Post on 17-Sep-2018
Wirtschaft und Biodiversität
Was nützt uns Biodiversität?
Bayreuther Forum Kirche und Universität
3.12.2010, Universität Bayreuth
Prof. Dr. Thomas Köllner
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
WHAT IS THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY RICH
ECOSYSTEMS? 2
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 3
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 4
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 5
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 6
Which ecosystem services are provided?
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 7
Ecosystem services are functional properties of ecosystems
that contribute to human well-being
1997 2004
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 8
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
Net Present
Value NPV
for natural
habitats is always
larger than for
highly managed
ones.
Why are then
natural habitats
destroyed?
9
Balmford 2002
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
PAYMENTS FOR
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (PES)
11
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 12
Selling biodiversity and
ecosystem services
IUCN, WBCSD, ECNC, OECD,
Worldbank, and GEF promote
market based instruments to
conserve biodiversity and to
manage ecosystems services
to internalize environmental
benefits into the economic system
-> improves ecosystem quality
ecosystemmarketplace.net
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 13
$
$
$
Payments for Ecosystem Services establish a relation
between “supply” actors and “demand” actors
Upstream – Downstream Poor – Rich North – South
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
Ecosystem services in the Costa Rican Forestry Law
14
Carbon sequestration Biodiversity protection
Scenic beauty Watershed protection
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 15
Payments for Ecosystem Services
in Costa Rica
Certificados de Servicios Ambientales (CSA) Forestry Law (Ley Forestal 7575) enforced by FONAFIFO
Carbon sequestration, Protection of water resources, Protection of biodiversity, Scenic beauty
Supply side $285/ha for 5 years contract time
4200 km2 forest between 97-02
Demand side Government of Costa Rica 90% (of 10 Mill US$ for 2002)
KfW and GEF 5%
Private industries (hydroeletric power, drinking water, tourism) 5%
Such programs not only focus on money, but also on capacity building!
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 17
3. Transfer of ownership
Supply •Farmer •Forester
Transaction Manager (Fonafifo)
•Certifier CATIE •Government
Flow of money [ ]
Flow of environmental services (CSA)
Support/control
Public demand •World Bank - GEF
Private demand •Tourism •Farmers •Industries
$57/ha/year
$5 (9%)
$45 (79%)
$4 (7%)
$3 (5%)
Administration
Pr. placement
$285/ha for minimum contract
term of 5 years
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 18
Total area is 270,000 ha contracted under the PSA
program in Costa Rica
Source: Pagiola, S. (online) Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica. Ecologicl Economics
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
WHY PRIVATE INDUSTRY
WOULD PAY FOR ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES? 20
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
High erosion in Costa Rican mountains
Production of sediments in the Birris
Watershed upstream
Costs of additional sediments downstream
in the Angostura Dam Cost of dredging the dam in $ per year
Reduced lifetime of dam
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 23
Surveyed companies
Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 24
Willingness to invest (WTI) in $ per certificate
Total
Mean Std
Dev
Medi
an
Valid
N
Mean Std
Dev
Medi
an
Valid
N
Mean Std
Dev
Medi
an
Valid
N
BIO 14 32 0 20 63 109 40 24 40 86 0 44
CA 65 143 0 21 88 148 15 24 77 144 10 45
SC 10 29 0 22 78 203 10 24 46 150 0 46
WA 11 30 0 21 82 132 50 25 50 105 11 46
INTERNATIONAL COSTA RICAN
Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139
BIO: Biodiversity protection CA: Carbon Sequestration SC: Scenic beauty
WA: Watershed protection
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 25
Motivations of companies to engage in ecosystem
services
Type Factors influencing WTP for each ES
Direct financial benefit a. The service creates direct financial income for my company.b. The service reduces costs for my company.
c. This ecosystem service ensures my company’s natural resources.d. We are active in this field due to our clients’ demand.
Indirect financial benefit e. It is a requirement by our shareholders .
f. We do mandatory compensation due to legal compliance.g. We compensate our impacts on a voluntary basis.
h. We expect image benefits in the public.
i. We perceive high pressure by NGOs .
Non-financial benefits j. We want to contribute to human welfare.
k. We want to act ecologically responsible .
Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 26
In our model the CEO can have two roles ...
... one as a manager and one as a good citizen.
(Financial Report 2003)
CEO of MeadWestvaco
(Sustainability Report 2003)
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
5151515251495252505050N =
Ecolo
g ical Re
sponsib
Hum
an W
elfare
NG
O P
ressure
Image
Bene
fit s
Volunta
ry Co
mp
ensati
Lega l C
omplia
n ce
Sha
reholder R
equirem
Clie nt's D
ema
nd
Natural R
esou
rces
Cost R
eductio
n
Direct Fin
ancial Inc
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Expected benefit of carbon sequestration
27
Exp
ecti
d b
en
efi
t (1
=lo
w;
7=
hig
h) Black line in
boxplots is median
Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
5151515251495252505050N =
Ecolo
g ical Re
sponsib
Hum
an W
elfare
NG
O P
ressure
Image
Bene
fit s
Volunta
ry Co
mp
ensati
Lega l C
omplia
n ce
Sha
reholder R
equirem
Clie nt's D
ema
nd
Natural R
esou
rces
Cost R
eductio
n
Direct Fin
ancial Inc
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Expected benefit for carbon sequestration
28
Exp
ecti
d b
en
efi
t (1
=lo
w;
7=
hig
h)
Direct financial Indirect financial Non-financial
Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 29
Should the public pay for ES?
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Biodiversity conservation
Carbon sequestration
Scenic beauty
Watershed protection
International Costa Rican
Origin
N= 2020 20 20 23 23 23 23
Sta
ted a
ggre
em
ent
Not tr
ue
at all
Very
tru
e
Koellner T, et al. (2010): Ecological Economics 69, 2127-2139
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de
CONCLUSION
31
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 32
Green enterpreneure within firms
Professorship of Ecological Services (PES), University of Bayreuth, www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de 33
Green enterpreneure within firms