Forschungsmagazin der Universität Innsbruck - 02/2013

7/22/2019 Forschungsmagazin der Universitt Innsbruck - 02/2013

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9/52

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10/52


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ngjejjt nrfogjs jehm gfjgd Xgjetlr ujk gfjgdCljorgssenoglrkjgtgj, kfg kes Ogsgtz deogn-bfhm eusvgrmejkgbt mengj wurkgj jehm dgm-rgrgj Jlvgbbgj 5666 shmbfgbfhm cldpbgtt enog-shme``t. Kedebs, ngsljkgrs fj kgr Qgft jehm kgdQuseddgjnruhm kgr Xlwagtujflj, mgrrshmtgwgbtwgft kfg Dgfjujo vlr, gfj dobfhmst `rgfgrDerct eu` dobfhmst vfgbgj Gngjgj wrg kes

_ujkgrdfttgb ogogj ebbg Crfsgj, grcbrt ArogjMungr. _frtshme`tsplbftfcgr ujk Dgfjujosde-hmgr semgj sfhm fj kfgsgd Obeungj euhm kurhmkfg _frtshme`tsketgj ngsttfot1 Kfg WX-_frtshme`tfj kgj 5669gr Aemrgj nlldtg. _es eu` Yrlkuc-tfljsdrctgj sfjjvlbb fst jdbfhm sfg jur slwgft zu rgoubfgrgj, wfg gs ujngkfjot jtfo fst, trf``t eu` @fjejzdrctg cgfjgs`ebbs zu. KfgKg-^goubfgrujo kgs @fjejzdercts ofjo sl wgft,kess >998 euhm kfg Xpgcubetflj dft ^lmstl``gjwfgkgr grbeunt wurkg kes Plbudgj klrt vgr-mujkgrt`ehmtg sfhm fj jur `j` Aemrgj. KesGrognjfs ebb kfgsgr Ngdmujogj mengj wfr og-

Kfg Kgdlcretgj HertgrObess (bfjcs) ujk Mgjry

Xtgeoebb ogbtgj ebs Ptgr kgrjehm fmjgj ngjejjtgj strgj-

ogj Nejcgjrgoubfgrujos-Og-sgtzg. Obess wer en 5688

Plrsftzgjkgr kgs Epprlprfe-tfljs Hlddfttgg kgs Xgjets,

Xtgeoebb bgftgtg en 5685kgj `r Nejcgj zustjkfogj

Eusshmuss kgs ^gprsgj-tejtgjmeusgs. Fjsogsedt

treogj zwgf Ogsgtzgspecgtgfmrg Jedgj, gfjgs vlj

568> ujk kes euhm fd [gxtngmejkgbtg, ngkgutgjkgrg

vlj 5688.

HE^[G^ OBEXX &MGJ^V X[GEOEBB


11/52


[F[GB[MGDE

sgmgj1 Cgfjg zgmj Aemrg jehmEu`mgnujo kgs Obess-XtgeoebbEhts wergj kfg WXE ujk fjwgftgrgr @lbog kfg _gbt dfttgj

fj kgr ortgj Nejcgjcrfsg sgftsfgnzfo Aemrgj.Kgr slogjejjtg _esmfjotlj Hljsgjsus, gfj

Njkgb wfrtshme`tbfhmgr Dejemdgj ujk Pl-rejjemdgj zur Ejcurngbujo vlj _frtshme`ts-systgdgj, gjtsteddt gngjèbbs kfgsgr Nlld-Qgft Gjkg kgs vgroejogjgj Aemrmujkgrts ujkwurkg ebs ^gectflj eu` kfg Xteetsshmubkgjcrfsgbetgfjedgrfcejfshmgr Bjkgr fj kgj 56=9grjgjtwfhcgbt. Kfg kengf ngshmrfgngjgj Dejem-dgj wgrkgj euhm mgutg wfgkgr eu` gurlpfshmgCrfsgjbjkgr ejogwgjkgt1 Nukogtcrzujogj,Yrfvetfsfgrujo ``gjtbfhmgr Wjtgrjgmdgj, ^g-

`lrdgj kgr Pgrwebtujo kurhm Gjtnrlcretfsfg-rujo ujk kgr Enneu vlj Xunvgjtfljgj sfjk jurgfj [gfb kgr vlrogshmbeogjgj ujk orltgfbs euhmejogwejktgj Dfttgb. Gfjg wfhmtfog @lbog kgrectugbbgj Crfsg fst, kess kgr _esmfjotlj Hlj-sgjsus sgfjgj Jedgj agtzt jfhmt dgmr gfjkgu-tfo vgrkfgjt1 Gs wfrk sgmr nrgft gfjg Encgmr vldstrfctgj Xpergj kfscutfgrt, wgfb dej ogsgmgj met,wgbhmg cljtreprlkuctfvgj Euswfrcujogj kesmengj cejj, ujk euhm kes wgstbfhmg Dlkgbb vljKgdlcretfg ujk Cepftebfsdus met wgbtwgft kgut-bfhm ej Xtrembcre`t gfjognt, seot Arogj Mungr.

_W^QGBJ KG^ C^FXGEusoejospujct kgr Crfsg wergj nfbbfog Crgkftgeu` Fddlnfbfgj fj kgj WXE, kfg WX-Nejcgj

ngrgftwfbbfo vgroengj. Kfg Nejcgj mengj kfgCrgkftpepfgrg wgftgrvgrceu`t ujk wergj kemgrjfhmt dgmr kurhm gvgjtugbbg Eus`bbg ngtrl``gj.Xfg vgroengj kemgr fddgr bgfhmtgr Crgkftg ujkvgrceu`tgj kfgsg wgftgr fj @lrd vlj bgtztbfhmwgrtblsgj Yepfgrgj, wgfb kfg Crgkftg vlj kgjObunfogrj zud ortgj [gfb jfhmt ngkfgjt wgr-kgj cljjtgj, grcbrt kgr cljld. Kfg Ybgftg kgrOrlnejc Bgmdej Nrltmgrs >99= ofnt shmbfgbfhmkgj Xtertshmuss r gfjg wgbtwgftg Enwrtsspf-

rebg `r Nejcgj ujk sptgr euhm oejzg Plbcs-wfrtshme`tgj. Bgmdej wer jfhmt kfg grstg Nej-cgjpbgftg fj kgr Crfsg, engr dft Xfhmgrmgft kfg nfsmgutg ortg. Kevlr met kfg WX-^gofgrujo ngrgftsNejcgj ogrgttgt, dft Bgmdej wlbbtg dej vgrdut-bfhm euhm gfj Gxgdpgb stetufgrgj. Ebs Eusbsgr`r kfg Nejcgjcrfsg fkgjtfzfgrt Arogj Mungr

jfhmt jur `gmbgjkg ^goubfgrujo, sljkgrj euhmkes Nljus-Xystgd `r Fjvgstdgjtnejcgr1 Og-dgfjsed dft dgfjgj Clbbgogj Dfhmegb Cfrhmbgrujk Kejfgb Cbgfjbgrhmgr vlj ujsgrgd Fjstftut me-

ngj wfr fj gfjgr Xtukfg kfg Ejrgfzstructurgj `rNejc-Dejeogr ogjeugr ejogsgmgj. Kes Grognjfs

zgfot cber1 _gjj gs Nljf `r Ogwfjjg ofnt, sfjkNejcdejeogr vfgb rfsfclngrgftgr, ebs wgjj sfg ngfPgrbustgj ngstre`t wgrkgj.

Kes Fjtgrnejcgjogshm`t nrfhmt jehm kgr Bgm-dej-Ybgftg gngjèbbs zuseddgj, Nejcgj bgfmgjsfhm ogogjsgftfo cgfj Ogbk dgmr. Kgr G``gct1 Ng-sljkgrs eu` kfgsgj Derct ejogwfgsgjg Nejcmu-sgr ogmgj prectfshm ngr Jehmt pbgftg. _gbtwgftmengj Xteetgj ngoljjgj, ^gttujospecgtg `r fmrgNejcgj zu shmjrgj. Kedft mengj sfhm ebbgrkfjos

ngsljkgrs dejhmg gurlpfshmg Bjkgr ngrjld-

dgj ujk sfjk fmrgrsgfts fj kfg Crfsg ogshmbfttgrt.Eus kgr Nejcgjcrfsg wfrk gfjg Xteetsshmubkgj-ujk bgtztbfhm gfjg _frtshme`tscrfsg. Kfg Xteetgjngrjgmdgj kfg Xhmubkgj vlj Yrfvetgj ujkNejcgj, wmrgjk euhm kgr Cljsud zuseddgj-

nrfhmt. Ebs @lbog mengj Xteetgj jfgkrfogrg Gfj-jemdgj, engr mmgrg Eusoengj eu` Keugr ogmtkes jetrbfhm jfhmt out.

BXWJOXEJX[QG & BGM^GJ@r Arogj Mungr gfj @gmbgr1 Gs mttgj oer jfhmtebbg Nejcgj ogrgttgt wgrkgj dssgj. Gfjg Bgm-rg, kfg eus kgr Crfsg ogzlogj wurkg, sgmg fhm

sgmr scgptfshm1 Kfg Nejcgj fj Gurlpe mengj og-bgrjt, kess sfg ogrgttgt wgrkgj, clddg, wes wlb-bg. Fd Ogogjsetz zu Gurlpe sfjk fj kgj WXEngr ;>9 Nejcgj fj kfg Ybgftg ogshmfhct wlrkgj.Qwgf plsftfvg Yujctg ofnt gs engr euhm zu gr-wmjgj1 Kes Yrlnbgdngwusstsgfj fst fj ebbgjOgsgbbshme`tsshmfhmtgj ogwehmsgj, ujk Nejcgjwurkgj zubgtzt kurhm Nesgb FFF ogzwujogj, dgmrGfogjcepfteb zu mebtgj euhm wgjj kfgsg ^gog-bujo kurhmeus jlhm strgjogr sgfj cjjtg. Kgrcljld sfgmt kfg ^gectflj vlr ebbgd kgr Gurl-pfshmgj Wjflj kgjjlhm ebs ujzurgfhmgjk ej1Dej mttg Orfghmgjbejk eus kgr Gurl-Qljg eus-

shmgfkgj ujk kes Bejk sgfjg _mrujo enwgrtgjbessgj dssgj. Jehm gfjgr Grmlbujospmesg mttgOrfghmgjbejk wfgkgr Dftobfgk kgr Gurlzljg wgr-kgj cjjgj. Kedft mttgj kfg dessfvgj slzfebgjYrlnbgdg, vlr kgjgj Orfghmgjbejk mgutg stgmt,vgrdfgkgj lkgr zudfjkgst vgrdfjkgrt wgrkgjcjjgj. Gfjg strgjog ^goubfgrujo, wfg sfg 5688dft kgd Obess-Xtgeoebb Eht fj kgj WXE gfjog-`mrt wurkg, met kfg Lnede-^gofgrujo nrfogjsjfhmt wfgkgr gfjog`mrt. Kerfj bfgot gfj orlgr@gmbgr kgr Lnede-^gofgrujo. _fr sfjk jdbfhmvlr cj`tfogj Crfsgj jehm wfg vlr jfhmt eusrgf-hmgjk og`gft, seot Arogj Mungr. sm

Arogj Mungr (*56?; fjNreujeu, Lngrstgrrgfhm)fst sgft 566= Dfterngftgr edFjstftut `r Nejcgj ujk @fjej-zgj, sgft >99= klrt Yrl`gsslrujk sgft >959 Fjstftutsbgftgr.>995 prldlvfgrtg gr fjkgj Xlzfeb- ujk _frtshme`ts-wfssgjshme`tgj ujk fjYlbftfcwfssgjshme`t, >99?`lbotg kfg Menfbftetflj ej kgr@ecubtt `r Ngtrfgnswfrtshme`t.Qembrgfhmg Euszgfhmjujogj,

wfg kgr Kr.-Eblfs-Dlhc-_fssgjshme`tsprgfs ujk kgrKr.-Lttl-Xgfngrt-Yrgfs, ujkgfjogwlrngjg @lrshmujos`r-kgrdfttgb, ujtgr ejkgrgd kgrLgJN ujk kgs @_@, zgfogjkfg mlmg Uuebftt sgfjgrwfssgjshme`tbfhmgj Erngftgj.Oestprl`gssurgj ej kgrêdcmedmegjo Wjfvgrsftyfj Nejoclc ujk ej kgr VebgWjfvgrsfty fj Jgw Mevgjrujkgj sgfj Yrlstb en.

QW^ YG^XLJ

Kfg rfhmtfogj Bgmrgj wurkgj shmlj 56>6 ogzlogj, jehm kgd orlgjNrsgjhresm. Jur mengj kfg dgfstgj ^gofgrujogj kfgsgr _gbt kfgsgBgmrgj wfgkgr vgrogssgj. Arogj Mungr, Fjstftut `r Nejcgj ujk @fjejzgj


12/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>585> @ltls1 ltlbfe/buclw (5), ltlbfe/^lngrt Cjgshmcg (5)

Ln ^ghmtshmrgfn`gmbgr, Oreddetfc`gmbgr, ^ghmgj`gmbgr

jfgdejk met kfg Xhmubzgft lmjg @gmbgr ngrstejkgj ujk

ceud agdejk wfrk plsftfvg Esslzfetfljgj kedft mengj.Fj kgj bgtztgj Aemrgj fst engr fddgr `tgr vlj Dut zud @gmbgr

kfg ^gkg, gfjg Cubtur kgs @gmbgrdehmgjs slbb sfhm gtenbfgrgj,

wfg vlj dejhmgj GxpgrtFjjgj clbplrtfgrt wfrk. Kfg Bgrj`lrshmg-

rfj Almejje @. Xhmwerz ujtgrsuhmt shmubfshmgs Bgrjgj fj kgr Gr-

èmrujoskfdgjsflj kgr Bgrjgjkgj ed Ngfspfgb vlj XhmbgrFjjgj

kgr jgugj Dfttgbshmubg ogdgfjsed dft ejkgrgj @lrshmgjkgj fj

vgrshmfgkgjgj [geds fd ngrgfts zud zwgftgj Deb vld @_@ og`r-

kgrtgj Yrlagct Ygrsljebg Nfbkujosprlzgssg fj mgtgrlogjgj Orup-

pgj (Ogsedtbgftujo1 Yrl`. Dfhmegb Xhmretz). Xfg wer slwlmb fj fm-

rgr @ujctflj ebs @lrshmgrfj ebs euhm ebs Bgmrgrfj ngrgfts dft vfgbgj

Ogsfhmtgrj kgs Wdoejos dft @gmbgrj clj`rljtfgrt ujk rgbetfvfgrt

kfgsgj [rgjk1 @gmbgr cgjjzgfhmjgj gtwes ebs gfjkgutfo èbshm,

kemgr fst gfj Bln kgs @gmbgrs ngorf`fhm frrg`mrgjk. Yrlnbgde -

tfshm sgf vfgbdgmr kgr cljcrgtg Wdoejo kedft fj kgr Xhmubg. Kess

@gmbgr pessfgrgj, fst jlrdeb ujk fj Bgrjprlzgssgj ujvgrdgfkbfhm.Kfg fjtgrgssejtg @reog fst engr, wfg Bgmrpgrsljgj kedft udogmgj

ujk wes sfg wejj wfg sejctfljfgrgj. Kfg _fssgjshme`tbgrfj sfgmt

kerfj wgjfogr gfjg Bgrj`reog ebs gfjg Ngwgrtujos`reog.

BG^J- LKG^ BGFX[WJOXXF[WE[FLJ996), eb-

sl agjsgfts kgs Bgmrgjs, ebs kes Bgrjgj

kgr Xhmbgrfjjgj ujk Xhmbgr zgfot. Fj

projejtgj Grzmbujogj shmubfshmgr

Grèmrujosdldgjtg kgj slogjejjtgj Pfojgttgj mengj kfg

Xhmub`lrshmgrFjjgj fj gfjfogj Xhmubcbessgj kgr jgugj Dfttgbshmu-

bg zwfshmgj kgj XhmbgrFjjgj Ybetz ogjlddgj ujk eu`èbbgjkg

Grgfojfssg klcudgjtfgrt. Kfg mfgr ngfspfgbme`t mgreusogorf``gjg

Pfojgttg dft zwgf Dkhmgj fd Kgutshmujtgrrfhmt wurkg kgj ngtgf-bfotgj Bgmrcr`tgj vlrogbgot. Fj kgr grstgj Eusseog kgr ng`reotgj

Bgmrpgrslj wurkg vlr ebbgd kes Jfhmt-Pgrstgmgj ngstfddtgr

_rtgr ngdgrct, grzmbt Xhmwerz. Kfg Dkhmgj sfjk sldft ebs

`gmbgrme`t dercfgrt, lnwlmb ngf jmgrgr Ngtrehmtujo grsteujbfhmg

Cldpgtgjzgj sfhmtner wgrkgj. Gfjgs kgr ngfkgj Dkhmgj jfddt

kfg ^lbbg kgr Bgmrgrfj gfj, grcbrt, wes jfhmt vgrstejkgj wurkg.

Fd ejshmbfggjkgj Ogsprhm ngr kfg Pfojgttg shmbot [rcej sl-

oer gfjg mlhmsprehmbfhmg Pgrsflj gfjgs kfebgctebgj Euskruhcs vlr

ujk zgfot kedft gfj _fssgj ud Xprehmverfgttgj. Kereu` slbbtg fj

kfgsgr Xftuetflj gfogjtbfhm kes Euogjdgrc bfgogj1 zu shmeugj, wes

ej Cjjgj ke fst, ofnt Xhmwerz zu ngkgjcgj. Euhm vfgbg wgftgrg

Pfojgttgj mengj ogzgfot, kess mfjtgr gfjgd zujhmst vlrkgrorj-

kfo grshmgfjgjkgj @gmbgr vfgb Crgetfvftt lkgr Cldpgtgjz stghcgjcejj. L``gjcujkfog @gmbgr slbbgj eusog-

ngssgrt wgrkgj, engr kerngr ker` jfhmt

vgrogssgj wgrkgj, vgrstrct kes Ogbuj-

ogjg zu sgmgj ujk zu wrkfogj.

JEHMKGJCY^LQGXXG

Kgr Xhmub`lrshmgrfj ogmt gs engr cgfjgs-

wgos kerud, kfg Cldpgtgjz kgr Bgmrcr`-

tg fj @reog zu stgbbgj. Fj gfjgd Cbessgj-

zfddgr dft l`t dgmr ebs >7 XhmbgrFjjgj

fst gs ujdobfhm, kess kfg Bgmrpgrslj

ebbg kfgsg Dfcrlsftuetfljgj grèsst, gr-

cbrt Xhmwerz. Ebs @lrshmgjkg cjjgjwfr ujs eu` Kgtefbs cljzgjtrfgrgj ujk

ogjeu kerfj bfgot kes orlg Yltgjzfeb

ujsgrgr @lrshmujo. Fj kgr Eus- ujk

@lrtnfbkujo vlj BgmrgrFjjgj ej kgr Wjf

Fjjsnruhc mengj kfg Grcgjjtjfssg eus kgr

Pfojgttgj`lrshmujo ngrgfts zu gfjgd Ygr-

spgctfvgjwghmsgb og`mrt. _fr wgr`gj

bgrjsgftfog Nbfhcg eu` kgj Wjtgrrfhmt, k.m.

wfr jgmdgj strcgr gfjg Ygrspgctfvg gfj,

kfg sfhm eu` kes Bgrjgj kgr XhmbgrFjjgj

rfhmtgt, grcbrt Xhmwerz. Ejogmgjkg Bgm-

rgrFjjgj nglnehmtgj nfsmgr fj fmrgj Wj-

tgrrfhmtsprectfce vlr ebbgd kfg Erngft kgrBgmrcr`tg, juj slbbgj sfg fmr Euogjdgrc

grojzgjk strcgr eu` kes Bgrjvgrmebtgj

kgr XhmbgrFjjgj bgogj. Kfgsgs Plrogmgj

bfg`grt jgug ujk ejkgrg Gfjsfhmtgj fj kgj

@ehgttgjrgfhmtud shmubfshmgr Bgrjprl-

zgssg, euhm fj Grshmgfjujos`lrdgj ujk

_frcujoswgfsgj vlj @gmbgrj. _fr wlb-

bgj dft ujsgrgj Grognjfssgj gfjgj Jehm-

kgjcprlzgss gfjbgftgj ujk kfg Bgmrcr`tg

`r gfjgj ejogdgssgjgj Wdoejo dft @gm-

bgrj fj kgr shmubfshmgj Ngwgrtujosprexfs

sgjsfnfbfsfgrgj, ngtljt Xhmwerz. dn

[F[GB[MGDE

[rcej ujk [bey zgfogj ngfkg eu`, ud gr-stg ngrbgoujogj zud [ftgb kgs Nuhmgs vljWrsube _b`gb, Kgr rltg ^hmgr, dftzutgfbgj.[bey wfrk jfhmt krejogjlddgj ujk ofnteu`. [rcej ngofjjt ngrgfts wmrgjk kgrGrcbrujogj kgr Bgmrpgrslj zu bgsgj. Fjreshmgr @lbog `reot [rcej kfg Bgmrpgrslj,wes kfg _rtgr Eoetmg ujk Dfstcerrgjngkgutgj. [bey, kfg ngfd Bgsgj gtwesbejosedgr fst, met kes Nuhm vlr sfhm eu`kgj [fshm ogbgot ujk `lbot kgj Qgfbgj, kfg

sfg ogrekg bfgst, dft kgd Clp`. Ybtzbfhm,oejz ujvgrdfttgbt, behmt sfg mebnbeut vlrsfhm mfj. Xfg zgfot jlhm gfjdeb eu`. Ke kfgBgmrpgrslj sfg fddgr jlhm jfhmt ngehmtgt,bsst sfg fmrg Mejk dft mjogjkgj Xhmubtgrjèbbgj, ofnt eu` ujk `reot [rcej jehm kgrNgkgutujo kgs _lrtgs Eoetmg. _esgfjg [ejtg fst, kes wgft ku95>,X. ?5)

PFOJG[[G 89


14/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>585;

[F[GB[MGDE

Gfogjtbfhm trot agkgr Dgjshm gfj Cfbl-

oredd kevlj dft sfhm mgrud ogjuo,wrkg dej dgfjgj. Klhm kes Cebzfud

fst fd dgjshmbfhmgj Crpgr rghmt ujobgfhmdfovgrtgfbt. 66 Yrlzgjt kgr Cebzfuddgjog ng`jkgj

sfhm fj kgj Cjlhmgj, kfg gxtrezgbbubrg @bssfo-cgft gjtmbt gtwe 699 Dfbbforedd. Wjk kfgsg699 Dfbbforedd spfgbgj gfjg wfhmtfog ^lbbg fdLroejfsdus, wgrkgj kfg Cebzfudfljgj kgr gx-trezgbbubrgj @bssfocgft klhm prfdr zur Ec-tfvfgrujo kgr Qgbbgj vgrwgjkgt, kfgjgj fj vfg-bgj gbgctrfshm grrgonergj Qgbbgj ebs Xfojebstl``.Cebzfud fst slzuseogj kgr grstg Eusbsgr gfjgrXfojebcescekg, ngshmrgfnt Ygtrljgb [ubuh, Ylst-

Klh ej kgr Entgfbujo Ymerdeclblofg ujk [lxf-

clblofg kgs Fjstftuts `r Ymerdezfg, kfg Ngkgu-tujo kgs hmgdfshmgj Gbgdgjts. Pgrejtwlrtbfhm`r kgj [rejsplrt kgs Cebzfuds fj kfg Qgbbg fstgfj Yrltgfj fj kgr Qgbbdgdnrej, kgr slogjejjtgCebzfudcejeb.

Cebzfudcejbg ``jgj eu`orujk gfjgs ng-stfddtgj ^gfzgs gfjg Ylrg, kurhm kfg Cebzfudeus kgd gxtrezgbbubrgj ^eud fjs Qgbbfjjgrggfjstrdt. Fd Duscgb ngwfrct kfg gbgctrfshmgEctfvfgrujo gfjgs Cebzfudcejebs, kess sfhmkgr Duscgb zuseddgjzfgmt. Fd Jgrvgjsystgdsftzgj Cebzfudcejbg fj ngstfddtgj ^gof-ljgj kgr Xyjepsgj (Jgrv-Jgrv-Pgrnfjkujogj),

CEJEBE^NGF[G^FD BENL^

Cebzfudcejbg stgmgj fd @lcus kgr @lrshmujoserngft ej kgrEntgfbujo Ymerdeclblofg ujk [lxfclblofg. Ygtrljgb [ubuh ujk

Ejkrges Bfgn cljjtgj juj jehmwgfsgj, wfg sfhm @gmbgr fdCejebsystgd eu` kgj Nbutkruhc euswfrcgj.

Ygtrljgb [ubuh ujk Ejkrges

Bfgn mengj ogdgfjsed dftgfjgd fjtgrjetfljebgj Clbbg-ogjtged gfjgj dlbgcubergj

Xhmebtgr gjtkghct, kgr ej kgrGjtstgmujo vlj [udlrgj kgrJgngjjfgrgjrfjkg deogn-

bfhm ngtgfbfot fst.

@ltls1 Ejkrges @rfgkbg (5), Ejkrges Bfgn (5)


15/52


[F[GB[MGDE

Cebzfudcejbg ngstgmgj eusGfwgfstl``gj fj kgr Qgbbdgd-nrej. Xfg ``jgj euòrujkgfjgs ngstfddtgj ^gfzgs gfjgYlrg, kurhm kfg Cebzfud fjkfg Qgbbg gfjstrdt. Fd Duscgbngwfrct kfg gbgctrfshmg Ectf-vfgrujo gfjgs Cebzfudcejebs,kess sfhm kgr Duscgb zused-

dgjzfgmt. Fd Jgrvgjsystgdsftzgj Cebzfud-Cejbg fjngstfddtgj ^gofljgj kgrXyjepsgj (Jgrv-Jgrv-Pgrnfjkujogj), wl sfg ujtgrejkgrgd kfg @rgfsgtzujo vljNltgjstl``gj eusbsgj.

wl sfg ujtgr ejkgrgd kfg @rgfsgtzujo vlj Nl-tgjstl``gj eusbsgj. Cebzfudcejbg sfjk `r kfgXyjtmgsg ujk Xgcrgtflj vlj Mlrdljgj vgrejt-wlrtbfhm, rgoubfgrgj kfg Gxprgssflj vlj Ogjgj

ujk stgugrj Gjzydectfvfttgj. Pgrjkgrujogjej kfgsgj Yrltgfjgj gtwe kurhm Dutetfljgjcjjgj zu Cejebgrcrejcujogj gtwe Xgmst-rujogj, Eutfsdus, Dforjg, Bmdujosgrshmgf-jujogj kgr Xcgbgttduscubetur usw. `mrgj.Cgfj _ujkgr ebsl, kess sfhm @lrshmgr vgrshmfg-kgjstgr Kfszfpbfjgj dft Cebzfudcejbgj ng-shm`tfogj. Euhm ej kgr Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc,gtwe fj kgd @_@-Xpgzfeb`lrshmujosngrgfhmQgbbubrg Xfojebg ngf hmrljfshmgj Grcrej-cujogj kgs zgjtrebgj Jgrvgjsystgds ujtgrkgr @mrujo kgs Ymerdeclblogj Aro Xtrfgss-jfo, Bgftgr kgr Entgfbujo Ymerdeclblofg ujk

[lxfclblofg. Wjk vlr Curzgd met gfj fjtgrjetfl-jebgs @lrshmgrtged dft Fjjsnruhcgr Ngtgfbfoujorujk ud Ygtrljgb [ubuh, Ejkrges Bfgn ujk AroXtrfgssjfo gfjg jgug ^lbbg kgr Cebzfudcejbg ngfNbutmlhmkruhc ogcbrt.

@GMBG^ FJ KG^ QGBBGNbutmlhmkruhc (Mypgrtljfg) ofbt jgngj Kfeng-tgs dgbbftus, êuhmgj ujk grmmtgd Hmlbgstg-rfj ebs gfjgr kgr vfgr orlgj ogsujkmgftbfhmgj^fsfclèctlrgj, beut Ejoengj kgr _gbtogsujk-mgftslroejfsetflj (_ML) bgfkgj dfttbgrwgfbgrujk gfjg Dfbbferkg Dgj-

shmgj ujtgr Mypgrtljfg,dgmr ebs jguj DfbbfljgjDgjshmgj stgrngj prl

Aemr ej kgj @lbogj gfjgsngrmmtgj Nbutkruhcs.Ngf `j` Yrlzgjt ebbgrMypgrtljfg-Yetfgjtgj`jkgj sfhm [udlrg fj kgr

Jgngjjfgrgjrfjkg ujksfg sfjk kgr Eusbsgr kgsNbutmlhmkruhcs.

Kes fj kgr Jgngjjfgrgjrfjkg prlkuzfgrtgMlrdlj Ebklstgrlj fst gfj wfhmtfogr ^goube-

tlr kgs Nbutkruhcs, ngf @bssfocgftsvgrbustgjkurhm Xhmwftzgj lkgr vgrdfjkgrtgr @bssfo-cgftseu`jemdg wfrk gs vgrdgmrt prlkuzfgrt,ud kfg Jetrfudhmblrfk- ujk kedft euhm kfg_essgreusshmgfkujo fj kgr Jfgrg zu krlssgbj.Gfjg petmlblofshm vgrdgmrtg Ebklstgrljprl-kuctflj cejj fd êmdgj ngstfddtgr Grcrej-cujogj eu`trgtgj, wfg gtwe ngf Mgrzvgrseogjlkgr Bgngrgrcrejcujogj. Euhm [udlrg, kfgvlj kgj ebklstgrljprlkuzfgrgjkgj Qgbbgj kgrJgngjjfgrgjrfjkg eusogmgj, cjjgj zu gfjgdngrshmuss kgs nbutkruhcstgfogrjkgj MlrdljsEbklstgrlj mrgj. Wjk gtwe kfg Mb`tg kgr Jg-

ngjjfgrgjrfjkgj-[udlrg sl kes Grognjfs kgrXtukfg wgfsgj Dutetfljgj eu`, wgbhmg kgjGfjstrld vlj Cebzfudfljgj fj kfg Qgbbg ngoj-stfogj. Kfg grmmtg Ectfvftt vlj Cebzfudfljgjfj kgr Qgbbg ngwfrct kejj kfg zu stercg Ebklstg-rljsyjtmgsg, grcbrt [ubuh. Ogùjkgj wurkgjvgrshmfgkgjg Dutetfljgj, kfg ebbg fj agjgj ^g-ofljgj blcebfsfgrt sfjk, kfg ed ``jujos- ujkXhmbfgujosprlzgss kfgsgr Fljgjplrgj ngtgfbfotsfjk. Kekurhm cjjgj kfgsg enjlrdgj Cej-

bg gjtwgkgr bgfhmtgr ngf

Grrgoujo kgr Qgbbgj ``-jgj lkgr euhm bjogr og-``jgt nbgfngj, grcbrtEjkrges Bfgn, kgr kfggbgctrlpmysflblofshmgjDgssujogj ej kgj du-tfgrtgj Fljgjcejbgj fdêmdgj sgfjgr Klctlr-erngft kurhmog`mrt met.

Kes Yrlnbgd ej kgj[udlrgj kgr Jgngj-

jfgrgjrfjkg dgfst outertfog Ogshmwubstg, sl-ogjejjtg Ekgjldg fst fmrg Org. Xfg sfjk

l`t sgmr cbgfj ujk cjjgj bgfhmt ngrsgmgjwgrkgj, sl kfg @lrshmgr. Xldft wfrk euhm kfgWrsehmg kgs Nbutmlhmkruhcs ngrsgmgj, kfg n-bfhmg [mgrepfg dft Cebzfudcejebnblhcgrj, kgj

nbutkruhcsgjcgjkgj Dgkfcedgjtgj, wfrk ej-ogwejkt. Ebs @lbog pgjkgbt sfhm kgr Nbutkruhceu` gfjgd jlrdebgj Jfvgeu gfj, kes gfogjt-bfhm bgfhmt zu gjt`grjgjkg Ekgjld cejj engrwgftgrwehmsgj. Kgsmebn slbbtgj rztg ngf kgrNgmejkbujo vlj Nbutmlhmkruhcpetfgjtgj fd-dgr fd Mfjtgrclp` mengj, kess kgr Eusbsgr gfjJgngjjfgrgjrfjkg-Ekgjld sgfj cejj, seot Ej-krges Bfgn. em

CEBQFWDCEJEB

Kfg grmmtg Ectfvfttvlj Cebzfudfljgj fj kgrQgbbg cejj kfg zu stercgEbklstgrljsyjtmgsg ujk kesvgrdgmrtg Qgbbwehmstudngwfrcgj. Ygtrljgb [ubuh

He>+Gfjstrld

Xpejjujossgjslrgj(kurhm Xpejjujosjkgrujogj

cjjgj sfhm kfgsg ngwgogj ujk kfgYlrg ``jgj)

Cebzfud-kurhmbssfog Ylrg


16/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>5850 @ltls1 Ejkrges @rfgkbg (>)

[F[GB[MGDE

_gjj ngfd Dlkgbbfgrgj vlj Ogshm`tsprlzgssgj @gmbgr pessfgrgj, cejj kes ètebg@lbogj mengj. Kfg Fj`lrdetfcgrfj Nernere _gngr wfbb ogjeu slbhmg @gmbgr vgrmfjkgrj.

@GMBG^ FJ Y^LQGXXGJ

Quogogngj, gfjg outg Fkgg, gfj ngrzguogjkgs Yrlkuct, kfg

pessgjkg Kfgjstbgfstujo sfjk fddgr kfg Nesfs kgs wfrt-shme`tbfhmgj Gr`lbogs. Klhm wes jutzgj Fkgg, Yrlkuct ujk

Kfgjstbgfstujo, wgjjs fd Wjtgrjgmdgj jfhmt rujk bu`t, wgjj

Klppgbobgfsfocgftgj Dgmrerngft vgrursehmgj, wgjj Clddujfce-

tfljsdjogb zu Bggrbu`gj mrgj. Fjsl`grj gjtshmgfkgj mgutg fd

_gsgjtbfhmgj g`zfgjtg Ogshm`tsprlzgssg ngr wfrtshme`tbfhmgj

Gr`lbo lkgr Dfssgr`lbo. Kes Dlkgbbfgrgj slbhmgr Ogshm`tsprlzgssg

met fj kgj bgtztgj Aemrgj fddgr dgmr ej Ngkgutujo ogwljjgj, prl-

nbgdetfshm wfrk gs ebbgrkfjos, wgjj ngfd Dlkgbbfgrgj @gmbgr pessfg-

rgj, vlr ebbgd, wgjj kfg Yrlzgssdlkgbbg zur Eutldetfsfgrujo vlj

Ogshm`tsprlzgssgj gfjogsgtzt wgrkgj nzw. ebs Eusoejospmesg r

kfg Xl`twerggjtwfhcbujo kfgjgj. Kfgsgj Yrlzgss kgr Yrlzgssdl-

kgbbfgrujo met Nernere _gngr ujk fmr [ged vld Fjstftut r Fj`lr-

detfc zu fmrgd @lrshmujoslnagct eus-grclrgj. Xl met sfg sfhm dft kgd @_@-

Yrlagct Jeutfbus kes Qfgb ogsgtzt, kgj

Enbeu` kgr Yrlzgssdlkgbbgjtwfhcbujo

dfttgbs jguertfogr Dgtmlkgj zur Ngl-

nehmtujo ujk Ejebysg systgdetfshm zu

ujtgrsuhmgj. Gfjgrsgfts mengj wfr kes

Dlkgbbfgrgj dftogbloot, cjjgj ujs

kemgr kgj Pgrbeu` ogjeu ejshmeugj

nzw. fmj jehmspfgbgj. Dft kfgsgj Blos

slwfg ngstfddtgj Dfjfjo-[ghmjfcgj

vgrsuhmgj wfr Ogdgfjsedcgftgj nzw.

vgrshmfgkgjg Plrogmgjswgfsgj mg-

reuszubtgrj. Ejkgrgrsgfts erngftgj wfr fj Cllpgretflj dft kgd

Fjstftut `r Ysyhmlblofg euhm dft Gyg-[rehcfjo, ud `gstzustgbbgj,wlmfj kgr Dlkgbbfgrgr wmrgjk kgs Dlkgbbfgrgjs shmeut, ujk dft

[mfjc-Ebluk-[ghmjfcgj, ud quesf zu mrgj, wes sfhm kgr Dlkgbbfg-

rgr kgjct, ngshmrgfnt _gngr kfg @lrshmujoserngft.

@GMBG^DWX[G^ @FJKGJFd Beu` kgs Yrlagcts wurkgj vfgbg Grcgjjtjfssg ogseddgbt, kfg

en Ajjgr fj kes gngjèbbs vld @_@ og`rkgrtg Yrlagct Dl-

kGrErg fggj slbbgj. _gngr1 Mfgr wlbbgj wfr typfshmg @gmbgr-

dustgr ngfd Dlkgbbfgrgj fkgjtfzfgrgj1 _fg met sfhm kgr @gmbgr

euògneut, wejj trftt gr eu`, wejj wfrk gr ngdgrct, wfg wfrk gr

ngmlngj. Qfgb fst gs, kfg Grognjfssg fj gfj Dlkgbbfgrujostllb zu

pehcgj, kes grstgjs vgrmfjkgrt, kess @gmbgr ogdehmt wgrkgj, ujk

zwgftgjs wgjj gfj @gmbgr pessfgrt kgj Qgftenstejk, nfs kgr @gmbgr ng-

dgrct ujk ngmlngj wfrk, vgrrfjogrt.

Kes slbb engr cgfjg Xl`twerg wgrkgj,

kfg kgd Dlkgbbfgrgr vlrshmrgfnt, wfg

gr zu erngftgj met, sljkgrj gfjg fjtgb-

bfogjtg Ngjutzgrujtgrsttzujo. Kgjj

gfjgs mengj wfr ogbgrjt1 Gs ofnt vfgbg

outg Plrogmgjswgfsgj, gfjgj Og-

shm`tsprlzgss zu dlkgbbfgrgj. Xl

wfg gs vfgbg outg Fkggj, Yrlkuctg ujk

Kfgjstbgfstujogj ofnt, ud wfrtshme`t-

bfhmgj Gr`lbo zu grzfgbgj. em

QW^ YG^XLJ

Nernere _gngr (*56??) stukfgrtg ej kgr WjfvgrsfttFjjsnruhc Ngtrfgnswfrtshme`tsbgmrg ujk prldlvfgrtg>998. Xgft >99; erngftgt _gngr ed Fjstftut `r Fj-`lrdetfc kgr Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc ujk bgftgt mfgr fdErngftsngrgfhm Uuebfty Gjofjggrfjo gfjgj gfogjgj@lrshmujosngrgfhm zur gxfnbgj F[-Wjtgrsttzujovlj Ogshm`tsprlzgssgj ujk Erngftsenbu`gj. Fd

Aemr >996 menfbftfgrtg sfg ebs grstg @reu eu` kgrFjjsnruhcgr Fj`lrdetfc, sgft >955 fst sfg EsslzffgrtgYrl`gsslrfj ed Fjstftut.


17/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>58 5?

Hldputgr-Yrloreddg krfjogj fj fddgr dgmr Ngrgfhmg

ujsgrgs Bgngjs gfj1 Xfg vgrwebtgj ujsgr Ogbk, stgugrj

Enbu`g fj @emrzguogj ujk cljtrlbbfgrgj dgkfzfjfshmg

Ogrtg. Kgsmebn fst gs wfhmtfo, kess kfg Yrloreddg rfhmtfo ùjc-

tfljfgrgj, seot gj [mfgdejj vld Fjstftut r Fj`lrdetfc. Kfg

Cldpbgxftt gfjgs Yrloredds ujk kfg [etsehmg, kess ebbg Ngrghm-

jujogj zu gfjgd Grognjfs `mrgj kfg slogjejjtg [grdfjfgrujo, sfjk gjtshmgfkgjkg Gfogjshme`tgj vlj Yrloreddgj, sfg sfjk engr

bgfkgr ujgjtshmgfkner, grcbrt [mfgdejj. Xl fst gs zud Ngfspfgb

jfhmt dobfhm, gfj Ejebysgprloredd zu gjtwfhcgbj, kes `r ebbg

ejkgrgj Yrloreddg ejofnt, ln sfg tgrdfjfgrgj lkgr jfhmt.

GÔGNJFXXG NG^Y^@GJ[rltzkgd wurkgj vfgbg Pgrèmrgj `r kfg eutldetfshmg Ejebysg vlj

Yrloreddgj gjtwfhcgbt, kfg l`t, engr jfhmt fddgr kfg ogwjshm-

tg Gfogjshme`t jehmwgfsgj cjjgj. Euhm sfjk vfgbg Ejebysgprl-

oreddg sgbnst sgmr cldpbgx ujk gjtmebtgj kgsmebn euhm fddgr

wfgkgr @gmbgr. Eus kfgsgd Orujk wgrkgj slogjejjtg Qgrtfzfgrgr

gfjogsgtzt, kfg kfg Grognjfssg kgr Ejebysgprloreddg jlhm gfj-

deb ngrpr`gj. Dft Mfb`g kfgsgr Yrloreddg cljjtgj ngrgfts vfgbg@gmbgr gjtkghct wgrkgj, slwlmb fj Ejebysgsl`twerg, ebs euhm fj

kgj tmglrgtfshmgj Orujkbeogj gfjfogr Ejebysgtghmjfcgj, kfg kfgsg

Yrloreddg gfjsgtzgj.

Bgfkgr cjjgj kfg vgrònergj Qgrtfzfgrgr jur gfjogshmrjct

gfjogsgtzt wgrkgj, seot ^gj [mfgdejj. Xfg sfjk jlhm jfhmt `r

Cldpbgxfttsngwgfsg vgròner ujk fd Ngrgfhm kgr [grdfjfgrujo fst

dej eu` [grdgrsgtzujo, gfjg gfjèhmg Yrloreddfgrsprehmg, gfjog-

shmrjct. Kgr Fj`lrdetfcgr grwgftgrt juj kfg Ejwgjknercgft vlj

Qgrtfzfgrgrj fj zwgf wfhmtfog ^fhmtujogj1 Xfg slbbgj gfjg orlg

Cbessg vlj Cldpbgxfttsngwgfsgj ujk [grdfjfgrujosngwgfsgj r

zwgf rgebg Yrloreddfgrsprehmgj, Aeve ujk Mescgbb, ujtgrsttzgj.

Wjsgrg Erngft wfrk kfg Quvgrbssfocgft ectugbbgr [grdfjfgrujos-

ujk Cldpbgxftts-Ejebysgprloreddg wgftrgfhmgjk vgrngssgrj.@grjgr nfgtgt sfg gfjgj outgj Eusoejospujct `r wgftgrg @lrdebf-

sfgrujogj fj kgd Ognfgt kgr Yrloreddejebysg ujk kgr Yrloredd-

trejs`lrdetflj, fst gj [mfgdejj ngrzguot. sr

@GMBG^@^GFG XL@[_E^G^gj [mfgdejj, Jehmwuhms`lrshmgr ed Fjstftut `r Fj`lrdetfc, ngshm`tfot sfhm dft kgrorujkbgogjkgj Ejebysg vlj Xl`twergprloreddgj. Gr gjtwfhcgbt Qgrtfzfgrgr, kfg kfg

Grognjfssg vlj Ejebysgprloreddgj vebfkfgrgj.

^gj [mfgdejj wurkg 56?0 fj Xtektblmj, Kgutshmbejk, ognlrgj.Gr stukfgrtg Fj`lrdetfc ej kgr ^_[M Eehmgj ujk prldlvfgrtg>99? dft Euszgfhmjujo. Fd obgfhmgj Aemr ced gr ebs Wjfvgrsf-

ttsessfstgjt ej kes Fjstftut `r Fj`lrdetfc kgr Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc.Xgft >955 `lrshmt gr mfgr ebs _fssgjshme`tbfhmgr Yrlagctdfterngftgr

ujk met fd Aubf >958 menfbftfgrt.

QW^ YG^XLJ

[F[GB[MGDE


18/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>585=

[F[GB[MGDE

X gbnstgrjejjtg Ybeofetsaogr ujk Fjtgr-jgt`lrgj wfg PrljfYbeo zur Eu`kghcujovlj Ybeofets`bbgj fj Enshmbusserngftgjprldfjgjtgr Ygrsjbfhmcgftgj mengj wfssgj-shme`tbfhmgs @gmbvgrmebtgj fj kgj vgroejogjgj

Aemrgj vgrstrct fjs dgkfebg êdpgjbfhmt og-

rhct. Kgr Xcejkeb ud kgj skclrgejfshmgjCblj`lrshmgr Mwejo _ll Xuc ujk mjbfhmg @b-bg kgr @bshmujo vlj wfssgjshme`tbfhmgj Grogn-jfssgj bgjcgj rgogbdfo kgj Nbfhc eu` ujrgk-bfhmgs Pgrmebtgj fj _fssgjshme`t ujk @lrshmujo.Kfg Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc met dft ngroejofjs WO >99> sl`lrt ^fhmtbfjfgj zur Xfhmgrujooutgr wfssgjshme`tbfhmgr Yrexfs gstogbgot. Kfgsgwurkgj sgftmgr dgmrdebs ngrerngftgt ujk ej-ogpesst, seot kgr kedebs zustjkfog Pfzgrgctlr`r @lrshmujo ujk agtzfog ^gctlr [fbdejj Drc.Ybeofets`bbg fj Enshmbusserngftgj wgrkgj vldPfzgrgctlr `r Bgmrg ujk Xtukfgrgjkg ogpr`t,

Pgrstg fd @lrshmujosngrgfhm vlj kgr Pfzgrgc-tlrfj `r @lrshmujo ngerngftgt .

GFJOGMGJKG Y^@WJO_fr vgr`lbogj ujk pr`gj ebbg ujs ejogzgfotgjPgrkehmts`bbg, seot ^gnftshm vld prlagct.sgr-

vfhg.nrl, kgr fd Eu`treo kgr Pfzgrgctlrfj `r@lrshmujo kgrertfog @bbg ujtgrsuhmt. Xl ofntgs zud Ngfspfgb euhm Ejzgfogj vlj _fssgj-shme`tbgrfjjgj ujk _fssgjshme`tbgrj ejkgrgrWjfvgrsfttgj, kfg ujs gfjgj Pgrkehmt eu` @gmb-vgrmebtgj zur Cgjjtjfs nrfjogj. Jehm gfjgrgrstgj Yrùjo kgs Xehmvgrmebts gjtshmgfkgt kfgPfzgrgctlrfj `r @lrshmujo, ln kfg Wjfvgrsfttsgbnst Outehmtgr fj kgd @ebb ngèsst lkgr ln kfgstgrrgfhmfshmg Eogjtur r wfssgjshme`tbfhmgFjtgorftt dft kgr Yrùjo ngeu`treot wfrk. KfgEogjtur fst gfjg jgutrebg Gfjrfhmtujo, kfg do-bfhmgj @bbgj wfssgjshme`tbfhmgj @gmbvgrmebtgjs

@GMBPG^MEB[GJFD @LCWX

_fssgjshme`tbfhmgs Erngftgj gr`lrkgrt gkbfhmcgft, [rejspergjz ujkkfg Ngehmtujo vgrnfjkbfhmgr ^gogbj. Qur Xfhmgrujo outgrwfssgjshme`tbfhmgr Yrexfs ogbtgj ej kgr Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc

gjtsprghmgjkg ^fhmtbfjfgj.

Kfg Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhcsgtzt r kfg Yrùjo vlj

Enshmbusserngftgj eu`[gxtpbeofetg kfg Xl`twerg

YbeoXhej gfj. Kedft wgrkgjkfg gfjogrgfhmtgj Erngftgj

dft Dfbbferkgj vlj [gxtgjfd Fjtgrjgt ujk spgzfgbbgjKetgjnejcgj enogobfhmgj

ujk rgbgvejtg ngrgfj-stfddujogj ejogzgfot.

Kfg Ljbfjg-Ybett`lrd bfg`grtkedft engr jur Mfjwgfsg eu`

dobfhmg Ybeofetg, kfg vljèhmcujkfogj Gxpgrtfjjgjujk Gxpgrtgj fjtgrprgtfgrt

ujk gfjogmgjk ogpr`t wgr-kgj dssgj. Kfg Wjfvgrsftt

stgbbt dft kgr Ybeofetgrcgj-

jujossl`twerg gfj _grczguozur Pgròujo, dft kgd En-shmrgfngr bgfhmtgr fkgjtfstzfgrt

wgrkgj cjjgj.

@ltls1 Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc (>), Ejkrges @rfgkbg (5), Yrfvet (5)

EW[LDE[FXHMGY^@WJO


19/52


[F[GB[MGDE

Kfg stgrrgfhmfshmg Eogjtur`r wfssgjshme`tbfhmg Fjtgorftt(LgE_F) wurkg >99= ebs gfjPgrgfj ogorjkgt. Dftobfgkgrsfjk zwb` stgrrgfhmfshmgWjfvgrsfttgj (kerujtgr kfgWjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc), kfgEcekgdfg kgr _fssgj-shme`tgj slwfg kgr _fgjgr_fssgjshme`ts-, @lrshmujos-ujk [ghmjlblofg`ljks(__[@), kes FX[ Eustrfeujk kgr _fssgjshme`ts`ljks

@_@. Kfg Eogjtur ujtgrsuhmtPlrwr`g wfssgjshme`tbfhmgj@gmbvgrmebtgjs fj stgrrgfhmeu` prl`gssfljgbbg _gfsg,ngwgrtgt kfg Xhmwgrg kgsPgrstlgs ujk ujtgrnrgftgtebbgjèbbs Plrshmbog r jehm-`lbogjkg Dejemdgj. KfgsgEuòeng wfrk kurhm gfjujenmjofogs, dft mlhmce-rtfogj _fssgjshme`tbgrfjjgjujk _fssgjshme`tbgrj euskgd Eusbejk ngsgtztgs

Orgdfud kfg Clddfssflj`r wfssgjshme`tbfhmg Fjtgorftt wemrogjlddgj. KfgEogjtur `r wfssgjshme`tbfhmgFjtgorftt fst engr wgkgr gfjgGjtshmgfkujosfjstejz jlhmgfjg rghmtsprghmgjkg Lroe-jfsetfljsgfjmgft. Xfg nfgtgtgfjg jgutrebg ujk sehmlrfgj-tfgrtg Ybett`lrd, ud dobfhmgj@bbgj wfssgjshme`tbfhmgj@gmbvgrmebtgjs lnagctfv eu`kgj Orujk ogmgj zu cjjgj.

lnagctfv eu` kgj Orujk ogmgjcejj. Xfg grmbt vlj ujs gfjgXehmvgrmebtskerstgbbujo, ngeu`-treot fmrgrsgfts Outehmtgrfjjgj

ujk Outehmtgr dft kgr Yrùjokgr Ejshmubkfoujogj ujk bfg-`grt ujs kejj gfjg eus`mrbfhmgXtgbbujojemdg, grzmbt ^l-

ngrt ^gnftshm. Kfgsg nfbkgt kfgOrujkbeog `r ebb`bbfog Cljsg-qugjzgj ej kgr Wjfvgrsftt.

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ngftg j slwfg Kfssg rtetflj gjgjtshmgfkgt kgr Pfzgrgctlr `rBgmrg ujk Xtukfgrgjkg jehmGfjmlbgj vlj gfjgd lkgr dgm-rgrgj Outehmtgj.

Kfg ej kgr Wjfvgrsftt Fjjs-nruhc tetshmbfhm ogdgbkgtgj@bbg prl Aemr bessgj sfhm bgfhmtej gfjgr Mejk enzmbgj. Fjkfgsgd Aemr mettgj wfr fd @lr-shmujosngrgfhm jlhm cgfjgjgfjzfogj @ebb, fj kgj Aemrgj ke-vlr oen gs agwgfbs zwgf nfs krgf

Mfjwgfsg, kfg vlj ujs ogpr`twurkgj, seot ^gnftshm. KfgErtgj vlj Pgrstgj ogogj kfgoutg wfssgjshme`tbfhmg Yrexfssfjk vfgb`btfo1 vlj Ybeofetgjngr kes Xtgmbgj vlj Yrlagct-fkggj, kfg Dejfpubetflj vlj Dgssketgj nfs zukgj slogjejjtgj Gmrgjeutlrgjshme`tgj. Fjkgj vlj ujs ngerngftgtgj @bbgj kldfjfgrt kes[gxtpbeofet, ebsl kfg Pgrwgjkujo vlj `rgdkgdogfstfogd Gfogjtud lmjg kfrgctg Jgjjujo kgrUugbbg, ngtljt ^lngrt ^gnftshm.

ENG^CGJJWJO PLJ [F[GBJKurhm kfg bgfhmtg Pgrònercgft vlj wfssgjshme`t-bfhmgj Erngftgj fd Fjtgrjgt bfggj sfhm fj kgjbgtztgj Aemrgj euhm gfjfog Xtukfgrgjkg zu [gxt-pbeofetgj vgrbgftgj. Kfg Bgmrngeu`treotgj sfjkkgsmebn ejogmebtgj, kfg vlj kgr Wjfvgrsftt zurPgròujo ogstgbbtg Ybeofetgrcgjjujossl`twergzur Yrùjo vlj stukgjtfshmgj Erngftgj gfjzu-sgtzgj. Kfssgrtetfljgj wgrkgj ngrgfts eutlde-tfshm eu` [gxtpbeofetg mfj ogpr`t, engr euhm `rKfpblderngftgj, Destgr- ujk Nehmgblrerngftgjstgmt kgj Ngurtgfbgjkgj kfg Ybeofetgrcgjjujos-sl`twerg zur Pgròujo. Kfg Xl`twerg grstgbbt

gfjgj Yr`ngrfhmt, kgr vlj kgjngtrgugjkgj ujk ngurtgfbgjkgjBgmrpgrsljgj fjmebtbfhm eje-bysfgrt wfrk. Ogogngjgjèbbs

duss kfg Erngft gfjogmgjkgreu` [gxtpbeofetg ogpr`t wgr-kgj. Ebbgrkfjos dssgj kfg vljkgr Xl`twerg fjcrfdfjfgrtgjYesseogj ogjeu ogpr`t wgr-kgj, ke euhm curzg _lrt`lbogj,kfg fj agkgr Erngft vlrclddgj,dejhmdeb ebs Ybeofetg ogcgjj-zgfhmjgt wgrkgj.

_frk jehm Enshmbuss kgs Xtu-kfuds kgr Pgrkehmt eu` gfjgjPgrstl ogogj kfg outg wfssgj-shme`tbfhmg Yrexfs ruhmner, pr`t

kfg Wjfvgrsftt kgj @ebb dftMfb`g vlj Outehmtgrj gngjèbbsgfjogmgjk. Grmrtgt sfhm kgrPgrkehmt, cejj kfgs nfs zur En-grcgjjujo vlj ecekgdfshmgjOrekgj `mrgj. Kgsmebn wfrkkes [mgde euhm fj kgr Bgmrgcber tmgdetfsfgrt. Fj kgj gfj-zgbjgj @ehmngrgfhmgj wfrk fjkgj Bgmrvgrejstebtujogj zudwfssgjshme`tbfhmgj Erngftgjeu` kfg outg wfssgjshme`tbfhmgYrexfs eus`mrbfhm gfjogoej-

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Jgngj kgr Wjfvgrsfttgj-clj`grgjz ngshm`tfot sfhm euhm kgr Xgjet kgrWjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc dft wfssgjshme`tbfhmgd@gmbvgrmebtgj. Gr met grst crzbfhm gfjg Ybett`lrd`r Ybeofets`lrshmujo fjs Bgngj ogru`gj. Kfgsgfj`lrdgbbg Ybett`lrd wfbb Clbbgofjjgj ujk Clbbg-ogj eus ebbgj Curfgj ej gfjgj [fshm nrfjogj ujkkezu ngftreogj, kes [mgde Ybeofetg prlectfv zu

kfscutfgrgj, seot kgr Xgjetsvlrsftzgjkg Fvl Me-ajeb. Plr curzgd fst zud [mgde Ybeofet gfj _grcfd Grfhm-Xhmdfkt-Pgrbeo grshmfgjgj, fj kgd sfhmEjje Oedpgr, ^ghmtswfssgjshme`tbgrfj kgr Wjf-vgrsftt Fjjsnruhc, dft kfgsgr @reog eusgfjej-kgrsgtzt*. Ke agkg Wjfvgrsftt gfogjg ^gogbujogjujk Kg`fjftfljgj vgrwgjkgt, `lrkgrt sfg, wfssgjshme`tbfhmgr Fjtgorftt ogrekg fd Wjfvgr-sfttsrghmt agjg rghmtbfhmg Ngkgutujo SzuT ogngj,kfg sfg vgrkfgjt1 kgj êjo kgs Ogsgtzgs. h`

WJENMJOFOGEOGJ[W^

*Ejje Oedpgr. Kes Ybeofetsvgrnlt eus ujfvgrsfttsrghmtbfhmgr Xfhmt.Fj1 Olbtshmjfoo gt eb. Ybeofet, @bshmujo, Wrmgngrrghmt fd fjtgrkfszfpbf-jrgj Nbfhc`gbk. Grfhm Xhmdfkt Pgrbeo, >958

Fvl Meajeb1 Fj gfjgr fj`lrdgbbgjYbett`lrd wlbbgj wfr kes [mgdeYbeofetg prlectfv kfscutfgrgj.

^lngrt ^gnftshm1 _fr vgr`lbogjujk pr`gj ebbg ujs ejogzgfotgjPgrkehmts`bbg.


20/52


Oglrkjgtg Xtructurgj, kfg fddgr wfgkgr vlj Xtu`gj, ^fssgj lkgr Bhmgrj kurhmnrlhmgj wgrkgj kfg Nfbkgr zgfogj kes Pgrmebtgj vlj Etldgjej kgr Lngrhmg vlj @gstcrpgrj ujk wurkgj vlj Grdfjebk Ngrtgb ujk sgfjgj Dfterngftgrfjjgj ujk Dfterngftgrj vld Fjstftut `r YmysfcebfshmgHmgdfg dftmfb`g gfjgs êstgrtujjgbdfcrlsclps euògjlddgj.Kfg @lrshmgr nrfjogj kezu Meblogjg wfg Flk lkgr Nrld eu` Dgtebbgj wfg Ybetfj ujk Yebbekfud eu`. Kengf sgtzt sfhm gfj Etld jgngj kgd ejkgrgjeu` kfg Lngrhmg kgs mldlogjgj @gstcrpgrs en. Xl gjtstgmt ej kgr Lngrhmg gfjg zwgfkfdgjsfljebg, dgmr lkgr wgjfogr oglrkjgtg Xtructur.

Gs cjjgj sfhm zud Ngfspfgb Xhmehmnrgttdustgr nfbkgj, engr euhm dgmrgrg ujtgrshmfgkbfhmg, oglrkjgtg Qustjkg wgrkgj eu` gfjgr Lngrhmgnglnehmtgt. Ag jehm kgj Pgrmbtjfssgj ogmgj kfgsg Qustjkg fjgfjejkgr ngr, nfbkgj ebsl gfjgj Ymesgjngroejo.Kgj _fssgjshme`tbgrj ogmt gs ngf kgj Wjtgrsuhmujogj zud gfjgj ud sgmr orujkbgogjkg @reogj. Xl vgrdutgj kfg @lrshmgr ud Grdfjebk Ngrtgb zudNgfspfgb, kess kfg Clgxfstgjz vlj dgmrgrgj oglrkjgtgj Ymesgj fj kgd ujtgrsuhmtgj zwgfkfdgjsfljebgj Xystgd dft kgr Gxfstgjz vlj slogjejjtgjBekujoskfhmtgwgbbgj ej kgr Lngrhmg zuseddgjmjot. Kfg _fssgjshme`tbgr mengj vlrogshmbeogj, kess slbhmg Bekujoskfhmtgwgbbgj gfjg wg-sgjtbfhmg ^lbbg ngfd Dghmejfsdus kgr Mlhmtgdpgretursuprebgftujo spfgbgj cjjtgj. Gs ogmt ngf kfgsgj Wjtgrsuhmujogj engr euhm ud sgmr prec-tfshmg Kfjog, wgrkgj klhm Meblogjg fj kgr fjkustrfgbbgj Yrlkuctflj vfgbèhm gfjogsgtzt, zud Ngfspfgb ngf kgr Mgrstgbbujo vlj Mebnbgftgrgbgdgjtgjlkgr zur Xtgugrujo vlj hmgdfshmgj Yrlzgssgj dfttgbs Cetebysg.

WJYG^@GC[G LNG^@BHMGJ


21/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>58 >5

FD QLLD

_frk eu` kfg Lngrhmg gfjgs Yeb-bekfud-Gfjcrfstebbs Nrld euògnrehmt,nfbkgt sfhm gfjg fjstenfbg Lngrhmg.Eu` kgd gfjmgftbfhmgj, kurhmog-mgjk mldlogjgj Crfstebbofttgr kgsYebbekfud-Xunstrets nfbkgj sfhm splj-tej Fjsgbj eus Nrld- ujk Yebbekfud-Etldgj. Ngf êudtgdpgretur sfjk sfgstjkfo fj Ngwgoujo, gs nfbkgj sfhm

Xtu`gj, ^fssg ujk Bhmgr, kfg `lrtbeu-`gjk euhm wfgkgr vgrshmwfjkgj. Kfg_fssgjshme`tbgr jgjjgj kfgs gfjgjêufocgftsngroejo.

_fg Nrld steddt euhm Flk eus kgrhmgdfshmgj Oruppg kgr Meblogjg,

kfg sgmr rgectfljs`rgukfo sfjk.Nrfjot dej Flk-Etldg eu` gfjgYbetfjlngrhmg eu`, cejj gngjèbbsgfj ngroejo zu gfjgr reumgrgjLngrhmg nglnehmtgt wgrkgj.Kfgsg Xtructurgj sfjk engr stenfb, gsofnt cgfjg @buctuetfljgj.

Kfg Crfstebbstructur vlj @gstcrpgrjcejj dftmfb`g kgr ^jtogjnguoujogrdfttgbt wgrkgj. _fbb dej kfg Ejlrk-jujo kgr Etldg ej kgr Lngrhmggrdfttgbj, jutzt dej kfg Gbgctrljgjngu-oujo. Kfg Lngrhmg wfrk dft Gbgc-trljgj ngshmlssgj (Gbgctrljgjqugbbgfj kgr Nfbkdfttg) ujk kes ^ggxdustgrkgr rhcogstrgutgj Gbgctrljgj euòg-zgfhmjgt. Kfg Pgrtgfbujo kgr bguhmtgj-kgj Yujctg zgfot mfgr gfjg shmehmnrgtt-ertfog Ejlrkjujo kgr Etldg.@lt

ls1Fjstftut`rYmysfcebfshmgHmgdfg

,WjfFjjsnruhc


22/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>58>>

X[EJKL^[ [F^LB

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Pgrcjpùjo vlj @lrshmujo ujk Fjjlvetf-lj kurhm gfjg jemtblsg Wjtgrsttzujo vljYrlagctgj vlj kgr @lrshmujo nfs mfj zurDerctgfj`mrujo, wfg z.N. Yfbltprlagctg,Kgdljstretfljsvlrmengj. Kedft wlbbgj wfrgfjg wgsgjtbfhmg Xhmwhmg kgr gurlpfshmgj@lrshmujo ejogmgj, jdbfhm kfg dejogbjkgWdsgtzujo vlj @lrshmujosgrognjfssgj fjjgug Yrlkuctg, Pgrèmrgj lkgr Kfgjstbgf-stujogj.QWCWJ@[1 Ofnt gs wgftgrg Jgugrujogj9>9 fst kfg @lcussfgrujo kgr

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gtwe ogsujkgs Ebtwgrkgj, ogjogjk ujkmlhmwgrtfog Jemrujo, jehmmebtfog Gjgrofgujk [rejsplrt lkgr Cbfdewejkgb. Euhm fjkfgsgj Ngrgfhmgj slbb fjtgrkfszfpbfjrg @lr-shmujo ujtgr Gfjnfjkujo kgr Xlzfeb- ujkOgfstgswfssgjshme`tgj cljcrgtg Grognjfssg

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G]QGBBGJQ EBXEWXMJOGXHMFBK

_lbòejo Nurtshmgr, stgbbvgrtrgtgjkgr Ogjgrebkfrgctlr `r @lrshmujo ujk Fjjlvetflj fjkgr Gurlpfshmgj Clddfssflj, ngr Wdnrhmg fj kgr @lrshmujos`rkgrujo, sgfjg Xfhmt

eu` Fjjsnruhc ujk kfg Jltwgjkfocgft vlj Jgtwlrcfjo.

@ltls1 @blrfej Bghmjgr (>)

Kes ogsedtg Fjtgrvfgw dft _lbòejo Nurtshmgr jkgj Xfg eu`www.ufnc.eh.et/`lrshmujo/deoezfj/55/


23/52


X[EJKL^[ [F^LB

_lbòejo Nurtshmgr (*5676) stukfgrtg ejkgr Wjfvgrsftt Fjjsnruhc ujk prldlvfgrtg

fd Aemr 56=>, kejehm wer gr jehm gfjgdYlst-Orekuetg-Xtukfud fj Jfzze ebs Essfstgjted Fjstftut r Gurlpe- ujk Pbcgrrghmt ttfo.5669 wghmsgbtg Nurtshmgr ebs ^ghmtsngretgrzur G@[E jehm Ogj`, 566> fj sgfjg MgfdetPlrerbngro, wl gr kes Edt kgs Plrstejks kgrEntgfbujo Gurlpeejogbgogjmgftgj kgr Plrerb-ngrogr Bejkgsrgofgrujo ngcbgfkgtg. Plj5660 nfs >999 wer Nurtshmgr ogdgfjsedgrPgrtrgtgr kgr Nujkgsbjkgr fj kgr XtjkfogjPgrtrgtujo stgrrgfhms ngf kgr GurlpfshmgjWjflj. Kejehm wghmsgbtg gr fj kfg Gurl-pfshmg Clddfssflj, zugrst ebs Kfrgctlr `r

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FJ@L


25/52


YE[GJ[G & XYFJ-L@@X

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HMBL^@^GF EWX KG^ DEXHMFJG


26/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>58>0

NFLBLOFG

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jgr. Kurhm fmrg bejoamrfog @lrshmujoserngft zur Ngshmrgfnujo kgr

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Nflcbgnstl``-Gjtwfhcbujo.

@ltls1 Ngrjmerk Googr/Crfstfej Yèbbgr (5), Aubfe _ujkgrgr (5), Ejkrges @rfgkbg (>)


27/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>58 >?

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QW^ YG^XLJ


28/52

zucuj`t`lrshmujo9>58>=

CW^QDGBKWJOGJ

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Ngofjj1 >5199 Wmr

Engjkcbgfkujo vgrp`bfhmtgjk!


30/52


E^HMF[GC[W^

@ltls1 Ejkrges @rfgkbg (5), Ygtgr Plboogr (5)

Kfg uturfstfshmg @fet-[eobfgrl-[ejcstgbbg wurkg vlj Ofusgppg

Ygttezzf gjtwlr`gj ujk 568=vlbbgjkgt. Xfg fst kes wlmb ng-cejjtgstg Ognukg fj Esdere.


31/52


E^HMF[GC[W^

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rujo, engr euhm kgs l`zfgbbgj Grftrge

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ogjgj Cubtur.

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ngwlmjt, Fdprlvfsetflj ogmrt zud Xtektnfbk. Kfg Kerstgbbujo kgr

og`rlrgjgj Xtekt trf``t jur tgfbwgfsg zu. Ebs dej sfhm fj kgj 69grjdft Esdere ngshm`tfotg, wurkg kgr gurlpfshmg Espgct ngtljt, dej

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ujk Orgjzcljfctgj kfg Deugrj fj ujk ud kfg Xtekt fddgr mmgr.

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fd Drz ogbujogj fst, Quoejo zud Erhmfv kgr Xtekt zu grbejogj

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5=69wurkg Grftrge ftebfgjfshmg Clbljfg, ngrgfts kedebs `rkgrtgdej kfg Gfjwejkgrujo vlj Ftebfgjgrj.5687dehmtg Dusslbfjf Esdere zur Eusoejosnesfs `r kgj

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kgr grftrgfshmgj Ngvbcgrujo suczgssfvg gfjogshmrjctmettg, ngoejj kgr 89 Aemrg keugrjkg grftrgfshmg Wjen-mjofocgftscrfgo.

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Ybejklcudgjt eus kgd Neuerhmfv vlj Esdere


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@ltls1 Mejjgs Crogr (8)

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Forschungsmagazin der Universität Innsbruck - 02/2013

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