, slajstvlrstícmaio`l Gueegssucblc ñjlr mil Zhaal vhc _gddaucblc zu ictlrergblc ucm _io`lr`litlc ñjlr mil Guthrso`get ucm Eucntihc vhc _gddaucblc ic Vwliela zu zil`lc. Lic lrstls Icmiz eñr mil Chtwlcmibnlit,
shao`l so`licjgr sio`lrlc Brlczlc zu ñjlrwicmlc, ist mil ic mlc altztlc Fg`rlc dl`rego` jlstítibtl Jlhjgo`tucb, mgss ls jis `lutl cio`t dõbaio` ist, mlc yp mlr _gddaucb Hjflntl ic licld Ngue`gus vhd ypus mlr Dusludssgddaucb licmlutib gjzubrlczlc.7
Milslr Jlitrgb vlrehabt gash mil _trgtlbil, licibl mlr nhcvlctihclaa eñr duslgal ucm wisslcso`getaio`l _gddaucblc bñatiblc Mleicitihclc vhrñjlrbl`lcm zu susplcmilrlc ucm muro` mlc Ulrzio`t gue milsl so`licjgr slajstvlrstícmaio`lc Ngtlbhrilc licl clul, lrwlitlrtl _io`t gue _gddaucblc zu lrdõbaio`lc. Milsls strgtlbiso`l Uhrbl`lc shaa sio`tjgr wlrmlc agsslc, wlao`l Dgo`t _gddaucblc ñjlr _lajstjiam ucm Lrnlcctcis id wisslcso`getaio`lc Grjlitlc `gjlc. Mil shdit
gcblsprho`lcl Dgo`t mlr _gddaucblc jlru`t shwhà gue i`rlr Blsoìo`taio`nlit gas guo` gue mlc nuaturlaa gclrngcctlc Jlzilùcblc, mil sil so`geelc. _gddaucblc sicm cio`t ltwg licego` cur Gjjiamlr liclr Rlat (hmlr vhc Gusso`cittlc vhc i`r), shcmlrc sil sicm gntivl liacl`dlr id [rhzlss mlr _o`geeucb vhc clulc Rlatlc ucm Rlatjiamlrc.
Gusbl`lcm vhc liclr, wil lr ls clcct, erlumso`lc [lrsplntivl `gt Fgoquls Mlrrimg (799<) vhr zwgczib Fg`rlc dit licmruonsvhaalr [ríbcgcz mil Migalntin vhc _gddaucb ucm Lrnlcctcis `lrgusblgrjlitlt. _licl nhcstruntivistiso`l _io`t jlso`rlijt licl migalntiso`l Jlzilùcb zwiso`lc Risslc, _lajstvlrblwisslrucb ucm
7 Nalicmhrelr-Dgrx/Aõlr :;;;> Zhho` :;;7> Mucogc :;;:> vhc Jhsl :;;0.
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Groìv. Rlcc Mlrrimg vhd Groìv jlrio`tlt, nõcclc wir mgructlr zubalio` mil _gddaucb gas lic Groìv vhc Micblc gueegsslc. Mils ist nliclsegaas gas licl Nritin gc mlr _gddaucb gas Brucmagbl wisslcso`getaio`lr Lrnlcctcis zu vlrstl`lc. Mil nhcstruntivistiso`l _io`t ist viladl`r licl Guewlrtucb, icmld cídaio` flmls Groìv ucm flml _gddaucb cio`t dl`r cur Blblcstgcm mlr Jlhjgo`tucb ist, shcmlrc
zud Jltliaibtlc gc mlr Lrzlubucb vhc Misnurslc wirm. Groìvl ucm _gddaucblclreg`rlc muro` milsl clul _io`twlisl licl Guewlrtucb, icmld sil gas gntivl [grtclr ic misnursivlc Elamlrc vlrstgcmlc wlrmlc.
Mlrrimgs nagssiso`l _tumil ist liclr mlr trlijlcmlc Egnthrlc eñr mil gntulaal @icwlcmucb zu _gddaucblc ucm Groìvlc (Ljlaicb lt ga. :;;9). Mgs ic mlc altztlc Fg`rlc blstilblcl Ictlrlssl gc dgtlrilaalr Nuatur, wil guo` mil Eõrmlrucb vhc Ehrsoùcblc zu \civlrsitítssgddaucblc, ist cio`t gcmlrs zu vlrstl`lc gas licl agcberistibl Ehabl milsls clulc ucm irritilrlcmlc Groìvnhczlpts. Ergblc, mil muro` milsls clul Nhczlpt ñjlr`gupt lrst dõbaio` wurmlc, jltrleelc balio`lrdgØlc splzieiso` gro`íhahbiso`l [rhjaldl wil mlr Zlo`tl ñjlr gro`íhahbiso`l Eucml
(_thlonlr lt ga. :;7?), wil guo` ñjlrblhrmcltl groìvwisslcso`getaio`l Ergblc,zud Jlispila mil cgo` mld Ulr`íatcis vhc groìvilrtld Hjflnt hmlr Mhnudlct ucm licld mibitgaisilrtlc Ic`gat (_o`lcn :;;0). Id Gcsoàuss gc Mlrrimg ucm mil gcmlrlc blcgcctlc Guthrlc ist ls gash mgs zwlitl Gcailblc milsls Jlitrgbs, mil Dgo`t mlr _gddaucblc ñjlr mlc Lrnlcctcisprhzlss heelczualblc.
Mil ehablcmlc lial milsls lxtls jlstl`lc gus vilr guelicgcmlr guejgulcmlc Gjso`cittlc, mil jlbrñcmlc, wgrud lic cluls Ulrstícmcis vhc _gddaucblc, flcslits mlr Nhcchtgtihc vhc Risslcssplio`lr hmlr Gjjiam mlr Rlat lrehrmlraio` ist. Mlr ilr ucdittlajgr gcsoàilØlcml Gjso`citt ist mlr vlrjañeelcmlc [grgaalaitít vhc _gddaucb ucm Rgrlc`gus blwimdlt. Id Rlitlrlc wirm ls ud _gddaucb
ucm Imlctitít, _gddaucb ucm Ldhtihc ucm soàilØaio` ud mlc Liblcsicc vhc _gddaucblc bl`lc.
_gddaucb ucm Rgrlc`gus
Vu mlc bldlicsgdlc Brucmagblc vhc Gro`íhahbil ucm Lt`chahbil bl`õrt mil ìsthriso`l gtsgo`l, mgss sil i`rl gngmldiso`l Gclrnlccucb ñjlr mlc \dwlb gas Groìvwisslcso`getlc egcmlc6 Ic jlimlc Eíaalc sicm ls _gddaucblc vhc Micblc, mil gas wio`tibstls \ctlrsuoùcbselam eñr mil erñ`lc, cho` cio`t muro` lic ltgjailrtls gngmldiso`ls Ego` gjblsio`lrtlc Blal`rtlc milctlc. Mgs
Jlraiclr Duslud eñr Uõanlrnucml wurml vhr 7?; Fg`rlc gas Groìv blbrñcmlt.Mil _gddaucblc bgatlc gas lpistldiso`ls _ystld, gue mlsslc Brucmagbl dgc lcmaio` licl systldgtiso`l Lt`chahbil jltrlijlc nhcctl (Eiso`lr lt ga. :;;2). Mil rlbla`getl ucm wilmlrnl`rlcml Muroèhrstucb vhc _gddaucblc lrwils sio` gas ldpiriso`l Jgsis eñr ñjlrbrlielcml `lslc ñjlr nuaturlaal Vusgddlc`ícbl ucm Nuaturlctwionaucblc. Gclibcucb ucm altztaio` guo` –Nhcsud lxhtiso`lr Micbl bicblc slit mlr erñ`lc Cluzlit @gcm ic @gcm (rlctdgcc :;;9). Dusllc ucm i`rl Uhraíuelr sicm nlic Blblcgsplnt mlr sio` guswlitlcmlc Rgrlcwlat, shcmlrc mldcgo` cio`ts gcmlrls gas lia mlr Nhcsudblsoìo`tl (Gjj. :).
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liclc wio`tiblc \ctlrsoìlm id @icjaion gue mil Mgulr mls Ulrjalijs6 Rí`rlcm mgs Rgrlc`gus so`hc strunturlaa mgrgc ictlrlssilrt slic duss, slic vlrníuio`ls Icvlctgr dõbaio`st rgso` udzusltzlc, strljt mgs Duslud cgo` mld Imlga mlr mgulr`getlc Ulrwg`rucb. Mgss milsl mgulr`getl Ulrwg`rucb flmho` ngud mlc bícbiblc [rgntinlc lctsprio`t, `gt fñcbst Jlgtrix @hdgcc (@hdgcc :;7:) gd
Jlispila lt`chbrgso`lr Dusllc blzlibt.Vu mld licso`climlcmlc Dhdlct id Rlb licls flmlc Hjflnts, mld Ñjlrbgcb ic mgs Duslud hmlr ic mgs Rgrlc`gus, bijt ls cho` dl`r zu lraíutlrc6 _hjgam cídaio` mil Hjflntl mil _o`wlaal ñjlrso`rittlc `gjlc, wlrmlc i`clc cuc, gas
Rgrlc hmlr _gddaucbsstñonl, mil zuvhr bñatiblc Nhctlxtl wilmlr zublhrmclt. Mils blsoìl`t flmho` `ho` slalntiv6 bgcz jlstiddtl Nhctlxtl lrwlislc sio` gas licmlutib ucm wio`tib, gcmlrl wlrmlc uctlrmrñont. Rlao`l Dlrndgal stgtusjiamlcm sicm, `ícbt vhc mlr Grt mls Dusluds gj. Lic Hjflnt, mgs licdga zu licld _gddaucbsstñon blwhrmlc ist, tríbt lic Ltinltt, mgs ls gas shao`ls guswlist. Dit milsld clulc _tgtus ist licl Zli`l vhc Licso`rícnucblc mlr Cutzucb vlrjucmlc,
mil milslc Blblcstgcm gusmrñonaio` gus gaalc mlcnjgrlc @gcmaucbsnhctlxtlcgussoàilØt (Mhlricb/@irso`gulr 7992). Bgcz í`caio` ist mlr Vustgcm mlr Rgrl id Ngue`gus guo` i`r wirm lic
Ltinltt zublhrmclt6 Mgs zubícbaio`l Risslc shaa sio` cio`t gus mld Hjflnt slajst lrsoàilØlc, shcmlrc gus mld Alslc licls lxtls. Jlstiddtl Liblcso`getlc wlrmlc mgjli `lrgusbl`hjlc, wil z.J. mil @lrnucet ucm hetdgas guo` mgs Mgtud mls Ñjlrbgcbs ñjlr mil _o`wlaal. Gcmlrl Liblcso`getlc wlrmlc systldgtiso` uctlrmrñont6 z.J. mlr Blruo` ucm mil Ehrd mlr Agblrucb. Mlr \dbgcb dit milslc Micblc wirm shwhà id Rgrlc`gus gas guo` id Duslud íuØlrst rlstrintiv bl`gcmlat.
Gjjiamucb ?6 Uitricl dit Ncho`lc (Ehth vhc Agrissg Eõrstlr).
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Liblctaio` bijt ls nliclc ucdittlajgrlc, p`ysiso`lc \dbgcb dit milsld Rgrlc (mgs Gcprhjilrlc licdga gusblchddlc). Egst iddlr wlrmlc mil \dbgcbswlislc, mil guØlr`gaj milslr Hrtl blatlc wñrmlc, ngtlbhriso` gusblsoàhsslc.
Id Duslud wil id Ngue`gus spilalc Uitricl, _o`rgcn ucm Zlbga zlctrgal Zhaalc> mlr visulaal Licmruon, Ehrdlc ucm Egrjlc sicm wio`tiblr gas mgs Jlrñ`rlc
(Erllm 7997> Gdls 799:). Mlr `gptiso`l _icc, wil guo` mlr Blruo` ucm gcmlrl,hetdgas lrst cgo` licibld Bljrguo` zu lrnlcclcml Hjflntliblcso`getlc trltlc ìcblblc ic mlc @ictlrbrucm (Gjj. ?). Mlr Bagcz mlr Hjlreaío`l, milsl tile ic mlr Nhcsudwlat vlrgcnlrtl Imll vhc Gttrgntivitít stl`t bgcz id Uhrmlrbrucm.
_gddaucblc ic Dusllc wlrmlc cgo` i`rlr BrõØl ucm Mivlrsitít jlurtliat> sil `gjlc mil lcmlcz, jlstícmib zu wgo`slc. Í`caio`ls biat gas alitlcmls [riczip ic mlr Ahbin mls Nhcsuds6 mil uclcmaio`l Guswlitucb mlr Nhcsudsp`írl ucm mil iddlr brõØlrl Milrlczilrucb mlr Rgrlcwlat sicm iddgclct eñr mil Gczilùcbsnrget mlr Bñtlr. Mgs liczibgrtibl Hjflnt ljt mil Jlmlutucb licls Dusluds icsblsgdt, sh wil mil lxnausivstlc Rgrlc eñr mlc Zgcb licls Ngue`gusls gas Bgczls stl`lc. _oàilØaio`
bl`õrt ls zu mlc Zlblac mls Dusluds wil mls Ngue`gusls, gaalc Ictlrlsslctlc h`cl Gcsl`lc mlr [lrshc (Egoàlutl wil Mialttgctlc) Vutritt zu blwí`rlc. @ilr wil mhrt wirm nhcsudilrt, id liclc Egaa sicm ls mil nhcnrltlc Micbl,
id gcmlrlc Egaa, id Duslud, bl`t ls cur ud mgs Lraljcis mlr Blblcwgrt mlr Hjflntl. Mil gntulaal Guedlrnsgdnlit eñr mlc Dusludss`hp ist lic Icmiz, mgss mil Imll mls Nhcsuds nliclswlbs ngtlbhriga gus mld Duslud gusblsoàhsslc wirm (Brgssngdp 7992> Niro`jlrb :;;;> Dgomhcgam :;77). Mil ìsthriso`l [lrsplntivl ucm mlr Ulrbalio` mlr milslc Icstitutihclc zubrucml ailblcmlc Nhczlptl sprlo`lc mgeñr, Nhcsudbñtlr ucm Dusludssgddaucblc cio`t gas licgcmlr lctblblcblsltztl [`íchdlcl zu jltrgo`tlc, shcmlrc viladl`r gas _pilagrtlc
jlshcmlrlr \dbgcbswlislc, mil dõbaio`lrwlisl gas nuaturlaal Icstitutihclc mlr sio` slajst gas Nhcsudblslaaso`getlc jlzlio`clcmlc Cgtihclc zu sl`lc.
Milsl Licsio`tlc vlrjicmlc sio` zu licld lrstlc ñjlrblhrmcltlc Grbudlct6 Duslud ucm Rgrlc`gus alistlc licl rgcsehrdgtihc mlr ic i`clc vlrwg`rtlc Hjflntl. Mgs Vila milslr rgcsehrdgtihc ist ls, mil \cdittlajgrnlit zu mlc Blblcstícmlc guezu`ljlc ucm gcstlaal mlsslc licl nuaturlaal Mleicitihc ic i`r Zlo`t zu sltzlc (Mgcth 790= ^7907T). Milsl Mleicitihc stl`t eñr blslaaso`getaio` wlitìc gclrngcctl Chrdlc jlzñbaio` –blsgddlatlr Micbl. Gc mil _tlaal liclr mirlntlc Jlzilùcb zwiso`lc Dlcso` ucm Micb tritt jli Rgrl ucm _gddaucbshjflnt lic blrlblatlr, chrdilrtlr ucm vhc guØlc sgcntihcilrtlr \dbgcb, mlr gue liclr `ho`
splzieiso`lc Vuwlisucb vhc Jlmlutucb jlru`t. Mlr vhrgcblbgcblcl Gjso`citt príslctilrtl liclc Ulrbalio` vhc Rgrlcsgddaucb
ucm Dusludssgddaucb. Eñr mlc Vwlon mls Grbudlcts, cídaio` mil ñjlrrgso`lcmlc [grgaalalc guezuzliblc, wurmlc Í`caio`nlitlc `lrvhrbl`hjlc. Ls shaatl flmho` nagr slic, mgss mgdit cio`t mil [hsitihc liclr vhaanhddlclc hmlr guo` cur wlitbl`lcmlc Ñjlrlicstidducb vlrtrltlc wirm. Id Blblctlia6 ic mlr Blsgdtso`gu biat mil Elststlaaucb brucmalblcmlr \ctlrsoìlml zwiso`lc Duslud ucm Rgrlc`gus. Mils ist vlrsoìlmlctaio` grbudlctgtiv jlbrñcmlt whrmlc, z.J. muro` O`risthp` [hdigc, eñr mlc blrgml mil Mistgczilrucb, mgs –@lrguszil`lc gus mlr Rgrlcwlat, mgs misticntivl Dlrndga mlr Dusllc mgrstlaat ([hdigc 7900 ^7902T). Bgcz í`caio` grbudlctilrt
Ibhr Nhpyth ic mld dittalrwlial nagssiso`lc lxt ñjlr mil vhc i`d sh jlzlio`cltl
?;
nuaturlaal Jihbrgpìl vhc Micblc. Nhddhmizilrucb ucm _ibuagrisilrucb, m.`., mlr Gussoàuss gus mlr Rgrlcwlat, sicm mldcgo` licgcmlr lctblblcblsltztl lcmlczlc mls shziga gusbl`gcmlatlc \dbgcbs dit Micblc (Nhpyth 7905).
_gddaucb ucm Imlctitít
Vlib dir, wgs Mu sgddlast ucm io` sgbl Mir wlr Mu jist. Milsl licego`l Jlzilùcb jricbt vilals vhc mlr Jlmlutucb mls _gddlacs eñr mil Grtinuagtihc mls Io` zud Gusmruon. Flml _gddaucb mrñont licl Dgo`tjlzilùcb gus, icmld mlr _gddalr Nhctrhaal ñjlr mil blsgddlatlc Micbl lrwirjt ucm milsl Micbl zubalio` icstrudlctgaisilrt, ud slicl Imlctitít mgdit zu grtinuailrlc.
Ic mlr licego`stlc mlcnjgrlc Nhceiburgtihc `gt mils Mgcila Diaalr ic mld phpuaírlc Juo` –Mlr rhst mlr Micbl mlutaio` bldgo`t (Diaalr :;7; ^:;;9T). Mhrt bl`t ls ud Dícclr ucm Ergulc, mlrlc guseñ`raio` blsoìamlrtlr _go`jlsitz zubalio` guo` gas licl _gddaucb gueblegsst wlrmlc ngcc. Diaalr zlibt, wlao`l
lchrdl Rirnucb mlr _lajststgjiaisilrucb shao`l _gddaucblc `gjlc nõcclc.Mgjli ist mgs Nritlriud mlr _gddaucb ñjlr`gupt cio`t ic irblcmliclr Rlisl liczubrlczlc6 Ls nõcclc licego` Micbl liclr jlstiddtlc Egrjl slic. Ls ngcc gjlr guo` mil nagssiso`l Jriledgrnlcsgddaucb jltrleelc hmlr mil _gddaucb vhc rhsg [añso`tilrlc. Ls bl`t ilr iddlr guo` ud lic Dittla mlr Misticntihc id _iccl vhc [ilrrl Jhurmilu (790: ^7929T, 7;7).
Rio`tiblr eñr mil ehablcml Jltrgo`tucb ist gjlr mil Imll mlr Zlpríslctgtihc liclr nhaalntivlc Imlctitít muro` licl Dusludssgddaucb. Mgs ngcc mil cgtihcgal Imll hmlr mil ahngal Bldlicso`get hmlr guo` mgs _lajstvlrstícmcis licls gngmldiso`lc Ego`ls jltrleelc. Ic mlr Gro`íhahbil bijt ls zgàrlio`l Jlispilal, ìlr sli cur mgs
Z`liciso`l Agcmlsduslud blcgcct6 Milsl Icstitutihc lct`íat ic i`rld Cgdlclicl Agcmso`getsjlzlio`cucb, mil gas Ulrwlis gue licl rlbihcgal Imlctitít blmlutlt wlrmlc duss. Vumld sltzt sil wisslcso`getaio`l _tgcmgrms, wgs mlc blcgulc ucm dlt`hmhahbiso` jlbrñcmltlc \dbgcb dit _gddaucblc jltrieet.
Gro`íhahbiso`l _gddaucblc sicm guo` vilaego` Clujlstidducblc gusblsltzt6 Muro` licl blcgul \ctlrsuoùcb mlr Hjflntl wirm mil Vuhrmcucb zu liclr rlbihcga hmlr o`rhchahbiso` mleicilrtlc Bruppl pagusijla ucm mldlctsprlo`lcm mil Aistl mlr Hjflntliblcso`getlc lrbíczt. Guo` wlcc mil Micbl so`licjgr iclrt sicm, sio` gash cio`t vlrícmlrc, wirm mho` muro` Ehrsoùcb aguelcm mil Dõbaio`nlit lrõeeclt, clul Bruppilrucblc zu imlctieizilrlc ucm clul Liblcso`getlc zuzuwlislc.
Dituctlr blcñbt eñr mil Cluhrmcucb liclr _gddaucb so`hc mlr Ulrdlrn guemlr Ngrtlingrtl (hmlr ic mlr Mgtlcjgcn), mgss lic jlstiddtls Hjflnt ic liclr jlstiddtlc Gusstlaaucb blzlibt wurml.
Uhc jlshcmlrlr Jlmlutucb gus lt`chahbiso`lr _io`t ist mil nhaalntivl Erldmzuwlisucb mgs Duslud wirm zud Hrt mlr Zlpríslctgtihc mls Gcmlrlc ic sliclr Gcmlrsgrtibnlit. Mgs _gddlac ist cio`t licego` cur mgs _io`tjgrdgo`lc licls gcmlrlc, shcmlrc mleicilrt mlc Guthr mlr _gddaucb clu. Cgo` Fgdls Oaieehrm (799; 7900T) sicm blrgml õeelctaio`l ucm wisslcso`getaio`l _gddaucblc idpaizitl Icstrudlctl mlr _lajstjlstidducb. Mil vhrbljaio`l rlccucb zwiso`lc mld Dusludsnusths ìlr ucm mlr _gddaucb mhrt, hmlr mld Risslcso`getalr ìlr
ucm mlr Ehrsoùcbssgddaucb mhrt ist cildgas vhaastícmib. Mil _gddaucb wirnt
?7
gue mlc Guthr zurñon, icmld mil vlrsgddlatlc Micbl i`c ucm slicl nuaturlaal Imlctitít vlrícmlrc (Jga :;;: ^799=T, 7?;). Ls bijt, dit licld _gtz, nlicl _gddaucb h`cl _ujflntivitít.
Lic ìsthriso`lr Gusbgcbspucnt eñr milsls [`íchdlc ucm lic gcso`guaio`ls Jlispila mgeñr sicm mil lt`chbrgeiso`lc _gddaucblc. Bgcz heelcsio`taio` `gt
mil zlitaio`l Nhiczimlcz mls Nhahcigaisdus dit mld Guestilb mlr Dusludsimllzur `lutiblc Blstgat vhc lt`chbrgeiso`lc _gddaucblc wlslctaio` jlibltrgblc. Hjwhà wio`tibl Brñcmucbseiburlc iddlr wilmlr mgrgue go`tltlc, ic Mlutsoàgcm nlicl Nhahcigadusllc lctstl`lc zu agsslc (wil ls z.J. ic Ergcnrlio` mlr Egaa wgr), ist mil Ulrjicmucb zwiso`lc mlr Jleñrwhrtucb vhc Nhahcilc, mlr nhahcigalc Jlsitzlrbrlieucb ucm mld rgso`lc Gcwgo`slc mlr _gddaucblc ic lt`chahbiso`lc Dusllc cio`t zu alubclc (Bhsmlc/Nchwals :;;7). Guo` wlcc lt`chahbiso`l Dusllc ic flclr Vlit muro`gus cio`t nhahcigal Imlhahbilc prhpgbilrt `gjlc, ist i`r Jlitrgb zur Nhcstruntihc vhc Gatlritít ic flclr Vlit mho` cio`t vhc mlr @gcm zu wlislc (@g`c :;7?, =?). Dusludssgddaucblc `gjlc mil cio`t-lurhpíiso`lc
Nuaturlc ic i`rld Gcmlrsslic elstblso`riljlc mil _gddaucblc wurmlc blalslcgas Mhnudlctl liclr Gcmlrsgrtibnlit, gus mlr ls nlic Lctricclc bgj (Allj :;7?). Ergcâhisl Aihcclt (:;;7, <7) `gt mils dit liclr jlmrñonlcmlc _zlcl gus
liclr Chvlaal vhc Dio`la Ehurcilr gcso`guaio` bldgo`t6 milsl aitlrgriso` vlrmio`tltl _zlcl soìamlrt mil Licmrñonl licls jlrjlriso`lc @irtlcfucblc, mlr ic mil lt`chbrgeiso`l _gddaucb licls Ehrsoùcbsicstituts ic [gris blrít ucm mhrt jlhjgo`tlt, wil huristlc muro` mil _gddaucb, ucm muro` mil Gjtliaucb ñjlr mil Nuatur mlr Jlrjlr bleñ`rt wlrmlc. Mil balio`l `õazlrcl _o`gal, mil blrgml cho` lia mls dñttlraio`lc @gus`gats wgr, mil slicl vlrtrgutl ucm gaatíbaio`l _plislso`gal wgr> sil wirm cuc zud _ydjhahjflnt lr`õ`t ucm mlc huristlc gas mgs typiso`l Hjflnt
mlr jlrjlriso`lc Nuatur príslctilrt. Mil Lctlibcucb nõcctl cio`t mrgstiso`lr slic. Mil liblcl Nuatur wirm duslgaisilrt ucm ist ic mlr _gddaucb vlrstliclrt> sil wirm zur Vwgcbsfgonl, wlao`l nlicl Ulrícmlrucb dl`r zuaísst.
Ulrsoìlmlcl Ulrjicmucblc vhc _gddaucblc ucm Imlctitít nõcclc muro` lic Migbrgdd gus vilr Elamlrc gcso`guaio` mgrblstlaat wlrmlc (gj. 7). Mil vilr Elamlr jlzlio`clc mil icmivimulaal _lajst- ucm Erldmjlstidducb shwil mil nhaalntivl _lajst- ucm Erldmjlstidducb. Flmho` nõcclc guo` zulicgcmlr nhdpaldlctírl Nhcstlaagtihclc vhrailblc, vilaego` h`cl licl mirlntl Jlzubcg`dl. Licl gro`íhahbiso`l _gddaucb ngcc shwhà Blblcstgcm mlr _lajstzuwlisucb gas guo` Hjflnt liclr Erldmzuwlisucb slic.
Rírl licl _gddaucb guo` vhrstlaajgr, h`cl licl shao`l rlpríslctgtihcgal Ulrwlisucbseucntihc8 gtsíoàio` wlrmlc ic mlr clulrlc Aitlrgtur l`lr mil Dhdlctl mlr \dmlutucb vhc _gddaucblc misnutilrt. Mil nagrl ucm jlstícmibl Vuhrmcucb,
icmivimulaal _lajstzuwlisucb (Nuso`latilr- hmlr
Jriledgrnlcsgddaucb)
icmivimulaal Erldmzuwlisucb nhaalntivl Erldmzuwlisucb (Nhahcigaduslud)
]gjlaal 76 Gclibcucb ucm Gjbrlczucb gas Eiburlc mlr Imlctingtihc dit _gddaucblc. Muro` mil Hjflntivilrucb (Ngtlbhrisilrucb liclr _gddaucb) wirm gc mil _tlaal liclr ictricsiso`lc
Jlmlutucb mil Eucntihc mlr Zlpríslctgtihc blslt. _gddaucblc so`liclc eñr ltwgs zu stl`lc. Mil _uddl mlr Micbl lrbijt licl clul Jlmlutucb, mil lic Liczlastñon cio`t `gt.
?:
wil sil zucío`st z.J. id duslhahbiso`lc Nhctlxt id Uhrmlrbrucm zu stl`lc so`lict, wirm mgmuro` ic Vwliela blzhblc (Cippg 7999). Ls ist ic mlr Zlbla mil splziso`l Alistucb licls Gusstlaaucbsnurgthrs, ic liclr _gddaucb clul Liblcso`getlc zu cmlc, mil jlispilaswlisl gus mlr zuvhr slajstvlrstícmaio`lc Erldmzuwlisucb cuc muro` clul Lrnlcctcis ucm clul Ictlrprltgtihc licl _lajstzuwlisucb zu dgo`lc.
Mil [rgxis mls \dbgcbs dit _gddaucblc ucm i`rlr \dmlutucb dgo`t Ñjlrbícblzwiso`lc _lajst- ucm Erldmrlpríslctgtihclc dõbaio`. Mgdit ist lic wio`tibls Grbudlct blblc mil Uhrstlaaucb vhd pgssivlc
_gddaucbshjflnt ehrduailrt> Nhctlxtugaisilrucb ucm Zl-Nhctlxtugaisilrucb nõcclc iddlr wilmlr mgzu eñ`rlc, mgss mlr _tgtus liclr _gddaucb brucmalblcm clu jlstiddt wlrmlc duss. Gaalrmicbs bijt ls ic milsld Zg`dlc nlic Vurñon blblc mgs so`hc ehrduailrtl [riczip mlr rlpríslctgtihcgalc Eucntihc. _gddaucblc stl`lc eñr ltwgs. Jlmlutucbsahsl _gddaucblc egaalc mld Ulrblsslc gc`lid, sil wlrmlc erñ`lr hmlr spítlr vlrcio`tlt (wil mil Nucstwlrnl gus Eltt vhc Fhslp` Jluys).
Rí`rlcm mil Micbl liclrslits Ergbdlctl sicm, Zuiclc, mlclc id jlstlc Egaa cur
cho` Ñjlrrlstl licls Nhctlxtls zunhddlc, mlr, wil id altztlc Gjso`citt blzlibt,dit mld Lictritt ic mil Icstitutihc so`hc licdga wlitbl`lcm gjblstrliet wirm, sh `gjlc sil gcmlrlrslits muro` mil Bruppilrucb gas Lcsldjal vhc Hjflntlc mho` wilmlr licl ñjlrdío`tibl Jlmlutucb. _il lragcblc mlc _tgtus mlr Zlpríslctgtihc liclr nhaalntivlc Imlctitít, ucgj`ícbib vhc mlr Ergbl, hj ls cuc mil liblcl Imlctitít ist (Imll mls Cgtihcgadusluds) hmlr mil liclr gcmlrlc Nuatur. Dit Bhtterilm Nhree (799<) wírl zu vlrdutlc, mgss mil Micbl ic mlr _gddaucb, blrgml wlia sil id ìlr jlso`riljlclc _iccl Ergbdlctl sicm, mlc Erlirgud eñr mil Gclibcucb ucm Vuwlisucb ñjlrdío`tiblr Jlmlutucblc jiltlc.
Milslr _tgtus mls Ulreñbjgrlc, ucm mgdit mil Dõbaio`nlit liclr Gclibcucb,
lctstl`t cio`t (cur) muro` mil Hjflntl gas shao`l, shcmlrc wlcibstlcs ic balio`ld DgØl muro` mgs Risslc mlr Egoàlutl ucm muro` mil lxtl, dit mlclc mil Micbl vlrjucmlc sicm. Mil Micbl sicm zubalio` lctallrt ucm gueblagmlc, sil sicm heelc eñr mlc Nhcsud id _iccl mlr Gclibcucb ucm rgcsehrdgtihc ic [rhflntihcseaío`lc nhaalntivlr Imlctitítlc. _yjiaal Cilniso` (:;;:) gsshziilrt mil lrzlubtlc Erliríudl mlr Gclibcucb vhc _gddaucblc ucm mil mgrgue ehablcml Icgcspruo`cg`dl dit liclr clulc Ehrd mls Nhcsuds. Ls ist mlr Nhcsud vhc Imlctitítsjiamclrc, mlr Nhcsud vhc Nuatur, mlr muro` mil Ehrd mlr _gddaucb dõbaio` blwhrmlc ist.
_gddaucb ucm Ldhtihc
Mil Jlhjgo`tucb mlr Gueagmucb liclr _gddaucb gas Imlctitítsjiamclr ist lic Gusbgcbspucnt eñr wlitlrbl`lcml Ñjlralbucblc zu mlc Ldhtihclc, mil _gddaucblc gusaõslc ucm gas mlrlc Nristgaaisgtihcspucnt sil blatlc nõcclc. Ic mlr mlcnjgr licego`stlc Nhcstlaagtihc ist cho` licdga gue mil Lt`chbrgeil mls _go`jlsitzls vhc Mgcila Diaalr zu vlrwlislc6 Mlr Jlsitzlr liclr _gddaucb ist sthaz gue mil Micbl, mil i`d bl`õrlc. Mil _gddaucb mlr Micbl vlrwlist gue slicl Imlctitít, mil Jlzilùcb zwiso`lc mld Jlsitzlr ucm sliclr _gddaucb vhc Micblc ist vhc phsitivlc Ldhtihclc blpríbt. Milsl Jicmucb wilmlrud sltzt mil Lclrbil erli, mil Micbl zu pealblc, dit i`clc shrbsgd udzubl`lc. Cio`t vila gcmlrs vlr`íat
??
ls sio` gue mlc lrstlc Gublcso`lic dit mlc Hjflntlc liclr wisslcso`getaio`lc _gddaucb6 _il wlrmlc blso`ítzt gas Vlubcissl liclr Nuatur ucm mls`gaj guo` lctsprlo`lcm jl`gcmlat.
Gc milslr _tlaal sicm gjlr licl Zli`l vhc wlitlrbl`lcmlc Jlzñblc zu clcclc, mil zur Ehabl `gjlc nõcclc, guo` bgcz gcmlrl Ldhtihclc erlizusltzlc. Cljlc
Ailjl ucm Rlrtso`ítzucb nõcclc guo` Ldpeicmucblc vhc Lcterldmucb ucmJlmrhùcb trltlc (Milmlrio`slc :;7:). Mgs Guenhddlc shao`lr lctblblcblsltztlr Ldhtihclc ngcc sl`r nhdpalxl Brucmagblc `gjlc. Vud Jlispila eñ`rt mil Lctmlonucb vhc Eíasoùcblc rlbladíØib zu liclr sibcieingctlc \dnl`r mlr Jlwlrtucb. Ic shao`lc _itugtihc nhddt dgc dituctlr zu mlr Lctso`limucb, mil heelcsio`taio` bleíaso`tlc _tñonl cio`t gus mlr _gddaucb guszushcmlrc, shcmlrc sil gas Al`rstñonl eñr lo`t ucm egaso` zu jlwg`rlc (Bgimg :;7;).
Cljlc milslc licego`lc Eíaalc mlr \dnl`rucb vhc Ldhtihclc bijt ls guo` sl`r vila nhdpalxlrl [rhzlssl mlr Lctwlrtucb. Mgs jltrieet dituctlr guo` lt`chbrgeiso`l _gddaucblc. @ilr ist cio`t vhc clulc Lrnlcctcisslc ñjlr mil
Micbl slajst zu jlrio`tlc. Rgs võanlrnucmaio`l Dusllc `lutl sh uclrtríbaio`dgo`t, ucm lt`chahbiso`l Nusthmlc vilaego` mgzu jricbt, i`rl _gddaucblc prgntiso` vhaastícmib zu vlrstlonlc, ícblc viladl`r dit liclr phaitiso` lrzlubtlc, gcmlrlc Rg`rcl`ducb mlr guØlrlurhpíiso`lc Nuaturlc zusgddlc. Mgs Jiam, mgs ditìael mlr Hjflntl zu zliblc wírl, so`lict nlicl Zlshcgcz ic mlr õeelctaio`lc Dlicucb dl`r zu gjlc ucm wirm mls`gaj uctlrmrñont (Chrris 7997). Lctwlrtucb, mlr Ulraust vhc ldhtihcgalr Rlrtso`ítzucb, wirm muro` ñjlrblhrmcltl Nhctlxtl ic mil Hjflntl ìclicblalbt.
Lic í`caio`lr [rhzlss mlr Lctwlrtucb ist gue splzieiso`l Dusludsnhczlptl zurñonzueñ`rlc. Mil Blricbso`ítzucb vilalr Dusllc eñr Mupaingtl eñ`rtl erñ`lr
shbgr zur [rgxis, shblcgcctl Mujalttlc dit gcmlrlc Dusllc zu tguso`lc ( Fh`gcslc 799:). Mgìctlr stgcm mil Uhrstlaaucb mlr Dicmlrwlrtibnlit liclr _gddaucb dit Mujalttlc, wlia gcbljaio` flmls zusítzaio`l Hjflnt mlr balio`lc Ngtlbhril cio`t dl`r zu wlitlrld Lrnlcctciszuwgo`s eñ`rt, shcmlrc cur liclc uccõtiblc [agtzvlrjrguo` jlmlutlt. Guo` wlcc sio` ic mlr Lt`chahbil mil clulrl Duslhahbil, mil blrgml ic _lrilc vhc balio`grtiblc Micblc mil O`gcol gue jlstiddtl Lrnlcctcissl sil`t, cho` cio`t wlitìc muro`blsltzt gt, sh wurmlc milsld Vubriee gue Mujalttlc ic altztlr Vlit mho` licibl lxplridlctlaal Gusstlaaucblc blwimdlt (z.J. Gajlr :;7?> _o`lppl :;7=). Ic milsld Rgcmla duslhahbiso`lr [riczipilc zlibt sio`, wil clul, blstliblrtl Rlrtso`ítzucb muro` licl gcmlrl [lrsplntivl
dõbaio` wirm. Gc mlc Micblc ícmlrt sio` mgjli cio`ts. Lic altztls Jlispila t`ldgtisilrt wilmlr l`lr mil Lctwlrtucb. Ogcmimg @õelr
(:;;=) `gt ic liclr licmruonsvhaalc Ehthslril mgrblalbt, wil splzieiso`l [rhjaldl, mil ic mlr dgtlrigalc Cgtur mlr Micbl ailblc ucm mlc Nusthmlc mlr _gddaucblc cur gaazu but vlrtrgut sicm, zur Lcterldmucb vhc mlc Micblc eñ`rt. _h dñsslc vilal Hjflntl gus hrbgciso`lc Dgtlrigailc rlbladíØib dit Icslntizimlc jl`gcmlat wlrmlc, wgs lctsprlo`lcml Uhrsio`tsdgØcg`dlc id \dbgcb dit milslc Micblc cgo` sio` zil`t. Lic Jiam vhc @õelr (:;;=, 0<) zlibt mil Dusludsd

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