Massive Open Online Courses an deutschsprachigen Hochschulen - Eine Analyse der Stakeholder/innen...

7/21/2019 Massive Open Online Courses an deutschsprachigen Hochschulen - Eine Analyse der Stakeholder/innen und Kriteri

1/84


2/84

F. _dia Cest`rstufg`moemo `@funetgdm, 2;50

- gg -

@GF@^^VEVVIGNJ@ @RHIRPMO

Gnj, Femgìe _dia, Behh. CE, o`bdr`m ec ;6.;>.57:: gm Aìfbenj `rhir`,

5. fess gnj c`gm` Cest`r Vj`sgs sìbstmfgo v`raesst, emf`r` eis fg` emoò`b`m`m Uuì-

i`m umf Jgiascgttì mgnjt b`mutzt umf cgnj eunj sdmst h`gm`r um`rieubt`m Jgia`m b`fg`mt

jeb`,

2. fess gnjc`gm` Cest`r Vj`sgs bgsj`r w`f`r gc Gm-mdnj gc Eusiemf gm gro`mf`gm`r Adrc

eis [raumoserb`gt vdroìòt jeb`,

>. fess gnj, aeiis fg` Cest`r Vj`sgs c`gm Pmt`rm`jc`m df`r `gm`m `xt`rm`m Hddp`retg-

dmspertm`r b`trgaat, c`gm`m Erb`gto`b`r b`r Vgtì, Adrc umf Gmjeit f`r Cest`r Vj`sgs um-

t`rrgnjt`t umf s`gm @gmv`rstmfmgs gmo`jdit jeb`.

_g`m, Crz 2;50 .....

Femgìe _dia


3/84


- ggg -

\usecc`maessumo

Fg` Emzeji f`r Gmsteiietgdm`m vdm CDDNs em Jdnjsnjui`m jet gm f`m i`tzt`m Lejr`m sterhzuo`mdcc`m. Fùtsnjsprenjgo` Jdnjsnjui`m bgif`m feb`g h`gm` Eusmejc`. Dbwdji

CDDNs mù` umf gmmdvetgv` Adrc`m f`s I`jr`ms umf I`rm`ms `rcoignj`m, `ro`b`m

sgnj - v`roignj`m cgt gjr`m [`mfemts gm f`m PÊ - emf`r` Emadrf`rumo`m umf

J`reusadrf`rumo`m jgmsgnjtignj gjr`r Gcpi`c`mtetgdm ar fùtsnjsprenjgo` Gmstgtutgdm`m.

Fej`r gst `s \gì fg`s`r Cest`rerb`gt, l`m` Aehtdr`m zu `rj`b`m, fg` ar fg` Gcpi`c`mte-

tgdm vdm CDDNs gm st`rr`gnj, Fùtsnjiemf umf f`r ^njw`gz rì`vemt sgmf. Fezu w`rf`m

fg` Emtwdrt`m `gm`r queigtetgv`m ^tufg` cgt m 3 26 ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m `gm`r Emeiys` umt`r-

zdo`m, uc fg` wgnjtgost`m Aehtdr`m b`gc Embg`t`m vdm CDDNs gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m

Jdnjsnjuireuc zu b`stgcc`m. Fg`s` Emeiys` wgrf eus f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-

[`rsp`htgv` furnjoàjrt, wdzu fg` Jdnjsnjuii`jr`mf`m, I`rm`mf`m umf vdremoòemo`m

CDDN-Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m zji`m, sdwg` fg` Emadrf`rumo`m, fg` furnj fg` Jdnjsnjui`m

vdroò`b`m w`rf`m css`m.

Fg` @ro`bmgss` f`r Adrsnjumo z`go`m, fess `gm` Qgìzeji vdm Aehtdr`m mdtw`mfgo gst, uc

CDDNs em fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Jdnjsnjui`m zu gcpi`c`mtg`r`m. V`njmgsnj`, agmemzgìi`,

fgfehtgsnj` umf droemgsetdrgsnj` Rejc`mb`fgmoumo`m sdwg` r`njtignj` Rejc`mb`f-

gmoumo`m jeb`m eua fg` Gcpi`c`mtetgdm vdm CDDNs gm fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Imf`rm `gm`m

@gmaiuss.


4/84


- gv -

Ebstrent

Gm tj` iest yèrs, CDDNs jev` wgtm`ss`f em `v`r-ordwgmo mucb`r da gmsteiietgdms gm umg-v`rsgtg`s eii dv`r tj` wdrif. O`rcem-spèhgmo umgv`rsgtg`s er` md `xn`ptgdm. Eitjduoj

CDDNs eiidw e m`w emf gmmdvetgv` adrc da tènjgmo, wj`m gt ndc`s td tj`gr gcpi`c`mte-

tgdm, O`rcem-spèhgmo gmstgtutgdms er` aen`f wgtj e fgaa`r`mt s`t da r`qugr`c`mts tjem tj`gr

ndumt`rperts gm tj` P.^. Vj`ràdr`, tjgs cest`r tj`sgs egcs td agmf tj` cdst gmaiu`mtgei emf

f`t`rcgmgmo aentdrs td gcpi`c`mt CDDNs gm Eustrge, O`rcemy emf ^wgtz`riemf.

R`spdms`s ardc queigtetgv` gmt`rvg`ws da 26 steh`jdif`rs er` emeiyz`f td agmf tj` cdst

gcpdrtemt aentdrs adr tj` gcpi`c`mtetgdm da CDDNs gm O`rcem-spèhgmo umgv`rsgtg`s. Vj`

emeiysgs da dbsteni`s emf r`qugr`c`mts gm daa`rgmo CDDNs gs fdm` ardc e steh`jdif`r

emeiysgs gmniufgmo i`ntur`rs, stuf`mts emf pr`vgdus aengigtetdrs p`rsp`ntgv`, es wìi es

r`qugr`c`mts tjet jev` td b` s`t by tj` umgv`rsgtg`s.

Vj` r`suits da tj` r`sèrnj sjdw tjet e cuitgtuf` da aentdrs er` m`n`ssery td gcpi`c`mt

CDDNs et O`rcem-spèhgmo umgv`rsgtg`s. V`njmgnei, agmemngei, fgfentgnei emf droemgse-

tgdmei arec`wdrh ndmfgtgdms, es wìi es iòei arec`wdrhs, àa`nt tj` gcpi`c`mtetgdm da

CDDNs gm O`rcem-spèhgmo ndumtrg`s.

H`ywdrfs \gìs`tzumo................................................................................................................................... 52

5.6 Qdro`j`msw`gs`.......................................................................................................................... 52

5.0 Euabeu........................................................................................................................................... 5>

2 IGV@REVPREMEIW^@ ................................................................................................................. 56

2.5 Cessgv` Dp`m Dmigm` Ndurs`s (CDDNs)................................................................................ 56

2.5.5 @gm hurz`r o`snjgnjtignj`r Rnhbignh...................................................................................... 51

2.5.2 Ert`m vdm CDDNs..................................................................................................................... 5?

2.5.2.5 xCDDNs............................................................................................................................ 5?

2.5.2.2 nCDDNs............................................................................................................................ 5:

2.5.2.> Uuesg-CDDNs.................................................................................................................. 57

2.5.> ^_DV-Emeiys`.......................................................................................................................... 57

2.5.6 ^tet` da tj` Ert........................................................................................................................... 25

2.2 ^teh`jdif`rbòrgaa....................................................................................................................... 22

2.> ^teh`jdif`remeiys` vdm CDDNs.............................................................................................. 26

2.>.5 ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m cgt jdj`r _gnjtgoh`gt umf mg`frgo`c @gmaiuss....................................... 2?

2.>.2 ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m cgt jdj`r _gnjtgoh`gt umf jdj`c @gmaiuss ............................................ 2?

2.>.> ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m cgt mg`frgo`r _gnjtgoh`gt umf mg`frgo`c @gmaiuss ................................. 2:

> @C[GRG^NJ@R V@GI..................................................................................................................... 27


7/84


- vgg -

>.5 \gìs`tzumo umf Qdro`j`msw`gs`............................................................................................ 27

>.2 Adrsnjumosf`sgom umf c`tjdfgsnj`s Qdro`j`m................................................................. >;

>.2.5 I`gtaef`mgmt`rvg`ws.................................................................................................................... >;

>.2.2 Furnjajrumo `gm`s [r`t`sts................................................................................................... >2

>.2.> Fet`m`rj`bumo umf Eusweji f`r Gmt`rvg`wpertm`r/gmm`m................................................... >>

>.2.6 Ebieua f`r Fet`memeiys` cgttìs Gmjeitsemeiys`................................................................... >6

6 FER^V@IIPMO F@R @RO@BMG^^@..................................................................................... >?

6.5 Hdmt`xtgmadrcetgdm..................................................................................................................... >?

6.2 B`snjr`gbumo f`r ^tgnjprdb`................................................................................................... >?

6.> Hetòdrg`msyst`c....................................................................................................................... >:

6.>.5 ^tìi`mw`rt vdm CDDNs gm f`r I`jr`..................................................................................... >:

6.>.5.5 Q`rmf`rumo`m furnj CDDNs gm f`r I`jr`................................................................ >7

6.>.2 ^tetus Uud - ([`rsmignj`) @raejrumo`m cgt CDDNs.......................................................... 62

6.>.> @rwertumo`m umf Emadrf`rumo`m em (zuhmatgo`) CDDNs................................................. 66

6.>.>.5 Ormf` ar fg` @gmajrumo vdm CDDNs.............................................................. .......... 66

6.>.>.2 [`rsdmeir`ssdurn`m......................................................................................................... 60

6.>.>.> Emadrf`rumo`m em CDDNs............................................................................................. 60

6.>.>.6 Em`rh`mmumo................................................................ ..................................................... 6?

6.>.>.0 Aevdrgsg`rt` I`jrv`remsteitumo`m eis CDDNs............................................................. 6?

6.>.>.1 Ainj`mf`nh`mf` CDDNs - @gm B`gspgì..................................................................... 6:

6.>.6 Gmarestruhturìi` Emadrf`rumo`m............................................................................................... 05

6.>.0 Uueigagzg`rumo vdm I`jr`mf`m umf emf`r`m Orupp`m.......................................................... 0>

6.>.1 Agmemzgìi` ^gtuetgdm.................................................................................................................. 00


8/84


- vggg -

6.>.? \uhmatgo` @mtwgnhiumo umf \gì` vdm CDDNs ........................................................... .......... 01

0 HRGV@RG@MHEVEIDO AR @GM@M B@FERAÔ@R@NJV@M CDDN........................ 0:

0.5 Droemgsetdrgsnj` Rejc`mb`fgmoumo`m................................................................................. 0:

0.5.5 Nurrgnuier` Gmtòretgdm.............................................................................................................. 0:

0.5.2 @gmsetzadrc................................................................................................................................. 0:

0.5.> Euawemf...................................................................................................................................... 07

0.5.6 B`trùumo ................................................................................................................................... 07

0.5.0 Em`rh`mmumo.............................................................................................................................. 07

0.5.1 [raumo........................................................................................................................................ 1;

0.5.? Uueigagzg`rumo umf ûppdrt............................................................ ........................................... 15

0.5.: Uueigttssgnj`rumo umf -hdmtrdii`............................................................ ................................ 15

0.5.7 Cerh`tgmo.................................................................................................................................... 15

0.2 Fgfehtgsnj` Rejc`mb`fgmoumo`m........................................................................................... 12

0.2.5 Fgfehtgsnj` [iemumo.................................................................................................................. 12

0.2.2 Gmjeits`mtwgnhiumo..................................................................................................................... 12

0.2.> Hrgtgsnj` Cess` umf ^prenj`.................................................................................................. 1>

0.2.6 Qgf`dprdfuhtgdm......................................................................................................................... 1>

0.> V`njmgsnj` Rejc`mb`fgmoumo`m............................................................................................ 1>

0.>.5 Mutzumosadrc............................................................................................................................. 16

0.>.2 Jdnjv`raoberh`gt...................................................................................................................... 16

0.>.> ^heig`rberh`gt.............................................................................................................................. 16

0.>.6 R`spdmsgv` F`sgom.................................................................................................................... 16

0.>.0 ^p`gnj`rpietz.............................................................................................................................. 10


9/84


- gx -

0.>.1 @gmb`ttumos- umf Bèrb`gtumoscoignjh`gt`m ar Qgf`ds.................................................... 10

0.>.? Qgf`dstrècgmo.......................................................................................................................... 10

0.>.: Gf`mtgtt umf Emcìf`v`raejr`m.............................................................................................. 10

0.>.7 GV-^`rvgn` umf ûppdrt............................................................................................................. 11

0.6 R`njtignj` Rejc`mb`fgmoumo`m............................................................................................. 11

0.6.5 Prj`b`rr`njt............................................................... ................................................................ 11

0.6.2 Fet`msnjutz................................................................................................................................ 1?

0.6.> Ar`gj`gt f`r I`jr`...................................................................................................................... 1?

0.6.6 \uiessumosb`snjrmhumo........................................................................................................ 1?

0.0 Agmemzgìi` Rejc`mb`fgmoumo`m............................................................................................. 1:

0.0.5 ^tufg`mo`bjr`m ....................................................................................................................... 1:

0.0.2 Arf`rumo`m............................................................................................................................... 1:

1 \PÊCC@MAE^^PMO ................................................................................................................ 17

1.5 Eusbignh........................................................................................................................................ ?;

1.2 Fet`m`rj`bumo............................................................................................................................ ?;

1.> Adrsnjumosigcgtetgdm.................................................................................................................. ?5

IGV@REVPRQ@R\@GNJMG .................................................................................................................. ?2

EBBGIFPMO^Q@R\@GNJMG ............................................................................................................. :;

VEB@II@MQ@R\@GNJMG ................................................................................................................... :;

EMJEMO.............................................................................................................................................. IZZZG

HPR\I@B@MÎEPA F@R EPVDRGM...................................................................................... IZZZGQ


10/84


- 5; -

5 @gmi`gtumo

5.5Eusoemospumht umf Cdtgvetgdm

^`gt fg` M`w Wdrh Vgc`s 2;52 eis "fes Lejr f`r CDDNs" b`z`gnjm`t` ([eppemd, 2;52),

jeit`m sd o`memmt` Cessgv` Dp`m Dmigm` Ndurs`s (CDDNs) eunj gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m

Reuc @gmzuo (Fwdrsnjeh, 2;5>8 Hdii`r, 2;528 C`jm`rt, 2;528 Mdenh, 2;52e). Fg`s`r

@gmzuo stìit furnj fg` st`go`mf`m Hdst`m, sgmh`mf`m Bufo`ts umf f`c st`go`mf`m B`-

fera em A`rmi`jr` (M`w C`fge Ndmsdrtguc, 2;;?) jdj` Emsprnj` em fg` Jdnjsnjui`m.

B`sdmf`rs furnj gjr` Gcpi`c`mtetgdm, fg` vdm ec`rghemgsnj`m Pmgv`rsgtt`m eis f`sgreb-

i` stretòy emo`s`j`m wgrf (Berniey umf Idoem, 2;5>< ^. 5), `rjeit`m CDDNs gc Jdnj-

snjuib`r`gnj jdj` Euac`rhsech gt.

Gc Qdrf`rorumf st`j`m fg` Coignjh`gt`m f`s o`c`gmsec`m umf v`rm`tzt`m I`rm`ms.

CDDNs `rcoignj`m Cess`meusbgifumo umf gmfgvgfuìi`s I`rm`m zuoi`gnj< @s gst fdnj

`gm` `mdrc` Q`rsnjw`mfumo vdm R`ssdurn`m, w`mm bumf`sw`gt l`f`s ^`c`st`r Fut-

z`mf` @gmajrumosvdri`sumo`m gm ^tetgstgh emo`bdt`m w`rf`m5, seot Jemm`s Hipp`r.

Cgt f`m CDDNs isst sgnj f`r Emsturc f`r ^tufg`r`mf`m vgì àagzg`mt`r b`witgo`m2,

snjgif`rt Qdih`r C`y`r-Ounhì vdc tgatv`rbemf ar fg` fùtsnj` _gss`msnjeat.

Bgsj`r ogbt `s gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Reuc zu f`m @rwertumo`m vdm CDDNs vdrwgò`mf

mur `gmzìm` _drtcìfumo`m, wg` l`m` vdm Jemm`s Hipp`r df`r Qdih`r C`y`r-Ounhì,

umf heuc Adrsnjumos`ro`bmgss`, wìnj` fg` umt`rsnjg`fignj`m Gmt`r`ss`m, Emadrf`rum-

o`m umf @rwertumo`m em CDDNs vdm ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m r`prs`mtg`r`m. Fe sgnj zum`j-

c`mf Jdnjsnjui`m gm st`rr`gnj, Fùtsnjiemf umf f`r ^njw`gz cgt f`r CDDN-

B`wòumo b`snjatgo`m wgrf fùtignj`rtjet tj` nrètgdm emf tj` us` da CDDNs gm@urd-

p`, `sp`ngeiiy gm O`rcem spèhgmo ndumtrg`s, nemmdt b` jemfi`f gm tj` sec` wey es gm

5z`gt.f` (2;5>)< Fgogtei` Qdri`sumosjppnj`m r`vdiutgdmg`r`m fg` Bgifumo. Gm)< Fgogtei` Qdri`sumosjppnj`m r`vdiutgdmg`r`m fg` Bgifumo. Gm


11/84


- 55 -

tj` Pmgt`f ^tet`s b`neus` da tj` fgaa`r`mt `funetgdmei syst`cs emf arec`wdrh r`qugr`-

c`mts (@bm`r, Hdpp umf Fdra`r-Mdveh, 2;56< ^. 6?). @s wgrf fevdm eusoòemo`m, fess

`s `gm` R`gj` vdm Hrgt`rg`m ogbt, wìnj` vdm @mtsnj`gfumostro`r/gmm`m b`g f`r Pcs`t-

zumo umf Furnjajrumo vdm CDDNs zu b`rnhsgnjtgo`m sgmf. Fg`s` Hrgt`rg`m ogit `s gm

fg`s`r Erb`gt eus gm`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Bàreoumo j`reuszuagit`rm.

5.2 Areo`- bzw. [rdbi`cstìiumo

^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m sgmf mgnjt mur gm umt`rsnjg`fignj`m Adrc`m umf Rdii`m em CDDNs b`-

t`gigot df`r fevdm b`trdaa`m, sdmf`rm treo`m eunj zuc @radio vdm CDDNs b`g. Orumf o`-

muo, gjm`m `gm` b`sdmf`r` B`fùtumo b`gzuc`ss`m, f`mm fg` Gmt`r`ss`m f`r ^teh`jdi-

f`r/gmm`m zji`m zu wgnjtgo`m Aehtdr`m, fg` gc @rstìiumos- umf Furnjajrumosprdz`ss

`gm`s CDDNs cgtwgrh`m umf zu f`r`m @aa`htgvgtt umf @aagzg`mz b`gtreo`m. Fej`r css`mfg` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m zuc a`st`m B`stemft`gi b`g f`r @mtwgnhiumo umf Furnjajrumo vdm

CDDNs w`rf`m, f`mm jmignj wg` b`gc @-Ièrmgmo gst eunj f`r @radio vdm CDDNs eb-

jmogo vdm `gm`r teh`jdif`r-drg`mtg`rt`m O`steitumo.

Fej`r gst `s mdtw`mfgo, fg` v`rsnjg`f`m`m ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m zu gf`mtgagzg`r`m umf gjr`

B`framgss` zu `raess`m. Fecgt CDDNs gm \uhumat àa`htgv umf àagzg`mt em Jdnjsnjui`m

`gmo`s`tzt w`rf`m hmm`m, cuss `gm Q`rstmfmgs ar fg` B`framgss` f`r ^teh`jdi-

f`r/gmm`m `mtwgnhìt w`rf`m umf fg` @go`msnjeat`m ar `gm`m b`feraso`r`njt`m CDDNumt`rsunjt w`rf`m.

@mtsnj`gf`mf ar f`m @radio vdm CDDNs gst `s, fg` C`tezgì` f`r `gmzìm`m ^teh`jdi-

f`r/gmm`m zu `rh`mm`m, uc fereus `gm ar eii` treober`s, o`c`gmsec`s Q`rstmfmgs ar

CDDNs j`rzustìi`m. F`r Erb`gt igòt fej`r adio`mf` Areo`stìiumo zuorumf` \gìs`tzumo

\gì fg`s`r Erb`gt gst fg` Gf`mtgaghetgdm z`mtrei`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m vdm CDDNs umf fg`

B`snjr`gbumo vdm Emsprnj`m, @rwertumo`m umf Emadrf`rumo`m em CDDNs gm fùtsnj-

sprenjgo`m Jdnjsnjui`m. Fezu w`rf`m eus `gm`r `cpgrgsnj`m Pmt`rsunjumo fg` Hrgt`rg`m

ar `gm`m b`feraso`r`njt`m CDDN ar Jdnjsnjui`m gm Fùtsnjiemf, f`r ^njw`gz umf s-

t`rr`gnj eboì`gt`t.

Eus f`r adrcuig rt`m \gìs`tzumo `ro`b`m sgnj ar fg` Erb`gt adio`mf` Areo`stìiumo`m). ^g`

agmf`m eussnjigìgnj dmigm` stett umf sgmf vdm Bi`mf`f-Ièrmgmo-Emstz`m ebzuor`mz`m.

Gc Q`roi`gnj zuc hiessgsnj`m dmigm`besg`rt`m A`rmstufguc wgfc`m sg` sgnj b`r _dnj`m

jgmwò `gm`c Vj`ce umf w`gs`m h`gm` gmfgvgfuìi` Gmt`rehtgdm cgt f`m I`jr`mf`m eua.

Eunj sgmf sg` vdm _`bgmer`m umf _`bhdma`r`mz`m ebzuor`mz`m, f`m`m `s juago emGmt`rehtgvgtt umf `gm`r c`tjdfgsnj`m Pmt`rceu`rumo a`jit (_uia, Bidjc umf Br`mm`r,

2;56).

F`r Bòrgaa "CDDN" s`tzt sgnj gc F`tegi eus adio`mf`m _rt`rm zusecc`m) umf _`f`hgmf (2;5>e< ^. 61) ar fg` sdo`memmt`

Fumber-\eji (Fumber, 2;5;< ^. 22aa), wìnj` fg` hdomgtgv` Or`mz` f`r Emzeji sdzgei`r

B`zg`jumo`m zu emf`r`m [`rsdm`m b`snjr`gbt. Fg`s` igòt gc Furnjsnjmgtt b`g cexgcei

50;. Gmzwgsnj`m wgrf fg`s` \eji eii`rfgmos vdm vgì`m CDDNs b`g _`gt`c b`rsnjrgtt`m

(Br`c`r, 2;5>< ^. >5).

Gc Oò`msetz fezu v`rst`jt I`jcemm (2;5>< ^. 16) umt`r "cessgv`" `gm` Ert Dbs`ssgdm,

wìnj` fg` furnj CDDNs `rzùot` R`sdmemz zuc Eusfrunh brgmot. Fdwm`s (2;5>) b`-

tdmt gm fg`s`c \usecc`mjemo, fess mgnjt mur fg` \eji f`r emo`cìf`t`m V`gim`j-

c`r/gmm`m `gm` Rdii` spgìt, sdmf`rm `j`r fg` \eji f`r`r, fg` ehtgv ec CDDN t`gim`jc`m.

@r v`rst`jt umt`r cessgv` eu`rf`c fes Eusce em b`r`gto`stìit`m umf `gmo`s`tzt`m

Cet`rgeig`m, fg` `gm`m Hurs cessgv cenj`m (Fdwm`s, 2;5>).

D wg` Dp`m< ^. 16). ^d `ro`b`m

sgnj b`gspgìw`gs` ar B`ruasttgo` z`gtumebjmogo` Bgifumoszuomo`, wìnj` menj `go`-

m`m Gmt`r`ss`m hdmsucg`rt w`rf`m hmm`m (H`rr`s umf [rùi`r, 2;5>< ^. :>).

b`r fg` tetsnjignj` Daa`mj`gt vdm CDDNs (Hdidwgnj, 2;52) umf fg` O`bjr`mar`gj`gt

bzw. V`gimejcò`bjr wgrf l`fdnj vgì fgshutg`rt (D@R CDDN, 2;5>). ^d areot zuc B`g-

spgì _ett`rs (2;52) wdreua sgnj fg`s` b`zg`jt. ^g` hemm sgnj mcignj eua umt`rsnjg`fignj`

Esp`ht` b`zg`j`m (Br`c`r, 2;5>< . >2)< ^. >2).

D wg` Dmigmè< ^.

61). @gmgo` CDDN-Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m bg`t`m m`b`m f`c @-Ièrmgmo eunj droemgsg`rt`

Vràa`m ar fg` V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m em, wìnj` eua ar`gwgiigo`r Besgs b`sunjt w`rf`m hmm`m

(Iemo`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^. 5;).

N wg` Ndurs`8 ^g`-

c`ms, 2;52b< ^. 2). Feb`g w`rf`m sg` mgnjt eussnjigìgnj eis `go`m` Hursadrc b`trenjt`t,

sdmf`rm hdcc`m gcc`r wg`f`r eunj eis V`gi vdm Bi`mf`f-Ièrmgmo-^z`merg`m zuc @gm-

setz (Bruaa `t ei., 2;5>). Fg` ^truhturg`rumo vdm CDDNs gm umt`rsnjg`fignj` I`rm`gmj`gt`m

`radiot vdm `gm`c df`r c`jr`r`m I`jr`mf`m, wìnj` gm f`r Ròì eunj ar fg` B`trùumo

f`r V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m v`remtwdrtignj sgmf (_`f`hgmf, 2;5>e).


16/84


- 51 -

2.5.5 @gm hurz`r o`snjgnjtignj`r Rnhbignh

F`r Eusoemospumht f`r CDDN-@mtwgnhiumo igòt gm f`m PÊ. Eis Bòrmf`r vdm CDDNs

oìt`m O`dro` ^g`c`ms, ^t`pjem Fdwm`s umf Fev` Ndrcg`r (Fdwm`s, 2;;:8 ^g`c`ms,

2;;1b, 2;52e) cgt gjr`c gc Lejr 2;;: furnjoàjrt`m NNH;:-CDDN, f`r eunj f`mBòrgaa CDDN prot` (Ndrcg`r, 2;;:). CDDNs drg`mtg`r`m sgnj ursprmoignj em f`r

I`rmtj`drg` f`s Hdmm`htgvgscus (^g`c`ms, 2;;1e).

2;55 wurf`m `rstceis fr`g Gmadrcetgh-Hurs` f`r ^temadrf-Pmgv`rsgtt vdm ^`bestgem Vjrum

eis daa`m` Dmigm`hurs` emo`bdt`m. Gm fg`s`c \usecc`mjemo hec eunj f`r Bòrgaa f`r

xCDDNs (sg`j` 2.5.2.5) strh`r zuc \uo. Fg` `rst`m `radior`gnj`m xCDDNs jeb`m bgs

zu 51;.;;; V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m emoìdnht (Br`c`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^. 5?aa). Gc

fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Reuc mejc`m sgnj Br`c`r umf Rdb`s `rstceis fg`s`r @mtwgnhiumoem umf v`remsteit`t`m 2;55 `gm`m CDDN zur \uhumat f`s I`rm`ms (R`msgmo, 2;5>).

Gm f`r menjadio`mf`m Oreagh (sg`j` Ebbgifumo 2) v`rsunjt Jgii (2;52) fg` @mtwgnhiumosig-

mg`m vdm CDDNs f`r i`tzt`m Lejr` zu giiustrg`r`m. M`b`m f`c z`gtignj`m Euatr`t`m f`r

v`rsnjg`f`m`m CDDNs umf f`m fejgmt`rst`j`mf`m Droemgsetgdm`m w`rf`m eunj fg`

[rdbi`c` cgt f`m`m sgnj fg` CDDN-Embg`t`r/gmm`m hdmardmtg`rt s`j`m, fero`stìit.

Ebbgifumo 2< "Adur Berrg`rs Vjet CDDNs Cust Dv`rndc` Vd Bugif e ûstegmebi` Cdfì" (Jgii, 2;52)


17/84


- 5? -

2.5.2 Ert`m vdm CDDNs

Orumfstzignj wgrf zwgsnj`m zw`g Adrc`m vdm CDDNs umt`rsnjg`f`m, mcignj f`m

nCDDNs umf f`m xCDDNs (Nidw, 2;5>). ^g`c`ms (2;52b< ^. >) umt`rsnj`gf`t m`b`m

fg`s`m b`gf`m eunj mdnj Uuesg-CDDNs. Gc Gmt`rm`t wgrf zuf`c `gm` w`gt`r` \eji vdmCDDN-Vyp`m b`snjrg`b`m, eua wìnj` gm fg`s`c Hepgtì mgnjt mj`r `gmoòemo`m wgrf.

2.5.2.5 xCDDNs

^do`memmt` `xt`msgdm Cessgv` Dp`m Dmigm` Ndurs`s (CnEui`y `t ei., 2;5;) sgmf Dmig-

m`-Cess`mv`remsteitumo`m cgt vdroò`b`m`m I`rmpaef`m, b`rpraumo`m umf Jeuseua-

oeb`m (_`f`hgmf, 2;5>e). Gm gjm`m s`tz`m sgnj fg` I`rm`mf`m sìbststmfgo cgt f`c

I`rmoò`mstemf eus`gmemf`r umf tr`t`m b`r Adr`m cgt f`m I`jr`mf`m umf emf`r`m I`r-

m`mf`m gm Hdmteht (_`f`hgmf, 2;5>e). xCDDNs au`m eua f`c pfeodogsnj`m [rgmzgp

f`s B`jevgdrgscus (Nidw, 2;5>), fe sg` furnj fg` Fgogteigsg`rumo vdm trefgtgdmìi`m Qdri`-

sumo`m `mtstemf`m sgmf. ^g` aumhtgdmg`r`m menj f`c Q`rt`giprgmzgp. F`cmenj w`rf`m

Gmadrcetgdm`m b`r gm` [iettadrc gm`r ord`m Cess` zuomoignj o`cenjt.

M`b`m f`r B`r`gtstìiumo vdm Cet`rgeig`m, fg` gm f`r Ròì gm `gm`r njrdmdidogsnj a`sto`-

iòt`m R`gj`madio` struhturg`rt w`rf`m, gst eunj fg` Eusrgnjtumo em fg` \gìorupp` umf fg`

B`trùumoscdfg f`r`r ar fg` Uueigtt vdm xCDDNs rì`vemt (Jeeh`, ^njweb` umf _`s-

sm`r, 2;52< ^. 20:). @gm` gmfgvgfuìi` umf fgr`ht` Gmt`rehtgdm cgt f`m I`jr`mf`m gst gmxCDDNs snjw`r rèigsg`rber, fe sg` gm f`r Ròì eus `gm`r ord`m Cess` em V`gim`j-

c`r/gmm`m b`st`j`m. _g` R`gmcemm umf ^`gi`r (2;56) seot`m, `radiot b`r xCDDNs `gm`

`xpigzgt o`cenjt` Ferstìiumo vdm _gss`m. Empessumo`m em fg` \gìorupp` umf ^heig`-

rumo`m f`r Orupp`mor` sgmf eu`rf`c out coignj (H`rr`s umf [rùi`r, 2;5>).

Fes H`rmì`c`mt f`r Gmadrcetgdmsv`rt`giumo gm xCDDNs bgif`m Qgf`ds. Fg`s` drg`mtg`r`m

sgnj dat em f`r hiessgsnj`m Jdnjsnjui-Qdri`sumo (Iemo`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^. 0). \wg-

snj`m f`m I`rm`gmj`gt`m umf ec @mf` l`f`r w`rf`m juago Cuitgpi`-Njdgn`-Areo`m df`rErb`gt`m gm @ssey-Adrc `gmo`s`tzt (Iemo`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^. 0). Eis Hdccumghetg-

dmsw`rhzùo w`rf`m Adr`m v`rw`mf`t, wìnj` c`jr f`r Hirumo gmjeitignj`r Areo`m

(Hjeigi umf @bm`r, 2;5>b) eis f`c Fgshurs (Iemo`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^. 0) fg`m`m. Fe-

m`b`m bgif`m sgnj juago I`rmorupp`m gm sdzgei`m M`tzw`rh`m (Br`c`r, 2;5>< ^. 66).

I`rm`mf` sgmf gm xCDDNs i`fgoignj Hdmsuc`mt/gmm`m (^g`c`ms, 2;52b< ^. 52). Fej`r

b`st`jt fg` Oàejr, fess fg` b`r`gto`stìit`m Cet`rgeig`m mdnj strh`r r`zgpg`rt w`rf`m, eis

fes b`g hiessgsnj`m Jdnjsnjui-I`jrv`remsteitumo`m f`r Aeii gst. Fg`s` Oàejr wgrf vdr

eii`c furnj fes pfeodogsnj` Cdfìi f`s B`jevgdrgscus v`rstrht, fe fg`s`s zuc \gì


18/84


- 5: -

jet, fg` I`jr`mf`m eis @xp`rt/gmm`m umf fg` I`rm`mf`m eis Q`rbreunj`r/gmm`m zu s`j`m

(^g`c`ms, 2;52b< ^. ?). Pc `gm` V`mf`mz zur I`rm`rz`mtrg`rumo zu `rzùo`m, wgrf fej`r

zuhmatgo `gm` Cgsnjadrc vdm nCDDNs umf xCDDNs `radrf`rignj s`gm (Iemo`r umf Vjgiid-

s`m, 2;5>< ^. ?8 Venh`, 2;5>).

2.5.2.2 nCDDNs

F`m nCDDNs df`r eunj sdo`memmt`m ndmm`ntgvgst CDDNs igòt fg` I`rmtj`drg` f`s

Hdmm`htgvgscus zuorumf` (^g`c`ms, 2;;1e), wìnj`r fg` Gmt`rehtgdm zwgsnj`m f`m V`gi-

m`jc`r/gmm`m eis w`s`mtignj` Uuìi` f`r @mtst`jumo vdm _gss`m sg`jt (Hdp umf Jgii,

2;;:). @s st`jt fg` hdii`htgv` _gss`msprdfuhtgdm gc M`tzw`rh gc Qdrf`rorumf. _jr`mf

nCDDNs vdr eii`c eua fg` Q`rm`tzumo f`r V`gim`jc`mf`m umf Gmadrcetgdm`m sdwg` fes

@mtwgnhìm `go`m`r B`gtro` zuc Hurstj`ce s`tz`m, ajr`m xCDDNs fg` I`rm`mf`mfurnj struhturg`rt` I`rmgmjeit`, ròìcgo` _gss`msebareo`m umf [raumo`m (vem Vr -

`nh `t ei., 2;5>< ^. 18 Rdb`s, 2;5>).

nCDDNs hmm`m gc Orumf` cgt f`m hiessgsnj`m ^`cgmer`m `gm`r Jdnjsnjui` v`roignj`m

w`rf`m, fe `s sgnj b`g gjm`m uc Dmigm`-Erb`gtsorupp`m djm` \uoemosb`snjrmhumo`m

jemfìt (Rdb`s, 2;52< ^. 221). @s o`jt vdrf`rormfgo uc fg` Hdmstruhtgdm vdm @rh`mmtmgs

umf _gss`m furnj fes sìbstdroemgsg`rt` M`tzw`rh`m (_`f`hgmf, 2;5>e< . 6:).

Menj Fdwm`s sttzt sgnj fg`s` Adrc f`r CDDNs eua f`m gt`retgv`m [rdz`ss Eooròet ,

R`cgx, R`purpds` umf A``f Adrwerf(Rdb`s, 2;52). Fefurnj rài`htg`r`m umf prdfuzg`-

r`m fg` V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m gjr` Gmjeit` umf mù`s _gss`m `mtst`jt (Beh`r, 2;52< ^. 5?).

Eunj fg` I`rmuco`bumo wgrf vdm f`m I`rm`mf`m sìbst o`snjeaa`m (Rdb`s, 2;52< ^.

2>1aa). Gc Cgttìpumht st`jt fg` [ertgzgpetgdm (vem Vr``nh `t ei., 2;5>< ^. ?), fg` Daa`mj`gt

umf f`r I`rmprdz`ss (Br`c`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^. 51).

\u f`m b`hemmt`st`m nCDDNs gc M`tz zji`m adio`mf` (^g`c`ms, 2;52b< ^. 28 Rdb`s,

2;52< ^. 22?aa8 Br`c`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>)< Fg` b`hemmt`st`m nCDDNs gc M`tz zwgsnj`m 2;55 umf 2;5>

NNH;:,NNH;7 &

NNH55[I@MH2;5; IEH55

D[ND55 &D[ND52

CCN5> ND@R5>


19/84


- 57 -

Ethgssdm (2;55) jet fg` Pmt`rsnjg f` f`r nCDDNs zu f`m xCDDN j reusoèrb`gt`t Uuesg-CDDNs

Uuesg-CDDNs sgmf menj ^g`c`ms (2;52b< ^. :) \usecc`mstìiumo`m vdm w`bbesg`rt`m

Vutdrgeis df`r D@R-@i`c`mt`m. Ieut ^g`c`ms (2;52b< ^. :) sgmf sg` t`njmgneiiy mdt

ndurs`s. Vj`y ndmsgst da D@R gmt`mf`f td suppdrt ièrmgmo-sp`ngagn teshs sunj es em dp-

`retgdm gm eio`bre, dr tj`y er` trèt`f es esymnjrdmdus ièrmgmo r`sdurn`s tjet fd mdt

daa`r tj` sdngei gmt`rentgdm da nCDDNs dr tj` eutdcet`f orefgmo emf tutdrgei-frgv`m adrcet

da xCDDNs. Vj`s` r`sdurn`s er` iddsìy igmh`f emf er` mdt penheo`f es e ndurs`.^g`

w`gs`m eisd w`f`r `gm gmstruhtgdmso`stù`rt`s Nurrgnuiuc wg` b`g xCDDNs mdnj `gm`

Gmt`rehtgdm wg` b`g nCDDNs eua.

B`fùtumo ar fg` Erb`gt

Gm f`r menjst`j`mf`m Erb`gt sgmf cgt f`c Bòrgaa CDDN fg` sdo`memmt`m xCDDNs

(sg`j` 2.5.2.5) o`c`gmt, fe fg`s` Ert vdm CDDNs aest eussnjigìgnj gc fùtsnjspre-

njgo`m Reuc emo`bdt`m wgrf. nCDDNs (sg`j` 2.5.2.2) umf Uuesg-CDDNs (sg`j` 2.5.2.>)sgmf mgnjt Oò`mstemf fg`s`r Erb`gt.

2.5.> ^_DV-Emeiys`

@gm` ^_DV-Emeiys` gst `gm` C`tjdf` uc fg` ^trh`m (3 ^tr`motjs), ^njwnj`m (3

_èhm`ss`s), Coignjh`gt`m (3 Dppdrtumgtg`s) umf Rgsgh`m (3 Vjrèts) zu `veiug`r`m. Gc

Adio`mf`m wurf` emjemf f`r Igt`retur (sg`j` Igt`returv`rz`gnjmgs) `gm` ^_DV-Emeiys`

ar CDDNs euao`stìit, wìnj` ^trh`m (3 ^tr`motjs), ^njwnj`m (3 _èhm`ss`s), Co-

ignjh`gt`m (3 Dppdrtumgtg`s) umf Rgsgh`m (3 Vjrèts) ar CDDNs zusecc`maesst.


20/84


- 2; -

^trh`m ^njwnj`m

Q`rb`ss`rumo f`r C`fg`mhdcp`t`mz

Hdst`m`rspermgs (zB h`gm` Aejrthdst`m mdtw`mfgo,

Veooìf umf Reucbunjumo aiit wò, `tn.)

V`gi`m umf _g`f`rv`rw`mf`m f`s Cet`rgeis

Emrò`m f`s C`tjdf`mw`njsìs furnj fg` Qgìs`g-

tgoh`gt

\`gt`rspermgs (zB furnj f`m _òaeii f`r Emr`gs`)

Arf`rumo f r ^ìbststmfgoh`gt furnj p`rsmignj`

@gmt`giumo f`r I`rmpjes`m, fe h`gm` agx`m Pmt`r-

rgnjtsz`gt`m mdtw`mfgo sgmf

Rnhsgnjtmejc` eua Veo- (3 I`rnj`) bzw. Menjt-

i`rm`mf` (3 @ui`)

tj`dr`tgsnj fg` Coignjh`gt gcc`r umf b`reii zu

i`rm`m

gmfgvgfuìi`s I`rmt`cpd furnj ar`g` \`gt`gmt`giumo

f`r I`rmpjes`m sdwdji gm B`zuo eua fg` Imo` eis

eunj eua fg` Emzeji f`r _g`f`rjdiumo`m

^trhumo f`r @go`mv`remtwdrtumo furnj p`rsmig-

nj` I`rmadrtsnjrgttspiemumo umf -hdmtrdii`

h`gm` gmfgvgfuìi` Pmt`rsttzumo furnj I`jr`m-

f` @mtwgnhiumoseuawemf gst jdnj

Coignjh`gt`m Rgsgh`m

Emsprenj` vdm umt`rsnjg`fignj`m I`rmtyp`m bzw.

_ejrm`jcumoshemi`m (eufgtgv, vgsuìi, hdccumg-

hetgv)

i`gnjt` @gmbgmfumo vdm Eufgd- umf Qgf`dì`c`mt`m

Efr`ssg`rumo `gm`s oidbei`m V`gim`jc`rhr`gs`s,

gmsb`sdmf`r` vdm B`ruasttgo`m

_grtsnjeatignj r`mtebi`s Emo`bdt vdm sp`zgeigsg`r-

t`m Hurs`m

Drg`mtg`rumo em gmfgvgfuìi` I`rmzgì` umf I`rmi`gs-

tumo`m, sdfess djm` ord`m C`jreuawemf umt`r-

snjg`fignj` Q`rsgdm`m f`r oi`gnj`m IQE emo`bdt`m

w`rf`m hmm`m

(sdzgei`) Gsdietgdm

Bgifsnjgrci`rm`m gst `rcf mf`r eis [epg`ri`r-

m`m

^trumo`m umf Ebi`mhumo`m hdcc`m juago`r

vdr (zB furnj oàam`t` Njet-A`mst`r, Aen`-

bddh `tn.)

jdj` Ebbrunjqudt` furnj snjwenj` @go`mcd-

tgvetgdm f`r V`gim`jc`rGmm`m, snji`njt` \`gt`gm-

t`giumo, a`ji`mf`r Pcoemo cgt f`m _`rhzù-

o`m, a`ji`mf` I`rmt`njmgh`m

Vebìi` 2


21/84


- 25 -

2.5.6 ^tet` da tj` Ert

Fg` wgss`msnjeatignj` Igt`retur b`r CDDNs gst vdr eii`c gm f`m i`tzt`m fr`g Lejr`m `mt-

stemf`m umf jet sgnj bgsj`r vdrwgò`mf cgt f`m Ert`m vdm CDDNs (Fdwm`s, 2;;:8 Rd-

b`s, 2;528 Beh`r, 2;52, ^. 5?8 R``v`s, 2;528 _`f`hgmf, 2;5>8 Nr``f-Fgh`dou & Nier,2;5>8 Ndmdi`, 2;5>) umf f`r`m I`rmtj`drg`m (^g`c`ms, 2;;1e, 2;528 Fdwm`s, 2;;:8

I`jcemm, 2;5>< ^. 108 Iemo & [tzdif, 2;;1< ^. 5>) eus`gmemf`ro`s`tzt. _`gt`rajr`mf`

Igt`retur b`snjatgot sgnj zuf`c cgt f`m Euswgrhumo`m vdm CDDNs umf f`c _emfì gm

f`r Jdnjsnjuibgifumo furnj fg` @gmajrumo f`r CDDNs. Jg`r wgrf vdrwgò`mf b`r fg`

Uueigtt vdm CDDNs fgshutg`rt (Wuem, [dwìi umf N`tgs, 2;5>8 _`f`hgmf, 2;5>8 I`vy umf

^njrgr`, 2;528 Nersdm umf ^njcgft, 2;528 _eih`r, 2;5>).

@gm ^njw`rpumht gm f`r CDDN-Adrsnjumo bàesst sgnj cgt f`m I`rm`mf`m. Feb`g wurf`fg` emo`bdt`m` Uueigtt vdm CDDNs gc Q`roi`gnj zur [rs`mzi`jr , fg` I`rm`raejrumo em

sgnj, sdwg` fg` \uarg`f`mj`gt f`r I`rm`mf`m umf fes [jmdc`m f`r rìetgv jdj`m Frdp-

dut Ret` umt`rsunjt (R``v`s, 2;528 Hdp umf Jgii, 2;558 Hjeigi umf @bm`r, 2;5>e8 Ceh,

_giigecs umf Cenjm`ss, 2;5;). \uf`c wurf`m eunj fg` Gmt`rehtgdmscoignjh`gt`m gm

CDDNs `radrsnjt (Hjeigi umf @bm`r, 2;5>b).

F`s _`gt`r`m ogbt `s [ubighetgdm`m vdm [`rsdm`m(orupp`m), fg` sìbst CDDNs droemg-

sg`rt umf furnjoàjrt jeb`m umf wìnj` Emjeitspumht` umf Jgmw`gs` ar f`m @mtwuraumf fg` Furnjajrumo `gm`s `go`m`m CDDNs bg`t`m sdii`m (Fdmeifsdm u. e. 2;5>8 Ienh-

m`r, Hdpp umf @bm`r, 2;56). M`b`m fg`s`m Vj`c`m wurf` eunj b`r fg` _grtsnjeatignj-

h`gt umf fg` Njemn`m vdm CDDNs (CnEui`y `t ei., 2;5;), f`r`m B`w`rtumoshrgt`rg`m

(Brumm`r, 2;56) umf f`r \uomoignjcenjumo sdwg` B`r`gtstìiumo f`r I`rmdbl`ht` umf

Ertàeht` vdm CDDNs (Buti`r, 2;52) o`snjrg`b`m.

Fg` c`gst`m CDDNs w`rf`m vdm gmzwgsnj`m `tebig`rt`m hdcc`rzgìi`m Embg`t`r/gmm`m

wg` Ndurs`re, Pfengty umf @fZ emo`bdt`m, fg` vdrwgò`mf CDDNs ec`rghemgsnj`rJdnjsnjui`m v`rcerht`m. Cgtti`rw`gi` ogbt `s eunj `gmgo` fùtsnjsprenjgo` CDDN-

[drtei` (sg`j` Ebbgifumo 0).


22/84


- 22 -

Ebbgifumo 0< Fùtsnjsprenjgo` CDDN-[drtei`

Eb`r eunj CDDNs eus Fùtsnjiemf, f`r ^njw`gz df`r st`rr`gnj w`rf`m eua ec`rghemg-

snj`m [iettadrc`m emo`bdt`m. ^d mutzt fg` Pmgv`rsgtt êizburo s`gt 2;5> b`gspgìw`gs`

CDDNs vdm Jerverf ar c`jr`r` I`jrv`remsteitumo`m gc B`r`gnj f`r Gmadrcetgh. Fecgt

hmm`m `gmzìm` I`jrv`remsteitumo`m eit`rmetgv b`r `gm`m CDDN b`sunjt w`rf`m

(st`rr`gnjgsnj` Pmgv`rsgttshdma`r`mz, 2;56). Fg`s` CDDNs w`rf`m vdm f`m I`jr`mf`m

f`r Pmgv`rsgtt êizburo euso`sunjt umf bòi`gt`t. Fg` [raumo agmf`t gm [rs`mzadrc stett

(st`rr`gnjgsnj` Pmgv`rsgttshdma`r`mz, 2;56).

M`b`m f`r Pmgv`rsgtt êizburo `moeog`rt sgnj eunj fg` V`njmgsnj` Pmgv`rsgtt Orez umf

fg` Pmgv`rsgtt Orez gm pumhtd CDDNs. M`b`m f`r @mtwgnhiumo `gm`r `go`m`m Dp`m-

Ndmt`mt-^tretòg` 2;5; (dp`mndmt`mt.tuorez.et), ogbt `s eunj Ehtgvgtt`m gm gVum`s P

(gtum`s.tuorez.et umf umg-orez.et/gtum`su), `gm` Cgto`steitumo ec daa`m`m Dmigm`-Hurs zuc

Vj`ce Dp`m @funetgdmei R`sdurn`s 2;5> (nd`r5>.f`) sdwg` s`gt Crz 2;56 `gm` `go`m`

[iettadrc, fg` cgt CDDNs f`r Pmgv`rsgtt Orez umf VP Orez emo`r`gnj`rt gst

(www.gcddx.et).

2.2 ^teh`jdif`rbòrgaa

@gm` `radior`gnj` Gcpi`c`mtetgdm vdm CDDNs gm fùtsnjsprenjgo` Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm`m

`radrf`rt fg` Gmvdivg`rumo `gm`r R`gj` em ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m. Feb`g v`rst`jt cem umt`r

^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m eii` gmt`rm`m umf `xt`rm`m [`rsdm`morupp`m, fg` vdm f`m CDDN-

Vtgoh`gt`m oò`mwrtgo df`r gm \uhumat fgr`ht df`r gmfgr`ht b`trdaa`m sgmf.

Fùtsnjsprenjgo`

CDDN-[drtei`

dp`mJ[G

gCddZ

gQ`rsgty

Fgogtei^njddi


23/84


- 2> -

Orumfstzignj iess`m sgnj zw`g Ert`m vdm ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m umt`rsnj`gf`m, mcignj aumh-

tgdmei` df`r droemgsetdrgsnj` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m umf gmstgtutgdmìi` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m.

Aumhtgdmei` df`r droemgsetdrgsnj` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m sgmf feb`g fg`l`mgo`m [`rsdm`m, fg`

eis Aumhtgdmstro`r/gmm`m `gmo`bumf`m w`rf`m. Gc Aeii vdm CDDNs sgmf fes CDDN-

Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m df`r I`jr`mf`. Pmt`r gmstgtutgdmìi`m ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m v`rst`jt cem

Emsprunjsorupp`m, fg` zwer oìò`mtignj furnj [`rsdm`m v`rtr`t`m w`rf`m, prgmzgpg ii

eb`r vdm f`m `gmzìm`m [`rsdm`m umebjmogo sgmf. Juago w`rf`m b`g f`r Emeiys` o`re-

f` fg`s` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m b`rs`j`m. @s jemfìt sgnj feb`g zB uc umt`rm`jc`msgmt`r-

m` Rgnjtigmg`m, B`trg`bsv`r`gmberumo`m, eb`r eunj O`s`tz` wg` fes o`ref` gc fùtsnj-

sprenjgo`m Reuc gc \usecc`mjemo cgt CDDNs b`sdmf`rs wgnjtgo` Fet`msnjutz- umf

Prj`b`rr`njt.

Eua Besgs gjr`r Aumhtgdm iess`m sgnj ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m ieut _gib`rs (2;;0) mdnj w`gt`r

umt`rsnj`gf`m. Fg`s` Pmt`rsnj`gfumo wurf` gc Adio`mf`m l`fdnj ar CDDNs ebo`wem-

fìt.

Cenjtprdcdtdr/gmm`m sgmf zuc`gst fg` Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m, fg` ar fg` `go`mtignj` umf

dp`retgv` I`gtumo vdm CDDNs zustmfgo sgmf. Gm gjr`r @mtsnj`gfumo igòt `s, wìnj`s

Bufo`t umf wìnj` "pdigtgsnj`" Pmt`rsttzumo f`r CDDN `rjit. Cenjtprdcdtdr`m cs-

s`m eb`r mgnjt mdtw`mfgo rw`gs` mtsnj`gfumosr i`vemt s`gm (_gib`rs, 2;;0< ^. 5;).

[rdz`ssprdcdtdr/gmm`mspgì`m `gm` wgnjtgo` Rdii` b`g CDDNs, fe sg` eis fg` Q`rtr`-

t`r/gmm`m f`r ^njmgttstìi`m aumog`r`m, gm fg` `gm CDDN gmtòrg`rt w`rf`m cuss. Hiessg-

snj`rw`gs` sgmf fg`s vdr eii`c fg` `mtsnj`gfumosbàuot`m Emspr`njpertm`r/gmm`m gm f`r

Jdnjsnjui`. Emf`r` [rdz`ssprdcdtdr/gmm`m hmm`m f`m Q`rieua f`s [rdl`hts `rj`bignj

b``gmaiuss`m, fe sg` gm f`r fgr`ht`m [rdz`ssh`tt` f`r Bèuatreoumo umf Furnjajrumo vdm

CDDNs st`j`m. B`gspgì` fear sgmf fg` @-Ièrmgmo- df`r GV-Ebt`giumo df`r eunj fg` Cgt-

erb`gt`rv`rtr`t`r/gmm`m bzw. B`trg`bsrt/gmm`m. Qgì` gmstgtutgdmìi` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m - zB

B`trg`bsv`r`gmberumo`m, GV-Rgnjtigmg`m d.. o`jr`m `b`maeiis zu f`m [rdz`ssprdcd-tdr/gmm`m. @gm `gmzìm`r CDDN wgrf heuc gm f`r Ieo` s`gm umf mgnjt fg` stretògsnj` B`-

fùtumo `mtaeit`m hmm`m, uc zB orumfstzignj` @mtsnj`gfumo`m gm f`r GV-^tretòg` vdm

Jdnjsnjui`m vdiistmfgo uczustd`m (_gib`rs, 2;;0< ^. 55).

Aenjprdcdtdr/gmm`m spgì`m `gm` wgnjtgo` Rdii` eis Emspr`njpertm`r/gmm`m ar fg` hdm-

hr`t` Euso`steitumo aenjignj`r [rdbi`cstìiumo`m. ^d cuss zB f`m I`jr`mf`m eis fg`l`-

mgo`m, fg` spt`r cgt CDDN-Isumo`m erb`gt`m, `gm Cgtsprenj`r`njt bzw. fg` @gmzìaeii-

`mtsnj`gfumo b`g f`r Euso`steitumo hdmhr`t`r [rdz`ss` df`r Aumhtgdm`m f`r CDDN-[iettadrc gmo`ruct w`rf`m.Qgì` \gì` vdm CDDNs sgmf mur cgt Aenjprdcdtdr/gmm`m zu


24/84


- 26 -

`rr`gnj`m. F`mmdnj jeb`m Aenjprdcdtdr/gmm`m c`gst h`gm` w`gt`ro`j`mf` @mtsnj`g-

fumosbàuomgs umf hmm`m [rdl`ht` c`gst mgnjt v`rjgmf`rm. Gjr` Cgterb`gt umf gjr` @ro`b-

mgss` sgmf l`fdnj `radioshrgtgsnj ar `gm`m CDDN (_gib`rs, 2;;0< ^. 55).

Cuitgpighetdr/gmm`m sgmf wgnjtgo` Hemi` f`s ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Cemeo`c`mts gm

CDDNs. ^g` sgmf gmsb`sdmf`r` cgt f`r Euaoeb` b`treut, \gì` umf Gmadrcetgdm`m eus f`c

CDDN-Vèc em `gm` or`r` \gìorupp` zu hdccumgzg`r`m. \u f`m Cuitgpighetdr/gmm`m

zji`m zB eii` gmt`rm`m umf `xt`rm`m Hdccumghetgdmsfg`mst` (zB Cerh`tgmo) sdwg` b`g-

spgìw`gs` f`r GV-ûppdrt (_gib`rs, 2;;0< ^. 55).

@mtsnj`gfumos`b`m`< Fg` @mtsnj`gfumos`b`m` hemm orumfstzignj r`fuzg`rt w`rf`m eua

fg` Jdnjsnjui`, b`st`j`mf eus O`snjatsajrumo/R`htdret, f`c CDDN-Q`remsteit`r/gm

umf f`r @-Ièrmgmo- df`r GV-I`gtumo.

Pmebjmogo fevdm, uc wìnj` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m `s sgnj jemfìt, sd jeb`m sg` eii` fdnj

fes oi`gnj` \gì ^teh`jdif`remeiys` vdm CDDNs

Gc Bgifumosb`r`gnj wurf`m gm f`r Q`roemo`mj`gt b`r`gts ^teh`jdif`remeiys`m emo`w`m-

f`t (_gib`rs, 2;;0), gm f`r`m \`mtruc b`sdmf`rs adio`mf` [umht` stemf`m< ^. >)

Pc fg` Gf`mtgagzg`rumo f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m ar CDDNs zu `rj`b`m, wurf` zumnjst

`gm` Igt`returr`nj`rnj` umf -emeiys` furnjoàjrt. Emjemf fg`s`r Emeiys` umf f`r gf`mtg-

agzg`rt`m Jeupt-^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m wurf` `gm` queigtetgv` ^tufg` furnjoàjrt, wìnj` fg`

Orumfieo` zu @rstìiumo gm`s Hrgt`rg`mheteidos ar CDDNs igà`rt.

Gm f`r Erb`gt wurf` f`r queigtetgv` Emsetz f`c quemtgtetgv`m vdro`zdo`m, fe `s mdnj h`g-

m` ^tufg`m ogbt, fg` sgnj `xpigzgt cgt f`m ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m vdm CDDNs bàess`m. Cgt

fg`s`c Emsetz hmm`m fej`r mù` @rh`mmtmgss` furnj @xpidretgdm o`wdmm`m w`rf`m.

Eu`rf`c gst fg`s` C`tjdf` furnj fg` o`rgmo` Aeiieusweji umf hurz` Qdrb`r`gtumosz`gt

out o``gom`t, w`gi sg` s`jr ai`xgbì gst. \uf`c iess`m sgnj furnj queigtetgv` Bàreoumo`m

snjmìi ord` C`mo`m em Fet`mcet`rgei prdfuzg`r`m umf fg` @ro`bmgss` i`gnjt v`rcgttìm

(Fò`mjerft, 57:1< ^. :0aa).

Fg`s` queigtetgv` Pmt`rsunjumo zu CDDNs sdii fej`r fezu fg`m`m, mù` umf bgsj`r um-

b`rnhsgnjtgot` Gmt`r`ss`m umf @gmstìiumo`m f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m zu gf`mtgagzg`r`m. Fe-

ar bg`t`t fes queigtetgv` Gmt`rvg`w `gm`m Qdrt`gi, w`gi imo`r` Bàreoumo`m coignj sgmf

umf fg` Gmt`rvg`w`rgm fes Gmt`r`ss` euar`njt`rjeit`m hemm (Hdmref, 2;;?< ^. 27).

>.2.5 I`gtaef`mgmt`rvg`ws

Ar fg` Pmt`rsunjumo f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Gmt`r`ss`m wurf`m mgnjtstemferfgsg`rt` Gm-

t`rvg`ws eis b`vdrzuot`s Gmstruc`mt o`wjit. F`r jg`r o`wjit` @gmsetz vdm Gmt`rvg`ws

igòt fergm bòrmf`t, fess `s sgnj uc `gm`m Oò`mstemfsb`r`gnj jemfìt, zu f`c `s

bgsiemo heuc Adrsnjumos`ro`bmgss` ogbt. Fej`r gst `s sgmmvdii `gm @rj`bumosgmstruc`mt

`gmzus`tz`m, fess `s `rieubt, fg` ar CDDNs rì`vemt`m ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Hrgt`rg`m `x-

pidretgv zu r`hdmstrug`r`m. [ereiiì fezu sdii umt`rsunjt w`rf`m, wìnj`m ^tìi`mw`rt

CDDNs jeb`m, wg` sg` gm f`r aa`mtignjh`gt fgshutg`rt df`r gm Jdnjsnjui`m b`r`gts gcpi`-

c`mtg`rt wurf`m. Pc fg`s`c gmfuhtgv-f`fuhtgv`m Emsetz o`r`njt zu w`rf`m, `radiot fg`

Fet`m`rj`bumo cgttìs t`gistruhturg`rt r Gmt`rvg`ws eua Besgs `gm`s I`gtaef`ms. Fg`s`r wur-

f` gc Qdraìf f`r Gmt`rvg`ws hdmzgpg`rt umf b`st`jt eus daa`m adrcuig`rt`m Areo`m. Feb`g

>V`gi` eus `gm`r `go`m`m Erb`gt zuc Vj`ce Gmt`rehtgv` _jgt`bderfs gm st`rr`gnjgsnj`m Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm`m

- @gm` Emeiys` f`r @gmaiussaehtdr`m ar fes Ehz`ptemzv`rjeit`m (2;56) b`rmdcc`m.


31/84


- >5 -

wurf` v`rsunjt, fg` Areo`m sd zu v`raess`m, fess s`gt`ms f`r gmt`rvg`wt`m [`rsdm`m @r-

zjiumo`m umf B`snjr`gbumo`m o`m`rg`rt umf mgnjt cgt `gm`c bid`m "le" df`r "m`gm" b`-

emtwdrt`t w`rf`m hmm`m.

Qdrt`gi f`s I`gtaef`ms gst, fess `r eis ^truhturg`rumosjgia` o`mutzt w`rf`m hemm umf fecgt

oi`gnjz`gtgo eunj fg` Euac`rhsech`gt f`r Bàreot`m eua fg` Vj`c`m i`mht, fg` ar fg` Pm-

t`rsunjumo gmt`r`ssemt sgmf. \uf`c `rcoignjt `r ai`xgbì umf daa`m em f`m Adrsnjumos-

oò`mstemf j`remzuo`j`m, wdfurnj `s coignj gst, mù` Fgc`msgdm`m gm Jgmbignh eua

CDDNs zu rh`mm`m umf euazuz`go`m.

\wer sgmf fg` Areo`m gc I`gtaef`m vdradrcuig`rt, gjr` przgs` Adrcuig`rumo sdwg` fg` R`g-

j`madio`, gm f`r sg` o`stìit w`rf`m, sgmf l`fdnj mgnjt a`stoìòt (Reo`r `t ei., 5777< ^.

>?). @s gst fej`r Euaoeb` f`r Gmt`rvg`w`rgm zu `mtsnj`gf`m, wìnj` Areo`m wemm o`stìitw`rf`m, db sg` vgìi`gnjt snjdm bèmtwdrt`t wurf`m df`r db `s sgmmvdii gst, fg` Bàreot`m

zu f`tegiig`rt`r`m ^njgif`rumo`m emzurò`m. A`rm`r hmm`m ef jdn mdnj Areo`m euao`-

mdcc`m w`rf`m, fg` sgnj `rst wjr`mf f`s Gmt`rvg`ws `ro`b`m (Reo`r `t ei., 5777< ^.

>?). F`mmdnj sdiit` fg` Gmt`rvg`w`rgm fereua enjt`m, fess sctignj` ar fg` Adrsnjumo

rì`vemt`m Vj`c`mb`r`gnj` emo`sprdnj`m w`rf`m umf fess f`r/fg` Bàreot` mgnjt oemz

umf oer vdc Vj`ce ebsnjw gat.

Eu`rf`c s`g fereua jgmo`wg`s`m, fess b`g f`r I`gtaef`mhdmz`ptgdm s`jr fereua oènjt`twurf`, `gm` eiio`c`gm v`rstmfignj` ^prenj` zu v`rw`mf`m (Reo`r `t ei., 5777< ^. 6;).

Eua f`m O`breunj vdm Ar`cf- df`r Aenjwrt`rm wurf` v`rzgnjt`t. Fem`b`m gst zuc V`gi

eunj fg` gmfgvgfuìi` Empessumo f`r Areo`m em b`stgcct` ^teh`jdif`rorupp`m mdtw`m-

fgo, b`gspgìw`gs` w`mm `s uc Areo`m f`r p`rsmignj`m @raejrumo`m cgt CDDNs o`jt. Gm

fg`s`c Aeii w`rf`m fg` [rdbemf/gmm`m o`b`t`m gjr` @raejrumo`m eis V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m b`g

CDDNs zu b`snjr`gb`m, wdjgmoò`m fg` bàreot`m Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m vdm CDDNs em-

o`jeit`m w`rf`m, fg`s` Areo` eus gjr`r [`rsp`htgv` zu bèmtwdrt`m. Fg` Gmt`rvg`wareo`m

w`rf`m f`c`mtspr`nj`mf ucadrcuig`rt.

Euaorumf `gm`r gmt`msgv`m Igt`returr`nj`rnj` gc Qdraìf hdmmt`m gc \uo` f`r I`gtaef`m-

`mtwgnhiumo b`r`gts ar fg` Bàreoumo wgnjtgo` Vj`c`mb`r`gnj` sp`zgagzg`rt w`rf`m. Fe-

j`r wurf`m b`r`gts vdr Bògmm f`r Adrsnjumo sg`b`m Pmt`rsunjumosfgc`msgdm`m b`-

stgcct2 -

Gmarestruhturìi` Emadrf`rumo`m

Agmemzgìi ^gtuetgdm

Uueigagzg`rumo vdm I`jr`mf`m umf emf`r`m Orupp`m

\uhmatgo` @mtwgnhiumo`m umf \gì` vdm CDDNs

Emsnjig``mf wurf`m ar l`f` Pmt`rsunjumosfgc`msgdm `gm` df`r c`jr`r` tj`dr`tgsnj`

Areo`m adrcuig`rt. Fg`s` Qdro`j`msw`gs` `radiot` gm Emi`jmumo em _`moreas [yrecg-

f`mcdfìi (_`morea, 2;;5< ^. 1;aa). Fg`s`s Cdfìi b`snjr`gbt `gm`m Eiodrgtjcus gm Adrc

`gm`r [yrecgf`, f`r gm f`r queigtetgv`m Adrsnjumo emo`w`mf`t wgrf, uc `gm` df`r c`jr`-

r` z`mtrei` Adrsnjumosareo`(m) zu bèmtwdrt`m. Feb`g wgrf fg` z`mtrei` Adrsnjumosareo ,

fg` zusecc`m cgt f`c @rh`mmtmgsgmt`r`ss` fg` ^pgtz` f`r [yrecgf` `gmmgcct, zumnjst

gm c`jr`r` Fgc`msgdm`m bzw. tj`dr`tgsnj` Areo`m z`riòt. Emsnjig``mf wgrf eus l`f`r

tj`dr`tgsnj`m Areo` j`reus `gm` R`gj` vdm Gmt`rvg`w-Gmt`rv`mtgdm`m `mtwgnhìt. M`b`m

`gm`r Gmt`rvg`wareo` hemm b`gspgìw`gs` eunj `gm ^njw`go`m em `gm`r ^tìi` em f`r `go`mt-

ignj `twes o`seot w`rf`m sdiit` eis Gmt`rv`mtgdm aumog`r`m (_`morea, 2;;5< ^. 1>aa).

>.2.2 Furnjajrumo `gm`s [r`t`sts6

Pc fg` Rìgebgigtt umf Qeigfgtt f`s I`gtaef`ms sgnj`rzustìi`m, wurf` fg`s`r gc Rejc`m

`gm`s [r`t`sts eua fg` Q`rw`mfberh`gt f`r Areo`m umt`rsunjt. @s wurf` o`prat, db fg`

Areo`m v`rstmfignj umf f`r Hdmt`xt f`r eusoèrb`gt`t`m I`gtareo`m hier gst. F`sw`gt`r`mwurf` o`c`ss`m, wg` iemo` fg` Gmt`rvg`ws gm `twe feu`rm.

Fezu wurf` `gm` [`rsdm bàreot. Fg`s` gst eunj gm f`r tetsnjignj`m Emeiys` b`hemmt. Fe

[rdbi`c` b`zoignj Q`rstmfmgs df`r Hdmt`xt euatret`m, wurf`m fg` I`gtareo`m cgt b`r-

erb`gtumo ar fg` tetsnjignj` Emeiys` v`rw`mf`t. Gc Ieua` f`r w`gt`r`m Bàreoumo`m

wurf` f`r I`gtaef`m `b`msd v`ra`gm`rt umf em fg` l`w`gigo`m Gmt`rvg`wpertm`r/gmm`m emo`-

pesst. Gc Emjemo gst f`r I`gtaef`m zu agmf`m, wg` `r oò`m @mf` f`r Pmt`rsunjumo eus-

sej. @gm Gmt`rvg`w feu`rt` zwgsnj`m 2; umf 1; Cgmut`m, wdb`g f`r Furnjsnjmgttsw`rt b`g

60 Cgmut`m ieo.

6V`gi` eus `gm`r `go`m`m Erb`gt zuc Vj`ce Gmt`rehtgv` _jgt`bderfs gm st`rr`gnjgsnj`m Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm`m

- @gm` Emeiys` f`r @gmaiussaehtdr`m ar fes Ehz`ptemzv rjeit`m (2;56) b`rmdcc`m.


33/84


- >> -

>.2.> Fet`m`rj`bumo umf Eusweji f`r Gmt`rvg`wpertm`r/gmm`m0

Fg` sdroaitgo` Eusweji f`r V`stp`rsdm`m wer um`rissignj. ^g` wurf` furnj fg` vdreb

furnjzuajr`mf` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Emeiys` (sg`j` 2.>) `ri`gnjt`rt. ^njiuss`mfignj wur-

f`m Q`rtr`t`r/gmm`m eus umt`rsnjg`fignj`m Jdnjsnjui`m gm st`rr`gnj, Fùtsnjiemf umff`r ^njw`gz ar fg` Gmt`rvg`ws j`remo`zdo`m.

Fg` @rj`bumo f`r Fet`m `radiot` wg` adiot1aa).

Aeiis `gm/` Bàreot`/r ^njwg`rgoh`gt`m b`g f`r Bèmtwdrtumo `gm`r Areo` jett`, wurf` cgt^tgnjwdrt`m menjo`jdia`m. Jg`rb`g gst l`fdnj zu b`tdm`m, fess sdinj` jìa`mf`m tgnjwdr-




34/84


- >6 -

t` wgrhignj mur femm `gmo`s`tzt wurf`m, w`mm f`r/fg` Gmt`rvg`wt` mgnjts cgt f`r Areo` em-

aemo`m hdmmt`, f`mm snjigìgnj sgmf Hdomgtgdm`m umf _`rt`drfmumo`m f`r Bàreot`m umf

mgnjt fg` f`r Gmt`rvg`w`rgm gmt`r`ssemt.

Fg` Gmt`rvg`ws wurf`m gc @gmv`rstmfmgs f`r V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m euao`z`gnjm`t. Fg` p`r-

smignj oàjrt`m Gmt`rvg`ws wurf`m cgt f`c g[jdm` euao`mdcc`m. Fg` dmigm` oàjrt`m

Gmt`rvg`ws wurf`m gm Efdb` Ndmm`nt euao`z`gnjm`t. Fg`s` Euaz`gnjmumo o`wjri`gst`t

`gm`m aig``mf`m O`sprnjsebieua umf bdt f`r Gmt`rvg`w`rgm fg` Njemn`, "sgnj vdii eua fes

O`sprnj zu hdmz`mtrg`r`m umf fg` Coignjh`gt oi`gnjz`gtgo mdmv`rbei` @i`c`mt` b`-

dbenjt`m zu hmm`m"(_gtzì, 57:7< ^. 2>?).

\wgsnj`m f`r Fet`m`rj`bumo umf f`r Eusw`rtumo spgìt fg` Euab`r`gtumo f`s Fet`mcet`-

rgeis `gm` wgnjtgo` Rdii` (Ceyrgmo, 577>). Cgtjgia` vdrj`r a`stoìòt`r Vremshrgptgdmsròìmwurf`m fg`s` gm fg` snjrgatignj` Adrc b`rajrt. Menjf`c `gm` Qdiitremshrgptgdm s`jr z`gt-

gmt`msgv gst, wurf`m fg` Gmt`rvg`ws mur `gm`r V`gitremshrgptgdm umt`rzdo`m. @s `xgstg`rt fe-

j`r h`gm wrtignj`s Vremshrgpt, sdmf`rm mur gm zusecc`maess`mf`s [rdtdhdii.

Fg` Eusw`rtumo f`r Fet`m wurf` furnj f`m @gmsetz f`r zusecc`maess`mf`m Gmjeitseme-

iys` menj Ceyrgmo (2;;?) vdro`mdcc`m. Fes Ebieuacdfìi gst gc adio`mf`m Hepgtì gc

F`tegi fero`stìit.

>.2.6 Ebieua f`r Fet`memeiys` cgttìs Gmjeitsemeiys`1

Ar fg` Eusw`rtumo f`r Fet`m wurf` fes Ebieuacdfìi f`r zusecc`maess`mf`m Gmjeits-

emeiys` menj Ceyrgmo (2;;?) j`remo`zdo`m. Fg`s`s `gom`t sgnj menj Aignh (2;;6< ^. 651)

b`sdmf`rs ar I`gtaef`m-Gmt`rvg`ws zur Emeiys` subl`htgv`r gnjtw`gs`m.




35/84


36/84


- >1 -

Fg` adio`mf` Vebìi` z`got `x`cpiergsnj fes Qdro`j`m f`r [erepjresg`rumo, O`m`reigsg`-

rumo umf R`fuhtgdm ar `gm`m euso`wjit`m V`gib`r`gnj `gm`s Gmt`rvg`ws, wìnj`s zur

Hetòdrg`mbgifumo ajrt`.

Mr _drtieut [erepjres` O`m`reigsg`rumo R`fuhtgdm

57 _d gnj Coignjh`gt`m

s`j`, w`mm cem s`jr

ord` Q`remsteitum-

o`m jet, cgt c`jr`r`m

5;; Iùt`m, fg`s`

Q`remsteitumo`m b`r

CDDNs ebzuwgnhìm,

@gmajrumosv`remstei-

tumo`m, c`gm`twò`m

eunj b`g Qdri`sum-

o`m, wd fg` ^tufg`-

r`mf`m dat mgnjt [ietz

gm `gm`c êei jeb`m.

Jg`r wrf`m sgnj

CDDNs embg`t`m.

CDDNs bg`t`m sgnj ar

s`jr ord` Q`remstei-

tumo`m cgt c`jr`r`m

5;; Iùt`m em, wg`

zuc B`gspgì @gmaj-

rumosv`remsteitumo`m

df`r c`gm`twò`m

eunj ar Qdri`sumo`m,

wd fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m dat

mgnjt [ietz gm `gm`c

êei jeb`m. Jg`r wr-

f`m sgnj CDDNs em-

bg`t`m.


s`jr ord` I`jrv`rem-

steitumo`m cgt c`jr`-

r`m jumf`rt Iùt`m em

umf ar I`jrv`remstei-

tumo`m, wd fg` ^tufg`-

r`mf`m mgnjt gm `gm`c

êei [ietz jeb`m, wg`

fes zuc B`gspgì dat b`g

@gmajrumosvdri`sum-

o`m f`r Aeii gst.

H< @gmsetzb`r`gnj vdm

CDDNs


ord` I`jrv`remstei-

tumo`m em, fe

sg` dat c`jr`r` 5;;

Iùt` aess`m umf

^tufg`r`mf` dat

mgnjt [ietz gc êei

jeb`m.

Vebìi` >< @x`cpiergsnj`s Qdro`j`m f`r Fet`memeiys`


37/84


- >? -

6 Ferstìiumo f`r @ro`bmgss`Fg` \gìs`tzumo f`r Bàreoumo b`stemf fergm, fg` ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Gmt`r`ss`m vdm

CDDNs gm fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm`m zu gf`mtgagzg`r`m. @gm Euszuo f`r rì`-

vemt`m @ro`bmgss` f`r Bàreoumo wgrf gm fg`s`c Hepgtì oò`b`m. Ferem emhmpa`mfw`rf`m fg` Hrgt`rg`m em `gm`m b`feraso`r`njt`m CDDN euao`z`got.

6.5 Hdmt`xtgmadrcetgdm

Eua Besgs f`s I`gtaef`ms (sg`j` Emjemo) sgmf gmso`sect 26 Gmt`rvg`ws furnjoàjrt umf

tremshrgbg`rt wdrf`m. ^g` wurf`m zwgsnj`m f`c 21. Mdv`cb`r 2;56 umf 21. A`bruer 2;50

euao`mdcc`m umf b`truo`m zwgsnj`m >; umf 1; Cgmut`m. @s hemm vdm `gm`r Q`roi`gnj-

berh`gt f`r Eusseo`m eusoòemo`m w`rf`m, fe zwgsnj`m f`m [`rsdm`m umf f`r Gmt`rvg`-

w`rgm h`gm` B`sdmf`rj`gt zur Hdccumghetgdm df`r Q`rjeit`m a`sto`stìit wurf`.

6.2 B`snjr`gbumo f`r ^tgnjprdb`

Fg` adio`mf` Vebìi` z`got fg` w`s`mtignj`m C`rhcei` f`r [`rsdm`m cgt f`m`m Gmt`rvg`ws

oàjrt wurf`m.

Vebìi` 6< b`rsgnjt zu f`m C`rhcei`m f`r gmt`rvg`wt`m [`rsdm`m

Fe l`f`s `gmzìm` Gmt`rvg`w furnj f`msìb`m I`gtaef`m vdrstruhturg`rt wurf`, gst `s co-

ignj, sg` v`roi`gnj`mf euszuw`rt`m (Reo`r `t. ei, 5777< ^. >?aa). Fes gst ar fg` furnjo`-

ajrt` Pmt`rsunjumo umebfgmober, w`gi mgnjt fg` `gmzìm` C`gmumo `gm`r [`rsdm gc Cgttì-

pumht st`jt, sdmf`rm fg` subl`htgv`m gnjtw`gs`m f`r ^teh`jdif r/gmm`m-Orupp`m.

Gmt`rvg`w O`snji`njt Iemf @gmdrfmumo gm ^teh`jdif`rorupp`

B5 Cmmignj st`rr`gnj I`rm`mf`r

B2 Cmmignj st`rr`gnj BgifumosgmstgtutgdmB> _`gbignj st`rr`gnj CDDN-Q`remsteit`rgmB6 _`gbignj st`rr`gnj BgifumosgmstgtutgdmB0 _`gbignj st`rr`gnj CDDN-Q`remsteit`rgm

B1 Cmmignj st`rr`gnj CDDN-Q`remsteit`rB? Cmmignj Fùtsnjiemf I`jr`mf`rB: Cmmignj st`rr`gnj BgifumosgmstgtutgdmB7 _`gbignj st`rr`gnj I`rm`mf`B5; _`gbignj Fùtsnjiemf CDDN-Q`remsteit`rgmB55 _`gbignj Fùtsnjiemf I`rm`mf`

B52 Cmmignj Fùtsnjiemf I`jr`mf`rB5> _`gbignj Fùtsnjiemf CDDN-Q`remsteit`rgmB56 Cmmignj Fùtsnjiemf BgifumosgmstgtutgdmB50 _`gbignj st`rr`gnj BgifumosgmstgtutgdmB51 Cmmignj st`rr`gnj I`rm`mf`rB5? Cmmignj Fùtsnjiemf BgifumosgmstgtutgdmB5: _`gbignj ^njw`gz I`jr`mf`B57 Cmmignj ^njw`gz I`jr`mf`rB2; Cmmignj Fùtsnjiemf CDDN-Q`remsteit`r

B25 Cmmignj ^njw`gz Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm, CDDN-Q`remsteit rB22 Cmmignj st`rr`gnj I`rm`mf`B2> Cmmignj ^njw`gz CDDN-Q`remsteit`rB26 _`gbignj st`rr`gnj I`jr`mf`


38/84


- >: -

6.> Hetòdrg`msyst`c?

B`r`gts b`g f`r Hdmz`ptgdm f`s I`gtaef`ms (sg`j` >.2.5) wurf`m gm `gm`c `rst`m ^njrgtt

v`rsnjg`f`m` Vj`c`mb`r`gnj` bzw. Pmt`rsunjumosfgc`msgdm`m a`stoìòt, fg` gc \uo`

f`r w`gt`r`m [rgdrgsg`rumo bzw. Hetòdrg`m`mtwgnhiumo furnj fg` Gmjeitsemeiys` menj Ce-

yrgmo (sg`j` >.2.6) vdm B`fùtumo sgmf. F`mm wg` snjdm umt`r >.2.5 `rwjmt, wgrf cgt f`r

Pmt`rsunjumo `gm gmfuhtgv-f`fuhtgv`r Emsetz v`radiot, b`g f`c m`b`m `gm`r `xpidretgv`m

R`hdmstruhtgdm vdm CDDN-Hrgt`rg`m, eunj b`r`gts fgshutg`rt` Hrgt`rg`m eus f`r Igt`retur gm

f`m I`gtaef`m `gmb`zdo`m wurf`m. Fg` `mtwgnhìt`m Pmt`rsunjumosfgc`msgdm`m cgt gjr`m

I`gtareo`m (sg`j` Emjemo) fg`m`m feb`g eis Drg`mtg`rumosjgia` b`g f`r ^truhturg`rumo f`s

Cet`rgeis sdwg` f`r Bgifumo f`r Jeupthetòdrg`m. Fg` Pmt`rhetòdrg`m wurf`m eua Besgs

f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m umf Eusseo`m f`r`r o`bgif`t.

Fg` R`gj`madio` f`r emoàjrt`m @ro`bmgss` drg`mtg`rt sgnj em f`c zur Bàreoumo hdmzg-

pg`rt`m Gmt`rvg`wi`gtaef`m (sg`j` Emjemo). Fg` \gtet` eus f`m Gmt`rvg`ws w`rf`m zur b`s-

s`r`m b`rsgnjt hursgv fero`stìit. Em fg`s`r ^tìi` s`g eunj fereua jgmo`wg`s`m, fess

fg`s` Euszo` h`gm` Qdiistmfgoh`gt ferstìi`m, sdmf`rm mur `gm`m @gmfrunh b`r fg` Gm-

t`rvg`ws v`rcgttìm sdii`m. Eusseo`m umf _rt`r, fg` b`sdmf`rs ar f`m Hrgt`rg`mheteido

gmt`r`ssemt s`gm hmm`m, w`rf`m bieu cerhg`rt.

6.>.5 ^tìi`mw`rt vdm CDDNs gm f`r I`jr`

[ettdm (2;;2< ^. >02) snjiot vdr, zu Bògmm f`s Gmt`rvg`ws Areo`m zu stìi`m, fg` sgnj eua

oò`mwrtgo` @raejrumo`m, Q`rjeit`msw`gs`m umf Ehtgvgtt`m f`r Bàreot`m b`zg`j`m.

Fes gst wgnjtgo, uc `gm`m \uoemo zu f`m subl`htgv`m ^gnjtw`gs`m f`r Gmt`rvg`wt`m zu b`-

hdcc`m. Gm fg`s`c ^gmm` wurf` fes Gmt`rvg`w cgt adio`mf`m Areo`m `gmoì`gt`t7 -

Fecgt wurf`m fg` Gmt`rvg`wt`m `rst `gmcei oemz eiio`c`gm em fes Vj`ce CDDNs j`rem-

oàjrt. Pc f`c gmfuhtgv-f`fuhtgv`m Emsetz l`fdnj o`r`njt zu w`rf`m, wurf` spt`r zu

struhturg`rt`r`m Areo`m b`roòemo`m. Euasnjiuss b`r fg` Emtwdrt`m eua fg`s` Areo`m

o`b`m fg` menjst`j`mf`m Gmt`rvg`weuszo`.5.5 Q`rmf`rumo`m furnj CDDNs gm f`r I`jr`

Gm w`gt`r`r Adio` wurf`m fg` [rdbemf/gmm`m oàreot, db fg` I`jr` furnj CDDNs emf`rsgst eis arj`r bzw. gc Q`roi`gnj zu @-Ièrmgmo umf zur hiessgsnj`m Jdnjsnjuii`jr`. Em


40/84


- 6; -

fg`s`r ^tìi` wer zumnjst gmt`r`ssemt, db fg` Bàreot`m b`rjeupt Q`rmf`rumo`m gm f`r

I`jr` wejrm`jc`m. _`mm f`c sd wer umf fg` o`memmt`m Q`rmf`rumo`m eussnjigìgnj

eis Q`rb`ss`rumo`m bzw. Q`rsnji`njt`rumo`m `cpaumf`m wurf`m, wurf`m fg` Pmt`rsu-

njumosp`rsdm`m eis mnjst`s oàreot, db `s eunj Fgmo` ogbt, fg` sgnj `mtoò`m gjr`r

Eusseo`m gm f`r Jdnjsnjui` v`rsnji`njt`rt bzw. v`rb`ss`rt jeb`m.

Jemfìt` `s sgnj b`g f`m Bàreot`m uc Cgterb`gt`r/gmm`m f`r Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm df`r uc

[digtgh`r/gmm`m, wurf`m fg` Areo`m sd ucadrcuig`rt, fess sg` mgnjt eus f`r V`gim`j-

c`r/gmm`m-[`rsp`htgv`, sdmf`rm eus f`r `mtspr`nj`mf`m b`ruaignj`m [`rsp`htgv` bèmt-

wdrt`t w`rf`m hdmmt`m. ^d wurf`m I`jr`mf` b`gspgìw`gs` oàreot, wes sgnj gm gjr`r b`-

ruaignj`m Vtgoh`gt furnj CDDNs o`mf`rt jet.

I`jr`mf`m-[`rsp`htgv`

Gnj oieub`, fess CDDNs gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Jdnjsnjuib`r`gnj oemz w`mgo v`rmf`rm w`rf`m,w`gi gnj mgnjt fg` B`r`gtsnjeat f`r Jdnjsnjui`m s`j`, sg` gm fg` I`jr` zu gmtòrg`r`m. ^ìbst w`mm`gm CDDN prd ^`c`st`r df`r prd Lejr furnjoàjrt wgrf, wrf` sgnj fg` hiessgsnj` I`jr` fefurnjmgnjt v`rmf`rm.(B57)

Gnj oieub`, fess CDDNs `gm` w`gt`r` Hdcpdm`mt` gm f`r I`jr` umf gc Vregmgmo vdm Pmt`rm`j-c`m s`gm w`rf`m. ^g` w`rf`m mgnjts r`vdiutgdmg`r`m umf sg` w`rf`m mgnjts ord v`rmf`rm, sdm-

f`rm `gmaenj mur `gm w`gt`r`r Beust`gms`gm.(B?)

CDDNs jeb`m `gm`m s`jr ord`m @aa`ht eua fg` I`jr`, w`gi cem fg` Gmjeit ar `gm`m CDDNoemz emf`rs struhturg`rt, mcignj menj f`m Areo`m, wg` fg` Gmjeit` gmt`r`ssemt o`steit`t w`rf`mhmm`m, uc gm `gm`c Qgf`d ettrehtgv rb`rzuhdcc`m umf wg` fg` Gmjeit` gm hi`gm`r`m ^tnh`mv`rcgttìt w`rf`m hmm`m.(B26)

^tufg`r`mf` hmm`m Q`remsteitumo`m b`sunj`m, fg` mgnjt em f`r `go`m`m Jdnjsnjui` emo`bdt`m

w`rf`m umf sgnj quesg gjr C`m sìb`r umf ar`g`r zusecc`mstìi`m. Fecgt mf`rt sgnj fes Gfèivdm Bgifumo vdm `gm`r sterh mdrcetgv o`prot`m ^gtuetgdm gm `gm` i`rm`ro`st u`rt`.(B5:)

I`rm`mf`m-[`rsp`htgv`

Gnj jeb` gm CDDNs fàgmgtgv c`jr oì`rmt eis gnj l`ceis gm `gm`r ròuir`m Pmg-I`jrv`remsteitumo oì`rmt jeb`, w`gi Iùt` cgt umt`rsnjg`fignj`m _gss`msstmf`m umf eus umt`r-snjg`fignj`m O`bg`t`m t`gim`jc`m.(B22)


41/84


- 65 -

Gmstgtutgdmìi` [`rsp`htgv`

_es gnj em CDDNs snjtz` gst fgÀr`goeb` vdm I`jr- umf I`rmcet`rgeig`mdjm` fess Hdst`mfear `mtst`j`m. @s gst s`jr pdsgtgv, fess fg`s` ebo`rua`m umf wg`f`rv`rw`mf`t w`rf`m hmm`m umf

eunj `gm Eusteusnj b`r fg` Cet`rgeig`m jgmeus zustemf` hdcct.(B2)

@s gst zwer s`jr pdsgtgv, fess CDDNs `gm`m wìtw`gt`m Eusteusnj arf`rm, eb`r c`gm`r C`gmumomenj a`jit `s, ec Eusteusnj gm idhei`m I`rmorupp`m.(B6)

Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m-[`rsp`htgv`

O`m`rìi hemm cem mgnjt wgrhignj seo`m, fess fg` I`jr` sgnj v`rb`ss`rt df`r v`rsnji`njt`rt jet. Gnj

oieub`, fess fes Dmigm -@ri`bmgs furnj fg` Cess` gmt`r ssemt`r gst.(B6)

Pms`r` ^tuf`mt`m wer`m ec Emaemo b`sdrot, w`gi sg` oieubt`m, fess wgr vdrjeb`m, f`m Pmt`rrgnjtcgt Qgf`ds umf CDDNs zu `rs`tz`m umf fefurnj f`r p`rsmignj` Hdmteht zu f`m I`jr`mf`m v`r-idr`m o`jt. Cgtti`rw`gi` jet sgnj fg` C`gmumo f`r ^tuf`mt`m o`mf`rt, w`gi sg` fg` CDDNs `j`reis pdsgtgv`M`b`mr`ssdurn s`j`m.(B2>)

\usecc`maessumo umf Oò`mb`rst iiumo cgt f`r Igt`retur

@-Ièrmgmo v`rmf`rt fes I`rm`m. @s bg`t`t fg` Coignjh`gt, b`reii umf l`f`rz`gt zu i`r-

m`m. @s `rcoignjt f`m \uoemo zu `gm`r Aii` vdm R`ssdurn`m, mù`m Adrc`m f`r Hdc-

cumghetgdm umf vgrtuìi`m O`c`gmsnjeat`m. @gm êtz, f`r zu Bògmm f`r @-Ièrmgmo Ce-

mejc`m gm f`m 577;`r Lejr`m gm wgss`msnjeatignj`m Ertghìm umf eua Hdma`r`mz`m zu agm-

f`m wer (Ndmdi`, 2;;6) umf f`r sgnj eunj eua f`m CDDN-Jyp` uciò`m isst. Fg`s`r

@upjdrg` gst gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Reuc cgtti`rw`gi` l`fdnj `twes @rmnjt`rumo o`wg-

nj`m _gr oieub`m mgnjt, fess CDDNs `twes v`rmf`rm w`rf`m. ^g` sgmf `gmaenj `gm w`g-

t`r`r Beust`gm, gst fg` Emtwdrt eua fg` Q`rmf`rumo`m furnj CDDNs vdc Ordt`gi f`r

Bàreot`m. B`sdmf`rs pdsgtgv wurf` gc \usecc`mjemo cgt CDDNs f`r Esp`ht f`r Dp`m

@funetgdmei R`ssdurn`s (hurz D@R) `rwjmt. Eunj gm f`r Igt`retur w`rf`m gcc`r wg`f`r

Dp`m @funetgdmei R`sdurn`s o`memmt umf fgshutg`rt (Idcberfg, 2;5>8 ^g`c`ms, 2;52b,

Wuem `t ei., 2;5>). Feb`g o`jt `s uc fg` aa`mtignj`, hdst`mar`g` umf eiio`c`gm` B`r`gt-

stìiumo, f`r gc Hurs v`rw`mf`t`m I`rmr`ssdurn`m, wìnj` b`gspgìw`gs` umt`r `gm` Nrè-

tgv`-Ndccdms-Igz`mz (Bunjòo`r umf Mdshd, 2;5;) o`stìit w`rf`m. F`r Ordt`gi f`r

Bàreot`m snjtzt fg`s` Daa`mj`gt f`r I`jr- umf I`rmcet`rgeig`m gc \usecc`mjemo cgt

CDDNs. Eis hrgtgsnj`r [umht wgrf f`r a`ji`mf` sdzgei` Esp`ht b`g CDDNs o`s`j`m. ^d-wdji I`rm`mf` eis eunj I`jr`mf` sgmf f`r C`gmumo, fess I`rmprdz`ss` eunj sdzgei`


42/84


- 62 -

[rdz`ss` sgmf umf gm `gm`r Gmt`rehtgdm zwgsnj`m I`rm`mf`m umf I`jr`mf`m sdwg` I`r-

m`mf`m umt`r`gmemf`r stettagmf`m. (B5:)

M`b`m fg`s`m Esp`ht`m agì eunj fes R`njt eua fg` Ar`gj`gt f`r I`jr`. Jdnjsnjui`m

jeb`m s`jr w`mgo Frunhcgttì uc gjr` [rda`ssdr`m b`rjeupt zu CDDNs zu v`rfdmm`rm,

o`snjw`go` f`mm, sg` fear zu bò`gst`rm, CDDNs zu `mtwgnhìm, w`mm sg` `s mgnjt

sìbst wdii`m. Bgsj`r sgmf Jdnjsnjui`m fej`r eua `gmzìm` I`jr`mf` umf Aenjo`bg`t`

emo`wg`s`m, fg` sgnj ar fes Vj`ce bò`gst`rm umf cgt `go`m`c Gmt`r`ss` umf @moeo`-

c`mt sgnj f`r CDDN-Vj`cetgh emm`jc`m.

6.>.2 ^tetus Uud - ([`rsmignj`) @raejrumo`m cgt CDDNs

Femenj wurf`m fg` Pmt`rsunjumosp`rsdm`m menj gjr`m p`rsmignj`m @raejrumo`m cgt

CDDNs oàreot.


Furnj CDDNs hemm cem sgnj eis I`jrp`rsdm b`sdmf`rs furnj fg` Qgf`dì`c`mt` sìbst rài`htg`-r`m.(B5:)


Gnj jeb` cgnj eua c`jr`r`m CDDN-[iettadrc`m rògstrg`rt umf cgnj fdrt eunj snjdm cgt `gm peerCDDNs b`snjatgot. Gnj jeb` sg` eb`r mgnjt ehtgv b`trg`b`m, sdmf`rm mur Gmt`r`ss`msjeib`r uc fesHdmz`pt fejgmt`r h`mm`mzui`rm`m.(B51)

B`g ums em f`r Jdnjsnjui` ogbt `s `gm` I`jrv`remsteitumo, fg` eis umgv`rsgttsw`gt`s ar`g`s _eji-aenj emo`bdt`m wgrf umf fes eussnjigìgnj eis CDDN stettagmf`t. ^tufg`r`mf` hmm`m fg`s`s `gm-aenj b`sunj`m umf sgnj femenj, wg` o`wdjmt, b`r fes Emcìf`syst`c zu `gm`r [raumo emcì-f`m. Fg`s` wgrf femm umt`r Euasgnjt gm `gm`c[N-Reuceboìòt. _`mm fg`[raumo`radior`gnjebsdivg`rt wurf`, ogbt `s fear@NV^.

(B5)

_jr`mf c`gm`s ^tufgucs sgmf fg` b`gf`m ord`m CDDN-[iettadrc`m @fZ umf Ndurs`re furnj-o`stert`t. Gnj jeb` fes cgtb`hdcc`m umf oi`gnj `gmgo` s`jr out` umf gmt`r`ssemt` Hurs` b`sunjt,fg` fes i`jr`m, wes cgnj gmt`r`ssg`rt umf wd gnj c`gm` b`ruaignj` \uhumat s`j`. Gnj jeb` sg` eisNjemn` o`s`j`m uc cgnj prgvet adrtzubgif`m umf t`njmgsnj` umf wgss`msnjeatignj` Ajgoh`gt`m cgremzu`gom`m, fg` ^tet` da tj` Ert sgmf umf gc \uo` c`gm s ^tufgucs mgnjt oì`jrt w`rf`m.(B22)


43/84


- 6> -


@s ogbt bgsj`r h`gm` ehtgv` B`t`gigoumo em CDDN-Ehtgvgtt`m, f.j. `s ogbt h`gm` `go`m` [iettadrcdf`r Cgterb`gt em `gm`c CDDN. Fes jet v`rsnjg`f`m` Ormf`, vdrwgò`mf f`sjeib, w`gi wgr eii`

ums`r`R`ssdurn`mb`mtgo`m uc fg` [rs`mzi`jr` gc Jeus ebzuf`nh`m.(B2)


\w`g Frgttì ums`r`r CDDNs w`rf`m pereiiì zu `gm`r I`jrv`remsteitumo `mtwgnhìt. _gr jeb`meb`r eunj CDDNs, fg` `gm`m b`rbignh b`r `gm Aìf o`b`m umf mgnjt 5)

\usecc`maessumo umf Oò`mb`rstìiumo cgt f`r Igt`returF`m @ro`bmgss`m fg`s`r Hetòdrg` gst zu `mtm`jc`m, fess fg` w`mgost`m ^teh`jdi-

f`r/gmm`m bgsj`r CDDNs `radior`gnj zu @mf` o`brenjt jeb`m. F`r Ordt`gi jet i`fgoignj gm

CDDNs jgm`gmo`snjmupp`rt. _g` vdm Ienhm`r, Hdpp umf @bm`r (2;56< ^. 6)`cpadji`m,

sdiit`m Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m vdr f`r Furnjajrumo `go`m`r CDDNs sìbst `gm`m CDDN b`-

sunjt jeb`m. Fg`s`r @cpa`jiumo wurf` b`g f`r gmt`rvg`wt`m ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Orupp`

mgnjt vdiistmfgo R`njmumo o`treo`m. @gm`r f`r CDDN-Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m b`rgnjt`t` eu-

`rf`c fevdm, fess `r vdr @gmajrumo f`s CDDNs em f`r Jdnjsnjui` `gm` Pcareo` b`g

f`m ^tufg`r`mf`m o`stert`t jet, uc zu `rj`b`m, w`r CDDNs h`mmt bzw. fevdm o`jrt jet

umf w`r mgnjt. ^`gm Aezgt fevdm wer, fessCDDNs mgnjt s`jr b`hemmt sgmf eu`rjeib f`r

Jdnjsnjuisz`m`(B25). Fes b`sttgot eunj `gm` vdm f`r @PE (2;5>b< ^. 57) furnjoàjr-

t` Pcareo` umt`r 5?0 Jdnjsnjui`m eus >: Imf`rm gm @urdpe. 62% jeb`m mdnj mg` vdm

CDDNs o`jrt, ::% wdii`m c`jr b`r sg` i`rm`m umf 66% sgmf f`r C`gmumo, fess sg` gm

@urdpe vdremo`trg`b`m w`rf`m sdiit`m (sg`j` Ebbgifumo 52).

Ebbgifumo 52< Gmstgtutgdmìi`s B`wussts`gm umf Gmt`r`ss` em CDDNs (@PE, 2;5>< ^. 57)


44/84


- 66 -

6.>.> @rwertumo`m umf Emadrf`rumo`m em (zuhmatgo`) CDDNs

Fg` mnjst`m Areo`m zgìt`m mgnjt c`jr eua fg` p`rsmignj`m @raejrumo`m eb, sdmf`rm eua

fg` _umsnjvdrstìiumo`m f`r Bàreot`m. Gjr Adhus sdii sgnj gmsda`rm `rw`gt`rm, eis fess

sg` mgnjt c`jr mur sgnj sìbst, sdmf`rm fes oemz` Bgifumosw`s`m gc Bignh jeb`m. @s wgrfoàreot, wìnj` ^njw`rpumht` sg` b`gc Embg`t`m vdm CDDNs s`tz`m wrf`m, w`mm sg`

fg` Coignjh`gt jtt`m, ferb`r zu `mtsnj`gf`m. Fg`s` Areo` gst o`meu wg` fg` vdrj`ro`-

j`mf`m rìetgv umstruhturg`rt umf s`jr veo` adrcuig`rt. Fg` Bàreot`m sdii`m eunj gc Jgm-

bignh eua fes o`sect` Jdnjsnjuiw`s`m mdnj `gmcei fg` Coignjh`gt b`hdcc`m, gjr`

oemz p`rsmignj`m ^gnjtw`gs`m jgmsgnjtignj CDDNs zu ertghuig`r`m. Ar eii l`m`, fg` sgnj

mdnj mgnjt wgrhignj cgt CDDNs eus`gmemf`ro`s`tzt jeb`m, hmmt` fg` Areo` snjwg`rgo zu

bèmtwdrt`m s`gm. Gm `gm`c sdinj`m Aeii adiot femm fg` Menjareo`, wd fg` Bàreot`m gm f`r

I`jr` ^njw`rpumht` s`tz`m wrf`m. B`sdmf`rs I`rm`mf`m umf I`jr`mf`m wurf` fg`s`

Areo` o`stìit, uc gjr` C`gmumo zu `rj`b`m, db CDDNs ar b`stgcct` Anj`r b`vdrzuot

w`rf`m sdii`m. Pc Emtwdrt`m zu o`m`rg`r`m, drg`mtg`rt`m sgnj fg` Areo`m gc _`s`mtignj`m

eunj em `gm`c hdmhr`t`m Aeii zuc wgss`msnjeatignj`m Erb`gt`m.

Pc eu`rf`c fg` Hrgt`rg`m ar `gm`m b`feraso`r`njt`m CDDN `rj`b`m zu hmm`m, gst `s

mdtw`mfgo `gm`m Bignh eua f`m [rdz`ss f`r O`steitumo umf Furnjajrumo vdm CDDNs zu

w`ra`m. Fej`r wurf` gc \uo` f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m-Gmt`rvg`ws `gm` Areo` menj f`m [`r-

sdmeir`ssdurn`m b`g f`r Rèigsg`rumo `gm`s CDDNs o`stìit.

6.>.>.5 Ormf` ar fg` @gmajrumo vdm CDDNs


@gm w`s`mtignj`s Erouc`mt wer fg` Gmmdvetgdm. Cem cnjt` eis Jdnjsnjui` mgnjt o`rm` zurnh-bi`gb`m, w`mm sgnj mù` @mtwgnhiumo`m gc B`r`gnj f`r I`jr` `rsnjig``m. @gm w`gt`r`s Erouc`mtwer fes Jdnjsnjuicerh`tgmo sdwg` fes Gmt`r`ss` em f`r Pcs`tzumo umf Bòi`gtadrsnjumo.(B5:)


B`g ums ogbt `s fr`g Ormf`, weruc wgr CDDNs embg`t`m)


45/84


- 60 -


@rst`ms Adrsnjumosgmt`r`ss`, zw`gt`s @raejrumo`m umf B`st [rentgn`s seccìm umf frgtt`ms fg`@tebig`rumo zu `gm`c b`stgcct`m Vj`ce.

(B25)

6.>.>.2 [`rsdmeir`ssdurn`m


B`g ums wer`m f`r I`jr`mf`, fg` Jdnjsnjuii`gtumo, Ièrmgmo F`sgom`r/gmm`m umf [`rsdm`m eusf`c @-Ièrmgmo- umf Qgf`dprdfuhtgdmstèc `gmo`bumf`m. Gmso`sect wer`m wgr zwgsnj`m sg`b`mumf z`jm [`rsdm`m.(B5:)


Em `gm`c CDDN erb`gt`t `gm oemz`s Vèc.(B25)

Fes H`rmtèc jet sgnj b`g ums eus `gm`c Rògssùr, zw`g [`rsdm`m eus f`c A`rms`jstufgd, c`jr`-r`m Rà`r`mt/gmm`m umf zw`g w`gt`r`m [`rsdm`m zusecc`mo`s`tzt. Gmso`sect wer`m wgr zwgsnj`ms`njs umf enjt [`rsdm`m.(B5?)

_gr jeb`m ar fg` [rdfuhtgdm vdm CDDNs `gm`m [rdfuhtgdmscemeo`r, `gm`m C`fg`mt`njmgh`r,zw`g ^tufgdb`trù`r umf zw`g bgs s`njs Qgf`d`fgtdr`m. Femm jeb`m wgr mdnj Iùt`, fg` b`g f`rFet`m`rj`bumo umf -emeiysg`rumo ttgo sgmf, eisd Fetesng`mtgsts. \ustzignj fezu jeb`m wgr mdnj`gm` [`rsdm, fg` eis t`njmgsnj` Emspr`njp`rsdm ar fg` [iettadrc`m zustmfgo gst. Gm f`m mnjst`mCdmet`m `rjeit`m wgr mdnj `gm`m Gmstruntgdmei F`sgom`r, fecgt wgr mgnjt mur eua out prdfuzg`rt`Qgf`ds s`tz`m, sdmf`rm eunj b`gc Hursf`sgom c`jr Oes o`b`m hmm`m.(B2>)

6.>.>.> Emadrf`rumo`m em CDDNs


Fezu hdcct fg` Areo` f`r ^prenj`mumf Fgei`ht`. Gm wìnj`r ^prenj` prdfuzg`rt cem4 _g` w`gtsdii f`r CDDN r`gnj`m4 Hdcct cem o`mo`mf gm fg` Vgà` cgt f`r ar`cf`m ^prenj`4 Fes sgmfb`sdmf`rs sp`zgìi` Areo`m ar fg` ^njw`gz, w`gi wgr fes [rdbi`c f`r vg`r Iemf`ssprenj`m jeb`m.Bgsj`r wgrf fej`r vgì gm @moigsnj o`cenjt. _`mm cem CDDNs eb`r gm @moigsnj cenjt, stìit sgnjeunj fg` Areo`, w`m cem sdwdji b`g f`m I`jr`mf`m eis eunj I`rm`mf`m ebjdit umf w`m cem b`r-adrf`rt. Fg` ^njw`gz r Jdnjsnjui`m st`j`m jg`r vdr `gm`c ^prenj`mprdbi`c.(B57)


46/84


- 61 -

Fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m sgmf s`jr v`rwjmt vdcF`sgom, f.j. sg` c`ss`m vgì`s, wes eua sg` zuhdcct emb`wjrt`m [iettadrc`m. Fej`r breunjt `s eunj `gm` b`stgcct` F`sgomeaagmgtt. I`rm`mf` iess`msgnj mgnjt b`r _dnj`m ebsp`g`m, cgt snji`njt o`cenjt`mGmjeit`mumf snji`njt`c F`sgom.(B57)

B`g CDDNs sdiit` cem fereua enjt`m, fess fg` Uuìi`f`s Cet`rgeis umzw`gaìjeat gst umf fess `sr`mdccg`rt` Uuìi`m sgmf, b`sdmf`rs w`mm cem CDDNs mgnjt sìbst prdfuzg`rt, sdmf`rm vdmemf`r`m Jdnjsnjui`m gmb`zg`jt. Fg` _gss`msnjeatignjh`gtgst wgnjtgo.(B57)

Gnj s`j` `gm [rdbi`c gm f`r Bdidome Ràdrc. C`gm` ^tufg`r`mf`m jeb`m snjignjt umf `gmaenj mgnjtfg` \`gtumf Cu` b`r Cdmet` em CDDNs t`gizum`jc`m.(B57)


CDDNs css`m s`jr out fgfehtgsg`rt s`gm umf eunj ròìcgo eua f`m mù`st`m ^temfo`-brenjt w`rf`m.(B7)

_`mm cem `gm Bdidome-^tufguc gm Cgmf`stz`gt ebigà`rm wgii, wgrf `s hmepp sgnj zustzignj cgtCDDNs zu b`snjatgo`m.(B26)

@moigsnj gst gcc`r wg`f`r `gm Orumf umt`r ^tufg`r`mf`m, CDDNs mgnjt zu cenj`m. Fes gst `gmÈmadrf`rumo, fg` cem em ^tufg`r`mf` furnjeus stìi`m fera. Ar cgnj gst fes eunj `gm`r f`r or-t`m Qdrt`gi` vdm CDDNs, w`gi gnj l`f`rz`gt eua [eus` frnh`m hemm umf eua _ghgp`fge menj-snjeu`m hemm, w`mm gnj `gm _drt mgnjt w`g. Eua f`r Pmgv`rsgtt st`got cem eus umf sgtzt fe umfw`g mgnjt, wdruc `s o`jt.(B22)


_`mm cem cgt CDDNs ehtgv` [feodogh b`tr`gb`m cnjt`, wg` zuc B`gspgì Hi`gmorupp`merb`g-

t`m, breunjt cem stett `gm`c ord`c Eufgtdrguc c`jr`r` hi`gm` Ruc` umf stett `gm`c [rda`ssdr,5; Essgst`mt`m. _`mm cem mgnjt sd w`gt o`jt, sdmf`rm `gmaenj mur CDDNs gc ròuir`m Pmt`r-rgnjt `gms`tzt, breunjt `s `gm w`mgoAi`xgbgigtt gc Erremo`c`mtf`s I`rmeiiteos, f.j. emstett agxzu seo`m, `s css`m zw`g ^tumf`m Qdri`sumo umf zw`g ^tumf`m bumo s`gm, sdiit` cem ai`xgbi`rs`gm umf fg` Coignjh`gt bg`t`m f`m Pmt`rrgnjt uczustruhturg`r`m. B`gspgìw`gs` hmmt`m fg` I`r-m`mf`m zu Jeus` fg` Euaoeb`m cenj`m umf sgnj fg` Qgf`ds ems`j`m. Fg` Qdri`sumo hmmt` femmfezu fe s`gm, fg` Euaoeb`m furnjzuspr`nj`m umf sg` zu fgshutg`r`m.(B2>)

CDDNs sgmf aa`mtignj umf fej`r gst `gm Ndpyrgojtmdtw`mfgo.(B25)


47/84


- 6? -

Fet`msnjutzgst sd `gm` ênj`, fg` cem gcc`r `gmjeit`m cuss.(B5>)

6.>.>.6 Em`rh`mmumo


Fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m aumhtgdmg`r`m menj @NV^-[umht m. Fg`s` s`j` gnj eis Mdtw`mfgoh`gt uc ^tu-fg`r`mf` feu`rjeat gm fg` CDDN-Iemfsnjeat zu b`hdcc`m.(B57)


Ar@NV^-[umht ogit `go`mtignj gcc`r mdnj, fess cem em f`r Jdnjsnjui` `gmo snjrg`b`m gst umf

fg`[raumo gm [`rsdmb`st`jt.(B2>)


@gm CDDN st`jt umf aiit cgt f`rEmr`nj`mberh`gt. @s wr` s`jr wmsnj`msw rt, w`mm euswr-tgo` CDDNs emr`nj`mber wr`m. Fefurnj o`wgmm`m CDDNs eunj em Ettrehtgvgtt. Fg` Areo` gsteii`rfgmos, db CDDNs sgmmvdii gms Nurrgnuiuc gmo`bumf`mw`rf`m hmm`m umf wg` fg` Uueig-ttsgnj`ro`stìit wgrf.(B25)

Fg` ^njwg`rgoh`gt, fg` wgr b`g f`rEmr`njmumo vdm CDDNss`j`m, gst fg` iòei` r`njtignj` @gm-b`ttumo gm f`r Jdnjsnjui`. _gr jeb`m mcignj `gm Ròi`c`mt, fes ums vdrsnjr`gbt, wìnj` \`rtgag-het` cgt wìnj`m Vgtìm j`reusoò`b`m w`rf`m fra`m. Menjf`c b`g CDDNs orumfstzignj l`f`rcgtcenj`m hemm djm` vdrj`r `gm`m Pmgv`rsgttstgtì zu jeb`m, ogbt `s jg`r Reuc ar Mùfàgmgtgd-m`m.(B2>)

6.>.>.0 Aevdrgsg`rt` I`jrv`remsteitumo`m eis CDDNs


CDDNs bg`t`m sgnj ar s`jr ord` I`jrv`remsteitumo`m cgt c`jr`r`m jumf`rt Iùt`m em umf arI`jrv`remsteitumo`m, wd fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m mgnjt gm `gm`c êei [ietz jeb`m, wg` fes zuc B`gspgìdat b`g @gmajrumosvdri`sumo`m f`r Aeii gst.(B57)


48/84


- 6: -


^tetgstgh- df`r [rdoreccg`rhurs` sgmf prf`stgmg`rt ar CDDNs, eb`r eunj eu`rjeib fg`s`r hemmcem CDDNs embg`t`m. ^njwg`rgo`r stìi` gnj cgr I`jrv`remsteitumo`m vdr, fg` gms Fgshursgvò`j`m. Fe gst zu b`riò`m, db sgnj f`r C`jreuawemf fg`s`m Fgshurs dmigm` euazubeu`m r`mtg`rtumf fg` Dmigm`-Hdccumghetgdm gc Q`roi`gnj zur Aen`-td-Aen` Hdccumghetgdm mtzignj gst.(B22)

Ec c`gst`m ^gmm cenj`m CDDNs b`g @gmajrumosv remsteitumo`m, fg` fg` I`jr`mf`m o`meusdwg` fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m m`rv`m, w`gi sg` zuc jumf`rtst`m Cei o`cenjt w`rf`m df`r `gm` rìetgv cd-mdtdm` Qdri`sumosnjereht`rgstgh jeb`m.(B51)

Gnj agmf` CDDNs b`sdmf`rs eis \usetzemo`bdt zu `gm`r I`jrv`remsteitumo gmt`r`ssemt. Gnj hmmt`cgr zuc B`gspgì vdrstìi`m, cgnj gmjeitignj furnj `gm`m CDDN eua fg` I`jrv`remsteitumo gcQdrjgm`gm vdrzub`r`gt`m, vgìi`gnjt eunj B`gspgì` snjdm vdreb vdrzub`r`gt`m umf fg` I`jrv`rem-steitumo sìbst femm mur c`jr zu mutz`m, uc b`r fg` B`gspgì` zu fgshutg`r`m. ^dzuseo`m `gm`mAigpp`f Niessrddc Emsetz. F`m jeit` gnj ar b`sdmf`rs spemm`mf.(B5)


@s ogbt Or`mz`m vdm CDDNs umf zwer, w`mm `gm` I`jrv`remsteitumo ^`cgmernjereht`r jet, f`rFgshurs `mtsnj`gf`mf gst df`r `s uc fg` prehtgsnj` Emw`mfumo o`jt, wg` zuc B`gspgì b`g `gm`cHdccumghetgdmstregmgmo.

(B:)


Gnj f`mh`, fess CDDNs vdr eii`c gm f`r GV-Gmfustrg` Em`rh`mmumo agmf`m.(B25)

6.>.>.1 Ainj`mf`nh`mf` CDDNs - @gm B`gspgì


Gnj stìi` gcc`r wg`f`r a`st, fess vgì` c`gm`r ^tufg`r`mf`m bgs zuc Ebsnjiuss gjr`s ^tufgucsmgnjt oemz v`rstemf`m jeb`m, wdreua `s b`gc wgss`msnjeatignj`m Erb`gt`m emhdcct. _`mm `s jg`roìgmo`m wrf`, r`mdccg`rt` Jdnjsnjui`m bzw. r`mdccg`rt` [rda`ssdr`m zu o`wgmm`m, amf` gnjfes s`jr out. \wer cuss cem b`g CDDNs gcc`r b`f`mh`m, gmwg`w`gt sgnj fg` I`jr`mf`m fecgtsìbst ebsnjeaa`m, eb`r gm fg`s`c Aeii wrf` gnj fes Rgsghd `gmo`j`m umf `s s`jr snjtz`m, w`mmjg`r b`ror`ga`mf ^temferfs o`s`tzt w`rf`m. Gnj wrf` cgr eb`r wmsnj`m, fess eii` _gss`msnjea-t`m zuc \uo` hdcc`m umf mgnjt mur fg` _gss`msnjeat`m sgnj furnjs`tz`m, fg` vdm sgnj b`jeupt`m`xeht` _gss`msnjeat`m zu s`gm.(B57)


49/84


- 67 -

B`g `gm`r ainj`mf`nh`mf`m @gmajrumo vdm CDDNs o`jt fes `go`m` Bremfgmo f`r Jdnjsnjui`v`ridr`m. Fg` Jdnjsnjui`m jeb`m femm h`gm` Coignjh`gt`m c`jr, sgnj zu prdagig`r`m, w`gi femmeii` fes oi`gnj` Emo`bdt jeb`m. Qdr eii`c Jdnjsnjui`m cgt `gm`r out`m R`putetgdm w`rf`m fej`rem CDDNs `j`r mgnjt t`gim`jc`m.(B52)


Fes gst `gm` Areo` f`r Q`r`gmj`gtignjumo oò`mb`r f`r Fgv`rsgtt umf Eutdmdcg`. Gnj oieub` `shmmt`m fecgt vgì` R`ssdurn`m `gmo`spert w`rf`m, eb`r `s sdiit` mgnjt b`rtrg`b`m w`rf`m umffemm gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Reuc mur `gm`m CDDN zuc wgss`msnjeatignj`m Erb`gt`m o`b`m.Fgv`rsgtt gm f`m I`jrc`tjdf`m snjef`t mgnjt, w`gi fefurnj eunj s`jr vgì _gss`m gm Jdnjsnjui`m`mtst`jt umf o`sgnj`rt wgrf.(B22)

Gnj agmf` `gm` ainj`mf`nh`mf` @gmajrumo `gm`s CDDNs mgnjt sd out. @s gst zwer r`ssdurn`mt`nj-mgsnj gmt`r`ssemt, eb`r prdbi`cetgsnj, w`gi idhei` ^njw`rpumhts`tzumo`m fefurnj mgnjt c`jr co-ignj sgmf.(B5)


_`mm `s uc orumfiò`mf` Fgmo` umf tj`dr`tgsnj`s _gss`m o`jt, gst `gm ainj`mf`nh`mf`r CDDNout vdrstìiber. Fes w`s`mtignj ^njwg`rgo`r` umf eunj _gnjtgo`r` gst eii`rfgmos, fg`s`s _gss`meunj emw`mf`m zu hmm`m. Fezu bi`gbt `s mgnjt eus, gm hi`gm`r`m Orupp`m b`stgcct` Vj`c`m zu

bèrb`gt`m.(B2)


Gnj wrf` `gm` ainj`mf`nh`mf` I`jrv`remsteitumo sdadrt bàrwdrt`m, eb`r `s gst mgnjt s`jr rèigs-tgsnj, w`gi `s eunj `gm`m [ietz ar gmfgvgfuìi` Areo`m breunjt.(B22)


Ormf` ar fg` @gmajrumo vdm CDDNs

F`r Ordt`gi f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m sg`jt CDDNs vdrwgò`mf eis Cerh`tgmogmstruc`mt.

^dwdji, Q`remsteit`r/gmm`m, I`jr`mf` umf Bgifumosgmstgtutgdm`m o`b`m em, fess cgt

CDDNs fes \gì v`radiot wgrf, gjr` Jdnjsnjui` fecgt b`hemmt`r umf gmt`r`ssemt`r zu ce-

nj`m. Qdm vgì`m w`rf`m CDDNs eunj eis Adrsnjumosgmstruc`mt o`s`j`m.


50/84


- 0; -

[`rsdmeir`ssdurn`m

_g` eunj b`g f`r @rstìiumo umf B`trùumo vdm m`tzbesg`rt`m Hurs`m (Ryem `t ei., 2;;;8

Gmoigs `t ei.8 5777, Femgì, 5771) sdwg` gm w`gt`r`r Adio` f`c @-Ièrmgmo (Br`c`r, 2;;2)

gst eunj b`g f`r O`steitumo umf Furnjajrumo vdm CDDNs `gm` sterh` F`z`mtreigsg`rumo

umf Erb`gtst`giumo zu b`dbenjt`m. Fes o`sect` I`jr- umf I`rmcet`rgei wgrf mgnjt wg` gm

f`r hiessgsnj`m I`jr` furnj fg`/f`m Jdnjsnjuii`jr`mf`/m `rstìit, sdmf`rm `gm oemz`s

Vèc df`r sdoer c`jr`r` Gmstgtut` umf Ebt`giumo`m sgmf cgt f`r @rstìiumo vdm I`rmumt`r-

ieo`m, f`r B`trùumo vdm V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m, f`r @gmrgnjtumo f`r [iettadrc, f`r [rdfuhtgdm

vdm Qgf`ds umf emf`r`m gc \uo` f`r CDDN-O`steitumo umf -Furnjajrumo euatr`t`mf`m

Euaoeb`m b`snjatgot.

Emadrf`rumo`m em CDDNs

CDDNs hmm`m gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Reuc f`rz`gt mur em`rhemmt w`rf`m, w`mm f`r

CDDN vdm f`r Bgifumos`gmrgnjtumo emo`bdt`m wurf`, em f`r fg`/f`r V`gim`jc`r/gm `mt-

spr`nj`mf f`m l`w`gigo`m R`njtsorumfieo`m zuoìess`m wer sdwg` fg` I`gstumosb`rpr-

aumo sd `radiot, fess fg` Gf`mtgtt f`r ^tufg`r`mf`m zw`gaìsar`g menjo`prat wurf` (st`r-

r`gnjgsnj` Pmgv`rsgttshdma`r`mz, 2;56). M`b`m fg`s`c Esp`ht `roeb`m sgnj zusecc`m-

oàesst eus f`m Gmt`rvg`ws w`gt`r` [umht`, fg` ar f`m Hrgt`rg`mheteido zu bènjt`m sgmfe8 EN@, 2;5>). B`gspgìw`gs` ajrt fes

@A^ gm f`r ^njw`gz Fgshussgdm`m, wg` `gm` Emr`njmumo vdm CDDNs ar ròuir` ^tufg`m

coignj o`cenjt w`rf`m hemm (B2>).


51/84


- 05 -

Aevdrgsg`rt` I`jrv`remsteitumo`m eis CDDNs & ainj`mf`nh`mf` CDDNs

Fg` ort`m Menjt`gi` vdm CDDNs wurf`m gm f`m Gmt`rvg`wpesseo`m b`r`gts euao`z`got.

R`gm` CDDNs djm` [rs`mzt`rcgm` bg`t`m f`m ^tufg`r`mf`m zwer ortcoignj` Ai`xg-

bgigtt, v`riemo`m eb`r eunj `gm jdj`s Ce em ^ìbstfgszgpigm umf `gm` ^ìbsthddrfgmetgdm,

fg` o`ref` gm f`m Emaemoss`c`st`rm vdm gcc`r lmo`r`m ^tufg`r`mf`m gm `gm`c eusr`g-

nj`mf`m Ce mur sìt`m vdrjemf`m gst. Eunj `gm I`jr`mf`r b`snjr`gbt fg`s`s [rdbi`c

emjemf f`s o`brenjt`m B`gspgìs zu wgss`msnjeatignj`m Erb`gt`m< Fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m jeb`m

ec Emaemo f`s ^tufgucs [rdbi`c`, fes wgss`msnjeatignj` Erb`gt`m zu v`rst`j`m. F`r Qdrt`gi `gm`s

CDDNs jg`r wr`, fess cem fg` ^tufg`r`mf`m emjeit`m hmmt`, ec Emaemo f`s ^tufgucs, gm f`r

Cgtt` umf ec @mf` f`m CDDN zu ebsdivg`r`m. (B57) B`g `gm`r ainj`mf`nh`mf`m @gmaj-

rumo vdm CDDNs gm fg` Jdnjsnjuii`jr` hmmt` fg` Qgìaeit f`r I`jr` oàjrf`t w`rf`m

(JRH Jdnjsnjuihdma`r`mz, 2;56). \uf`c `mtaiit cgt f`c sdzgei`m Hdmteht `gm` Hdcpd-

m`mt`, fg` fes ^tufguc em `gm`r Jdnjsnjui` o`ref`zu euscenjt umf prot. F`r C`g-

mumoseusteusnj gc ^tufguc arf`rt gm `rj`bignj`c Ce` hdccumghetgv` umf sdzgei`

Hdcp`t`mz`m, fg` ar f`m w`gt`r`m _`rfòemo sdwdji gm b`ruaignj`r eis eunj gm sdzgei`r

Jgmsgnjt vdm `mtsnj`gf`mf`r B`fùtumo sgmf. \uf`c isst fes streaa` umf rìetgv sterr`

Nurrgnuiuc gc fùtsnjsprenjgo`m Jdnjsnjuireuc f`m I`jr`mf`m umf I`rm`mf`m mur

w`mgo Ar`gruc` umf `rsnjw`rt fg` ar`g` \`gt`gmt`giumo (Br`c`r umf Vjgiids`m, 2;5>< ^.

5?).

6.>.6 Gmarestruhturìi` Emadrf`rumo`mPc zu umt`rsunj`m, wìnj` gmarestruhturìi`m Emadrf`rumo`m eua fg` Jdnjsnjui`m gm Jgm-

bignh vdm CDDNs zuhdcc`m, wurf`m adio`mf` Areo`m o`stìit)


M`b`m f`r Fgfehtgh b``gmaiuss`m CDDNs eunj fg` GV-^truhtur `gm`r Jdnjsnjui`. Fg` Eus-

seo`m f`r ^teh`jdif`r/gmm`m wer`m gm fg`s`c [umht l`fdnj mgnjt s`jr eusseo`hratgo. @s

wurf` ordt`gis fg` C`gmumo v`rtr`t`m, fess fg` V`njmgh jùtzuteo` h`gm Jgmf`rmgs c`jr

ferstìit. Fg` V`njmdidog`m zur Furnjajrumo vdm CDDNs sgmf vdrjemf`m. Fezu zji`m

b`gspgìw`gs` I`rmpiettadrc`m, fg` fes Hurs- umf Gmjeitscemeo`c`mt umf fg` Hdccumg-

hetgdm sdwg` Hddp`retgdm zwgsnj`m f`m Hurst`gim`jc`r/gmm`m umf f`m I`jr`mf`m umt`r-

sttz`m umf bgsj`r dat gm CDDN-[iettadrc`m uco`wemfìt w`rf`m. Fg`s` I`rmcemeo`-

c`mtsyst`c` sgmf eb`r mgnjt fear eusoìòt, CDDNs emo`c`ss`m zu jdst`m (@bm`r,

Hdpp umf Fdra`r-Mdveh, 2;56< ^. 67). Jdnjsnjui`m css`m fej`r \`gt umf Oìf euaw`m-

f`m, uc gjr` `go`m`m CDDN-[iettadrc`m zu `mtwgnhìm umf zu b`tr`gb`m (@bm`r, Hdpp

umf Fdra`r-Mdveh, 2;56< ^. 67). M`b`m `gm`r CDDN-[iettadrc sgmf eunj Eutdr`mw`rh-

zùo` zur Euaz`gnjmumo vdm Qdrtro`m umf ^trècgmo-^`rv`r zur B`r`gtstìiumo f`r eua-

o`z`gnjm`t`m Qgf`ds f`r I`jr`mf`m (R`msgmo, 2;5>< ^. 2) ar CDDNs mdtw`mfgo.

Gc Oò`msetz zuc hiessgsnj`m @-Ièrmgmo css`m CDDN-[iettadrc`m eb`r ar `gm`

Qgìzeji vdm V`gim`jc`r/gmm`m oi`gnjz`gtgo zuomoignj s`gm. @mtoò`m f`c ec`rghemg-

snj`m Bgifumoscerht stìit f`r fùtsnjsprenjgo` emf`

Massive Open Online Courses an deutschsprachigen Hochschulen - Eine Analyse der Stakeholder/innen...

Documents

Transcript of Massive Open Online Courses an deutschsprachigen Hochschulen - Eine Analyse der Stakeholder/innen...