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Wirtschaft und Biodiversität

Was nützt uns Biodiversität?

Bayreuther Forum Kirche und Universität

3.12.2010, Universität Bayreuth

Prof. Dr. Thomas Köllner

Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth

Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de

WHAT IS THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC

VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY RICH

ECOSYSTEMS? 2

Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 3


Which ecosystem services are provided?


Ecosystem services are functional properties of ecosystems

that contribute to human well-being

1997 2004


Millenium Ecosystem Assessment


Net Present

Value NPV

for natural

habitats is always

larger than for

highly managed

ones.

Why are then

natural habitats

destroyed?

9

Balmford 2002


PAYMENTS FOR

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (PES)

11


Selling biodiversity and

ecosystem services

IUCN, WBCSD, ECNC, OECD,

Worldbank, and GEF promote

market based instruments to

conserve biodiversity and to

manage ecosystems services

to internalize environmental

benefits into the economic system

-> improves ecosystem quality

ecosystemmarketplace.net


$

$

$

Payments for Ecosystem Services establish a relation

between “supply” actors and “demand” actors

Upstream – Downstream Poor – Rich North – South


Ecosystem services in the Costa Rican Forestry Law

14

Carbon sequestration Biodiversity protection

Scenic beauty Watershed protection


Payments for Ecosystem Services

in Costa Rica

Certificados de Servicios Ambientales (CSA) Forestry Law (Ley Forestal 7575) enforced by FONAFIFO

Carbon sequestration, Protection of water resources, Protection of biodiversity, Scenic beauty

Supply side $285/ha for 5 years contract time

4200 km2 forest between 97-02

Demand side Government of Costa Rica 90% (of 10 Mill US$ for 2002)

KfW and GEF 5%

Private industries (hydroeletric power, drinking water, tourism) 5%

Such programs not only focus on money, but also on capacity building!


3. Transfer of ownership

Supply •Farmer •Forester

Transaction Manager (Fonafifo)

•Certifier CATIE •Government

Flow of money [ ]

Flow of environmental services (CSA)

Support/control

Public demand •World Bank - GEF

Private demand •Tourism •Farmers •Industries

$57/ha/year

$5 (9%)

$45 (79%)

$4 (7%)

$3 (5%)

Administration

Pr. placement

$285/ha for minimum contract

term of 5 years


Total area is 270,000 ha contracted under the PSA

program in Costa Rica

Source: Pagiola, S. (online) Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica. Ecologicl Economics


WHY PRIVATE INDUSTRY

WOULD PAY FOR ECOSYSTEM

SERVICES? 20


High erosion in Costa Rican mountains

Production of sediments in the Birris

Watershed upstream

Costs of additional sediments downstream

in the Angostura Dam Cost of dredging the dam in $ per year

Reduced lifetime of dam


Surveyed companies

Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139


Willingness to invest (WTI) in $ per certificate

Total

Mean Std

Dev

Medi

an

Valid

N

Mean Std

Dev

Medi

an

Valid

N

Mean Std

Dev

Medi

an

Valid

N

BIO 14 32 0 20 63 109 40 24 40 86 0 44

CA 65 143 0 21 88 148 15 24 77 144 10 45

SC 10 29 0 22 78 203 10 24 46 150 0 46

WA 11 30 0 21 82 132 50 25 50 105 11 46

INTERNATIONAL COSTA RICAN


BIO: Biodiversity protection CA: Carbon Sequestration SC: Scenic beauty

WA: Watershed protection


Motivations of companies to engage in ecosystem

services

Type Factors influencing WTP for each ES

Direct financial benefit a. The service creates direct financial income for my company.b. The service reduces costs for my company.

c. This ecosystem service ensures my company’s natural resources.d. We are active in this field due to our clients’ demand.

Indirect financial benefit e. It is a requirement by our shareholders .

f. We do mandatory compensation due to legal compliance.g. We compensate our impacts on a voluntary basis.

h. We expect image benefits in the public.

i. We perceive high pressure by NGOs .

Non-financial benefits j. We want to contribute to human welfare.

k. We want to act ecologically responsible .



In our model the CEO can have two roles ...

... one as a manager and one as a good citizen.

(Financial Report 2003)

CEO of MeadWestvaco

(Sustainability Report 2003)


5151515251495252505050N =

Ecolo

g ical Re

sponsib

Hum

an W

elfare

NG

O P

ressure

Image

Bene

fit s

Volunta

ry Co

mp

ensati

Lega l C

omplia

n ce

Sha

reholder R

equirem

Clie nt's D

ema

nd

Natural R

esou

rces

Cost R

eductio

n

Direct Fin

ancial Inc

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Expected benefit of carbon sequestration

27

Exp

ecti

d b

en

efi

t (1

=lo

w;

7=

hig

h) Black line in

boxplots is median



5151515251495252505050N =

Ecolo

g ical Re

sponsib

Hum

an W

elfare

NG

O P

ressure

Image

Bene

fit s

Volunta

ry Co

mp

ensati

Lega l C

omplia

n ce

Sha

reholder R

equirem

Clie nt's D

ema

nd

Natural R

esou

rces

Cost R

eductio

n

Direct Fin

ancial Inc

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Expected benefit for carbon sequestration

28

Exp

ecti

d b

en

efi

t (1

=lo

w;

7=

hig

h)

Direct financial Indirect financial Non-financial



Should the public pay for ES?

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Biodiversity conservation

Carbon sequestration

Scenic beauty

Watershed protection

International Costa Rican

Origin

N= 2020 20 20 23 23 23 23

Sta

ted a

ggre

em

ent

Not tr

ue

at all

Very

tru

e



CONCLUSION

31


Green enterpreneure within firms

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