⌫chm-thai.onep.go.th/chm/gti/image/release/ONEP_2007_GTIoct01_pa… · ict ในแต...

รายงาน

การประชุม

การป

ระเมินค

วามต

องการทางอ

นุกรมวิธานระดับ

ชาติ

30

ความตองการที่มี มีการตั้ง Work Plan ไว 2 ชวง ชวงแรกคอื Need Assessment Survey ในการสำรวจกอนวาเราตองการอะไรบาง ในชวงที่ 2 มี work program ยอย 4 โปรแกรม คือ

Development of Information & CommunicationServicesHuman Resource Development (Training)Rehabilitation of Resources, andDevelopment and Application of NewTechnologies

งานในสวนของ Rehabilitation of Resourcesงานแรกที่ทำ คือ นำขอมูลที่อยูตามพิพิธภัณฑในตางประเทศกลับมาศึกษาในประเทศไทย (repatriation) แตไมนำตัวอยาง-กลับมา เพราะประเทศไทยยังไมมีความพรอมในการเก็บรักษา-ตัวอยางเหลานั้น

work program ทั้ง 4 โปรแกรมรวมตั้งงบประมาณไว9.5 ลานเหรียญ โครงการที่สามารถดำเนินการไดในตอนนี้ คือการสำรวจโรคพืช (plant pathogen) ที่ตองมาทำการสำรวจ-ในเรื่องนี้ เพราะไดพบผูเชี่ยวชาญดานการกักพืชของออสเตรเลียคือ มิสเตอรแกรม อีแวนส ภายใตโครงการ APPC มีโครงการ-เรือ่ง quarantine pest โดยเนนพวกศตัรพูชืมีดอก เพ่ือปองกนั-การแพรระบาดของโรคที่มากับพืชที่นำเขามา โครงการนี้เปนการ-สำรวจโรคพืชในประเทศ โดยทำเปนแบบสอบถาม ในเรื่อง-เคลื่อนยายโรคพืชผานเขตแดนตางๆ ภายใต InternationalPlant Protection Convention (IPPC) เมื่อรวบรวมขอมูลจากแบบสอบถามเรียบรอยแลว ก็สงให NECT ที่มีศูนยอยูที่ประเทศมาเลเซีย จากนั้นก็รวมกันพิจารณา เพ่ือดำเนินการตอไป

หนวยงาน National Coordination institute ที่เปน-หนวยงานสนบัสนนุ ASEANET ภายใตเจาหนาทีอ่าวโุสอาเซยีน-ดานสิ่งแวดลอม (ASEAN Senior Officials on theEnvironment : ASOEN) ไดแก มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร,จุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย, มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล, มหาวิทยาลัย-เชียงใหม, มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแกน, มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร,มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา, กรมวิชาการเกษตร, กรมปาไม และกรม-ประมง

⌫ –

รศ.ดร. บรรพต ณ ปอมเพชรผูอำนวยการศูนยวิจัยควบคุมศัตรูพืชโดยชีวินทรียแหงชาติ

ผูทรงคุณวุฒิในคณะอนุกรรมการอนุสัญญาวาดวยความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพ

ในคณะอนุกรรมการอนุสัญญาวาดวยความหลากหลาย-ทางชีวภาพ ผมไดชวยงานในสวนที่เกี่ยวของกับความปลอดภัย-ทางชีวภาพ (biosafety) มาตรา 8 g และเรื่องของชนิดพันธุ-ตางถิ่นที่รุกราน (alien invasive species) มาตรา 8 h ของอนุสัญญาวาดวยความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพ

ASEANET มโีครงการทีเ่รยีกวา BioNET Internationalซึ่งอยูภายใตโครงการการริเริ่มทั่วโลกดานอนุกรมวิธาน (GTI)ปจจุบันจะเนนดานอนุกรมวิธานของแมลง และเครือขายนี้จะขึ้นกับ CAP International ซึ่งเปนเครือขายใหญที่ดูแลเรื่อง-วิทยาศาสตรชีวภาพ และครอบคลุมความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพ

ในตอนเริ่มตั้งโครงการ BioNET International ขึ้นมามีเปาหมายเพื่อการนำขอมูลจากตัวอยางที่อยูตามพิพิธภัณฑใน-ตางประเทศกลับมาศึกษาที่ประเทศไทย โดยในขั้นแรก จะเริ่ม-จากแมลงเพราะมีการกลาวถึงบอยครั้งวา ถาอยากรูจักแมลงในประเทศไทยใหไปศึกษาไดที่พิพิธภัณฑที่ตางประเทศ เชนพิพิธภัณฑที่ประเทศญี่ปุน หรือ British Museum เพราะ-ประเทศไทยยังไมมี National History Museum ที่มี-ประสิทธิภาพเพียงพอ และแนนอนนี่เปนปญหาของการเก็บ-ตัวอยางชนิดอ่ืนๆ ดวย

ASEANET มีประเทศเขารวม 10 ประเทศ ไดแก บรูไนกัมพูชา อินโดนีเซีย ลาว มาเลเซีย เมียนมาร ฟลิปปนส สิงคโปรเวียดนาม และไทย

หนวยงานทีท่ำหนาทีป่ระสานงาน (National CoordinatingInstitute : NACI) มีโครงสรางที่ตั้งไว เรียกวา NECI ตั้งอยูที่ Malasian Agriculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute (MADI) โดยมี National Biodiversity ControlResearch Center (NBCRC) เปนสถาบันวิจัย ซึ่งทำงานรวมกันระหวางมหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร และสำนักงานคณะ-กรรมการวิจัยแหงชาติ

BioNET มเีอกสารเผยแพรทัว่โลก ถาสนใจอาจจะสมคัร-เปนสมาชิกได ไมเสียคาใชจายใดๆ ทั้งสิ้นโดยจะขอรับขาวสาร-ในรูปเอกสาร หรือผานทาง e–mail ก็ได

มกีารทำเอกสาร Three–Year Project Funding Proposalเพื่อใชของบประมาณสนับสนุนจาก BioNET–Internationalหรือที่อื่นๆ เพ่ือใหงานหรือโครงการที่จะดำเนินการเพียงพอกับ-

http://chm-thai.onep.go.th

รายงานการประชุม การประเมินความตองการทางอนุกรมวิธานระดับชาติ

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○31

NECI จัดทำแบบสอบถาม แลวสงไปตามหนวยงาน-ตางๆ ที่สังกัดกระทรวงเกษตรฯ รวมทั้งหมด 49 แหง ไดแกมหาวิทยาลัย 14 แหง หนวยงานราชการ 4 กรม สถาบันวิจัย2 แหง ผูเชี่ยวชาญเปนรายบุคคล 12 ทาน และหนวยงานรวม-ในสวนของศูนยวิจัยควบคุมศัตรูพืชโดยชีวินทรียแหงชาติ17 หนวยงาน แตไดรับคำตอบเพียง 7 แหง ดังนั้นจึงตองทำการสรุปความตองการจากหนวยงาน 7 แหงนี้ ซึ่งลวนแตมาจากสถาบันการศึกษา โดยตองการงบ 1.5 แสนเหรียญ คาอบรมบุคลากรและคาครุภัณฑตางๆ ยังไมไดรวมอยูในสวนนี้หลังจากนั้นก็ทำแบบสอบถามอีกฉบับโดย NECI ไปยัง 49หนวยงานหลักขางตน เพ่ือเก็บรวบรวมขอมูลเรื่องความพรอม-ของ International and Community Technology หรือ

ICT ในแตละประเทศทั้ง 10 ประเทศในอาเซียน แตไมมีหนวยงานใดตอบกลับมา และมีการทำแบบสอบถามเพื่อสำรวจ-จำนวนนักอนุกรมวิธาน (taxonomist) และนักอนุกรมวิธาน-สมทบ (parataxonomist) ในหนวยงาน 49 แหง ไดรับจาก-มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตร กำแพงแสน 1 แหง จากมหาวิทยาลัยขอนแกน 1 แหง และสถาบันวิจัยวิทยาศาสตรและเทคโนโลยี-แหงประเทศไทย รวมตอบกลับเพียง 3 แหงเทานั้น

จะเห็นไดวาการดำเนินงานตางๆ เหลานี้ มักไมไดรับ-ความรวมมือเทาที่ควร เพราะฉะน้ันกอนที่จะตอวารัฐบาลวาไมสนับสนุนงานดานนี้เทาที่ควร ควรพิจารณาดวยวาทานให-ความรวมมือในการปรับปรุงความตองการของนักอนุกรมวิธาน-ในทางหนวยงานของทาน หรือประเทศชาติของทานอยางไรบาง


รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

32

biodiversity–rich countries of the developing worldwhere sustainability is most crucial, that taxonomicknowledge is most needed and that taxonomicresources are particularly scarce. BioNET–INTERNATIONAL is a cost–effective and practicalmechanism for redressing this imbalance through thecreation of sub–regional networks in the developingworld, designed to pool and share existing taxonomicresources and then build additional taxonomiccapacity through North–South partnerships forinstitutional strengthening and human resourcedevelopment.

⌧ WHAT IS BioNET–INTERNATIONAL ?It is a global network of interlinked sub–regional

LOOPs (Locally Organised & Operated Partnerships)owned and operated by member countries. TheseLOOPs are dedicated to enabling developing countriesto become realistically self–reliant in the skills ofidentifying, and understanding the relationships ofthe living organisms which collectively constitutebiodiversity and the natural environment. It is anetwork of people and institution designed to enablethe pooling and sharing of existing taxonomicresources via South–South cooperation, and buildingfurther taxonomic capacity through institutionalstrengthening and human resource developmentprogrammes of North–South partnerships.

WHY IS THE GLOBAL NETWORK NEEDED ?Sustainable management and wise use of

biodiversity presupposes a sound knowledge of the

– ⌧WHAT IS TAXONOMY ?Taxonomy is that branch of science dedicated

to discovering, identifying, naming and classifyingorganisms (species) and understanding their relationshipsand is the foundation of all biological science. It allowsus to distinguish individual species from amongstthe millions with which we share this planet, andto understand their place, role and function withinliving systems. Taxonomy is all about identificationand recognition.

WHAT’S IN A NAME ?We use the name of a person to find information

about him or her in a directory. We use the nameof a building to find it on a map. Can you imaginetrying to find a person or a building without knowingthe correct name? Likewise, in science we use uniquenames for individual species and attach relevantinformation to these names including descriptionsof their shape, appearance, habits, habitats, beneficialqualities or pest status, and so…

THE NAME OF AN ORGANISM ISTHE KEY TO ALL THAT IS KNOWABOUT IT ...no name = no access to informationHaving the correct identification name gives

access to relevant and correct information, a wrongname leads to false and irrelevant information.

THE PROBLEM OF TAXONOMICIMBALANCEParadoxically, while developed countries

have substantial taxonomic resources, it is in the

⌧ ⌧ ⌧ ⌧ ⌧



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○33

identity and interrelationships of its constituentorganisms i.e. good and adequate taxonomiccapabilities. These are sadly lacking in most, if notall, developing countries where the need forsustainable management and use of biodiversity ismost urgent. The acquisition of necessary taxonomicservices from expert centres of the developed worldhas proved to be too costly and impractical on a sustainedbasis. The only cost–effective and practical solutionis for the developing countries to become realisticallyself–reliant in taxonomy through sub–regional LOOPs.These enable South–South cooperation, i.e. pooling andsharing of existing taxonomic skills, collections andrecords, and infrastructures followed by North–Southpartnerships for institutional strengthening and humanresource development.

WHERE IS THE GLOBAL NETWORKFOR TAXONOMY ?There are LOOPs in the Caribbean (CARINET),

East, West, and southern Africa (EAFRINET, WAFRINET,SAFRINET), South East Asia (ASEANET), SouthPacific (PACINET) and Europe (EuroLOOP) – a totalof 120 countries. Others are currently being developedin East Asia, West Asia, South Asia and the Andeansub–region. The Global Network is planned forcompletion by 2005.

– ⌧ BioNET–INTERNATIONAL…is a global response to a taxonomic crisis in

the developing world occasioned by the coincidentalwithdrawal of free biosystematic services formerlyavailable to developing countries at the expert centresof the developed world and the dramatic increasein the need for taxonomic services following the EarthSummit of Rio in 1992;

AND ITS PURPOSE IS TO…pool, share and optimise the use of existing

taxonomic resources in the various sub–regions ofthe developing world through Technical CooperationNetworks known as LOOPs for SOUTH–SOUTHcooperation;

AND THEN...enable the transfer of taxonomic information,

skills and expertise and new technologies from theexpert centres of the developed world to the relevantinstitutions in the LOOPs through donor–fundedprogrammes for institutional strengthening andhuman resource development i.e. NORTH–SOUTHcooperation;

TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE USEOF THE ENVIRONMENT ANDBIODIVERSITY…through inventorying, monitoring and wise

management of ecosystems and habitats, restorativeenvironmental programmes, prevention of pollution,bioprospecting and development of green products,and equitable sharing of benefits in accordance withthe requirements of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity.

SUSTAINABLE HEALTH ANDWEALTH OF HUMANKINDproviding the basis for sustainable livelihoods,

especially in rural communities, eradication of povertyand disease and promotion of equitable access toresources and opportunities.

⌧ CARINETCaribbean LOOP (24 countries of CARIFORUM).

Since 1993Including ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA, BAHAMAS,

BARBADOS, BELIZE, DOMINICA, DOMINICANREPUBLIC, GRENADA, GUYANA, HAITI, JAMAICA,MONTSERRAT, ST. KITTS AND NEVIS, ST. LUCIA,ST.VINCENT AND GRENADINES, SURINAM, TRINIDADAND TOBAGO

SAFRINETSouthern Africa LOOP (15 countries of SADC).

Since 1995ANGOLA, BOTSWANA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

OF CONGO, LESOTHO, MADAGASCAR, MALAWI,MAURITIUS, MOZAMBIQUE, NAMIBIA, SEYCHELLES,SOUTH AFRICA, SWAZILAND, TANZANIA, ZAMBIA,ZIMBABWE


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

34

PACINETSouth Pacific LOOP (26 countries of South

Pacific Commission). Since 1996AMERICAN SAMOA, AUSTRALIA, COOK

ISLANDS, FED.STATES OF MICRONESIA, FIJI,FRENCH POLYNESIA, GUAM, KIRIBATI, MARIANASISLANDS, MARSHALL ISLANDS, NAURU, NEWCALEDONIA, NEW ZEALAND, NIUE, PALAU, PAPUANEW GUINEA, PITCAIRN ISLANDS, SOLOMANISLANDS, TOKELAU, TONGA, TUVALU, USA,VANUATU, WALLIS ET FUTUNA, WESTERN SAMOA

ASEANETSouth East Asia LOOP (10 countries of

ASEAN). Since 1996BRUNEI–DARUSSALAM, CAMBODIA, INDONESIA,

LAOS, MALAYSIA, MYANMAR, PHILIPPINES,SINGAPORE, THAILAND, VIETNAM

WAFRINETWest Africa LOOP (11 countries of CILSS + 7

other countries). Since 1996BENIN, BURKINA FASO, CAMEROUN, CAPE

VERDE, CHAD, COTE D’IVOIRE, GAMBIA, GHANA,GUINEA, GUINEA–BISSAU, LIBERIA, MALI, MAURITANIA,NIGER, NIGERIA, SENEGAL, SIERRA LEONE, TOGO

EAFRINETEast Africa LOOP (6 countries). Since 1996ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, KENYA, TANZANIA,

UGANDA, ZANZIBAREuroLOOPA Technical Support Consortium of 80

institutions in 24 European countries. Since 1994BELGIUM, BULGARIA, CROATIA, DENMARK,

ENGLAND, FINLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, HUNGARY,IRELAND, ITALY, LITHUANIA, THE NETHERLANDS,NORWAY, POLAND, PORTUGAL, RUSSIA, SCOTLAND,SLOVENIA, SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, UKRAINE,WALES



35

Biosystematic studies and investigations are

considered very basic and fundamental in biologicalscience worldwide. In most developing countrieswhere applied science ranks high on the prioritylist, biosystematics is obscure and can hardly findits niche in any national development program. Itremains an “individual” or “personal” interest andenthusiasm of biological scientists. Most biosystematicswork in Thailand in the past and even up till nowhave been mainly carried out by foreign taxonomistswith or without national counterparts. As a result,most “types” and specimens were deposited andcurated in natural history collections and museumsoutside of the country, rendering them inaccessibleto local workers to pursue further biosystematicstudies.

With few exceptions and wherever available,collections of a number of taxonomic groups are widelyscattered and kept by individuals as personalizedcollections or deposited in the departments concernedin various universities, government departments andresearch institutes, with or without proper curtaionand maintenance. Since these collections are moreor less specialized in their nature, there have beenno serious attempts up till now to keep or coordinatethem under an acceptable national authority such asa natural history museum or a national biosystematicscenter. Taxonomists themselves are also in no betterposition than their respective collections. No directoryof various taxonomic expertise and competence isavailable in the country. As a result, taxonomicspecialists and their fields of specialization remain“undescribed” and “unknown” to biosystematicsenthusiasts.

In Thailand, biosystematics is considered a

basic science and only a handful of biologicalsystematicists are actively involved. Collections ofvarious taxonomic groups are also widely scatteredin various institutions, public and private, as thereis no biosystematics centre nor natural historymuseum in the country which serves as a clearinghouse. Characteristic of most of these collectionsare substandard physical and technical facilities,poor curation and maintenance, shortage ofwell–trained taxonomists and curators, inadequatesupport, and lack of recognition and appreciationby policy makers. There exists an urgent need inthe country to upgrade and strengthen biosystematicswith a strong and long–term national program tohelp serve as a focal point for future coordinationand development. Linkages and networking ofbiosystematic collections within the country andoutside in the region for necessary and relevantcollaboration could be one of the mechanisms to helpstrengthen and sustain biosystematic studies inThailand and the region as a whole. With worldwideconcern on biological diversity, the importance ofbiosystematics has become so obvious and thereexists an immediate need to help develop andstrengthen biosystematics investigations withineach respective country in a particular geographicalregion, especially Southeast Asia which is one ofthe important centres of biological diversity andcentres of origin for several plant and animalspecies.

Banpot Napompeth

National Biological Control Research Centre (NBCRC)Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

36

Livestock as one of the main sources ofprotein in a protein–deficient country like Thailandhas been subject to poor health and ridden by anumber of diseases and several parasitic infections.The causative agents of these ailments have beensporadically studied to arrive at temporary remedialmeasures. Their vectors, alternative and intermediatehosts, and mechanism of transmission are yet tobe thoroughly investigated. Taxonomic studies ofthe parasites and vectors associated with livestockand their wild or undomesticated relatives areessential. Of an equal importance is the systematicstudy of various endo– and ectoparasites transmissibleto human beings.

Of no less importance are our fragile aquaticecosystems. They are rich in aquatic resourcesbut highly susceptible to pollution from increasingurbanization and industrialization. Biosystematicknowledge on both aquatic fauna and flora is stillrelatively limited in Thailand. Such limitation is notconfined only to freshwater ecosystems, but extendsto the brackish water, estuarine as well as thecoastal and marine ecosystems. Pollution from bothrural and urban environments is most likely to endup in the aquatic ecosystems leading to geneticerosion and biodiversity loss in these environments.Overfishing, in violation of the regulations, hastremendously affected aquatic species composition,presumably to an unreasonable extent. This is oneof the areas where biosystematic knowledge ofaquatic fauna and flora could serve as a benchmarkreference to monitor and reveal any biological andeconomic loss or gain with respect to our aquaticecosystems and resources.

Widespread deforestation during the past fewdecades in Thailand may have caused extensivegenetic erosion, unnoticed and beyond a recognizableextent, due essentially to the lack or inadequateknowledge of the biosystematics of tree vegetationand/or plants of economic and medicinal importance.The vanishing forests have to be replanted or replacedby new plantations to slow down and prevent theprocess of desertification. A syndrome referred toas “forest decline” is also being witnessed almostworldwide. The multipurpose tree species (MPTS)are also being investigated, utilized and incorporated

Since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil in 1992, followed by the ratification of theConvention on Biological Diversity, and a globalconcern on the conservation and sustainable useof biodiversity and its impacts, biosystematics hasbecome a key issue and once more recognized asan important tool, basic and fundamental tosustainable agricultural development and the likes.The lack or inadequacy of competence and expertisein biosystematics, which is characteristic of andintrinsic to developing countries, will certainlyhamper any future development anticipated fromour precious biodiversity resources and reserves.

The objective of this country report is toprovide a general overview of biosystematics andits shortfalls in Thailand. No attempt will be madeon an exhaustive review of literature or facilities.It is meant to expose the biosystematics situationas to how important it will be in terms of biodiversityresources and reserves and, at the same time, hownegligible and overlooked it has been in the countryand its needs for future development.

IN AGRICULTUREIn crop protection, although knowledge on

most key insect pests are known, knowledge onthe taxonomy of less known occasional and potentialsecondary pests is still inadequate. With worldwideacceptance of the concepts of pest managementwhere the use of naturally–occurring mortalityfactors must be maximized, knowledge of beneficialorganisms especially parasites, predators andpathogens associated with respective key insectpests is poorly known or hardly investigated to beof substantial use. Without minimum knowledgeand capability to identify all organisms and theirrelationship within a particular agroecosystem, bothpestiferous and beneficial, the implementation ofany integrated pest management (IPM) program ismost likely to end up being an “integrated” pesticidemismanagement program, as is now commonlywitnessed not only in developing countries buteverywhere in developed countries as well.



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○37

NBCRC at Kasetsart University providesidentification services for insect parasites andpredators for biological control workers withinThailand and occasionally for researchers fromneighboring countries in Southeast Asia.

As far as biosystematic studies in Thailand

are concerned, the country is in desperate needfor all forms of support: physical in terms of basicinfrastructure and physical facilities; personnel interms of experts, consultants, specialists as well astechnicians; and technical as well as technologicalin terms of database, reference materials, pertinentliterature, electronic supporting services, etc. And,as a member of the Southeast Asian region, atechnical cooperation network in the region isnecessary for future upgrading and collaborationwork in biosystematics.

Biosystematic work in Thailand had a very

weak start right from the beginning. Most taxonomicwork on Thai fauna and flora, in the past and tillnow, have been in the hands of foreign collectorsand taxonomists working within and outside of thecountry. With no due recognition to local taxonomists,no matter how scarce they may be, biosystematicswork in the country is dwindling due to lack ofsupport, research grants and interest of variousfunding agencies. There exists an overdue andurgent need to provide reasonable and adequatesupport to strengthen biosystematics work towarda direction to establish a coordinating nationalprogram in the country. It will be through thismechanism that such a national establishment canserve as a national contact or focal point in termsof linkages or networking with other institutionsdealing with biosystematics within and outside ofthe country in the region. The ultimate goal shouldbe the support, promotion and strengthening ofbiosystematics in the country as well as in theregion in a cooperative and collaborative manner.

into various community forestry programs with andwithout controversy and differing perception. Suchprograms, although implemented with commendableintention, may induce unexpected outcomes suchas disseminating plant and tree diseases, makingecosystems prone to sudden disease and insect pestoutbreaks. The widespread invasion of the leucaenapsyllid in Asia and the Pacific during the mid–1980suntil the early 1990s, and now devastating in Africa,could be a classical example of an unintendedoutcome of promoting leucaenas as the MPTS invarious forestry programs. This again emphasizesthe importance of biosystematics in forestry.

IN BIOTECHNOLOGYAs the science of genetics advances from

the Mendelian approach toward molecular geneticsand recombinant DNA technology or geneticengineering, biotechnology as a tool to develop andincrease agricultural productivity becomes a keyissue of global concern in terms of biosafety.Transgenic plants are being developed for field trialsand commercialization. In Thailand, transgenictomato, papaya and cotton are being developed inthe laboratory and transgenic tomato and Bt–cottonhave been field tested. The next field test of Btcorn has been approved. The risks involved in fieldreleases of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)within or outside its center of origin and diversityrequire a thorough knowledge on biosystematicsof the transgenic organisms as well as their closeand distant relatives in order to ascertain theirbiosafety and anticipated risks.

Identification services are also limited andare mainly done by comparison with identifiedspecimens. Under most situations, the specimensare sent out to overseas museums or authoritiesfor identification and in some cases are at a cost.At times, the specimens borrowed or sent foridentification “disappear” together with the foreignexperts. The Department of Agriculture and KasetsartUniversity provide identification services for insects,both general and those of economic importance.


รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

38

The programs in taxonomy and biosystematicsproposed here are therefore vital to meeting nationalobjectives for sustainable development and theimplementation and fulfillment of country obligationsunder the Convention On Biological Diversity(CBD) in the ten ASEAN member countries. Newtaxonomic tools and vastly improved access totaxonomic and biodiversity information are requiredto realistically address such relevant issues as foodsecurity and sustainable use of genetic resources,pest and disease management and quarantineservices, conservation of natural resources andecosystem management, as well as the alleviationof poverty through support for sustainable livelihoods.

Implementation of South–South cooperationwithin ASEANET enjoys a good headstart with theclose intercountry ties forged through the parentASEAN network itself. Startup activities of ASEANETwhich have been initiated, with support primarily fromthe Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation(SDC), are implemented through collaboration betweenappointed National Coordinating Institutes withexisting personnel and infrastructural support.Effective channels of communication betweenmember nations, including an ASEANET website,have been established. Critical areas in taxonomydeserving priority support have been identified andaction has been taken to address these throughtraining. To move forward in our quest to achieverealistic self–reliance, ASEANET is seeking donorpartners to:

further develop South–South cooperationin sustainable development in ASEAN, throughconsolidation of available regional taxonomic resourcesand harnessing these more effectively, and

ASEANET is the South East Asian LOOP of

BioNET–INTERNATIONAL, a Technical CooperationNetwork for sustainable development throughcapacity–building in taxonomy. ASEANET wasestablished after formal endorsement at the NinthASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on the Environment(ASOEN) in Singapore in September 1998. All tennations of ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia,Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,Thailand and Vietnam) are participating membersof the Network.

ASEANET is committed to achieve realisticself–reliance in taxonomy and biosystematics forits member countries through sharing of resourcesand the reciprocal provision of expertise andservices in taxonomy. This will be achieved throughpooling existing sub–regional skills, knowledge andresources (South– South cooperation), and capacitybuilding through the transfer of information andtechnology and human resource development(North–South cooperation).

Global economic damage by pests anddisease to agricultural and a horticultural crop hasbeen estimated to total no less than a hundredbillion dollars. The strategies available to limit thiscrop loss demands quick and reliable correctidentification of the pests and pathogen involved.The ecologically, economically, and socially soundintegrated pest management (IPM) approachadditionally requires information on the biologyand geographical distribution of these causalagents, as well as their interactions with otherspecies in the ecosystem. In all these, taxonomyand biosystematics are crucial to the correctidentification of these species; and their own naturalenemies as well where biological control is a feasibleapproach to their management.

– ⌧

– –



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○39

support North–South collaborative effortsin institutional strengthening and appropriate humanresource development towards sustainable taxonomiccapacities in the region.

At the ASEANET First LOOP CoordinatingCommittee (LCC) Meeting in December 1999,members were unanimous that a comprehensiveNeeds Assessment Survey be undertaken to providethe necessary details on the specific but differentsituations and needs of member countries prior tothe implementation of the proposed work programs.This effort is now considered a pre–requisite firstphase, providing important information for theimplementation of the four work programs whichfollow. Collectively, the whole program will beintegrated into an ASEAN taxonomic initiative,incorporating a Needs Assessment Survey whichessentially is the first phase, and a second phaseconsisting of the four work programs of:

Development of Information &Communication ServicesHuman Resource Development (Training)

Rehabilitation of Resources, andDevelopment and Application of NewTechnologies

The Network Coordinating Institute’s (NECI)secretariat, which supports network activities andacts as the link to the Technical Secretariat ofBioNET–INTERNATIONAL, will serve as the centerfrom which the proposed donor–funded programswill be managed.

ASEANET WORK PROGRAMSSummary of Costs

Needs Assessment Survey ....USD 110,000Development of Information& Communication Services ..... 2,042,500Human Resource Development/Training ......................................... 3,391,000Rehabilitation of Resources ..... 2,305,000Development and Applicationof New Technologies ................. 1,600,000

TOTAL .........................................USD 9,448,500

One significant conclusion arising from the

deliberations at the First LOOP CoordinatingCommittee (LCC) Meeting held in Kuala Lumpurin December 1999 was the need for a comprehensiveneeds assessment exercise to be conducted acrossall member nations of the LOOP. It was felt thatthis exercise would yield important information onthe status of taxonomic activities and facilitieswithin member countries, current support enjoyedand the extent and nature of assistance requiredto develop realistic self–reliance over a definedperiod of time.

The current LOOP structure is such that

success of this regional taxonomic initiative hinges

upon effective collaboration and cooperation, firstlybetween participating National Institutions (NIs) andthe National Coordination Institute (NACI) withineach country, and secondly between NACIs ofmember countries facilitated through the NetworkCoordinating Institute (NECI). Within such anetwork, where sharing is the pivotal concept, itis vital to identify existing and complementingresources from which to build upon. The fourplanned work programs, covering the establishmentof an effective information and communication network,the training of taxonomists and para–taxonomists,the rehabilitation of existing resources and theintroduction of new technologies as an integral partof capacity–building, depend very much on whatthe network has, what problems it faces, and whichspecific areas can and should be built upon as amatter of priority.


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

40

OBJECTIVESTo conduct a network–wide survey to gather

comprehensive information with respect to thestatus of institutional capacities and practices intaxonomy and identification, collection management,data handling and information management,including infrastructural and human resources;

To assess the existing level of taxonomicsupport available to national sustainable developmentinitiatives and the areas of critical need;

To determine the needs of NIs and NACIsto achieve realistic self–reliance as envisaged foran operational network in taxonomy.

SCOPE & PROJECT ACTIVITIESIt is proposed that the whole exercise be

made up of :Design and implementation of a

questionnaire survey to be undertaken by NACIswith strategic support from NECI. Planning of thesurvey and the questionnaire design will draw uponthe experience of other LOOPs within BioNET, theinteractions between NACIs and the NIs, andpreliminary information offered in the country reports.

Based on the results of the above survey,an assessment team, drawing upon the variousdisciplines and expertise of team members, will beassembled to process the information gathered. Ifnecessary, the team shall visit major NIs and NACIs,to verify salient findings necessary to the developmentof a set of recommendations and a strategic plan.

The development of a document whichis expected to constitute the master plan withspecific details aiding implementation of the fourwork programs upon securing funding support.

COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCINGPLAN

Survey questionnairepreparation .................................. USD 5,000Country NI survey andreport (10 member countries@ USD 6,000) .................................... 60,000Assessment team visits(optional) ..............................................20,000Assessment team finalmeeting ................................................15,000Preparation of report ...................... 10,000

TOTAL ............................................ USD 110,000

The ASEAN region has some of the richest

and yet most threatened biodiversity on this planet.For example, Indonesia is ranked as one of the topfive countries in the world for biological richnessand contains more than 15 percent of all vertebratespecies. The marine areas of the region are therichest in the world. About 500 million people livewithin the nations of ASEAN, who rely on thisbiodiversity in their daily lives. Less obvious is the

contribution of this biodiversity to sustainableforestry and agriculture, and of natural ecosystemsto the economy through environmental considerations.The immense value of microbial resources to theeconomy is often underestimated and the protectionof these resources within ASEAN remains poor andunaddressed.

Central to the conservation and sustainableuse of this biodiversity is the availability of adequatehuman resource and relevant scientific tools for thispurpose. Systematic biology, or biosysmatics, togetherwith its attendant technologies, provide the basictools to inventory and catalogue this biodiversity,to afford ready access to existing biological information,and to generate, organize and disseminate newinformation crucial to the sustainable use of theseresources for national and societal development.



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○41

At the South East Asian Biosystematics

Network Formulation Workshop held in KualaLumpur, Malaysia from 15 to 17th August 1996,representative from ASEAN nations resolved that :

there is a dearth of information andreference materials throughout the relevant institutionsof the Network needed for taxonomic support,including monographs, taxonomic keys and otheridentification aids, related serials and journals ontaxonomy; species diversity and distributioninformation, and quarantinable pests lists;

new and improved products such aselectronic databases, compendia, taxonomic keysand other aids, etc are not yet readily available inthe Region; largely due to the relatively slow paceof development of information and communicationtechnologies (ICTs); and

there is a need to update, expand andsustain reference resources of designated centersof excellence of the ASEANET LOOP;

To address these weaknesses, the applicationof ICTs within the LOOP is expected to expediteinter–center networking, improving intra– and inter–country linkages for value–added utilization ofexisting and newly acquired information resources,as well facilitate improved access to the ever–expanding global taxonomic information resource.A regional approach is ideally suited to addressthe issues here, simply because biodiversity relatedmatters do not end at national boundaries.Additionally, the concepts of sharing, pooling ofresources and information are especially applicablewhen it considering biodiversity in relation tosustainable development, in which ASEAN, as acommunity of nhations, share similar interests

OBJECTIVESThe overall objective is to improve accessibility

of taxonomists and para–taxonomists within LOOPnations to essential taxonomic aids and facilitatethe use of the new ICTs for the enhancement andsustained development of taxonomic capabilitieswithin the region.

The following specific objectives and actionsare anticipated:

promote the formation of a regionalnetwork of institutional intra– ASEAN links applyingnew ICTs for effective communication and informationand resource sharing in biosystematics and taxonomyfor sustainable development;

foster collaborative partnerships in a newspirit of self–reliance using new technologies toaddress taxonomic issues of mutual concern:

identify and overcome critical gaps ininformation and communication infrastructure whichimpede taxonomic capacity in the region;

establish and maintain an appropriateinformation resource and data base referral systemwhich links national institutions in relation totaxonomy of arthropods, microbes and nematodes;

assist national institutions in organizingand analyzing existing taxonomic information forvalue–added applications in research, developmentand management of natural resources with sustainabledevelopment objectives.

establish and activate appropriatemechanisms for the repatriation, form establishedcenters, taxonomic information deemed necessaryfor the development of local information resources

SCOPEThe work requiring assistance can be divided

into a number of categories: a) an assessmentphase, b) coordination and monitoring of activities,c) training, d) provision of hardware and software,and e) establishment of networking. Assessmentwill identify the gaps between the defined needsand the current status, with the aim to makerecommendations on specific actions and directionsto address them. The coordination of the projectwill require prioritization and delegation of tasks,organization of training and co–ordination andmonitoring of development activities within theprogram. The training elements will comprise theefforts to develop the human resource at NACIsand participating National Institutions (NIs) to carryout the tasks assigned and to sustain theseactvities. Capacity building is achieved through theprovision of hardware and software to upgradeexisting facilities. The expertise developed, togetherwith the attendant upgrading of facilities and


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

42

technologies, will be networked into an integralfeature of the ASEANET LOOP.

PROJECT ACTIVITIESTo compile a status assessment update

on ICT and other reference information facilitiesof member nations of the LOOP;

The update will form the basis for theimplementation of this work program. Informationgathered on institutional practices and capacitiesin identification, collection management, datahandling and information management systems willassist in the work programs which follow.

To establish minimum standard referenceresources and ICTs for each NACI and centralfacilities for NECI;

It is expected that the survey study will bringto light the various levels of development oftaxonomic facilities and ICT support. An importantnext step in the process would be to establishrequirements to bring participating national institutionsto equivalent levels through their own NACI.

To establish and effectualize a pracicalcommunication network between NACIs and NECI;

One approach to establish a “practical”communication network could be the developmentof facilities for Web–based access and exchangeof taxonomic information, resource and evenexpertise. The suitability of this as a solution willhave to be determined or other approachesconsidered. Protocols for data–sharing will be animportant consideration here as well.

To recommend and set up standardizeddatabase and other necessary information storageand retrieval systems for effective shared utilizationof available information and to encourage jointdevelopment of new information bases.

Existing records kept in conventionallogbooks, card systems or organized with the aidof different softwares will have to be studied whichthe objective of the adoption of common formatsto surmount problems of inter–operability and migrationof data. This is important to the establishment ofdata and information management systems forsharing and common access. Several softwarepackages are already available in the market andwill be considered.

To establish a regional branch of theUNESCO Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification(ETI)

An important taxonomic communication toolthat can be implemented in the short term is theestablishment of a regional branch of the UNESCOExpert Center for Taxonomic identification (ETI).ETI has developed softwares for taxonomic databasesand identification in the public domain, already inuse as standard software by more than a thousandtaxonomic experts and users worldwide. Theestablishment of a regional ETI center will serveas the regional node for advanced equipment andexpertise, and operate as a helpdesk and trainingfacility for institutions and individuals alike. It isenvisaged that the ETI branch will be located withinan organization with appropriate infrastructure andbuild upon the communication network proposed.

IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTSThe project will be implemented by a Working

Group, set up to oversee project implementation,with co–ordination assistance form NECI and itsSecretariat. The involvement of NACI representativeswill be crucial in the identification of target nationalinstitutions (NIs) and their needs, and in theimplementation of country activities under theproject to optimize and strengthen resources.

Database and ICT experts will be amongthose required to assist in the identification ofspecific needs and the establishment of a practicalcommunication network.

COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCINGPLANEstablishment of MinimumReference Resource

Standard references andtextbooks for NACIs and NIs: .....500,000Taxonomy Monographsto supplement existingNACI & NI resources: ....................500,000Publication of Informationon Taxa of LocalImportance, Diversity/Quarantine Checklists ....................400,000

TOTAL ......................................... US$ 1,400,000



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○43

Establishment of CommunicationNetwork

Computer hardware includingnetwork capabilities .......................150,000System maintenance@ 5% of cost ........................................7,500Insurance @ 10% of cost ................15,000Consultancy and training ................60,000

TOTAL ............................................. US$ 232,500Establishment and Development ofDatabases

Acquisition of software packagesfor user database generation:11 sets x US$20,000........................220,000Interactive DigitalTaxonomic Aids:11 packages x US$10,000 ..............110,000Consultancy & training ...................80,000

TOTAL ............................................. US$ 410,000Estimated TotalProgram Cost ................... US$ 2,042,500PROJECT BENEFITS AND RISKSThe success of the project will hinge largely

on the development and effectiveness of eachcountry’s NACI to harness cooperation with NationalInstitutions (NIS) and between them. The birth ofthe information network will be crucial to theeffective implementation of most of the other workprograms planned for the ASEANET, and in somecases, should precede them. Networking will becomplicated by challenges of language differencesand the unequal status of national development inthe project areas.

Successful implementation of the project willsee the development of a practical functional networkon biosystematics and taxonomy, especially withrespect to information access and flow, where membernations will benefit from improved communicationlinkages to exchange and share information andexpertise. This will facilitate an atmosphere thatwill encourage research and development in areasrelating to taxonomy, generating new technologiesand products tailor–made for the region. These

are necessary for improved decision–making andimplementation of policies to support biodiversityand sustainable development obligations under theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in the tenASEAN nations.

The Darwin Declaration specifically recognizes

the existence of a “taxonomic impediment” tothe advancement of biodiversity management.Biosystematics, the science dedicated to theidentification and classification of organisms is thefoundation on which all other biological sciencesare dependent. The ASEAN region has some ofthe richest and yet most threatened biodiversityon this planet. Over 470 million people live withinthe nations of ASEAN, who rely on this biodiversityin their daily lives. Less obvious is the contributionof this biodiversity to sustainable forestry andagriculture, and of natural ecosystems to the economythrough environmental considerations. Central to theconservation of this biodiversity and its sustainableuse is the availability of adequate human resourceand relevant scientific tools for this purpose.

At the South East Asian Biosystematics

Network Formulation Workshop held in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia from 15 to 17th August 1996, representativesfrom ASEAN nations noted with concern thedwindling numbers of trained or practising taxonomistsin the region. The lack of relevant courses at graduateand postgraduate levels offered at institutions ofhigher learning within the ASEAN region isrecognized as an important factor hampering anyeffort to correct the situation. In addition, theavailability of short training courses within theregion will go a long way towards updating skillsamong taxonomists and para–taxonomists, withoutthe usual exorbitant cost of training abroad.


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

44

OBJECTIVESThe overall objective is to improve accessibility

of taxonomists and para–taxonomists within LOOPnations to taxonomic training at realistic costs.

A second more specific objective is tofacilitate a “multiplier” or “cascading” mechanismfor transfer of new knowledge and skills throughNorth – South technology transfer in the form ofregionally–organized and conducted courses.

SCOPEThe project will cover:

the development of a curriculum for formaltaxonomy courses at Diploma and Masters levelsfor implementation at one or more institutions ofhigher learning within the ASEAN region;

the planning and organization of short–termtraining, through both South–South and North–Southcooperation, on topics in taxonomy and biosystematicsof regional importance; and

the drawing up of schedules for humanresource development through both formal andinformal training to achieve realistic capacity buildingat National Institutions (NIs) within the LOOP, andtheir implementation.

PROJECT ACTIVITIESFollowing discussions at the ASEANET

Formulation Workshop in 1996, the Universiti SabahMalaysia has proceeded to formulate a curriculumfor a formal course on Taxonomy and Biodiversity.Both an 18–month option leading to a M.Sc. degreeand a 9–month Diploma course have been planned.The curricula for these courses have been developedjointly by staff of the Tropical Biology andConservation Unit of Universiti Sabah Malaysia andthe Imperial College/Natural History Museum,London, with funding assistance from the BritishCouncil under its CICHE program. LOOP membershave since endorsed the curriculum at its 1st LCCMeeting and noted that this curriculum will beavailable to other institutions of higher learning inthe region. The Meeting also recognized the needfor faculty assistance in the initial years of thecourse, as well as upgrading of available teachingfacilities.

At the same meeting held in Kuala Lumpurin December 1999, LOOP members also agreed ona number of short courses to be organized withinthe region. These include:

identification and taxonomy of organismsof regional quarantine importance;

taxonomy of indicator insectstaxonomy of fruitfliesbiological agents of regional significance;current technologies in the identification

of microbes; anduser–friendly keys for pests of lowland

vegetables.The Meeting also identified various institutions

from different member nations to organize thesecourses, including universities from Indonesia,Malaysia and Thailand, research institutions (e.g.MARDI) and international agencies (eg. CABInternational).

COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCINGPLANTraining

Technical Assistants – short course(2–3 weeks), 140 paxAir Fares140pax × US$1000 ................ US$ 140,000Tuition140pax × US$1000 ..........................140,000DSA140pax × US$2800 ..........................392,000

TOTAL ............................................. US$ 672,000Graduate Officers – short course(4–6 weeks), 100 paxAir Fares100pax × US$1000 ................ US$ 100,000Tuition100pax × US$2000 ..........................200,000DSA100pax × US$4000 ..........................400,000

TOTAL ............................................. US$ 700,000Degree/Diploma Courses – 60 person yearsAir Fares 60pax × US$1000 ...................US$ 60,000Tuition 60pax × US$700 ............................420,000DSA 60pax × US$10000 ........................600,000

TOTAL ......................................... US$ 1,080,000



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○45

Curriculum DevelopmentConsultanciesAir Fares3pax × US$3000 .........................US$ 9,000DSA3pax × US$10000 ..............................30,000

TOTAL ............................................... US$ 39,000Upgrading of Teaching Facilities

Biosystematics laboratories .... US$ 600,000Field stations ........................... US$ 300,000

TOTAL ........................................... US$ 900,000Estimated TotalProgram Cost ................. US$ 3,391,000

The large populations of ASEAN demands

that agriculture remains an important sector of theeconomies of member nations. Coupled with thewellknown fact that the region is one of themegacenters of the world’s biodiversity, the need fortrained biosystematists cannot be under–estimated.Besides human resource, infrastructural support iscrucial to the development of taxonomic capabilities.Physical facilities aside, financial demands tosupport both preserved and living specimencollections and the acquisition of attendant newtechnologies in curation, preservation and informationmanagement can be taxing on developing economies.As a result, many developing nations lag behindin their efforts to sustain adequate capacity intaxonomy and biosystematics.

Systematic collections of biological materials

form the basic reference tools of biosystematics.Together with the information describing thesespecimens, they form a source of essential biologicalinformation, such as temporal and spatial incidence,geographical distribution and host range in the caseof pathogenic and pestiferous species. The specimens

themselves provide the means for diversity studiesthrough morphological, biochemical and molecularcomparisons, and the basic reference tools fortaxonomic identification.

– OBJECTIVESIn accordance with the concept of regional

sharing of expertise and resources, the project willseek to:

identify suitable centers of taxonomy inthe region for rehabilitation and development intoa network of complementary centers of excellencesupporting taxonomic needs of the region;

implement an action plan of incrementalimprovement to these

centers through South–South co–operationand North–South collaboration and support

SCOPE & PROJECT ACTIVITIESOn the basis of the findings of the needs

assessment survey, centers engaged in taxonomicand biosystematic work as well as centers holdingcollections of regional importance will be identifiedfor rehabilitation.

Selection criteria will be based largely on thetaxonomic needs of the region, in terms of coverage(i.e. arthropods, micro–organisms nematodes) as wellas due consideration to current issues in whichtaxonomic expertise is clearly inadequate (e.g. pest,disease and quarantine problems; biodiversity andconservation issues, etc).

Consultant (s) may be engaged in thespecification of needs in an exercise of thoroughexamination of these designated collections andcenters, covering physical structures, equipment,supplies and maintenance.

A comprehensive plan will be drawn up withspecific recommendations for action to address eachsituation. Targets for rehabilitation and re–organizationwill be set and implemented according to the currentstate of facilities and resources, the capacity forchange, the availability and extent of local support.


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

46

COST ESTIMATESDevelopment of Action PlanConsultancy .............................. USD 50,000Implementation ofRehabilitation Plan:12 Centers/Collections@ USD 150,000 ............................. 1,800,000

TOTAL for Sub–Program A.... USD 1,850,000

– BACKGROUNDA vast majority of biological collection

resources in the West have their origin in thecountries of Southeast Asia. Collection specimenshave been acquired over a considerable period oftime; specimen–related information relevant totropical species are especially valuable as supportto programs of rehabilitation of taxonomic resourcesin the developing countries of Southeast Asia. Therepatriation of collection information is inherentlyexpensive; it should therefore be focused andrealistically be sought in relation to mapping ofspecies distribution for sustainable biodiversityutilization and conservation.

The paucity of good geographical informationthat provides a reasonable and comparable imageof “biodiversity richness” on different spatial scaleshas meant that choices in land use planningcontinue to be based on economic criteria. However,diminishing natural areas and biodiversity has meantthat what remains are fast becoming increasinglyimportant economic assets. Taken in this perspective,the development of biodiversity–related GIS maps willbe a very powerful tool to assist in the implementationof the CBD and to support decision–making in landuse planning.

Measures of “biodiversity richness” can be basedon combining distributional areas of well–selectedendemic species in GIS maps. The underlyinginformation are the records associated with collectedspecimens. While local taxonomists continue tocollect and identify material to optimize the toolsbeing developed, it would be necessary to mobilizedata lodged with external collections to complete

the effort. The assistance and cooperation ofEUROLOOP will be sought to promote inputs fromthese collections.

SCOPEThis subprogram will be implemented in two

stages:Priority setting and surveyThis phase is directed at identifying the

projects that should and can be implemented withina reasonable time frame. This involves a survey andassessment of priority areas, appropriate indicatorspecies or groups, available specimen data andexpertise. Any current S.E. Asian–European cooperativeproject that may directly contribute to the requireddata would be selected as a priority.

Specification and pilot phaseThe second stage will involve the examination

and specification of the work to be done in theprioritized projects. This implies a variety of topics,such as: final selection of (test) areas with establishingof geographic detail (for GIS maps), species selection,specification of data requirements, agreements withcontributing biological collections, methods for dataanalysis, work planning and budgetting, trainingand capacity building. In a couple of pilot projectsthe work program will be tested, in order to definefurther logistics and standards for the program.

PROJECT ACTIVITIESThe following actions are planned.

Initial small workshop as a start–upmeeting for the first stage

Survey and draft assessment by localand other consultants (stage 1).

Second workshop to asses results anddraft proposals

Submission of report to NECI of theresults of stage 1 and proposals for stage 2.

Establishment of ad hoc expert groupto define specifications for further work.

Contracts for establishment of limitednumber of pilot projects.

Reports of pilot projects to serve as inputfor the organization of data capture, transfer andGIS mapping.



○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○47

Stage 1

2 Workshops of 15 personsfor 3 days .................................. USD 40,0002 consultants for each4 months ..............................................32,000Travel and subsistence ...................... 4,000Report preparation .............................. 2,000Misc. Expenses andContingencies ....................................... 2,000

Stage 23 consultants for average5 months each ...................................67,5005 local consultants for regionalinput (each 2 months) .....................45,000Travel and subsistence ....................12,0003 test projects of 2 years each ......240,000Courses for 3 persons ........................4,500Report preparation .............................. 2,000Misc. Expenses andContingencies ....................................... 4,000

TOTAL for Sub–Program B .............. 455,000Estimated Total Cost(for A and B) .................. USD 2,305,000

Biotechnology and information technology

have had tremendous impact on various fields ofscience and technology in recent years. In taxonomyand biosystematics, these technologies have givenrise to new tools and products which now allowfor the rapid detection, characterization andidentification of species, as well as the packagingof taxonomic information in forms and formats moreeasily accessible and usable by a wider communityof agriculturists and related scientists.

It is recognized that biosystematic self–

sufficiency is best achieved by the adoption andapplication of available new technologies to enablethat quantum leap in developing country situations.The adoption of newer and more systems ofidentification, especially in the case of micro–organisms will provide a speedy way to increasetaxonomic capacity in these taxonomic groups. Thenew user–friendly taxonomic keys and expertsystems, adopted wholesale or developed with localtaxonomic information, offers access to the acquisitionof taxonomic skills to a wide range of para– andnon–taxonomists.

OBJECTIVESThe primary objectives of this project are:

to identify appropriate and practicaltechnologies in taxonomy and biosystematics tomember countries as a means to upgrade theircapacity in identification and handling of taxonomicinformation;

to acquire and commission these newtechnologies or products for use in designatedtaxonomic centers in the network to serve theexpanding needs in taxonomy and biosystematicsneeds for the region.

SCOPEThree aspects of technology development and

application are planned:acquisition and application of new

identification systems employing biochemical,molecular and computer–aided approaches;

acquisition and development of computer–based interactive taxonomic keys, including the useof morphometrics; and

technology transfer initiatives to build upregional and local expertise in the use of these newtechnologies to develop applications to meet regionalneeds.


○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

รายงาน


การป


วามต



ชาติ

48

PROJECT ACTIVITIESBased on the findings of the Needs

Assessment Study, critical gaps in taxonomicidentification technology in the region will beaddressed by the acquisition and commissioningof new identification systems.

Electronic taxonomic keys and expertsystems for taxa of importance to the region willbe identified and acquired; followed by appropriatefamiliarization training to user agroups;

The development of regional taxonomickeys will be initiated; plans will be developed inharmony with SBSTTA’s objectives. For example,development of digital keys for arthropods will takeadvantage of strategic partnerships with suchagencies as the ETI Amsterdam (through EuroLOOPof BioNET International) and CPITT, Australia, bothof which have expressed an interest to assist.

COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCINGPLAN

Acquisition and commissioningof new identification systemsand technologies ................... US$ 500,000Acquisition and supply ofpriority electronic taxonomickeys and expert systemsto NACIs and NIS ...........................200,000Production of regionaldigital taxonomic keys ................. 400,000Development of diagnostickits for pathogens ofregional concern ..............................300,000Support services for new IDsystems, etc. .....................................200,000

Estimated TotalProgram Cost ................... US$ 1,600,000


⌫chm-thai.onep.go.th/chm/gti/image/release/ONEP_2007_GTIoct01_pa… · ict ในแต...

Documents

Transcript of ⌫chm-thai.onep.go.th/chm/gti/image/release/ONEP_2007_GTIoct01_pa… · ict ในแต...